ABSTRACT Agroindustrial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) waste mainly includes peel and pulp; however, potatoes of low industrial quality are also discarded by industry. A viable alternative to give added value to these byproducts is the use of these as seeds, as well as the use of starch. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality (germination and vigor), starch content and relationship between these variables in discarded tubers from the industry through chemical-structural analyses to better understand their influence on starch composition. The physiological quality of the potatoes was evaluated through germination and vigor tests; likewise, starch was extracted, and the yield was determined. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was carried out through proximal and structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that the tubers had 100.00% germination and 98.66% vigor and were suitable for use as seeds. The starch yield did not significantly differ. However, characterization of the starch revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture, ash, carbohydrate and amylose contents, which were influenced by the storage temperature (4 °C) of the tubers subjected to a vigor test, which interferes with enzymatic activity. During germination, the NMR results showed type B crystallinity, which is typical of tubers, indicating that the viability tests did not promote changes in the type of crystallinity. The results obtained can help us understand the effect of germination on the composition of starch and, accordingly, choose the most appropriate applications for this starch, whether food or nonfood.

Resumen Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causa importantes pérdidas económicas en la producción de papa. El cultivar Innovator es el más utilizado en el procesamiento industrial de papa y la segunda variedad más cultivada en Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el tejido más adecuado para la detección de TSWV mediante DAS-ELISA en papa cv. Innovator. Muestras de tejido de tres diferentes puntos del tubérculo y de hojas de plántulas desarrolladas a partir de dos tipos de brote fueron evaluados para detectar TSWV mediante DAS-ELISA. La detección de TSWV en el tubérculo fue del 95%, 86%, 87% para el tejido debajo del brote apical, para el tejido debajo del brote lateral y para el tejido de la médula, respectivamente. La detección de TSWV fue del 41% y 40% en plantas cultivadas a partir del brote apical y lateral, respectivamente. La proporción de muestras positivas para TSWV fue mayor en las muestras recolectadas de tubérculos infectados que en las de plantas de la progenie para el cv. Innovator. Por lo tanto, el tejido del tubérculo resultó ser adecuado para la detección de TSWV mediante DAS-ELISA independientemente del punto de muestreo porque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ellos. El muestreo del tejido del tubérculo reduce el tiempo de recolección de las muestras debido a que no es necesario obtener la planta de la progenie para analizar las hojas. TSWV ocasionó daños severos en el 46% de los tubérculos infectados, los cuales presentaron síntomas de necrosis interna, reduciendo la calidad y el valor comercial de la papa cv. Innovator. La aplicación de técnicas precisas de diagnóstico de TSWV es necesaria para lograr un manejo eficiente y efectivo de esta enfermedad en papa. En este contexto, la inclusión de la detección de TSWV en el programa argentino de certificación de papa semilla podría ser una medida positiva.

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes important economic losses in potato production. The cultivar Innovator is the most widely used variety for potato industrial processing and the second most extensively grown cultivar in Argentina. The objective of this study was to identify the most suitable tissue sample for TSWV detection in potato cv. Innovator using DAS-ELISA. Tissue samples taken from three different points of the tuber and from the leaves of seedlings originating from two types of sprouts were evaluated for TSWV detection using DAS-ELISA. Detection of TSWV in the tuber tissue was 95%, 86% and 87% for the sample taken below the rose end sprout, below the lateral end sprout, and the pith, respectively. Detection of TSWV in seedlings tissue was 41% and 40% in plants grown from rose and lateral sprouts, respectively. The proportion of positive TSWV samples was higher in samples collected from infected tubers than in those collected from seedlings. Therefore, tuber tissue proved to be suitable for TSWV detection by DAS-ELISA, regardless of the sampling point, because there were no significant differences among points. Sampling the tuber tissue reduces sample collection time since it is not necessary to obtain the progeny plant to analyze the leaves. TSWV caused severe damage in 46% of the infected tubers, which presented symptoms of internal necrosis, reducing the quality and the commercial value of the potato cv. Innovator. The application of an accurate TSWV diagnostic technique is required to achieve an efficient and effective management of this disease in potato. In this context, the inclusion of TSWV detection in the Argentine potato seed certification program would be a positive measure.

