Abstract Introduction: The problem of energy security has already been addressed from a multidimensional approach, but always associated with a geopolitical, national security or sovereignty issue. Internal security during neoliberalism represents a process of inflation of the penal system. Thus, energy security, even from a multidimensional approach, is blurred if an approach that criminalizes those who self-manage access to the rights to adequate life and housing, to energy and to the city predominates. Objective: The main objective of this article is to propose a new way of understanding the problem of energy security, taking it from a watertight concept to a pendulum between "security/insecurity" that serves to weigh the degree of enjoyment of these rights. Methodology: For this purpose, housing fires between 2018 and 2023 in a city of 640 thousand inhabitants (Salta, Argentina) were collected, analyzed and systematized, and this information was crossed with data from the National Registry of Popular Neighborhoods and the Municipality of Salta. Conclusions: This allowed concluding that reappropriating "energy security" as a shield to guarantee access to rights is a fertile ground not only for academic purposes, but also for legal, social and political ones.

Resumo Introdução: O problema da segurança energética já foi tratado a partir de uma abordagem multidimensional, mas sempre associado a uma questão geopolítica, de segurança nacional ou de soberania. A segurança interna sob o neoliberalismo representa um processo de inflação do sistema penal. Assim, a segurança energética, mesmo a partir de uma abordagem multidimensional, fica embaçada se predominar uma abordagem que criminaliza aqueles que autogerenciam o acesso aos direitos à vida e à moradia adequadas, à energia e à cidade. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste artigo é propor uma nova forma de entender o problema da segurança energética, levando-o de um conceito estanque para um pêndulo entre "segurança/insegurança" que serve para ponderar o grau de gozo desses direitos. Metodologia: para isso, foram coletados, analisados e sistematizados os incêndios em moradias entre 2018 e 2023 em uma cidade de 640.000 habitantes (Salta, Argentina), e essas informações foram cruzadas com dados do Registro Nacional de Bairros Populares e do Município de Salta. Conclusões: Isso levou à conclusão de que a reapropriação da "segurança energética" como escudo para garantir o acesso a direitos é um terreno fértil não apenas para fins acadêmicos, mas também para fins jurídicos, sociais e políticos.

Resumen Introducción: el problema de la seguridad energética ha sido ya abordado desde un enfoque multidimensional, pero siempre asociado a una cuestión geopolítica, de seguridad nacional o de soberanía. La seguridad interna durante el neoliberalismo representa un proceso de inflación del sistema penal. Así, la seguridad energética, incluso desde un enfoque multidimensional, se desdibuja si predomina un enfoque que criminalice a quienes se autogestionan el acceso a los derechos a la vida y vivienda adecuadas, a la energía y a la ciudad. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este artículo es proponer una nueva forma de comprender el problema de la seguridad energética, llevándola de un concepto estanco a un péndulo entre “seguridad/inseguridad” que sirva para ponderar el grado de goce de esos derechos. Metodología: para ello, se recopilaron, analizaron y sistematizaron los incendios de viviendas entre 2018 y 2023 en una ciudad de 640 mil habitantes (Salta, Argentina) y se cruzó esa información con datos del Registro Nacional de Barrios Populares y de la Municipalidad de Salta. Conclusiones: ello permitió concluir que reapropiarse de la “seguridad energética” como escudo para garantizar el acceso a derechos es un terreno fértil no sólo a los fines académicos, sino también jurídicos, sociales y políticos.

Resumo O artigo foca-se na discussão da Renda Básica Universal (RBU) como proposta política redistributiva radical que projeta modos alternativos de organizar a sociedade e de viver a vida, mais ajustados às muitas exigências, desafios e expectativas que marcam a vida contemporânea. O propósito central da análise passa por discutir os grandes princípios da RBU, procurando compreender as suas implicações em termos de construção de condições de liberdade material, bem como o seu potencial para induzir transformações sociais estruturais. Considerando estes objetivos e tendo por base os contributos proporcionados pela pesquisa bibliográfica, é possível depreender que a RBU poderá assegurar uma base material de liberdade efetiva, promotora de capacidades de autodeterminação, e contribuir para (novas) sociedades e subjetividades de bem-estar, num quadro de renovação e reforço do Estado de bem-estar social. focase foca se (RBU exigências contemporânea estruturais bibliográfica efetiva autodeterminação novas (novas bemestar, bemestar estar, estar social

