Resumen Objetivo: este estudio estima un sistema de demanda de bienes alimenticios en México, incorporando dimensiones territoriales y de ingreso. Se evalúa el impacto diferenciado de choques en los precios en el bienestar económico y la tasa de pobreza, considerando variaciones entre hogares y entre cinco grandes regiones. Metodología: utilizando el modelo de valores unitarios de Deaton (1988) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2018, calculamos elasticidades-precios y elasticidades-ingreso y el impacto de las variaciones de precios en el ingreso y la pobreza. Resultados: revelan importantes diferencias regionales y se subraya la necesidad de considerar diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales y de adoptar un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis y para formular políticas efectivas. Limitaciones: existen limitaciones a este estudio que pueden afectar la comprensión completa de la dinámica de la pobreza. Hemos enfocado nuestra atención únicamente en los bienes alimenticios, excluyendo un grupo específico de productos, en este caso, los productos pesqueros. También, se considera que los hogares son únicamente consumidores de bienes, omitiendo así la dimensión productiva de autoconsumo. Originalidad: radica en la vinculación directa entre las estimaciones de pobreza y la desagregación territorial, integra patrones de consumo y elasticidades específicas a cada región. Conclusiones: se resalta la importancia de considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales al analizar la demanda de bienes alimenticios y su impacto en la pobreza. A pesar de las limitaciones, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis para formular políticas adaptadas y efectivas de reducción de la pobreza en diferentes regiones del país.

Abstract Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fishery products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Abstract: One of the most recent and important changes in power distribution systems is self-consumption, activity in which one or several users install equipment (typically solar panels) to generate their own electricity and, in some cases, inject surplus energy into the grid. These users require a bidirectional meter, which does not register the active energy of all the load, making difficult the assessment of its power factor. This paper presents a methodology to assess the power factor in users with power generation equipment for self-consumption. The methodology details the measurement equipment needed, the steps to calculate the load’s average power factor, and, for some cases, the penalization method. The results indicate that the proposed methodology isolates correctly the power generation effect from the power factor calculation, and this, in turn, avoids incorrect penalties.

Resumen: Uno de los cambios más recientes e importantes en las redes de distribución de energía eléctrica es el autoabastecimiento, actividad en la que uno o varios usuarios instalan equipos (usualmente panales fotovoltaicos e inversores) para generar su propia energía eléctrica, autoabastecerse y, en algunos casos, inyectar excedentes de energía a la red. Estos usuarios requieren de un medidor bidireccional, el cual no registra la energía activa de toda la carga, haciendo difícil la evaluación de su factor de potencia. Este artículo presenta una metodología para la evaluación del factor de potencia en un usuarios con autoabastecimiento. La metodología detalla los equipos de medición necesarios, los pasos para calcular el factor de potencia medio mensual de la carga, y, para los casos necesarios, el método de penalización por bajo factor de potencia. Los resultados muestran que, la metodología propuesta aísla correctamente el efecto de la generación del cálculo del factor de potencia, y esto, a su vez, evita penalizaciones incorrectas.

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume with a high nutritional value and represents one of the most important self-consumption items in the country. However, under storage conditions its main problem are bruchids, which decrease the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. Bruchids spread more frequently unintentionally throughout the world, this is due their adaptability. In the first months of 2023, damage was observed to stored cowpea grains of the species Vigna unguiculata, presenting round holes, decreasing the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. The inspection of grains recorded the presence of a beetle, which was identified as Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Family Chrysomelidae, Subfamily Bruchinae.

RESUMEN El poroto es una leguminosa comestible con un alto valor nutritivo y representa uno de los rubros de autoconsumo más importantes en el país. Sin embargo, en condiciones de almacenamiento su principal problema son los brúquinos, quienes disminuyen el valor nutricional y la fertilidad de las semillas. Por la adaptación que poseen, los brúquinos, se diseminan con mayor frecuencia de manera involuntaria. En los primeros meses del año 2023, fueron observados daños en granos almacenados de poroto de la especie Vigna unguiculata, presentando orificios redondeados. La inspección de dichos granos registró la presencia de un coleóptero, que fue identificado como Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Familia Chrysomelidae, Subfamilia Bruchinae.

Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

ABSTRACT The research exposes the initial phase of a project for the introduction of photovoltaic technology connected to the users' low voltage network. The article was structured in such a way that the fulfillment of the research objective and verification of the hypothesis was demonstrated. The deductive method was applied, observation, the research is qualitative, the bibliographic review related to the use of solar potential through the introduction of photovoltaic technology connected to the grid was used software QGIS was used for spatial data management and solar potential data management. The results were an examination of energy consumption by the sector studied and the repercussions linked to photovoltaic technology connected to the low voltage grid were analyzed.

RESUMEN La investigación expone la fase inicial de un proyecto para la introducción de la tecnología fotovoltaica conectada a la red de baja tensión de los usuarios. El artículo se estructuró de una manera tal que se demostró el cumplimiento del objetivo de la investigación y la verificación de la hipótesis. Se aplicó el método deductivo, la observación, la investigación es cualitativa, se utilizó la revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el aprovechamiento del potencial solar mediante la introducción de la tecnología fotovoltaica conectada a la red. Se utilizó el software QGIS para la gestión de datos espaciales y el manejo de los datos del potencial solar. Se tuvo como resultados un examen del consumo de energía por parte del sector estudiado y se analizaron las repercusiones vinculadas con la tecnología fotovoltaica conectada a la red de baja tensión.

Resumen En los últimos años la actividad hortícola en el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, ha concitado considerable interés en la región. Dada esta situación, resulta necesario obtener información sobre dicha actividad, y en particular, sobre posibles problemas fitosanitarios que puedan estar enfrentando las personas que practican huertas en esta región. Nuestros objetivos fueron caracterizar las huertas que realizan las personas que habitan el partido de San Antonio de Areco y analizar la percepción que tienen sobre la fauna de invertebrados presentes en ellas. Difundimos un formulario on-line y recibimos 83 respuestas. Describimos las huertas del área de estudio como familiares/domiciliarias, de superficie pequeña, ubicadas en un entorno urbano/periurbano, emplazadas directamente como parcelas en el suelo, activas todo el año y con una producción destinada al consumo personal. El reconocimiento sobre la biodiversidad presente en las huertas y su rol en la producción, así como la identificación de los grupos más perjudiciales, varió según las características de la huerta y de las personas que las trabajan. Esta información constituye una línea de base sobre la cual avanzar en la toma de decisiones relacionadas a las problemáticas de las actividades hortícolas de la región.

Abstract In recent years, horticulture in the northern region of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina, has increased. Accurate information on this activity is a prerequisite to address potential phytosanitary problems that farmers might face. Our objectives were to characterize the orchards in the San Antonio de Areco district, located in Buenos Aires province, and to analyze the detection and perception of farmers regarding the invertebrate fauna present within them. We distributed an on-line questionnaire and received 83 responses. Based on the results obtained, we described the orchards in the study area as family/domestic, of small-scale, located in an urban/peri-urban area, directly planted as plots in the ground, operational year-round, and primarily dedicated to self-consumption. We found that recognition of biodiversity within orchards and its role in production, as well as the identification of the most harmful groups of invertebrates, vary depending on the characteristics of orchards and the individuals working to them. This information establishes a baseline upon which to make informed decisions regarding issues related to horticultural activities in the region.

Abstract In Amazonas, family farming uses the environmental system for subsistence, with its production destined primarily for self-consumption and the surplus destined for sale. Considering the peculiarities of the distinguishing features of the region and the characteristics of family farmers, the use of technologies could probably expand agricultural products sold on the market. This study aimed to evaluate the sustainability of family agroecosystems of pineapple producers in Novo Remanso, AM, Brazil, through the technologies used. Semi-structured forms were applied through interviews with 30 farmers associated with the Cooperativa Agropecuária de Novo Remanso [COOPANORE]. The analyzed components were the use of machines, equipment, and tools; selection of seedlings; fertilizing; planting; cultivation treatments; and harvest/post-harvest technologies. The technological index was determined individually for each technology and together, and the closer to the recommended technology, the better the technological level. The farmers interviewed use more than 50% of the recommended technologies, representing standard B, except for seedling selection and harvest/post-harvest technologies, which presented level C. Even with the increase in production, the use of technologic did not solve the problem of pineapple commercialization, showing that technologies need to be accompanied by organizational factors related to production. Amazonas subsistence selfconsumption self consumption sale market AM Brazil used Semistructured Semi structured 3 COOPANORE. COOPANORE . [COOPANORE] machines equipment tools seedlings fertilizing planting treatments harvest/postharvest harvestpostharvest harvest/post harvest post together 50 B C commercialization [COOPANORE postharvest harvestpost 5

