Abstract Primary angiosarcomas of the breast are a rare entity with a poor prognosis. We present the case of a patient with a well-differentiated primary angiosarcoma of the breast, who initially came to our office due to self-detection of a palpable, painless, rapidly growing nodule. She had no personal or family history of breast cancer. The physical examination revealed a poorly defined nodule, with skin changes, presenting a purplish coloration of the breast. Without palpable lymphadenopathy. The mammography only revealed a nodule with irregular edges, which was given a BI-RADS category 5, so it was essential to take a core needle biopsy, obtaining a histopathological report compatible with primary angiosarcoma of the breast. A total mastectomy was performed, which is the first treatment option and the most recommended according to medical evidence limited to a few cases. In addition, a sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed, obtaining six negative results for metastasis, which should be reserved in select cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given, which is still controversial, given that there is no strong recommendation regarding it. Currently, the patient has a one-year disease-free period and continues to be followed up.

Resumen Los angiosarcomas primarios de la mama son una entidad rara, de mal pronóstico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con un angiosarcoma primario de mama bien diferenciado, quien en primera instancia acudió a consulta por autodetección de nódulo palpable, indoloro, de rápido crecimiento. No contaba con antecedentes personales ni familiares para cáncer de mama. Al examen físico se evidenció un nódulo mal delimitado, con cambios cutáneos y coloración violácea de la mama. Sin adenopatías palpables. En la mamografía únicamente se evidenció un nódulo de bordes irregulares, al cual se le otorgó una categoría BI-RADS 5, por lo que fue imprescindible la toma de biopsia por aguja de corte, obteniendo un reporte histopatológico compatible con angiosarcoma primario de mama. Se optó por una mastectomía total, la cual es la piedra angular del tratamiento y lo más recomendado según la evidencia médica, limitada a pocos casos. Además, se realizó biopsia de ganglio centinela, obteniendo seis negativos para metástasis, lo cual debe reservarse en casos selectos. Se otorgó quimioterapia adyuvante, la cual aún es controversial, dado que no existe una recomendación fuerte respecto a esta. Actualmente la paciente presenta un año de periodo libre de enfermedad y continúa en seguimiento.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Vigilancia Centinela de las Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas Graves (IRAG) incluye el monitoreo y caracterización de casos hospitalizados. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas y agentes etiológicos de los adultos con IRAG en un hospital centinela en Paraguay. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con recolección de datos retrospectivos de los pacientes adultos con IRAG hospitalizados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá entre junio de 2022 a agosto de 2023. La información se tomó de la base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 1598 pacientes con IRAG, 820 varones (51,3%), 875 (54,8%) con 60 o más años, 1054 (66,0%) del departamento Central. El 79.2% (n=1265) de los pacientes presentaba algún factor de riesgo de gravedad o comorbilidad, 764 (47,8%) con hipertensión arterial. El 38.5% (n=632) fue admitido a UCI y la mortalidad fue de 34,7% (n=554). En el 13,8% (n=353) se confirmó SARSCoV-2, rhinovirus (1,7%), influenza A (1,5%), influenza B (0,6%), parainfluenza 3 (0,6%), VSR (0,2%), bocavirus (0,4%) e influenza AH1N1 (0,6%). Hubo significativamente mayor frecuencia de fallecidos en los de 60 años y más (40,7%), con algún factor de riesgo de gravedad (35,5% vs 25,9%) y en los confirmados con COVID-19 (38,2% vs 30,5%). Discusión: SARSCoV-2 sigue siendo el agente etiológico principal de las IRAG. El conocimiento de la epidemiología y los agentes virales es crucial para desarrollar estrategias de prevención y terapéuticas efectivas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sentinel Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) includes the monitoring and characterization of hospitalized cases. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and etiological agents of adults with SARI in a sentinel hospital in Paraguay. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection, of adult patients with SARI hospitalized at the National Hospital of Itauguá between June 2022 and August 2023. The information was taken from the database of the National System of Epidemiological surveillance. Results: The data of 1598 patients with SARI were analyzed, 820 men (51.3%), 875 (54.8%) aged 60 or older, 1054 (66.0%) from the Central department. 79.2% (n=1265) of patients had some risk factor or comorbidity, 764 with hypertension (47.8%). 38.5% (n=632) were admitted to the ICU and mortality was 34.7% (n=554). SARSCoV-2 was confirmed in 13.8% (n=353), rhinovirus (1.7%), influenza A (1.5%), influenza B (0.6%), parainfluenza 3 (0.6%), RSV (0.2%), bocavirus (0.4%) and Influenza AH1N1 (0.6%). There was a significantly higher frequency of deaths in those aged 60 years and over (40.7%), with some risk factor (35.5% vs 25.9%), and in those confirmed with covid-19 (38.2% % vs 30.5%). Discussion: SARSCoV-2 continues to be the main etiological agent of SARI in a sentinel hospital in Paraguay. Continued knowledge of the epidemiology and viral agents involved is crucial to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