Abstract The article focuses on discussing Universal Basic Income (UBI) as a radical redistributive political proposal that envisions alternative ways of organising society and living, more attuned to the diverse demands, challenges and expectations of contemporary life. The primary aim of the analysis is to discuss the main assumptions of the UBI, seeking to understand its implications for material freedom and its potential to induce structural social transformations. Considering these objectives and based on the various insights provided by the bibliographical research, it is possible to deduce that UBI could ensure a material basis for effective freedom, promoting self-determination capabilities, and can contribute to (new) welfare societies and subjectivities, within a framework of renewal and reinforcement of the welfare state. (UBI living demands life transformations research selfdetermination self determination capabilities new (new subjectivities state

Abstract: This article examines how the narrative of the plurinational state provided the common symbolic framework for the conflict over the Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (Tipnis) in Bolivia in 2011. The central dispute, one of the most important in Bolivia’s recent history, was whether or not to construct a highway through this area, a debate that has led to a major rift between peasant and indigenous social organizations that shared common reivindicative imaginaries but ultimately experienced profound divisions. This discussion serves as a key observation point to understand how decolonization imaginaries actually function, which I consider a anchoring point (point du capiton) in the narrative of the plurinational state. Through discourse analysis, review of chronicles, press statements, and accounts of the VIII Indigenous March, I aim to identify the discursive threads that framed the debates on decolonization, showing that it can be used as a rhetorical tool to mask extractivism or defend “national sovereignty,” or as an argument to uphold the self-determination of indigenous peoples. I also examine how the repertoire of the indigenous march was constructed discursively and symbolically, and the impact it left on Bolivia’s recent history. I intend for this analysis to contribute to understanding how Bolivian social perceptions are shaped in relation to the narrative of the plurinational state and its potential for social transformation as a new regime of truth.

Resumo: Neste artigo, são exploradas as maneiras pelas quais a narrativa do Estado plurinacional foi a base simbólica comum em que se desenvolveu o conflito no Território Indígena e no Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis), em 2011, na Bolívia, cujo desacordo central era a construção ou não de uma estrada que o atravessaria. Esse é um dos problemas mais importantes da história recente da Bolívia, pois representou uma grande discordância entre organizações sociais camponesas e indígenas que compartilhavam demandas imaginárias comuns e que terminou em grandes rupturas. Essa discussão é apresentada como um espaço de observação fundamental para entender como os imaginários da descolonização operam na realidade, que considero ser um ponto de basta (point du capiton) na narrativa do Estado plurinacional. Por meio da análise do discurso, de uma revisão de crônicas, declarações à imprensa e relatos da VIII Marcha Indígena, procuro estabelecer os fios discursivos que suscitaram debates sobre a descolonização. Assim, é possível observar como a descolonização pode ser um artifício retórico para encobrir o extrativismo ou defender a “soberania nacional”, ou um argumento para preservar a autodeterminação dos povos indígenas. Além disso, discuto como o repertório da marcha indígena foi construído discursiva e simbolicamente e que traços deixou na história recente da Bolívia. Com esse exercício, espero contribuir com elementos para as formas pelas quais as percepções sociais bolivianas são construídas com relação à narrativa do Estado plurinacional e suas possibilidades de transformação social como um novo regime de verdade.

Resumen: Este artículo indaga las formas en que la narrativa del Estado plurinacional fue el marco simbólico común en el cual se desarrolló el conflicto del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis) en 2011 en Bolivia, cuyo desacuerdo central era la construcción o no de una carretera que lo cruzaría. Este es uno de los problemas más importantes en la historia corta de Bolivia, pues representó un gran desencuentro entre organizaciones sociales campesinas e indígenas que compartían imaginarios reivindicativos comunes y que terminaron en grandes rupturas. Tal discusión se presenta como un espacio de observación clave para entender cómo operan en la realidad los imaginarios de la descolonización, a la que considero un punto nodal (point du capiton) en la narrativa del Estado plurinacional. Desde el análisis del discurso, la revisión de crónicas, las declaraciones de prensa y los relatos sobre la VIII Marcha Indígena busco establecer los hilos discursivos que plantearon debates sobre la descolonización. Así, podrá observarse cómo la descolonización puede ser un recurso retórico para encubrir el extractivismo o defender la “soberanía nacional” o en un argumento para preservar la autodeterminación de los pueblos indígenas. Por otro lado, hablaré sobre la manera como el repertorio de la marcha indígena se construyó discursiva y simbólicamente y qué huellas dejó en la historia corta de Bolivia. Con este ejercicio espero aportar elementos a los modos en que se construyen las percepciones sociales bolivianas en relación con la narrativa del Estado plurinacional y sus posibilidades de transformación social en tanto nuevo régimen de verdad.