Resumo No Amazonas, a agricultura familiar usa o sistema ambiental para a manutenção da vida, sendo sua produção destinada, prioritariamente, ao autoconsumo; e o excedente é destinado à comercialização. Considerando as peculiaridades da região e as características dos agricultores familiares, pressupõe-se que com a utilização de tecnologias é possível ampliar a inserção dos produtos no mercado. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sustentabilidade de agroecossistemas familiares, de produtores de abacaxi de Novo Remanso/AM, mediante as tecnologias utilizadas. Para tanto, foram aplicados formulários semiestruturados, por meio de entrevistas a 30 agricultores associados à Cooperativa Agropecuária de Novo Remanso [COOPANORE]. Os componentes analisados foram: uso de máquinas, implementos e ferramentas; seleção de mudas; adubação; plantio; tratos culturais e colheita/pós-colheita. O índice tecnológico foi determinado individualmente para cada tecnologia e em conjunto, sendo que quanto mais próximo da tecnologia recomendada, melhor o nível tecnológico. Foi verificado que os agricultores utilizam mais de 50% das tecnologias recomendadas, representando padrão B, exceto as tecnologias seleção de mudas e colheita/pós-colheita, que apresentaram padrão C. Mesmo com o aumento da produção, a inserção tecnológica não resolveu o problema da comercialização do abacaxi, evidenciando que as tecnologias precisam vir acompanhadas de fatores organizacionais relativos à produção. Amazonas vida destinada prioritariamente autoconsumo familiares pressupõese pressupõe se mercado RemansoAM AM Remanso/AM utilizadas tanto semiestruturados 3 COOPANORE. COOPANORE . [COOPANORE] máquinas ferramentas adubação plantio colheita/póscolheita. colheitapóscolheita colheita/pós colheita. colheita pós colheita/pós-colheita conjunto recomendada 50 recomendadas B colheita/póscolheita, colheita, C [COOPANORE póscolheita colheita/póscolheita colheitapós 5

Abstract A study was conducted to identify peasant survival strategies with a systemic approach in the Chugchilán parish, Cotopaxi province, in areas at 3,000 meters above sea level. The results addressed five different zones according to their particular topography, soil types and climate; those zones are: cold peaks, low slopes of the Quilotoa volcano, high and low slopes of the western mountain range and the Toachi river basin. The strategies implemented by the farmers to cope with their vulnerability were: itinerant migration to the city to sell their labor force, agricultural production for sale (60%) and self-consumption (40%), and the use of traditional crops such as chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) for sale in the market. Other non-agricultural sources of income were also reported, such as construction, handicrafts and services related to rural tourism. Farmers' socioeconomic conditions may improve or worsen depending on the agroecosystem conditions where they are located.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio para identificar las estrategias de sobrevivencia campesina con enfoque sistémico en la parroquia Chugchilán, provincia de Cotopaxi, en áreas a 3.000 m.s.n.m. Los resultados abordaron cinco zonas diferentes de acuerdo a su particular topografía, tipos de suelo y clima; las zonas son: cumbres frías, faldas bajas del volcán Quilotoa, laderas altas y bajas de la cordillera occidental y la cuenca del río Toachi. Las estrategias implementadas por los campesinos para hacer frente a su vulnerabilidad fueron: migración itinerante a la ciudad para vender su fuerza de trabajo, producción agrícola para la venta (60%) y el autoconsumo (40%), y el uso de cultivos tradicionales como el chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) para la venta en el mercado. Se reportaron también otras fuentes de ingresos no agrícolas como la construcción, la artesanía y los servicios relacionados con el turismo rural. Las condiciones socioeconómicas de los agricultores pueden mejorar o empeorar dependiendo de las condiciones del agroecosistema donde se encuentren.