ABSTRACT The soil organic carbon (SOC) content under climate change scenarios is essential, especially in areas of difficult access such as the high-altitude Tropical paramos. This study aimed to correlate the digital elevation model (DEM) derivatives, spectral indices from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, and WorldClim data with in situ SOC content in the PNR-Cortadera paramo (Boyaca, Colombia). Based on 169 soil samples collected at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black method. SOC contents ranged from 25 to 200 t HA-1 at 0-15 cm and from 33 to 466 t ha-1 at 15-30 cm. Altitude, temperature, NDVI, TWI0-15 cm, MRVBF, LS factor0-15 cm and VH band polarization showed the highest correlations and the lowest variance inflation factor. The highest SOC contents are located in the central and southern area of the paramo due to the higher altitude, greater precipitation and presence of vegetation cover.

RESUMEN El contenido de carbono orgánico (COS) del suelo bajo escenarios de cambio climático es esencial, especialmente en áreas de difícil acceso como los páramos tropicales de gran altitud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo correlacionar los derivados del modelo de elevación digital (DEM), los índices espectrales Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 y los datos de WorldClim con el contenido de COS in situ en el páramo PNR-Cortadera (Boyacá, Colombia). A partir de 169 muestras de suelo recolectadas a dos profundidades (0-15 y 15-30 cm), se determinó el carbono orgánico mediante el método de Walkley-Black. Los contenidos de COS a 0-15 cm de profundidad variaron entre 25 a 200 t ha-1 y 33 a 466 t ha-1 a 15-30 cm. La altitud, la temperatura, el NDVI, el TWI0-15 cm, el MRVBF, el factor LS0-15 cm y la polarización de la banda VH mostraron las mejores correlaciones y el menor factor de inflación de la varianza. Los mayores contenidos de COS se ubican en la zona central y sur del páramo debido a la mayor altitud, precipitación y presencia de cobertura vegetal.

Abstract Introduction : Although therapeutic advances have improved results of cutaneous melanoma (CM), senti nel node-positive patients still have substantial risk to develop recurrent disease. We aim to investigate prog nostic indicators associated with disease recurrence in positive-sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) patients in a Latin-American population. Methods : Retrospective analysis of CM patients and positive-SLNB (2010-2020). Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (completion lymph node dissection, CLND), Group B (active surveillance, AS). Association of demographics, tumor data and SLN features with recurrence-free (RFS), distant metastases-free (DMFS) and melanoma specific (MSS) survival was analyzed. Results : Of 205 patients, 45 had a positive SLNB; 27(60%) belonged to Group A and 18(40%) to Group B. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 16 patients (12 in Group A and 4 in Group B) developed recurrent dis ease and estimated 5-yr RFS at any site was 60% (CI95%, 0.39 - 0.77) (44.5% in CLND group vs. 22% in AS group; P = 0.20). Estimated 5-yr DMFS and MSS: 65% (CI 95%, 0.44 - 0.81) and 73% (CI 95%, 0.59 - 0.89) with no differ ences between groups (p = 0.41 and 0.37, respectively). Independent predictors of poorer MSS were extranodal extension (ENE) and MaxSize > 2 mm of melanoma deposit in SLN. Factors independently associated with DMFS: Breslow depth > 2 mm, ENE, number (≥ 2) of posi tive SN and CLND status. Conclusion : Primary tumor and SN features in mela noma provide important prognostic information that help optimize prognosis and clinical management. AS is now the preferred approach for most positive-SLNB CM patients.