Resumo A melhoria da germinação de plantas é fundamental para garantia de mudas de melhor qualidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar se o condicionamento de sementes com qualidade de luz (light quality - LIQ) e extrato aquoso de tubérculos de Cyperus rotundus (AEC) modula a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Moringa oleifera. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro condições de LIQ (luz branca, azul, vermelha e vermelho distante) e quatro concentrações de AEC (0, 25, 50 e 100%). O condicionamento de sementes com luz vermelha reduziu o tempo médio de emergência, enquanto que as luzes azul, vermelha e vermelho extremo associadas a 50% de extrato aquoso de C. rotundus aumentaram o comprimento inicial da parte aérea e o acúmulo de pigmentos fotossintéticos. Condicionamento de sementes com luz azul induziu a formação de plântulas com menor comprimento final da parte aérea, no entanto, a aplicação de 100% de extrato aquoso de C. rotundus reverteu o menor crescimento. A luz branca associada às concentrações de 50 e 100% de fitormônios promoveu maior taxa de crescimento relativo da parte aérea de plântulas. Nossa pesquisa mostra que o condicionamento de sementes com radiação espectral de luz e extrato aquoso de tubérculos de Cyperus rotundus modula a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Moringa oleifera. Mais trabalhos precisam ser feitos para determinar os compostos do AEC responsáveis que que atuam como fitormônios e são responsáveis pelo crescimento inicial.

Abstract Improving plant germination is essential to guarantee better quality seedlings. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate whether the seed priming with light quality (LIQ) and the aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus (AEC) tuber could modulate the germination and initial growth of Moringa oleifera L. seedlings. The experimental design was a completely randomized in the 4x4 factorial scheme, composed of four LIQ conditions (white, blue, red, and distant red light) and four AEC concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100%). Seed priming with red light reduced the average emergence time, while blue, red, and extreme red lights associated with 50% of aqueous extract of C. rotundus increased shoot initial length and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. Seed priming with blue light resulted in seedlings with a shorter final shoot length. However, application of 100% of aqueous extract of C. rotundus reversed this. The white light in combination with concentrations of 50 and 100% of AEC promoted a higher relative shoot growth rate of seedlings. The research revealed that seed priming with light quality and aqueous extracts of C. rotundus tubers modulates the germination and initial growth of M. oleifera seedlings. More work needs to be done to determine the responsible compounds in AEC that is responsible for priming growth as phytohormones.

RESUMO No cultivo do inhame a adubação mineral e o uso de tutoramento proporciona boa produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e a qualidade do inhame submetidos a doses de nitrogênio e tipos de tutoramento. O trabalho foi realizado em condições de campo no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 × 3, com cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1) e três tipos de tutoramento (espaldeiramento, vara e sem tutor), com quatro repetições. Na adubação em cobertura foram aplicadas as doses de nitrogênio parceladas em partes iguais aos 60 e 90 dias após o plantio. Foram avaliados comprimento, massa média, teores de amido e N foliar, produtividades total e comercial de túberas. O tutoramento promoveu maior rendimento total, massa média, comprimento e teor de nitrogênio foliar, entretanto não foram observadas alterações no teor de amido entre os tipos de tutoramento. A produtividade comercial é maior com a utilização do tutor em vara. Recomenda-se o plantio do inhame com tutoramento e dose de nitrogênio de 120,70 kg ha-1 para promover a máxima produtividade.

ABSTRACT Adequate mineral fertilization and staking are necessary to obtain good productivity in yam cultivation. The objective of this study was to determine the increase in yield and quality of yams subjected to nitrogen doses and staking methods. This study was carried out under field conditions using a randomized block design in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and three staking methods (wire trellises, single staking, and without staking) with four replicates. Nitrogen doses were applied in topdressing, and split into equal parts at 60 and 90 days after seed tuber planting. Tuber length and weight, starch and leaf nitrogen concentrations, and total and marketable yields were determined. Staking promoted higher total yield, mass, length, and leaf nitrogen concentration, but no changes were observed in starch concentration among the staking methods. Commercial productivity was higher with single staking. Planting yam with staking and a nitrogen dose of 120.70 kg ha-1 is recommended to promote maximum productivity.

