The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland) reports that climatic zoning requires new methodologies to discriminate homogeneous areas due to new scenarios generating global climatic change. The objective of this study was to perform climatic zoning by analyzing spatial and temporal variability of land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The 20-yr sequence of MODIS (LST and NDVI) images was analyzed by harmonic analysis, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), and continuous wavelet cross-correlation functions. Annual harmonic analysis identified agroclimatic zones from amplitude and phase, this result was valid for the two first EOF modes that account for 74% of the annual signal. Wavelet cross-correlations between the NDVI and LST temporal series showed a wideband high-power spectrum associated with the annual cycle. Finally, the methodologies applied to LST and NDVI images allowed the identification of agroclimatic zones. The study area included different dryland zones (coastal, interior, and foothill), irrigated valleys, and forests.

Com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos de variáveis sobre o seguimento de regras, 24 estudantes universitários foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo. A tarefa era apontar para os estímulos de comparação em sequência. Na Fase 1, a sequência correta era estabelecida por reforço diferencial em esquema de reforço contínuo. Nas Fases 2 e 3, as contingências de reforço eram mantidas inalteradas, enquanto as regras discrepantes de tais contingências (sugestão e ordem) eram manipuladas. Nas Condições 1 e 2, nas Fases 2 e 3, eram apresentadas a sugestão e a ordem, respectivamente. Nas Condições 3 e 4, era o inverso. Apenas na Fase 1 das Condições 1 e 3 eram feitas perguntas acerca do comportamento que produz reforço. 100% dos participantes não seguiram a sugestão e 60% não seguiram a ordem. Os resultados sugerem que a história do comportamento alternativo ao especificado pela regra, justificativas e perguntas são variáveis que podem interferir no comportamento de seguir regras discrepantes das contingências de reforço. Os resultados têm implicações para o esclarecimento das funções das contingências de reforço e de regras na explicação do comportamento.

Aiming the investigation of the effects of some variables on rule following, 24 college students were submitted to a matching-to-sample procedure, with the task of pointing to the comparison stimuli in sequence. In Phase 1 the correct sequence was established by differential reinforcement in continuous reinforcement schedule. In Phases 2 and 3 the reinforcement contingencies were kept unchanged, and meanwhile rules (suggestion and mand) discrepant of the contingencies were manipulated. In Conditions 1 and 2, Phases 2 and 3 suggestion and mand were presented in this sequence. In Conditions 3 and 4 the presentation order was reversed. Questions concerning why the behavior was reinforced were presented only in Phase 1 of Conditions 1 and 3. Hundred percent participants did not follow the suggestion, 60% did not follow the mand. Results indicate that the history of alternative behavior to the specified by the rule, justifications, and questions may interfere with the discrepant-to-the-contingencies rule-following, and implications for the comprehension of the functions of the reinforcement contingencies and rules in the explanation of behavior.

Let E be a vector space, F aset, G be a locally convex space, b : E X F - G a map such that ò(-,y): E - G is linear for every y G F; we write b(x, y) = x · y for brevity. Let ë be a scalar sequence space and w(E,F) the weakest topology on E such that the linear maps b(-,y): E - G are continuous for all y G F .A series Xj in X is ë multiplier convergent with respect to w(E, F) if for each t = {tj} G ë ,the series Xj=! tj Xj is w(E,F) convergent in E. For multiplier spaces ë satisfying certain gliding hump properties we establish the following uniform convergence result: Suppose j XX ij is ë multiplier convergent with respect to w(E, F) for each i G N and for each t G ë the set {Xj=! tj Xj : i} is uniformly bounded on any subset B C F such that {x · y : y G B} is bounded for x G E.Then for each t G ë the series ^jjLi tj xj · y converge uniformly for y G B,i G N. This result is used to prove a Hahn-Schur Theorem for series such that lim¿ Xj=! tj xj · y exists for t G ë,y G F. Applications of these abstract results are given to spaces of linear operators, vector spaces in duality, spaces of continuous functions and spaces with Schauder bases.

We are concerning with two analytical methods; the classical method of successive approximations (Picard method) [14] which consists the construction of a sequence of functions such that the limit of this sequence of functions in the sense of uniform convergence is the solution of a quadratic integral equation, and Adomian method which gives the solution as a series see ([1-6], [12] and [13]). The existence and uniqueness of the solution and the convergence will be discussed for each method. Mathematical subject classification: Primary: 39B82; Secondary: 44B20, 46C05.

A discretization method for the study of the weak type (1, 1) for the maximal of a sequence of convolution operators on <img width=21 height=13 src="../../../../../img/revistas/ruma/v50n1/1a122x.png">has been introduced by Miguel de Guzmán and Teresa Carrillo, by replacing the integrable functions by finite sums of Dirac deltas. Trying to extend the above mentioned result to integral operators defined on metric measure spaces, a general setting containing at once continuous, discrete and mixed contexts, a caveat comes from the result in On restricted weak type (1, 1); the discrete case (Akcoglu M.; Baxter J.; Bellow A.; Jones R., Israel J. Math. 124 (2001), 285-297). There a sequence of convolution operators in <img width=39 height=20 src="../../../../../img/revistas/ruma/v50n1/1a124x.png">is constructed such that the maximal operator is of restricted weak type (1, 1), or equivalently of weak type (1, 1) over finite sums of Dirac deltas, but not of weak type (1, 1). The purpose of this note is twofold. First we prove that, in a general metric measure space with a measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to some doubling measure, the weak type (1, 1) of the maximal operator associated to a given sequence of integral operators is equivalent to the weak type (1, 1) over linear combinations of Dirac deltas with positive integer coefficients. Second, for the non-atomic case we obtain as a corollary that any of these weak type properties is equivalent to the weak type (1, 1) over finite sums of Dirac deltas supported at different points.

We propose a discrete approximation scheme to a class of Linear Quadratic Continuous Time Problems. It is shown, under positiveness of the matrix in the integral cost, that optimal solutions of the discrete problems provide a sequence of bounded variation functions which converges almost everywhere to the unique optimal solution. Furthermore, the method of discretization allows us to derive a number of interesting results based on finite dimensional optimization theory, namely, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of optimality and weak and strong duality. A number of examples are provided to illustrate the theory.