Resumen Introducción : Si bien los avances terapéuticos han permitido mejorar los resultados del melanoma cutáneo (MC), los pacientes con ganglio centinela positivo (BGCP) aún tienen riesgo elevado de desarrollar recurrencia de la enfermedad. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar in dicadores pronósticos asociados a dicho evento en una población latinoamericana. Métodos : Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con MC y BGCP entre 2010-2020. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo A (linfadenectomía terapéutica) y Grupo B (Vigilancia activa, VA). Se analizaron datos demográficos, tumorales y características del GC junto con sobrevida-libre de recurrencia (SLR), libre de metástasis a distancia (SLMD) y específica de melanoma (SEM). Resultados : De 205 pacientes, 45 presentaron BGCP; 27 (60%) perteneció al Grupo A y 18 (40%) al Grupo B. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 36 meses, 16 pa cientes (12 en Grupo A y 4 en Grupo B) desarrollaron enfermedad recurrente con una SLR a 5 años de 60% (IC95%: 0.39-0.77) (44.5% en Grupo B vs. 22% en Grupo A; P = 0.20). Las SLMD y SEM estimadas a 5 años fueron de 65% (CI 95%, 0.44 - 0.81) y 73% (CI 95%, 0.59 - 0.89) sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p = 0.41 y 0.37, respec tivamente). Los predictores independientes de peor SEM fueron: extensión extranodal (ENE) y MaxSize > 2mm de depósito tumoral en GC. Los factores asociados de forma independiente con SLMD fueron Breslow >2mm, ENE, número (≥ 2) de GC positivos y el status (positividad) de la linfadenectomía. Conclusión : Características del tumor primario y del GC brindan información importante que ayuda a optimi zar el pronóstico y manejo clínico de los pacientes con MC. La VA es actualmente el abordaje de elección para la mayoría de los pacientes con BGCP.

RESUMEN Introducción: la necesidad de contar con técnicas de laboratorio rápidas, sensibles y específicas para la detección de patógenos de difícil diagnóstico llevó a la creación del Laboratorio de Biología molecular en el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Villa Clara. Objetivo: caracterizar la evolución y la importancia de la Microbiología molecular en el Laboratorio del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Villa Clara de junio de 2018 a diciembre de 2023. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Villa Clara en el período comprendido de junio de 2018 a diciembre de 2023 a partir del total de muestras procesadas por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se emplearon varias plataformas tecnológicas y diversos estuches comerciales. Resultados: en 2018 se implementó el diagnóstico molecular con dos plataformas, Rotor Gene-Q® y Gene Xpert® MTB/RIF, y en 2021, se dispuso de cuatro, al introducir el SLAN y la plataforma COBAS 4800®. El laboratorio adquirió relevancia por la llegada de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus de 2019: se procesaron 511 225 muestras de exudado nasofaríngeo y 14 568 determinaciones para el diagnóstico de los virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, de hepatitis C y B y del papiloma humano que se realizaron en la plataforma COBAS 4800®. En el año 2023 se fortaleció la capacidad de detección de patógenos y se identificó la cocirculación comunitaria de influenza A y B, del virus parainfluenza tipo 4, el coronavirus OC 43, el SARS-CoV-2 y el dengue. Conclusiones: el aumento progresivo de la capacidad resolutiva del Laboratorio de Biología molecular, junto a la implementación de nuevas plataformas diagnósticas, ha permitido fortalecer la detección de patógenos de interés clínico y perfeccionar la vigilancia centinela virológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the need to have rapid, sensitive and specific laboratory techniques for the detection of pathogens that are difficult to diagnose led to the creation of the Molecular Biology Laboratory at the Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Villa Clara. Objective: to characterize the evolution and importance of Molecular Microbiology in the Laboratory of the Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Villa Clara from June 2018 to December 2023. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at the Villa Clara Molecular Biology Laboratory in the period from June 2018 to December 2023 based on the total samples processed by polymerase chain reaction, several technological platforms and various kits were used. commercial. Results: In 2018, molecular diagnosis was implemented with two platforms, Rotor Gene-Q® and Gene Xpert® MTB/RIF, and in 2021, four were available, when the SLAN and the COBAS 4800® platform were introduced. The laboratory became relevant due to the arrival of the 2019 new coronavirus pandemic: 511,225 nasopharyngeal exudate samples and 14,568 determinations were processed for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis C and B, and human papilloma carried out on the COBAS 4800® platform. In 2023, the pathogen detection capacity was strengthened and the community cocirculation of influenza A and B, parainfluenza virus type 4, the OC 43 coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and dengue was identified. Conclusions: the progressive increase in the resolution capacity of the Molecular Biology Laboratory, together with the implementation of new diagnostic platforms, has allowed us to strengthen the detection of pathogens of clinical interest and improve virological sentinel surveillance.