RESUMO A murcha bacteriana (MB), ou murchadeira, causada pela bactéria Ralstonia solanacearum e transmitida pelo solo e pela semente, é uma das doenças mais devastadoras da batata cultivada nas regiões mais quentes do mundo. Seu controle é muito difícil e não existem cultivares resistentes a ela, embora a resistência seja reconhecida como importante componente para o manejo integrado da doença. No entanto, as fontes de resistência à MB disponíveis até então apresentam muitas características indesejáveis, sendo, por isso, de pouco interesse aos melhoristas que têm o foco no desenvolvimento de genótipos de interesse comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar 11 clones selecionados nas duas últimas décadas na Embrapa Hortaliças para resistência à MB e, ao mesmo tempo, com seleção leve para algumas características comerciais durante os ciclos de seleção. O nível de resistência dos clones foi avaliado por quatro anos consecutivos em área experimental naturalmente infestada com a raça 1, biovar 1, filotipo II de R. solanacearum. Como testemunhas, foram usados clones ou cultivares previamente identificados como resistentes ou suscetíveis. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições e parcelas de 10 plantas, em linha única. A avaliação foi feita pela incidência da doença no período de 60 a 70 dias após o plantio e a produção total de tubérculos nas parcelas registrada 110 dias após o plantio. Todos os clones avaliados apresentaram níveis de resistência superiores aos das cultivares mais plantadas no Brasil e não diferiram das testemunhas resistentes. Como somente a resistência não basta para ser um bom progenitor, esses clones serão avaliados para as características comerciais de maior relevância aos programas de melhoramento. Em adição, foi confirmada a resistência intermediária da cultivar BRSIPR Bel, o que a torna um genitor de interesse pelas suas ótimas características comerciais. Este trabalho demonstrou que clones selecionados na Embrapa para resistência à MB em condições tropicais apresentam alto e estável grau de resistência e podem vir a ser usados, de imediato ou após novos ciclos de seleção, em programas de melhoramento visando ao desenvolvimento de cultivares.

ABSTRACT Bacterial wilt (BW), or brown rot, caused by the soil and seed borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of potatoes cultivated in warmer regions of the world. There are no potato cultivars with a desirable level of BW resistance, although it has been recognized that resistance can be an outstanding component for disease management. However, the sources of resistance available lack agronomic traits required by potato growers, therefore being of little interest to breeders. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 11 clones selected for BW resistance and improved for tuber traits upon selection in the last two decades. The clones under test were compared with susceptible and resistant clones and cultivars, in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications of single lines of 10 plants, in a field naturally infested with race 1, biovar 1, phylotype II of R. solanacearum. BW incidence was assessed 60-70 days after planting and total tuber yield in each plot was recorded 110 days after planting. All the evaluated clones presented higher levels of resistance to BW compared with the commercial varieties, not differing from the resistant, not commercial, controls. In a next step, these clones will be characterized for other desirable traits and those which combine high level of resistance and commercial characteristics will be recommended for breeders for enriching the genotypic background in the search for commercial varieties. We also confirmed that the cultivar BRSIPR Bel displays an intermediate level of resistance, what makes it an interesting genitor for its good agronomic characteristics. The findings of this work demonstrate that the improved potato clones selected under tropical conditions in the Embrapa’s pre-breeding project possess high and stable levels of resistance to bacterial wilt, being a valuable resource for breeders.