Resumen Como es conocido, la energía solar es un tipo de energía renovable que por su naturaleza se encuentra intrínsecamente influenciada por la variabilidad del recurso según sean las condiciones meteorológicas y geográficas del lugar. Para contrarrestar dicha variabilidad en la generación, se puede recurrir a tecnologías de almacenamiento como baterías. Estas facilitan la integración de esta energía a la red y la alimentación de las cargas en momentos de baja generación fotovoltaica (FV). En este artículo, se realiza un análisis técnico y económico de un sistema FV que cuenta con almacenamiento de energía por medio de baterías. Para ello, se desarrolla un modelo de un sistema fotovoltaico con y sin almacenamiento de energía, como comparación, para un sistema residencial con tarifa residencial plana. A partir del análisis generado, los resultados obtenidos indican que en términos económicos, es más rentable la instalación de sistemas operando únicamente con módulos fotovoltaicos (basado en el tiempo de retorno de inversión descontado). Por otra parte, a nivel energético los sistemas FV con almacenamiento por medio de baterías, permiten un mayor aprovechamiento de la energía fotovoltaica capaz de extraer del sistema, como es evidenciado por medio de las métricas de autoconsumo y autarquía. Así, este artículo, contribuye al análisis de sistemas fotovoltaicos con almacenamiento de energía por medio de baterías, una tecnología relativamente nueva en el país, colaborando con la generación de conocimiento de sistemas que se prevé cambie sustancialmente los sistemas de eléctricos.

Abstract Solar energy is a type of renewable energy that, due to its nature, it is intrinsically influenced by the variability of meteorological and geographical conditions of the site. To tackle variability, storage technologies such as batteries can be used, they enable the integration of renewable energy into the electricity network and a full supply of electrical loads at times of low generation. In this paper, a technical and economic analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system including energy storage is carried out. Therefore, a model of a photovoltaic system with and without energy storage was developed in order to compare the technical and economic metrics for each case in the context of a residential system, while following a flat tariff. Based on the analysis, the results indicate that from the economic point of view, it is more profitable to install systems operating only with PV modules. On the other hand, the PV with storage systems allow a better use of the photovoltaic energy as can be seen from the metrics of self-consumption and autarky. Thus, this article contributes to the analysis of photovoltaic systems with energy storage through batteries, a relatively new technology in the country, collaborating with the generation of knowledge of systems that are expected to substantially change the electrical system.

Abstract Objective: Generate a compendium of theoretical information on food safety and its importance in production of food for self-consumption in the Guerrero Central and Mountain region in Mexico. Methodology: This document presents a comprehensive and systematic review of traditional food and its relationship with sovereignty and food safety, taking the Center and Mountains of Guerrero as the study region. Results: in first instance, a socioeconomic vision of the region is given to understand the reality of rural populations with a high degree of marginalization. Subsequently, the concepts of food sovereignty and the safety of artisanal foods that are distinctive feature and that integrates the culture of the analyzed populations. Finally, the barriers to achieve this food sovereignty in the study region are discussed. Limitations: Only one study area is covered from many others that are currently in a state of marginalization. In addition, it is an investigation of theoretical scope that aims to reflect on the issue of sovereignty and food safety and the factors around it. Conclusions: The research aims to contribute to the discussion of how food sovereignty and safety are related to basic food in rural populations with a high degree of marginalization, but with a deeply rooted culture.

Resumen Objetivo: Generar un compendio de información teórica sobre la inocuidad alimentaria y su importancia para la producción de alimentos de autoconsumo en la región del centro y Montaña de Guerrero en México. Metodología: Este documento presenta una revisión integral y sistemática sobre la alimentación tradicional y su relación con la soberanía e inocuidad alimentaria tomando como región de estudio al centro y Montaña de Guerrero. Resultados: En primera instancia se da una visión socioeconómica de la región para entender la realidad de las poblaciones rurales con alto grado de marginación. Posteriormente se analizan los conceptos de la soberanía alimentaria y la inocuidad de los alimentos artesanales que son un rasgo distintivo y que integra la cultura de estas poblaciones. Finalmente se discuten las barreras para alcanzar esta soberanía alimentaria en la región de estudio. Limitaciones: Se abarca una sola zona de estudio de muchas otras que actualmente se encuentran en estado de marginación. Además, es una investigación de alcance teórico que pretende reflexionar sobre el tema de soberanía e inocuidad alimentaria y los factores alrededor de éste. Conclusiones: La investigación pretende abonar a la discusión de cómo la soberanía alimentaria y la inocuidad se relacionan en la alimentación básica en poblaciones rurales con alto grado de marginación, pero con una cultura ampliamente arraigada.