BACKGROUND. The infant mortality rate (IMR) (24 per 1 000 live births) remains high in South Africa (SA), well above the recommended sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 of 12 deaths per 1 000 live births. High infant mortality is a poor indicator of the health of a population and will hamper attainment of the SDGs. OBJECTIVES. To investigate the trends and distribution patterns of IMR between 2007 and 2016 and its association with HIV-positive pregnant mothers in SA. METHODS. This study used a cross-sectional study design by analysing secondary data on infant mortality from the 2007 and 2016 Statistics South Africa Community Surveys (CSs), as well as data from the 2007 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey. (Antenatal HIV Sentinel Survey - ANCHSS). Line charts with descriptive statistics were used to detail trends in IMRs, and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for infant mortality in the 2007 and 2016 CS datasets. Spearman's rank-order correlation (rho) was used to correlate infant mortality with data from the 2007 ANCHSS. All analyses were performed with Stata version 16.0. RESULTS. A total sample of 87 805, comprising 43 922 males and 43 883 females, was included in the analysis. The results revealed a decline in IMR from 55 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2007 to 32 in 2016. Overall, there was a significant decrease in the mortality rate from 2007 to 2016. The infant mortality proportions by province showed KwaZulu-Natal Province having the highest IMR (17.5 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2007 and 6.3 in 2016). Males had a higher IMR (28 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2007 and 17.7 in 2016) compared with females at 26.7 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2007 and 13.8 in 2016. IMR data from the 2007 CS was correlated with the 2007 ANCHSS (28% HIV prevalence in 2007), using Spearman's rank-order correlation, which showed a moderate correlation of 0.58 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS. The study findings showed a reduction in the trends of infant mortality between 2007 and 2016 in SA; despite the reduction, health inequalities persist. There is a correlation evident between maternal HIV prevalence and IMR in SA. We recommend the use of disability-adjusted life expectancy in SA to measure population health and introduce robust data sets that can better inform policy.

Abstract The high mountain area of the Central Andes of Argentina (30-37°S and 69.5°-70.5°W) is a sector of approximately 40,000 km², locate dover 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l, and sparsely populated. This region is highly valued by local populations for being producers of surface and underground water which provide shire source for millions of in habitants located downstream. In this context, high altitude wetlands, locally known as vegas, and glaciers represent tout standing components of the hydrological cycle of the high mountain area, affected by a changing climate and who se problematic have been addressed separately in most of the local investigations. However, both land covers are hydrological connected in certain areas. Therefore, in the search for a more comprehensive understanding of high mountain ecosystems, in this thesis was investigated comparatively the current spatial distribution (year 2020) and recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) of wetlands and glaciers and their relationship to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Geotechnologies, constituted the methodological foundation of this thesis. The indices NDVI and NDSI were used in the identification and characterization of the area covered by wetlands and clean-ice glaciers respectively. The study of the current situation (2020) was performed with Sentinel 2 images and the recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) with Landsat (5, 7, 8) scenes. The analysis related to temperature and precipitation were based in the processing of the product TerraClimate. Most of the information was obtained and processed, initially, in Google Earth Engine, a platform of geospatial data, which allow researchers to virtually process data at different spatiotemporal scales. The analyses were completed with the use of statistical tools and spatial statistics. As a result, it was possible to identify an area of 475 km² of wetlands and 1260 km² of glaciers (550 km² and 710 km² of clean-ice and covered ice respectively) for 2020. Between the years 1986 and 2020 was observed a significant increase in temperature and particularly from year 2010 a significant decrease in precipitation. In this context the area covered by wetlands did not change significantly but the glaciated area diminished significantly in around 36%. The strip between 34°S and 35°S to the west of the region, was identified as the area where wetlands and glaciers are closest to each other and where this proximity and the greater availability of water, as a result of the melting ice, has had a positive impact on the productivity of wetlands located approximately 5 km away from these glaciers.