Abstract: One hundred years after the publication of History and Class Consciousness, it is imperative to revisit the classic work of Georg Lukács to discuss the relevance of his ideas in a world where the capitalist mode of production does not cease to show its devastating effects. To do so, we divide the article into two sections. In the first part, we place Lukács’ work in dialogue with that of Hegel and Marx in order to clarify the status of violence as an ontological condition of history, allowing us to determine the theoretical-practical framework from which social revolution can be conceptualized. In the second section, we analyze Lukács’ notion of class consciousness not as a historical fatality but as an act of self-determination of the proletariat. We compare this proposal with the current situation of gentrification of the proletariat which, far from invalidating the Hungarian author’s proposal, constitutes its reversal and the platform for its actualization. Ultimately, it is about the proletarian still today taking control and becoming, through class consciousness, the subject-object of history. We conclude by reinterpreting Lukács’ terms in a practice that counters a reactionary position in order to combat both the reactionary movements and the hedonistic immobilism of the proletariat.

Resumen: A cien años de la publicación de Historia y conciencia de clase, resulta necesario revisitar la clásica obra de Georg Lukács para discutir la actualidad de sus planteamientos en un mundo donde el modo de producción capitalista no deja de mostrar sus efectos devastadores. Para esto, dividimos el artículo en dos apartados. En la primera parte, ponemos en diálogo la obra de Lukács con la de Hegel y Marx para precisar la violencia como condición ontológica de la historia, y establecer cuál es el estatuto teórico-práctico desde el cual se puede pensar la revolución social. En el segundo apartado, analizamos la noción de conciencia de clase de Lukács no como una fatalidad histórica, sino como un acto de autodeterminación del proletariado. Asimismo, cotejamos esta propuesta con la situación actual de aburguesamiento del proletariado que, lejos de invalidar el planteamiento del autor húngaro, constituye su revés y la plataforma de su actualización. Se trata, a fin de cuentas, de que todavía hoy el proletario tome el timón y devenga, por medio de la conciencia de clase, sujeto-objeto de la historia. Concluimos con una reinterpretación de los términos de Lukács en una práctica que deseche una posición reaccionaria para combatir frontalmente tanto los movimientos reaccionarios como el inmovilismo hedonista del proletariado.

Resumo: cem anos após a publicação de História e consciência de classe, é necessário revisitar a obra clássica de Georg Lukács para discutir a atualidade de suas proposições em um mundo onde o modo de produção capitalista continua a mostrar seus efeitos devastadores. Para isso, dividimos o artigo em duas seções. Na primeira parte, colocamos aobra de Lukács em diálogo com a de Hegel e Marx, a fim de definir a violência como condição ontológica da história e estabelecer o status teórico-prático a partir do qual a revolução social pode ser pensada. Na segunda seção, analisamos a noção de Lukács de consciência de classe não como fatalidade histórica, mas como ato de autodeterminação do proletariado. Além disso, comparamos essa proposta com a situação atual de burguesização do proletariado que, longe de invalidar a abordagem do autor húngaro, constitui sua reversão e a plataforma para sua atualização. Em última análise, é uma questão de o proletário ainda hoje assumir o controle e tornar-se, por meio da consciência de classe, o sujeito-objeto da história. Concluímos com uma reinterpretação dos termos de Lukács em uma prática que descarta uma posição reacionária a fim de combater de frente tanto os movimentos reacionários quanto o imobilismo hedonista do proletariado.

ABSTRACT: Both in International Law and in different domestic legal systems, the territorial rights of indigenous peoples have been interpreted following an “eco-cultural” understanding. This understanding bases the recognition of territorial rights primarily on the need to protect the material and spiritual link of these peoples with their territories. In this article, I will argue that the use of this kind of interpretation carries two risks for the indigenous peoples themselves. On the one hand, it could limit the recognition of rights to only those peoples who maintain a traditional and sustainable occupation and use of their lands and resources. On the other, it could restrict the type of use that indigenous peoples can make of their lands, territories, and resources.

