RESUMEN En este artículo se busca explicar la situación jurídica de la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú. Para ello, se realiza un estudio sobre las personas con discapacidad dentro de la realidad penitenciaria peruana, seguido por el análisis del marco jurídico respectivo, así como los avances y desafíos locales de sus derechos. Se propone mejoras al sistema penitenciario en aras de brindar una mayor accesibilidad, disponibilidad, aceptabilidad e inclusión en los establecimientos carcelarios. Estas mejoras consisten en el trato humano de la vulnerabilidad en reemplazo de la política resocializadora tradicional en tanto finalidad de la pena y la instauración de juzgados de ejecución penal para el procesamiento de los beneficios penitenciarios. Se emplea una metodología cualitativa con diseño documental y alcance descriptivo. Por último, como principales hallazgos, dada la extrema vulnerabilidad en que vive la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú, se destaca la necesidad de dotar a la pena de prisión de fundamentos políticos distributivos, facilitando así la alineación con estándares internacionales de derechos humanos que prioricen la reducción de barreras estructurales. En este respecto, es viable la adopción de la política del trato humano y la implementación de juzgados de ejecución penal con la finalidad de reducir la vulnerabilidad de los reclusos con discapacidad y promover el respeto de sus derechos fundamentales.

ABSTRACT This article aims to elucidate the legal situation of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru. To achieve this, a study is conducted on individuals with disabilities within the Peruvian penal reality, followed by an analysis of the corresponding legal framework and local progress and challenges regarding their rights. Proposed improvements to the prison system aim to enhance accessibility, availability, acceptability, and inclusion in correctional facilities. These enhancements involve treating vulnerability with humane considerations, replacing the traditional rehabilitative policy as the primary purpose of punishment. Additionally, the establishment of penal execution courts is proposed for processing penitentiary benefits. A qualitative methodology with a documentary design and descriptive scope is employed. As a key finding, given the extreme vulnerability of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru, there is a highlighted need to imbue the prison sentence with distributive political foundations, aligning with international Human Rights standards prioritizing the reduction of structural barriers. In this regard, the adoption of a humane treatment policy and the implementation of penal execution courts are deemed viable measures to reduce the vulnerability of inmates with disabilities and promote the respect of their fundamental rights.

RESUMEN La Sentencia 1364-17-EP/23 de la Corte Constitucional aparentemente cerró la discusión sobre el alcance del art. 233 de la CRE en lo que respecta al peculado. Se afirma serían autores tanto servidores públicos como sujetos que no ostenten esta condición, independientemente de sus conductas. La resolución es insatisfactoria. En la misma no se confrontó si el contenido del precepto constitucional era suficiente para cumplir con la determinación que requiere la tipificación de una conducta. El debate no puede cerrarse sin alcanzar estos niveles de análisis. El objetivo de este artículo es desafiar esta decisión, presentando argumentos que no fueron considerados, y a través de estos, cuestionar las conclusiones alcanzadas. Desde la explicación de lo que es un intraneus y un extraneus, se plantea otras formas de interpretar el art. 233. Entre las alternativas, se selecciona la que se cree que guarda armonía con todo el sistema de normas. El art. 233 fija la necesidad de que en el peculado se sancione como autores a no servidores públicos y a privados, pero no es suficiente para ser aplicado directamente. Es el principio de legalidad el que cumple con el mandato de determinación. Finalmente, se resalta que la norma penal sí contempla supuestos donde pueden intervenir como autores personas sin la calidad de servidores públicos, casos en los que existe certeza sobre la conducta prohibida.