Resumen La zona de alta montaña de los Andes Centrales de Argentina (30-37°S y 69,5°-70,5°W) es un sector de aproximadamente 40.000 km², ubicado sobre 2.500-3.000 m s.n.m., y escasamente poblado. Esta región es muy valorada por las poblaciones locales por ser productora de aguas superficiales y subterráneas que abastecen de este recurso a millones de habitantes ubicados aguas abajo. En este contexto, los humedales de gran altitud, localmente conocidos como vegas, y los glaciares representan componentes destacados del ciclo hidrológico de la zona de alta montaña, afectados por un clima cambiante y cuyas problemáticas han sido abordadas por separado en la mayoría de las investigaciones locales. Sin embargo, ambas coberturas terrestres están conectadas hidrológicamente en ciertas áreas. Por lo tanto, en la búsqueda de una comprensión más integral de los ecosistemas de alta montaña, en esta tesis se investigó comparativamente la distribución espacial actual (año 2020) y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) de humedales y glaciares y su relación con las fluctuaciones de temperatura y precipitación. Las geotecnologías, constituyeron la base metodológica de esta tesis. Se utilizaron los índices NDVI y NDSI en la identificación y caracterización del área cubierta por humedales y glaciares de hielo limpio respectivamente. El estudio de la situación actual (2020) se realizó con imágenes de Sentinel 2 y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) con escenas Landsat (5, 7, 8). Los análisis relacionados con la temperatura y la precipitación se basaron en el procesamiento del producto TerraClimate. La mayor parte de la información fue obtenida y procesada, inicialmente, en Google EarthEngine, una plataforma de datos geoespaciales, que permite a los investigadores procesar virtualmente datos en diferentes escalas espaciotemporales. Los análisis se completaron con el uso de herramientas estadísticas y estadísticas espaciales. Como resultado, se pudo identificar un área de 475 km² de humedales y 1260 km² de glaciares (550 km² y 710 km² de hielo limpio y hielo cubierto respectivamente) para 2020. Entre los años 1986 y 2020 se observó un aumento significativo de temperatura y especialmente a partir del año 2010 un descenso significativo de las precipitaciones. En este contexto, el área cubierta por humedales no cambió significativamente pero el área glaciar disminuyó significativamente en alrededor del 36%. La franja comprendida entre los 34°S y 35°S al oeste de la región, fue identificada como la zona donde los humedales y los glaciares se encuentran más cercanos entre sí y donde esta proximidad y la mayor disponibilidad de agua, producto del deshielo, ha tenido un impacto positivo en la productividad de los humedales ubicados aproximadamente a 5 km de estos glaciares.

ABSTRACT Coastal wetlands adjacent to urban areas, such as the Pantanos de Villa in the city of Lima, Peru, are subject to constant changes in land use due to anthropogenic interaction. This has led to the reduction of dense vegetation areas, giving way to built-up areas. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the physical changes experienced in urban areas adjacent to the wetland, such as the environmental management units, in this case the Zone of Protection of Outcrop and Surface Runoff (ZPAES), and the Zone of Landscape Protection of Edge (ZPB), as well as the Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (RVSPV), as a result of rapid urban expansion. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the Pantanos de Villa environment and urbanization within the Environmental Management Units ZPB, ZPAES, and RVSPV. To achieve this, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used, and satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and Sentinel 2 MSI sensors were processed. These images were worked on in the GEE interface and analyzed using spectral indices, NDVI and NDBI, through map algebra codes and pixel masking. For cartographic representation, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The results show a 291.12% increase in built-up area and a 26% reduction in vegetated area over the last 35 years, for the Environmental Management Units ZPB and ZPAES, and the RVSPV. The identified reduction is directly related to unplanned expansion of urban areas and anthropogenic activities.

RESUMEN Los humedales costeros adyacentes a zonas urbanas, como los Pantanos de Villa en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, están sujetos a cambios constantes en el uso del suelo debido a la interacción antropogénica. Esto ha llevado a la reducción de áreas de vegetación densa, dando paso a zonas edificadas. Por esta razón, el presente artículo aborda la problemática de los cambios físicos experimentados en las zonas urbanas adyacentes al humedal, como las unidades de ordenamiento ambiental, en este caso la Zona de Protección de Afloramiento y Escorrentía Superficial (ZPAES y la Zona de Protección Paisajística de Borde (ZPB), así como el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa (RVSPV), como consecuencia de la rápida expansión urbana. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la evolución espacial y temporal del entorno de los Pantanos de Villa y la urbanización dentro de las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB, ZPAES y el RVSPV. Para ello, se utilizó la plataforma de Google Earth Engine (GEE) y se procesaron imágenes satelitales de los sensores Landsat 5 TM y Sentinel 2 MSI. Estas imágenes se trabajaron en la interfaz de GEE y se analizaron utilizando índices espectrales, NDVI y NDBI, mediante códigos de álgebra de mapas y el enmascaramiento de píxeles. Para la representación cartográfica, se empleó un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados muestran un aumento del 291.12% en la superficie edificada y una reducción del 26% en la superficie vegetal en los últimos 35 años, para las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB y ZPAES, y el RVSPV. La reducción identificada se relaciona directamente con la expansión no planificada de la superficie urbana y las actividades antropogénicas.