RESUMEN: Tanto en el Derecho Internacional como en diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos domésticos, los derechos territoriales de los pueblos indígenas han sido interpretados siguiendo una comprensión “eco-cultural”. Esta comprensión basa el reconocimiento de derechos principalmente en la necesidad de proteger el vínculo material y espiritual de estos pueblos con sus territorios. En este artículo, sostendré que la utilización de este tipo de interpretación conlleva dos riesgos para estos propios pueblos. Por una parte, puede limitar el reconocimiento de derechos solo a aquellos pueblos que mantengan una posesión tradicional de sus territorios. Por otra, puede restringir el tipo de uso que los pueblos o comunidades indígenas puedan hacer de sus tierras, territorios y recursos.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de la autodeterminación constituye un objetivo educativo de prioridad en la formación de los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual pues asegura su calidad de vida. Por tanto, se requiere superar al docente en el empleo de recursos, apoyos y adaptaciones didácticas para la educación en autodeterminación. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar a los docentes en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los docentes y educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

ABSTRACT The development of self-determination constitutes a priority educational objective in the training of students with intellectual disabilities as it ensures their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to surpass the teacher in the use of resources, supports and didactic adaptations for education in self-determination. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform teachers in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students with intellectual disabilities. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

ABSTRACT The dizzying development of the scientific-technical revolution and its impact on the educational sphere require the continuous improvement of the directors of special education educational institutions, since it is their responsibility to scientifically direct the educational processes, advise teachers, families and coordinate with the socio-educational agents of the school network to achieve in students the development of practical-social skills and quality learning for life, so that they graduate fit and capable of interacting appropriately in their socio-family environment. Hence, the need to implement actions aimed at the professional improvement of the director. The article exposes a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of special education managers in the direction of scientific-methodological work aimed at the development of self-determination skills in students with intellectual disabilities. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to identify and solve the improvement needs of managers. The novelty of the strategy lies in the articulated conception of the different forms of improvement, established in Advanced Education, from the municipality's work system, with a systemic, planned and conscious character. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of the managers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMO O vertiginoso desenvolvimento da revolução técnico-científica e o seu impacto na esfera educativa exigem o aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos dirigentes das instituições de ensino de educação especial, uma vez que lhes compete dirigir cientificamente os processos educativos, aconselhar os professores, as famílias e coordenar com o sector sócio-económico. -os agentes educativos da rede escolar conseguirem nos alunos o desenvolvimento de competências prático-sociais e uma aprendizagem de qualidade para a vida, para que se formem aptos e capazes de interagir adequadamente no seu ambiente sócio-familiar. Daí a necessidade de implementar ações que visem ao aperfeiçoamento profissional do diretor. O artigo expõe uma estratégia de aprimoramento pedagógico que visa transformar os modos de atuação dos gestores de educação especial para direcionar o desenvolvimento de competências de autodeterminação em alunos com deficiência intelectual. Métodos teóricos e empíricos foram utilizados para identificar e solucionar as necessidades de melhoria dos gestores. A novidade da estratégia reside na concepção articulada das diferentes formas de melhoria, estabelecidas na Educação Avançada, a partir do sistema de trabalho do município, com caráter sistêmico, planejado e consciente. Com a sua implementação, melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal dos gestores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

RESUMEN El vertiginoso desarrollo de la revolución científico técnica y su incidencia en la esfera educacional exigen de la superación continúa de los directores de las instituciones educativas de la educación especial, pues a ellos les corresponde dirigir científicamente los procesos educativos, asesorar a docentes, familias y coordinar con los agentes socioeducativos de la red escolar para lograr en los educandos, el desarrollo de habilidades prácticas - sociales y un aprendizaje de calidad para toda la vida, de manera que egresen aptos y capaces de interactuar adecuadamente en su entorno socio familiar. De ahí, la necesidad de implementar acciones orientadas a la superación profesional del director. El artículo expone una estrategia pedagógica de superación dirigida a transformar los modos de actuación de los directivos de la educación especial para direccionar el desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Fueron empleados métodos del nivel teórico y empírico para la identificación y solución de las necesidades de superación de los directivos. La novedad de la estrategia radica en la concepción articulada de las diferentes formas de superación, establecidas en la Educación de Avanzada, desde el sistema de trabajo del municipio, con un carácter sistémico, planificado y consiente. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los directivos y los educandos quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

Abstract Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a complex practice, that shakes all the foundations on which human rights are based on: on one hand, it is seen as a violation of the rights of women and children and an attack on the right to health; on the other hand, it is an intrinsic part of cultural rights, religious freedom and self-determination. The media have been defining FGM as a social problem that constitutes an abuse of human rights. In this approach, not only should journalists exercise their role in informing the public and fostering knowledge about this practice, but they should also ensure their responsibility in educating and raising awareness. In this sense, this research aims to answer the question: what is the representation of FGM in the news content of the Portuguese press?