Abstract Objective: To analize the contribution of women to the family’s economy through their experiences and agricultural sales strategies at Pedernal, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas. Methodology: Qualitative research of ethnographic nature was carried out by applying semistructured interviews to women and participant observation. Results: Family agriculture in Pedernal provides food for self-consumption and monetary income through the sale of surplus mainly obtained from backyards managed by women. They sell different products at a regional scale of which we highlight avocado fruits and pigs (piglets); for both products they have got contrasting and complementary sales strategies inside and outside the locality, addressed to obtain the highest possible profit and to minimize the risk of loss. However, prices neither meet production costs nor consider women’s care work. Limitations: The exploratory and qualitative nature of this research does not allow to deepen aspects such as the quantification of investments, returns, and the value of care work. Conclusions: The sale of women's agricultural and livestock production generates an additional income to meet daily subsistence needs, and contributes to diversity of regional creole varieties.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la contribución de las mujeres a la economía familiar a través de sus experiencias y estrategias de venta agropecuaria en Pedernal, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas. Metodología: investigación cualitativa, de corte etnográfico, a través de la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres y observación participante. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, de corte etnográfico, a través de la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres y observación participante. Resultados: La agricultura familiar de Pedernal provee alimentos de autoconsumo y un ingreso económico mediante la venta de excedentes, donde es relevante el traspatio, manejado por las mujeres. Ellas comercializan distintos productos en la región, de los que destacamos los frutos del aguacate y los cerdos (lechones); para ambos productos tienen estrategias de venta contrastantes y complementarias dentro y fuera la localidad, tratando de obtener la mayor ganancia posible y minimizar los riesgos de pérdida. Aun así, los precios de venta no alcanzan a cubrir los costos de producción y del trabajo de cuidado realizado por las mujeres. Limitaciones: El énfasis exploratorio y cualitativo del trabajo no permitió profundizar en aspectos importantes como la cuantificación de inversión e ingresos monetarios de la producción y venta agropecuaria, incluyendo el valor del trabajo de cuidados. Conclusiones: La venta de productos agropecuarios permite a las mujeres generar un ingreso económico complementario para solventar necesidades de subsistencia cotidiana, y contribuye a la diversidad alimentaria regional con productos criollos.

ABSTRACT Backyard aquaculture is gaining importance as a source of food and economic input for rural families in Mexico. The profitability of this system needs to be determined. Bioeconomic tools allow for making profit projections of any production system. A bioeconomic model composed of biological, production, and economic sub-models was developed to evaluate a low-cost backyard aquaculture system (BAS) appropriate for rural communities, considering theoretical productive parameters at certain environmental conditions. The BAS consisted of a 2800 L water reservoir stocked with 168 masculinized 1 g fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at 60 ind m−3 density and aerated with two ventury-type submerged pumps of 0.046 hp at a rate of 1400 L h−1 each. Two culture cycles of 25 weeks each were analysed. The initial investment was USD 1200 (USD 775 equipment + USD 425 operation cost yr−1). Results from the model indicate the production of 303 fishes of 614 g, equivalent to 186 kg yr−1, considering 10% mortality. Selling at USD 3.62 kg−1, net profits varied from USD 184 to 16 at 0 and 25% self-consumption. The payback period was three and four years at 0 and 10% self-consumption but was longer than five years at 25%. A response surface plot of profitability indicators (cost-benefit, net present value, and internal rate of return) was constructed at different self-consumption percentages, sale prices, and temperatures. In conclusion, BAS is a viable self-sustainable alternative for tilapia production at a low scale in rural areas of Mexico and other Latin American countries.

Resumen Hoy día los sistemas de generación renovables no convencionales a pequeña escala empiezan a tomar fuerza dentro de los sistemas eléctricos de potencia. La generación para autoconsumo puede beneficiar las pequeñas y medianas empresas a fin de volverlas más competitivas y atractivas hacia los clientes. Sistemas eólicos en pequeña escala, así como las instalaciones de sistemas solares son un ejemplo de cómo se ha masificado la tecnología, de manera que contar con un procedimiento explícito, simple y confiable para la implementación de sistemas renovables sería de gran utilidad. Este artículo presenta un procedimiento paso a paso a cerca de la implementación de sistemas fotovoltaicos en pequeñas industrias donde propone un diseño de una instalación incluyendo un análisis económico. Se toman en cuenta los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía. Los beneficios económicos y ambientales son cuantiosos, donde se demuestra una alta viabilidad de implementación de este tipo de aplicaciones en pequeñas industrias. Se logró concluir que la implementación de un sistema solar fotovoltaico en una pequeña empresa permite reducciones de costos de electricidad mayores al 90% con una pronta recuperación de la inversión.