ABSTRACT Mapping and classifying Coastal Wetlands is important for their conservation. The study aimed to apply Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and pixel-based approaches to answer the questions: (1) which approach is more accurate for classifying Wetlands; (2) Sentinel 1A images improve the classification of Wetlands compared to Sentinel 2A; (3) dual-station sorting has greater potential for sorting Wetlands compared to single-station sorting. We used Sentinel 1 and 2 in single and double seasons (winter and summer) to classify a coastal UA in Rio Grande do Sul. The results show OBIA with greater potential, with accuracy greater than 80%. Sentinel 2 shows higher ranking importance compared to Sentinel 1. Dual season OBIA increased kappa by up to 7% compared to single season. Furthermore, the pixel-based dual season had lower kappa than the OBIA single season. We conclude that OBIA, even at a single station, has greater potential to map coastal AUs. conservation ObjectBased Object Based (OBIA pixelbased pixel based questions (1 (2 A 2A 3 (3 dualstation station singlestation winter summer Sul 80 80% 7 Furthermore AUs ( 8

RESUMO Mapear e classificar Áreas Úmidas Costeiras é importante para a sua conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo aplicar Análise de Imagens Baseada em Objetos (OBIA) e abordagens baseadas em pixels para responder às questões: (1) qual abordagem é mais precisa para classificar Áreas Úmidas; (2) as imagens do Sentinel 1A são melhores para classificação das Áreas Úmidas em comparação com o Sentinel 2A; (3) a classificação em estação dupla tem maior potencial para classificação de Áreas Úmidas em comparação com a classificação em estação única. Utilizamos Sentinel 1 e 2 em estações simples e duplas (inverno e verão) para classificar uma Área Úmida costeira no Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados mostram OBIA com maior potencial, com precisão superior a 80%. O Sentinel 2 apresentou maior importância na classificação em comparação com o Sentinel 1. O OBIA de estação dupla aumentou o kappa em até 7% em comparação com a estação única. Além disso, a estação dupla baseada em pixels teve kappa menor do que a estação única do OBIA. Concluímos que o OBIA, mesmo em uma única estação, tem maior potencial para mapear Áreas Úmidas costeiras. conservação (OBIA questões (1 (2 A 2A 3 (3 inverno verão Sul 80 80% 7 disso costeiras ( 8

ABSTRACT Currently, there are some concerns about the situation and, in particular, about the future of the COVID-19 pandemic and the new emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Rodents are an example of synanthropic animals in urban environments that harbor important zoonoses. Although the molecular identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Rattus norvegicus from New York City had been reported, in other studies, urban wild rodents infected with this virus have not been found. This study aimed to molecularly identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban wild rodents from Mexico City, trapped along a water channel of a public park as part of a pest control program, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during the fall and winter of 2020. Up to 33 Mus musculus and 52 R. norvegicus were captured and euthanized, large intestine samples with feces from the animals were obtained. RNAs were obtained and subjected to qRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 identification and threshold cycle (Ct) values were obtained. Four mice (12.1%) and three rats (5.8%) were positive, three rodents exhibited Ct<30. Our results on the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 in urban rats are in line with other previous reports. Thus, similar to other authors, we suggest that surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in urban wild rodents, as sentinel animals, should be maintained. Currently particular COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 SARSCoV2. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2. 2 zoonoses SARS-CoV- reported studies found program 2020 3 5 R euthanized qRTPCR qRT PCR Ct (Ct 12.1% 121 12 1 (12.1% 5.8% 58 8 (5.8% positive Ct30 30 Ct<30 reports Thus authors maintained COVID1 COVID- SARS-CoV 202 12.1 (12.1 5.8 (5.8 Ct3 Ct<3 20 12. (12. 5. (5. Ct< (12 (5 (1 (

Abstract: The Brazilian Pantanal biome, known for its rich biodiversity and wetlands, is experiencing frequent and destructive fires. Detecting and monitoring burnt areas is vital for comprehending their present ecological condition, a key indicator for climate change and protective measures. Optical remote sensing methods, traditionally used in fire mapping, have limitations due to atmospheric conditions. Microwave Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a promising alternative, excelling in challenging environments and demonstrating sensitivity to surface properties. This study aimed to assesses the potential of SAR images for detecting burnt areas in a conservation unit inserted in the Brazilian Pantanal after intense fires in 2020. For this, the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) index was calculated from Sentinel-2 images before and after fire, and then the difference between these images (dNBR). Differences in backscatter coefficients of pre- and post-fire SAR/Sentinel-1 images in the two polarizations (dVH and dVV) were also calculated. To detect burnt areas, the three differences were classified using the Random Forest algorithm. The results showed adequate coincidence of burned areas between dVH and dVV compared to dNBR and high accuracy values of the algorithm model, indicating consistency between SAR and optical data in identifying burnt areas. Abstract biome wetlands condition measures methods mapping conditions (SAR alternative properties 2020 this NBR (NBR Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- dNBR. . (dNBR) pre postfire post SAR/Sentinel1 SARSentinel1 SARSentinel SAR/Sentinel 1 SAR/Sentinel- model 202 (dNBR Sentinel1 20