Resumo A Mutilação Genital Feminina (MGF) é uma prática complexa, que vem menear todos os alicerces em que se apoiam os Direitos Humanos: por um lado, é vista como uma violação dos direitos das mulheres e das crianças e um atentado ao direito à saúde; por outro, é uma parte intrínseca dos direitos culturais, da liberdade religiosa e da autodeterminação. Os média têm definido a MGF como um problema social que constitui um abuso de Direitos Humanos. Nesta abordagem, não só os/as jornalistas devem exercer o seu papel de informar o público e de fomentar o conhecimento sobre esta prática, como também assegurar a sua responsabilidade em educar e sensibilizar. Neste sentido, esta investigação tem como propósito responder à questão: qual é a representação da MGF na imprensa online portuguesa?

ABSTRACT The continuous improvement of Physical Education teachers constitutes a need that has transcended different generations of teachers, determined by the growing development of science and technology, the demands of the third Cuban educational improvement, the demands in the preparation and training of teachers and the need for its impact on the training of a qualified graduate capable of developing not only physical skills and abilities, but also for life, which allow them to act in the social, family and work environment. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of Physical Education teachers, in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students in situations of intellectual disability. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive, modeling and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMEN La superación continua de los profesores de Educación Física constituye una necesidad que ha transcendido diferentes generaciones de docentes, determinada por el desarrollo creciente de la ciencia y la técnica, las exigencias del tercer perfeccionamiento educacional cubano, las demandas en la preparación y capacitación del profesorado y la necesidad de su incidencia en la formación de un egresado apto y capaz de desarrollar no solo habilidades y capacidades físicas, sino también para la vida, que les permitan actuar en el medio social, familiar y laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar los modos de actuación de los profesores de Educación Física, en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo, la modelación y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los profesores y los educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

RESUMO O aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos professores de Educação Física constitui uma necessidade que transcendeu as diferentes gerações de professores, determinada pelo crescente desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, pelas exigências do terceiro melhoramento educacional cubano, pelas exigências na preparação e formação de professores e pela necessidade de seu impacto na formação de um egresso qualificado, capaz de desenvolver não apenas competências e habilidades físicas, mas também para a vida, que lhe permitam atuar no ambiente social, familiar e de trabalho. Discapacidade intelectual. Os métodos investigativos utilizados na ordem teórica e empírica foram análise e síntese, histórico-lógico, indutivo-dedutivo, modelagem e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; Além da entrevista, observação, inquérito, análise documental, peritagem e triangulação múltipla, que permitiram revelar as causas que afetam o normal desenvolvimento das competências de autodeterminação, bem como desenvolver a estratégia. Com a sua implementação melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal de professores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

Doing a doctorate can be an experience but it can also be challenging. Doctoral students often experience high levels of stress, pressure, and expectations, which can have a negative impact on their mental health. There is very little research examining the psychological well-being of doctoral students during COVID-19 in the South African context. This study therefore aimed to assess the psychological well-being of doctoral students at a private South African university. A cross-sectional study was conducted with forty-two doctoral students, using a self-completed and validated questionnaire. The data were collected using the QuestionPro online platform. The significant predictor for positive emotion was identified using multiple of linear regression analysis using SPSS version 27.0. Most of the participants agreed highly regarding relatedness, autonomy and competence. Autonomy and competence are significant predictors of positive emotions. This study highlights the importance of perceived competence, autonomy, and positive emotions for the psychological well-being of doctoral students during unplanned and involuntary periods of remote learning. The findings provide insights into approaches that might be employed to enhance the well-being of doctorate students through distant learning, hence minimising the adverse consequences of this particular circumstance.