ABSTRACT Sentence 1364-17-EP/23 of Constitutional Court and article 233 of the CRE regarding embezzlement seems to be closed. It is stated that both public servants and the ones who do not hold this condition can be authors regardless of their conduct. The resolution is not acceptable as it did not confront whether the content of the constitutional precept was sufficient to comply with the determination required to classify a conduct. The debate cannot be closed without reaching these levels of analysis. The aim of this article is to challenge this decision with arguments that were not considered and can be used to question the conclusions reached. From the explanation of what an intraneus and an extraneus are, other ways of interpreting article 233 are proposed. Among the alternatives, the selected is the one that is believed to be in harmony with the entire system of regulations. Article 233 establishes the need to sanction to non-public and private servants as perpetrators of embezzlement. However, it is not enough to be applied directly. It is the principle of legality that fulfills the mandate of determination. Finally, it is highlighted that the criminal law does contemplate cases where people without the status of public servants may intervene as perpetrators, cases in which there is certainty about the prohibited conduct.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se plantea exponer la difícil situación legal de la privación de libertad y los traslados a distintos centros de privación de libertad. Para ello, es necesario verificar las teorías de la pena que nuestro ordenamiento jurídico pretende seguir, lo que permitirá saber las razones de la normativa expedida en materia de garantías penitenciarias. Así también, conocer el estado normativo de los traslados y su relación inmediata con el hábeas corpus. Camino que se pretende seguir entre la supuesta desnaturalización de garantías jurisdiccionales y la ausencia de un control judicial. De igual forma, plantear la relación que existe sobre los traslados y otros conflictos carcelarios como el hacinamiento, la violencia, la falta de personal penitenciario y que tiene incidencia en varios derechos constitucionales como la unidad familiar, derecho a la defensa, entre otros. Finalmente, se buscan posibles salidas a la problemática que acarrean los traslados de personas privadas de libertad, de manera especial sobre la contradicción entre el art. 668.2 del Código Orgánico Integral Penal que impide realizar traslados a través de una garantía jurisdiccional y la sentencia de la Corte Constitucional n.º 365-18-JH/21 y acumulados (Integridad personal de personas privadas de libertad) que habilita la posibilidad de realizarlo en casos de afectación al derecho a la integridad personal.

ABSTRACT I plan to expose the difficult legal situation of deprivation of liberty and transfers to different deprivation of liberty centers. To do this, it is necessary to verify the theories of punishment that our legal system intends to follow, which will allow us to know the reasons for the regulations issued regarding penitentiary guarantees. Likewise, know the regulatory status of transfers and their immediate relationship with habeas corpus. The path that is intended to be followed between the supposed denaturalization of jurisdictional guarantees and the absence of judicial control. Likewise, raise the relationship that exists on transfers and other prison conflicts such as overcrowding, violence and lack of prison staff and that has an impact on several constitutional rights such as family unity, the right to defense, among others. Finally, possible solutions are sought to the problems caused by the transfers of people deprived of liberty, especially on the contradiction between article 668.2 of the COIP that prevents transfers through a jurisdictional guarantee and the sentence of the Court Constitutional n.º 365-18-JH/21 and accumulated (Personal integrity of persons deprived of liberty) that enables the possibility of carrying it out in cases of impact on the right to personal integrity.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to propose a sentencing model with a gender perspective for judges, which contributes to guaranteeing the application of women’s human rights and reducing errors in sentences, such as: revictimization, poor access to justice, discrimination, as well as gender stereotypes or prejudices that can affect judicial reasoning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative paradigm based on the data collection technique and a descriptive legal content analysis of specialized guidelines in the doctrinal and normative field, as well as thirty sentences for gender-based crimes in the period 2020-2023 issued by the Judicial Branch of the State of Michoacán. As a result, a guide or model of sentencing in criminal matters is proposed so that judges can identify and apply it in cases where gender violence has been proven, this will make it possible to have a more precise and solid judgment in its argumentation, as well as to meet the main criteria for the protection of women’s human rights before the corpus iuris of law on the matter.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo de sentencia con perspectiva de género para personas juzgadoras, que contribuya a garantizar la aplicación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres y disminuir errores en las sentencias, tales como: la revictimización, el poco acceso a la justicia, la discriminación, así como los estereotipos o prejuicios de género que pueden afectar el razonamiento judicial. El diseño metodológico de este estudio parte del paradigma cualitativo basado en la técnica de recolección de datos y de un análisis jurídico de contenido de corte descriptivo de lineamientos especializados del ámbito doctrinal y normativo, así como de treinta sentencias de delitos por razón de género en el periodo 2020-2023 emitidas por el Poder Judicial del Estado de Michoacán. Como resultado se propone una guía o modelo de sentencia en materia penal para que las personas juzgadoras puedan identificar y aplicarlo en casos en donde se haya comprobado la violencia de género, lo que permitirá tener una sentencia más precisa y sólida en su argumentación, así como cumplir los principales criterios de protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres ante el corpus iuris de derecho en la materia.