Abstract Biomarkers of environmental contamination have been frequently used in the assessment of marine ecosystem quality because they provide quantitative measures of biological changes in organisms exposed to pollutants such as hydrocarbons from oil spills. Polychaetes have been tested as sentinel organisms of marine environmental health because they are abundant taxa of benthic assemblages and their sedentary lifestyle ensures chronic exposure to toxins in impacted areas. In this study, we evaluated whether the polychaete Scolelepis goodbodyi can be used as a reliable sentinel species for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from an experimental diesel spill in a dissipative sand beach in the Southern Atlantic. The design used in this study comprised replicated control and diesel impact sites sampled four times (one, two, four and seven days) before and after the impact. Total PAH levels reached 114.0 ng g -1 in the impact site one day after the diesel spill; however, the pattern of biomarker responses in S. goodbodyi was primarily influenced by spatial variation rather than being attributed to the simulated diesel spill. The apparent absence of a contaminating effect may be linked to the low levels of the toxins retained in the sediment after the spill was simulated to elicit a response or to the presence of an efficient repair system within the organism. Furthermore, the sediments tested in this study, composed of sandy fractions, had a low capacity to concentrate PAHs after the simulated diesel spill, which may have contributed to the low significant changes in their biomarker activities. Based on our results, further studies testing other Polychaeta species and simulating oil spills in sedimentary environments composed of fine sediments such as salt marshes and mangroves may help produce evidence on more effective biomarker responses in these organisms. areas (PAHs Atlantic one, (one two days 1140 114 0 114. 1 - however S organism Furthermore fractions activities results 11

Abstract Murundus fields, also known as covoais, are frequent microreliefs in the Cerrado. These are sets of semicircular elevations that protrude from the surface of the land, rounded or oval, with average dimensions of 70 cm in height and 6 m in diameter. The determinants of its regional spatial distribution are still poorly known. This study aimed to identify the natural determinants of its spatial distribution in the Southwest of Goiás, in the Sedimentary Basin of Paraná. All occurrences of murundus fields identified by the project Mapping of Remnant Murundus Fields in the state of Goiás (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG) were compared with information referring to lithology, geomorphology, NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), and SMI (Soil Moisture Index). The indices were obtained from SENTINEL 2-A (MSI) and Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) orbital images. It was found that murundus fields preferentially occur in the Alluvial Deposits, Cachoeirinha, Detritic-lateritic Covers, and Serra Geral geological units. Murundus fields predominate under slopes of 0 to 8% (flat to gently undulating relief), and in areas with lower drainage density. The NDWI and the SMI indicated that murundus fields are concentrated on wet surfaces, occurring less frequently in saturated/very wet areas and in moderate humidity, dry, and very dry surfaces. covoais Cerrado land oval 7 diameter Paraná SEMADGO/LAPIGUFG SEMADGOLAPIGUFG SEMAD GO/LAPIG UFG GO LAPIG (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG lithology geomorphology Normalized Index, Index , Index) Soil Index. . 2A A 2 MSI (MSI OLI TIRS images Deposits Cachoeirinha Detriticlateritic Detritic lateritic Covers units flat relief, relief relief) density surfaces saturatedvery saturated humidity SEMADGO LAPIGUFG GOLAPIG