Resumen Este trabajo intenta examinar el nivel de conocimiento financiero de los trabajadores de la industria turística en México a través de la Metodología de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). El tipo de muestreo no es probabilístico por autodeterminación. Se aplica un cuestionario a 500 trabajadores, en 2023, de empresas mexicanas del sector turístico considerando los siguientes 7 temas: Inversión, ahorro, crédito, seguros, pensiones, etc. gastos y presupuestos. El SEM permite sacar a la luz el conocimiento financiero que los trabajadores encuestados tienen sobre estos temas. A partir de una estructura factorial obtenida del análisis confirmatorio, que presenta buena bondad de ajuste, ajuste estructural y parsimonía, los principales hallazgos son: 1) en términos de crédito, los trabajadores dan importancia a los requisitos solicitados por las instituciones financieras y consideran que son fáciles de interpretar y cumplir, 2) en términos de cuentas de fondos de jubilación, los trabajadores se sienten confiados en las instituciones que administran sus ahorros de jubilación y tienen claras las comisiones, 3) en términos de ahorro, los trabajadores perciben que las cuentas bancarias se han adaptado a sus necesidades, ya que los bancos se han vuelto muy flexibles en términos de requisitos de apertura y montos iniciales con información clara y completa de la cuenta, 4) en términos de inversión, los trabajadores apenas adquieren pagarés bancarios, y 5) en cuanto al seguro de vida, los trabajadores expresan la facilidad que existe para contratar un seguro, aunque el costo es limitado. Los resultados obtenidos tienen implicaciones prácticas para que el sector turístico continúe promoviendo el hábito de ahorro y el uso de servicios y productos financieros a los que el trabajador pueda tener acceso, ya que este conocimiento financiero se traduce en empleados más organizados en sus asuntos financieros.

Abstract This paper attempts to examine the level of financial knowledge of workers in the tourism industry in Mexico through the Structural Equations Methodology (SEM). The type of sampling is non-probabilistic by self-determination. A questionnaire is applied to 500 workers, in 2023, from Mexican companies in the tourism sector considering the following 7 issues: investment, savings, credit, insurance, pensions, expenses and budgets. The SEM allows bring to light the financial knowledge that the surveyed workers have about these issues. Based on a factor structure obtained from the confirmatory analysis, which presents good goodness of fit, structural adjustment, and parsimony, the main findings are: 1) in terms of credit, workers give importance to the requirements requested by financial institutions and consider that they are easy to interpret and comply with, 2) in terms of retirement fund accounts, workers feel confident in institutions that manage their retirement savings and are clear about commissions, 3) in terms of savings, workers perceive that bank accounts have been adapted to their needs since banks have become very flexible in terms of requirements for opening and initial amounts with clear and complete account information, 4) in terms of investment, workers hardly acquire bank promissory notes, and 5) regarding life insurance, workers express the ease that exists to contract insurance, although the cost is limited. The results obtained have practical implications for the tourism sector to continue promoting the habit of saving and the use of financial services and products to which the worker can have access, since this financial knowledge translates into more organized employees in their financial affairs.

RESUMEN Imaginar, crear y transformar nuestro entorno desde la sostenibilidad es perentorio para nuestro planeta. El arte es un recurso que le brinda al docente la corrección y compensación de los procesos psíquicos afectados en los escolares con discapacidad intelectual. El desarrollo de la imaginación y la creatividad resulta insuficientemente diagnosticado en nuestros escolares y no se utiliza de forma óptima para su inclusión social y calidad de vida. En la escuela Especial Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán del municipio de Placetas, Villa Clara, que atiende a escolares con discapacidad se aplicó esta investigación que tiene el objetivo de: construir talleres de expresiones artísticas de naturaleza diseca para el tratamiento de la imaginación y la creatividad en los escolares con discapacidad intelectual con la utilización de desechos de cosecha de agricultura sostenible. Siguió un camino cualitativo con las unidades de análisis: escolares con discapacidad, docentes, campesinos y artesanos. Contó con tres etapas, en las cuales se pudo evidenciar que se transformó la imaginación y la creatividad de los escolares con la utilización de desechos de cosecha de agricultura sostenible en la creación de obras de arte desde los talleres, así como la autodeterminación, inclusión social, bienestar laboral, bienestar emocional y físico de los escolares con discapacidad.