Abstract Today, small-scale non-conventional renewable generation systems are beginning to gain strength within electrical power systems. Generation for self-consumption can benefit small and medium-sized companies in order to make them more competitive and attractive to customers. Small-scale wind systems, as well as solar system installations, are an example of how technology has become widespread, so having an explicit, simple and reliable procedure for the implementation of renewable systems would be very useful. This article presents a step-by-step procedure about the implementation of photovoltaic systems in small industries where it proposes a design of an installation including an economic analysis. Energy storage systems are taken into account. The economic and environmental benefits are considerable, where a high viability of implementation of this type of applications in small industries is demonstrated. It was concluded that the implementation of a photovoltaic solar system in a small company allows reductions in electricity costs greater than 90% with a prompt recovery of the investment.

Resumo Este artigo analisa características e mudanças na agricultura familiar do Vale do Jequitinhonha nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, tendo como parâmetros a relação desse grupo com a economia rural da região e suas estratégias de reprodução ao longo do período, observando aspectos agropecuários contemporâneos na região. Utiliza-se, para isso, da conciliação de informações colhidas na pesquisa bibliográfica e nos dados censitários. Os resultados apontam para uma queda relativa no número de estabelecimentos da agricultura familiar, acompanhada por uma grande diversidade de estratégias para obtenção de meios de vida, marcadas pela produção, autoconsumo e venda de produtos alimentícios, assim como por estratégias coletivas de ocupação e acesso a programas públicos. Percebe-se, também, a diminuição da participação da renda oriunda da produção vegetal e o aumento da participação da aposentadoria rural no portfólio de receitas das famílias.

Abstract This article analyzes characteristics and changes in family farming in the Jequitinhonha Valley in the first decades of the 21st century, having as parameters the relationship of this group with the rural economy of the region and its reproduction strategies over the period, observing aspects of the contemporary rural area in the region. For this, it is used the conciliation of information collected in the bibliographic research and in the census data. The results point to a relative decrease in the number of family farming establishments, accompanied by a great diversity of strategies for obtaining livelihoods, marked by the production, self-consumption and sale of food products, as well as collective strategies of occupation and access to programs. public. We can also see a decrease in the share of income from vegetable production and an increase in the share of rural retirement in the income portfolio of families.

Abstract: The present study aims to contribute in identifying and explaining the changes in the production systems of family farmers producing bovine milk in Southern Brazil. Research of historical and comparative nature was conducted, through longitudinal analysis of the trajectories of family farmers, using as empirical context the reality of 58 families, in 2003 and 2018, belonging to the municipality of Salvador das Missões, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results highlight the historical trend of specialization, gains of scale and productive concentration in dairy farming, in parallel with the process of discontinuity in the production and sale of milk by an expressive part of the surveyed families. The longitudinal study allowed us to identify: a majority of families migrating from commercial production to the category of no milk production; a fragmentary movement of families from the category of self-consumption to the category of commercial producers; and the inexistence of families that went from not producing to producing milk. Discontinuity of production was associated with smaller families, with a higher average age of its members, without successors and less support from public policies. With less labor available, milk production was replaced by grain production and they became more dependent on rural retirement. Abstract Brazil conducted 5 200 2018 Missões Sul specialization farming identify selfconsumption self consumption producers members policies available retirement 20 201 2

Resumo: O presente estudo pretende contribuir na identificação e explicação das mudanças nos sistemas produtivos de agricultores familiares produtores de leite bovino no Sul do Brasil. Foi realizada pesquisa de caráter histórico e comparativo, por meio de análise longitudinal das trajetórias de agricultores familiares, utilizando como contexto empírico a realidade de 58 famílias, em 2003 e 2018, pertencentes ao município de Salvador das Missões, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os resultados destacam a tendência histórica de especialização, ganhos de escala e concentração produtiva na pecuária leiteira, em paralelo com o processo de descontinuidade na produção e venda de leite por parte expressiva das famílias pesquisadas. O estudo longitudinal permitiu identificar: movimento majoritário de migração das famílias da produção comercial em direção à categoria sem produção de leite; movimento fragmentário de famílias da categoria de autoconsumo para a categoria de produtores comerciais; e inexistência de famílias que passaram de não produtoras para produtoras de leite. A descontinuidade da produção esteve associada a famílias menores, com maior idade média dos seus integrantes, sem sucessores e frágil apoio das políticas públicas. Resumo Brasil comparativo 5 200 2018 Missões especialização leiteira pesquisadas identificar comerciais menores integrantes públicas 20 201 2