Resumo Os campos de murundus, também conhecidos como covoais, são microrrelevos frequentes no Cerrado. Trata-se conjuntos de elevações semicirculares que sobressaem da superfície do terreno, arredondadas ou ovais, com dimensões médias de 70 cm de altura e 6 m de diâmetro. Encontram-se associados a áreas úmidas e vêm sendo impactados pela expansão agropecuária. Os condicionantes de sua distribuição espacial regional são ainda pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores naturais condicionantes de sua distribuição espacial no SO de Goiás, na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. Todas as ocorrências de campos de murundus identificadas pelo projeto Mapeamento dos Remanescentes de Campos de Murundus no Estado de Goiás (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG) foram comparadas com informações referentes à litologia, à geomorfologia, ao NDWI (Índice de Diferença Normalizada da Água) e ao SMI (Índice de Umidade do Solo). Os índices foram obtidos por imagens orbitais SENTINEL 2-A (MSI) e Landsat 8 (OLI e TIRS). Constatou-se que os campos de murundus ocorrem preferencialmente nas unidades Depósitos Aluvionares, Cachoeirinha, Coberturas Detrito-Lateríticas e Serra Geral. Predominam sob declividades de 0 a 8%, (relevo plano a suave ondulado) e nas áreas de menor densidade de drenagem. O NDWI e o SMI indicaram que os campos de murundus se concentram em superfícies úmidas, ocorrendo com menor frequência em áreas saturadas/muito úmidas e em áreas de umidade moderada, secas e muito secas. covoais Cerrado Tratase Trata terreno ovais 7 diâmetro Encontramse Encontram agropecuária Paraná SEMADGO/LAPIGUFG SEMADGOLAPIGUFG SEMAD GO/LAPIG UFG GO LAPIG (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG litologia geomorfologia Índice Água Solo. Solo . Solo) 2A A 2 MSI (MSI OLI TIRS. TIRS TIRS) Constatouse Constatou Aluvionares Cachoeirinha DetritoLateríticas Detrito Lateríticas Geral 8% relevo ondulado drenagem saturadasmuito saturadas moderada SEMADGO LAPIGUFG GOLAPIG

Abstract Artisanal and small-scale gold mining can occur on land or in riverbeds. However, the activity needs to be supported by a Mining Permit, issued by the Agência Nacional de Mineração, which is the Brazilian institution responsible for mining management, and the appropriate environmental license from the competent environmental agency. The use of images from Sentinel-2 satellites presents itself as a potential tool for identifying gold mining vessels due to the temporal resolution, free imagery, global coverage, and more refined spatial resolution. So, this study aimed to identify gold mining vessels on the Madeira River near Porto Velho city, Rondônia state, located at Brazilian Amazon, in 13 Sentinel-2 images from 2018 to 2021 using the classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Random Forest (RF) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM). The results showed that machine learning classifiers obtained the best performance, especially the object-oriented SVM classifier, which had the best average F1 score (0.91). In addition, the detection percentage of gold mining vessels originated by this classifier was satisfactory, with only 0 to 4 active gold mining vessels with sediment plumes being omitted per image. Therefore, based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the use of machine learning classifiers proved to be effective in identifying gold mining vessels. smallscale small scale riverbeds However Permit Mineração management agency Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- resolution imagery coverage So city state Amazon 1 201 202 SVM, , (SVM) KNearest K Nearest KNN (KNN RF (RF SAM. SAM . (SAM) performance objectoriented object oriented F 0.91. 091 0.91 91 (0.91) addition satisfactory image Therefore 20 (SVM (SAM 09 0.9 9 (0.91 0. (0.9 (0. (0 (

Resumo Garimpos de ouro podem ocorrer em terra firme ou em leitos de rios na forma de embarcações. Porém, a atividade precisa estar amparada com uma Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG), expedida pela Agência Nacional de Mineração, e com a devida licença ambiental do órgão ambiental competente. Nesse sentido, o uso de imagens dos satélites Sentinel-2 se apresenta como ferramenta potencial para identificação de garimpos de ouro embarcados devido à resolução temporal, gratuidade de imagens, cobertura global e resolução espacial mais refinada. Este estudo objetivou identificar garimpos de ouro embarcados no Rio Madeira, próximo à cidade Porto Velho, estado de Rondônia, em 13 imagens Sentinel-2 de 2018 a 2021, a partir dos seguintes classificadores: Support Vector Machine (SVM); K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN); Random Forest (RF); e Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM). Os resultados demonstraram que os classificadores do tipo machine learning obtiveram melhor performance, com destaque para o classificador SVM orientado a objeto que apresentou melhor score F1 médio (0,91). Além disso, o percentual de detecção obtido foi satisfatório com omissão variando de 0 a 4 garimpos ativos por imagem. Assim, a partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso de classificadores machine learning se mostrou eficaz para identificar garimpos de ouro embarcados. embarcações Porém PLG, PLG , (PLG) Mineração competente sentido Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- temporal refinada Madeira Velho Rondônia 1 201 2021 (SVM) KNearest K Nearest KNN (KNN) RF (RF) SAM. SAM . (SAM) performance F 0,91. 091 0,91 91 (0,91) disso imagem Assim obtidos concluise conclui (PLG 20 202 (SVM (KNN (RF (SAM 09 0,9 9 (0,91 0, (0,9 (0, (0 (