ABSTRACT To imagine, to create and to transform our surroundings from the sustainability are fixed for our cultures eminently agriculturists. The art is a resource that offers to educational the correction and compensation him of the affected psychological processes in the students intellectual disability. The development of the imagination and the creativity are insufficiently diagnosed in our students and it is not used of optimal form for its social inclusion and quality of life. In the Special school Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán of the municipality of Placetas, Villa Clara, that it takes care of students with intellectual disability was made this investigation that has the objective of: to construct factories of artistic expressions of nature dissects for the treatment of the imagination and the creativity in the students with intellectual disability with the use of remainders of harvest of sustainable agriculture.It followed a qualitative way with the analysis units: students with disability, educational, farmers and craftsmen. It told on three stages, in which it was possible to be demonstrated that transformation the imagination and the creativity of the students with the use of remainders of harvest of sustainable agriculture in the art work creation from the factories, as well as the self-determination, social inclusion, labor well-being, emotional and physical well-being of the students with disability.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, in the Eastern Sierra of Hidalgo, as well as in other territories inhabited by indigenous groups, an intimate relationship with their territory and nature is observed, generating knowledge, ways of being and existing that are transmitted generationally through oral tradition and practice, embodied in various rituals. In the case of the Ñuhu (Otomi) and Ma’alh’ama’ (Tepehua) peoples of this region, the presence of various deities is noted, one of them being the "Siren," which is shared among both ethnic groups. Therefore, this document aims to primarily analyze the ecopolitical ontologies of the Ñuhu and Ma’alh’ama’ of the Eastern Sierra of Hidalgo through their customs (ritual practices), specifically those related to the Siren, which strengthen their relationship with their territory and nature. This analysis is made possible through semi-structured interviews, the systematization of shared experiences and narratives from nine farmers, and ethnographic work supported by participant observation. Finally, it is concluded that rituals to the Siren can be understood not only as sociocultural events but as historical assemblages between humans and non-humans, inherent to the existence and continuity of these indigenous groups as collective political subjects with their own rights over their nature, territory, and self-determination.

RESUMEN En México, en la Sierra Oriental Hidalguense, al igual que en otros territorios custodiados por grupos indígenas, se observa una relación íntima con su territorio y naturaleza, lo cual genera saberes, formas de ser y estar que se transmiten generacionalmente a través de la oralidad y la práctica, que se acuerpan en diferentes rituales. Para el caso de los Ñuhu (otomíes) y Ma’alh’ama’ (tepehuas) de este lugar, se observa la presencia de diversas deidades, una de ellas es la «Sirena», misma que comparten entre ambos grupos étnicos. Debido a lo anterior, el presente documento tiene como objetivo principal analizar las ontologías ecopolíticas de los Ñuhu y Ma’alh’ama’ de la Sierra Oriental Hidalguense a través de los costumbres1 (prácticas rituales), en concreto las relacionadas con la Sirena, las cuales fortalecen la relación con su territorio y naturaleza. Este análisis es posible a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de la sistematización de compartencias y narrativas de nueve campesinos, y del trabajo etnográfico, apoyado de la observación participante. Finalmente, se concluye que los rituales a la Sirena no solo pueden comprenderse como eventos socioculturales, sino como ensamblajes históricos entre humanos y no humanos, inherentes a la existencia y permanencia de estos grupos indígenas como sujetos políticos colectivos con derechos propios sobre su naturaleza, territorio y libre determinación.

Abstract The thesis proposed in this article will advocate for an interpretation of the regulations and principles that govern the current Chilean tort law, acknowledging the presence of an independent compensatory component. It would consider as compensable damage, of a non-pecuniary nature, those resulting from the failure to comply with medical information duties to inform and to obtain informed consent -. Specifically, it would manifest itself in patients being prevented from exercising their right to self-determination in health care due to lack of information, inadequate information, or lack of informed consent. We maintain that the exercise of patients; right to self-determination in the medical field is a legally relevant interest that deserves compensatory protection.

Resumen La tesis que se plantea en el presente artículo defenderá una interpretación de las reglas y principios que rigen el actual derecho de daños chileno, que reconoce la existencia de una partida compensatoria autónoma. Se consideraría como daño resarcible, de carácter extrapatrimonial, el daño que se deriva del incumplimiento de los deberes médicos de información, informar y obtener el consentimiento informado. En concreto, se manifestaría en que por falta de información, información inadecuada o ausencia de consentimiento informado se impide al paciente ejercer su derecho a la autodeterminación en el ámbito sanitario. Sostenemos que el ejercicio del derecho a la autodeterminación por parte de los pacientes en el ámbito médico es un interés jurídicamente relevante que merece tutela resarcitoria.