Abstract Introduction In clinical practice, patients with the same degree and configuration of hearing loss, or even with normal audiometric thresholds, present substantially different performances in terms of speech perception. This probably happens because other factors, in addition to auditory sensitivity, interfere with speech perception. Thus, studies are needed to investigate the performance of listeners in unfavorable listening conditions to identify the processes that interfere in the speech perception of these subjects. Objective To verify the influence of age, temporal processing, and working memory on speech recognition in noise. Methods Thirty-eight adult and elderly individuals with normal hearing thresholds participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: The adult group (G1), composed of 10 individuals aged 21 to 33 years, and the elderly group (G2), with 28 participants aged 60 to 81 years. They underwent audiological assessment with the Portuguese Sentence List Test, Gaps-in-Noise test, Digit Span Memory test, Running Span Task, Corsi Block-Tapping test, and Visual Pattern test. Results The Running Span Task score proved to be a statistically significant predictor of the listening-in-noise variable. This result showed that the difference in performance between groups G1 and G2 in relation to listening in noise is due not only to aging, but also to changes in working memory. Conclusion The study showed that working memory is a predictor of listening performance in noise in individuals with normal hearing, and that this task can provide important information for investigation in individuals who have difficulty hearing in unfavorable environments. practice loss factors sensitivity Thus subjects age processing Thirtyeight Thirty eight G1, G , (G1) 1 2 3 years G2, (G2) 6 8 Test GapsinNoise Gaps Noise test BlockTapping Block Tapping listeninginnoise variable aging environments (G1 (G2 (G

Stuttering, the repetition of voice, syllable or sentence, is a speech and social communication disorder that negatively affects the fluency of speech. Students who stutter are often socially isolated in school, and also experience high anxiety and communication difficulty at different levels. With the study reported on here we investigated teachers' opinions about the difficulties they experience when supporting students who stutter, and how educational regulations are implemented. In this descriptive study the qualitative research method was employed. This method enables an in-depth investigation of participants' opinions and thoughts. Interview notes and observation data were analysed using descriptive and document analysis. Teachers' opinions are described along 4 main themes, namely recognition and intervention, providing cooperation, in-class communication environment, and academic support. The findings in the study show that teachers and peers have a great influence on stuttering children's access to quality education and their social acceptance.

Abstract In May 2017, the Supreme Court decided the applicability of colloquially called “2x1” law in perpetrator Luis Muiña’s case. This law had been issued between 1994 and 2001, and established a reduction of sentence for those convicted who had been in preventive detention for more than two years. This new jurisprudence for crimes against humanity established a precedent for other convicts to apply for the benefit. The following article analyzes the political and social process unleashed after the sentence and its culmination in the enactment of Law 27.362, which declared the “2x1” law for crimes against humanity inapplicable. The central hypothesis is that the political deliberation and social mobilization was a scenario for the re-articulation of a political consensus that built on the democratic transition’s legacies from State terrorism and for the notion of impunity as a category able to articulate, in a contingent way, politically heterogeneous positions, traditions and rationalities.

Resumen En mayo de 2017, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación decidió aplicar la ley conocida como “2x1” en el caso del represor Luis Muiña. Esta ley había estado vigente entre 1994 y 2001, y establecía un mecanismo de reducción de penas para aquellos condenados que hubieran estado en prisión preventiva por más de dos años. Su aplicación para un caso de delito de lesa humanidad estableció un antecedente para que otros condenados solicitasen el beneficio. El artículo busca analizar el proceso político y social desatado tras el fallo y su culminación en la sanción de la Ley 27.362 que declaraba inaplicable la ley del “2x1” para delitos de lesa humanidad. La hipótesis central es que el estado de deliberación política y movilización social se presentó como un escenario para la re-articulación de un consenso político que hizo pie en los legados de la transición democrática respecto del terrorismo de Estado y en la noción de “impunidad” como categoría puente capaz de articular, de manera contingente, posiciones, tradiciones y racionalidades políticas heterogéneas.

Abstract A number of studies characterizing the performance of people with agrammatic aphasia (PWAA) have identified difficulties in understanding sentences in non-canonical order and detected problems in interpreting function words. Although some of these studies reported problems in interpreting objective pronouns, the pattern of performance is not clear and there is no consensus regarding what might be causing the difficulties. This work focused on the processing of sentences with cliticized object pronouns in Rioplatense Spanish. A sentence-picture matching test was designed in which the sentence order (canonical and non-canonical), the pronominalization of the direct object, and its position were manipulated. 5 PWAAs and a group of 10 healthy control subjects (CG) participated in the study. Under all conditions, GC performed significantly better than PWAA. Furthermore, both groups performed better with the sentences in canonical order than those in non-canonical order. Finally, no main effect of direct object pronominalization was observed. However, an effect did emerge when non-canonical sentences were particularly analyzed: PWAA performed better in sentences with clitic pronouns than when the object was a full nominal. The preservation of cliticized pronouns, regardless its position, in conjunction with this apparently unexpected pattern in non-canonical sentences, defies representational explanations and seems to fit better processing accounts of agrammatic deficits.

Resumen Numerosos trabajos que han caracterizado el desempeño de las personas con afasia agramática (PCAA) identificaron dificultades en la comprensión de oraciones en orden no canónico y problemas en la interpretación de palabras funcionales. Aunque algunos de esos estudios registraron problemas en la interpretación de pronombres clíticos de objeto, el patrón de rendimiento no resulta claro y tampoco existe consenso respecto de qué podría causar las dificultades. Este trabajo se focalizó en investigar el procesamiento de oraciones con pronombres clíticos de objeto en español rioplatense. Se diseñó una prueba de emparejamiento oración-dibujo en la que se manipuló el orden oracional (canónico y no canónico), la pronominalización del objeto directo y su posición. Participaron en el estudio 5 PCAA y un grupo de 10 sujetos controles sanos (GC). En todas las condiciones, el GC tuvo un rendimiento significativamente mejor que el de PCAA. Además, ambos grupos tuvieron un mejor desempeño con las oraciones en orden canónico que en aquellas con orden no canónico. Finalmente, no se observó un efecto principal de la pronominalización del objeto directo. Sin embargo, sí emergió un efecto cuando se analizaron particularmente las oraciones en orden no canónico: las PCAA rindieron mejor en las oraciones con pronombres clíticos que cuando el objeto era un nominal pleno. La preservación de los pronombres clíticos, independientemente de su posición, en conjunto con este patrón aparentemente inesperado en las oraciones no canónicas desafía las explicaciones representacionales y parece ajustarse mejor a las hipótesis basadas en limitación de recursos.

Riassunto L’articolo esamina l’ipotesi, formulata qualche anno fa da Pilar Lorenzo (2013 e 2016), secondo la quale i Lais de Bretanha circolarono in maniera indipendente e in ordine diverso. Una nuova analisi dei dati positivi non permette di confermare questa teoria. Indipendentemente dall’ordine primitivo delle cantigas ‘bretoni’, è altamente probabile che i Lais e le rispettive rubriche siano state composte in due momenti distinti. In particolare, la redazione delle rubriche potrebbe risalire all’epoca in cui i Lais furono inseriti nell’exemplar dei Canzonieri portoghesi di Colocci e, di conseguenza, l’ultima pericope della rubrica di B1 (Este lais posemos acá porque era o melhor que foi feito) giustificherebbe, non la prima posizione che il testo venne ad assumere nella Laissammlung, bensì la funzione di ‘prologo in versi’ che il compilatore aveva assegnato a B1 nella sua collezione di cantigas. L’articolo, inoltre, aggiunge alcuni elementi che convergono con l’ipotesi - già a suo tempo formulata da Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos - secondo la quale D. Pedro, Conte de Barcelos (e la sua cerchia aristocratica) sarebbe stato il responsabile dell’inserimento dei Lais nell’exemplar e della redazione delle rubriche.

Abstract The paper examines the hypothesis, put forward a few years ago by Pilar Lorenzo Gradín (2013 and 2016), according to which the Lais de Bretanha would have circulated independently and in a different order. A new analysis of the positive data does not confirm this theory. Regardless of the primitive order of the ‘Breton’ cantigas, it is highly probable that the Lais and the associated rubrics were composed at two different times. In particular, the rubrics could be written at the time when the Lais were inserted in the exemplar of the Colocci’s Portuguese Cancioneiros and, consequently, the last sentence of the rubric of B1 (Este lais posemos acá porque era o melhor que foi feito) could justify, not the first position that the text came to assume in the Laissammlung, but the function of “prologue in verse” that the compiler had assigned to B1 in the structure of the collection of cantigas. In addition, the article adds some elements that agree with the hypothesis - already put forward by Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos - according to which D. Pedro, Earl of Barcelos (and his aristocratic circle) was responsible for the insertion of the Lais into the exemplar and the redaction of rubrics.

Resumen Las investigaciones relacionadas con los beneficiarios en la lengua española se enfocan mayoritariamente en el análisis de un único tipo de beneficiario: aquel que funge como potencial receptor de una entidad. Sin embargo, Van Valin y LaPolla (1997), Smith (2005, 2010) y Kitillä y Zúñiga (2010), entre otros, sostienen que el beneficio puede expresarse de distintas formas, dependiendo de cómo se involucra el participante afectado positivamente en la consecución del evento denotado en la oración. En seguimiento de esta idea, el presente trabajo estudia los distintos tipos de beneficiarios que se pueden codificar en español; de manera específica, aquellos que son introducidos por medio de frases encabezadas por las preposiciones por y para. Para su análisis se retoma la taxonomía propuesta por Van Valin y LaPolla (1997), la cual clasifica a los beneficiarios en tres clases: beneficiario recipiente, beneficiario deputativo y beneficiario llano o plano. La muestra recabada para este trabajo registra el uso de los tres tipos. El análisis permite ver que su aparición se encuentra condicionada por diversos factores semánticos y sintácticos, entre ellos: la preposición que lo introduce (o por o para o ambas), la valencia del verbo núcleo de la oración y su clase semántica, así como el rasgo concreto o abstracto asociado a los segundos argumentos de los verbos bivalentes y trivalentes.

Abstract Research on Spanish benefactive constructions examines mostly one type of beneficiary: the one acting as a potential recipient. However, some studies, including Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), Smith (2005, 2010), and Kitillä and Zúñiga (2010), argue that benefaction can be expressed in different ways, depending on the involvement of the positively affected participant in the event described in the sentence. Following this idea, we analyze various types of benefaction in Spanish, particularly those where the beneficiaries are coded in phrases introduced by the prepositions por and para. We employ the taxonomy proposed by Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), which classifies beneficiaries into three types: the recipient, the deputative, and the plain beneficiary. Analysis of our sample shows the presence of all three types. Their use is related to specific semantic and syntactic factors, such as the preposition that introduces them (either por or para or both), the verbal valency of the clause nucleus and its semantic class, and the concrete or abstract attribute of the second arguments of bivalent and trivalent verbs.

RESUMEN Introducción: la hospitalización en edad pediátrica supone un acontecimiento vital que genera un gran nivel de estrés y ansiedad en el paciente. En función del momento evolutivo en el que se presente la patología que motiva el ingreso, así como las características que definan la misma, existe un riesgo potencial de que se originen una serie de alteraciones emocionales y conductuales en el niño que modifiquen su desarrollo personal. Objetivo: describir la respuesta emocional de niños que se encuentran atravesando una larga estadía hospitalaria. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el período de noviembre 2023 a enero 2024, para una metodología cualitativa. La muestra estuvo conformada por 10 niños entre ocho y 15 años, utilizándose un muestreo no probabilístico de sujetos tipo. Como métodos empíricos fueron aplicados el Test de completamiento de frases de Rotter, DMR, y la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: la respuesta emocional estuvo relacionada según la percepción de mejoría clínica. Se identificó cierta ansiedad e incertidumbre ante los procederes médicos, unido a esto, miedo e inseguridad. También ideas pesimistas, tristeza, irritabilidad y agresividad encubierta y manifiesta para con el cuidador responsable, así como para el personal médico. Conclusiones: existe una preocupación significativa para la familia de estos pacientes, así como para los mismos niños que formaron parte del estudio, con respecto al manejo de las emociones identificadas, que además, en muchas ocasiones interfieren en el proceso de hospitalización y el de recuperación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: hospitalization in the pediatric age group is a vital event that generates a high level of stress and anxiety in the patient. Depending on the evolutionary moment in which the pathology that motivates the admission is presented, as well as the characteristics that define it, there is a potential risk of originating a series of emotional and behavioral alterations in the child that modify his or her personal development. Objective: to describe the emotional response of children undergoing a long hospital stay. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2023 to January 2024, using a qualitative methodology. The sample consisted of 10 children between eight and 15 years of age, using a non-probabilistic sampling of typical subjects. The empirical methods used were the Rotter's sentence completion test, DMR, and the semi-structured interview. Results: the emotional response was related to the perception of clinical improvement. Some anxiety and uncertainty before medical procedures were identified, together with fear and insecurity. Also, pessimistic ideas, sadness, irritability and covert and overt aggressiveness towards the responsible caregiver as well as towards the medical staff. Conclusions: there is a significant concern for the family of these patients as well as for the children who were part of the study, regarding the management of the identified emotions, which in many occasions interfere in the hospitalization and recovery process.

Abstract: This research article aims to analyze an issue presented in the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 (hereinafter referred to as the CPC 1991, interchangeably), specifically regarding: what are the constitutional limits of citizen participation in environmental matters, within the framework of the unitary state model with territorial decentralization? To do this, after describing the applicable constitutional and legal norms, the Sentence su_095 of 2018 of the Constitutional Court of Colombia (hereinafter referred to as the CCC, interchangeably) will be analyzed. In this ruling, the High Court resolved an environmental conflict caused by the promotion of a popular consultation on mining matters, thus delimiting the scope and limits for the use ofthis mechanism by territorial entities. Finally, a founded critique of said sentence and proposals for action for the future will be made.

Resumo: Este artigo de pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar um problema apresentado na Constituição Política da Colômbia de 1991 (a seguir, CPC 1991, indistintamente), especificamente em relação a: quais são os limites constitucionais da participação cidadã em questões ambientais, no contexto do modelo de Estado unitário com descentralização territorial? Para isso, após descrever as normas constitucionais e legais aplicáveis, será analisado o Acórdão su_095 de 2018 da Corte Constitucional da Colômbia (a seguir, CCC, indistintamente). Neste julgamento, o Alto Tribunal resolveu um conflito ambiental causado pela promoção de uma consulta popular sobre mineração, delimitando assim o escopo e os limites para o uso desse mecanismo por entidades territoriais. Por fim, será feita uma crítica fundamentada desse julgamento e propostas de ação para o futuro.

Resumen: Este artículo de investigación tiene por objeto analizar un problema que se presenta en la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 (en adelante, CPC 1991, indistintamente), concretamente referido a: ¿cuáles son los límites constitucionales de la participación ciudadana en materia ambiental, en el marco del modelo de Estado unitario con descentralización territorial? Para ello, previa descripción de las normas constitucionales y legales aplicables, se analizará la Sentencia SU_095 del 2018 de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia (en adelante, CCC, indistintamente). En este fallo el Alto Tribunal resolvió un conflicto ambiental ocasionado por la promoción de una consulta popular en materia minera, delimitando así los alcances y límites para la utilización de dicho mecanismo por parte de los entes territoriales. Por último, se efectuará la crítica fundada de dicha sentencia y las propuestas de acción de cara al futuro.

Abstract: The task of chunking involves dividing a sentence into smaller phrases by identifying a limited amount of syntactic information. This process involves grouping together consecutive words to form phrases, also known as shallow parsing. Chunking does not provide information on the relationships between these phrases. This paper describes our approach to building chunking models for Arabic text using deep learning techniques. We evaluated several training models and compared their results using a rich data set. The results we obtained were highly encouraging when compared to previous related studies.

Abstract: This study examines how the sentiment values in the first part of the book entitled as “Underground” of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s ”Notes from Underground” change from words to sentences to paragraphs. Using the GPT-4 language model, we conducted a descriptive analysis of standardized sentiment values and calculated cumulative binned values of the sentiment trajectories over the text. We then created differential equation models to model the sentiment tones using quantile regression analysis. We show that binned values can reveal a more dynamic and potentially chaotic structure when applied to the cumulative sum of sentiments for word, sentence, and paragraph levels. We model differential equations derived for word, sentence, and paragraph levels via quantile regression. They demonstrate how the rate and acceleration of sentiment change are influenced by their current state and rate of change. In conclusion, this study’s findings are important for enhancing the capabilities of AI-driven chatbots in sentiment analysis, particularly in dissecting and understanding the layered emotional landscapes of literary works.

Abstract The contribution of anaphoric encapsulators to the information structure of the utterance has often been restricted to observations regarding their position as sentence topics (theme) or as part of the comment (rheme). However, they may appear in other positions that can be better delimited with the help of a model of discourse segmentation such as the Basel Model. I explore the different discourse functions of anaphoric encapsulators in the three main units delineated in this model: the Nucleus or propositional core of the utterance, the Frame or the information chunk preceding the Nucleus, and the Appendix or slot for background information. Besides, I claim that the possibility for an anaphoric encapsulator to express the discourse topic of (part of) a text is intimately related to its position in the Utterance and propose a tentative scale of access to discourse topicality for this type of anaphors. Keywords: anaphora, encapsulation, information structure, discourse topic, Basel Model.

Resumen El análisis del papel que juegan los encapsuladores anafóricos en la estructura informativa de los enunciados se ha limitado por lo general a observaciones relativas a la posición que ocupan como temas o bien como parte del rema de los enunciados. Sin embargo, estas anáforas aparecen en otras posiciones enunciativas que pueden delimitarse con la ayuda de un modelo de segmentación del discurso como el Modelo de Basilea. En este trabajo se exploran las diversas funciones discursivas de los encapsuladores anafóricos en las tres unidades principales establecidas por este modelo: el Núcleo o relación proposicional central del enunciado, el Marco o segmento informativo que precede al Núcleo, y el Apéndice o hueco estructural para la información secundaria. Además, se defiende que la posibilidad de que un encapsulador anafórico exprese el tópico discursivo de (parte de) un texto está íntimamente ligado a su posición en el Enunciado y se propone una escala tentativa de acceso a la topicalidad discursiva para este tipo de anáforas. Palabras clave: anáfora, encapsulación, estructura informativa, tópico discursivo, Modelo de Basilea.