RESUMO A qualidade dos tubérculos-semente da batata é um fator determinante para a obtenção de elevados rendimentos, devendo a sua utilização ser prioritária para um país ou região produtora. A falta de informações sobre como as cultivares locais atuam de forma diferenciada de acordo com o ambiente, foi identificada, a fim de apoiar programas de produção de sementes em potencial. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2018 no Centro de Pesquisas Obonuco da Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), com o objetivo de analisar o crescimento e a produção de tubérculos-semente de cinco cultivares de batata (Solanum tuberosum spp. andigena). 1.080 tubérculos-semente de cada cultivar (tratamentos) foram plantados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e três repetições. O teste de comparação de médias de Tukey-Kramer (p≤0,05) foi realizado para a análise do rendimento. Da emergência até a colheita final, foram realizadas coletas destrutivas quinzenais para cálculo da matéria seca e área foliar e estabelecimento de modelos de crescimento com base nos graus-dias (DD) acumulados. O rendimento e a proporção de tubérculos-semente por planta foram determinados de acordo com a resolução local para certificação de sementes na Colômbia. As variáveis de crescimento se ajustaram melhor aos modelos polinomiais de Hoerl, Gaussiano e de terceiro grau. O índice de área foliar das cultivares de batata atingiu o valor máximo em 876 DD, com valores variando de 2,91 a 6,11 DD. A maior produtividade por planta foi obtida pela cultivar Ica Única (2,73 kg planta-1). No entanto, essa cultivar apresentou a menor porcentagem de tubérculos-semente, com 50,59% em relação às demais, que variaram entre 80,82 e 87,40%. As respostas diferenciais de crescimento da batata por meio de modelos baseados no DD explicariam as diferenças no rendimento final e na produção de tubérculo-sementes.

ABSTRACT Potato quality of seed tubers is a determinant factor that allows obtaining high yields, and its use must be a priority for a country or a producing region. Lack of information about how local cultivars perform differentially according to the environment has been identified in order to support potential seeds production programs. The research was carried out in 2018 at the Obonuco Research Center of Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), with the aim of analyzing the growth and yield of basic tuber seeds of five potato (Solanum tuberosum spp. andigena) cultivars. 1,080 seed tubers from each cultivar (treatments) were planted in a completely randomized block design and three replications. Mean comparison Tukey-Kramer (p≤0.05) test was performed for the yield analysis. From emergency to final harvest, destructive sampling was carried out every fifteen days in order to calculate dry matter and leaf area and establish growth models based on the accumulated degree-days (DD). The yield and proportion of seed tubers per plant were determined according to local resolution for seed certification in Colombia. Growth variables fitted better with the Hoerl, Gaussian, and third-degree polynomial models. The leaf area index of the potato cultivars reached the maximum value at 876 DD, with values ranging from 2.91 to 6.11 DD. The highest yield per plant was obtained by the Ica Única cultivar (2.73 kg plant-1). However, this cultivar showed the lowest percentage of seed tubers, with 50.59% compared to the others, which ranged between 80.82 and 87.40%. Differential potato growth responses through models based on the DD would explain the differences in final yield and seeds tuber production.

RESUMEN La investigación evaluó la producción de semilla por brotes en ambientes atemperados en tres variedades nativas: Saq'ampaya, Imilla Negra y Waych'a. La multiplicación de la semilla por esta técnica (brotes y ambientes atemperados) es eficiente en espacio y calidad, para el pequeño productor. En ese contexto, los objetivos fueron a) evaluar las características morfológicas del tubérculo para semilla y b) evaluar el rendimiento de la semilla y analizar el contenido de hierro y zinc por variedad. Se ha utilizado un diseño experimental de bloques al azar; y fue realizado en las comunidades Jiwasi Chico (municipio de Tiahuanacu) y Causaya (municipio de Taraco) del departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. Los resultados muestran que, en relación al número de tubérculos por planta, Saq'ampaya tiene 11.55; Imilla Negra 10.52 y Waych'a 8.46. En el rendimiento de tubérculo por variedades, Saq'ampaya obtuvo 307.79 g planta-1; Waych'a con 276.34 g planta-1 e Imilla Negra con 251.61 g planta-1. Al comparar las variedades por tamaño y calibres, la altura del tubérculo tiene diferencia significativa en las categorías super extra, extra, 1ra, 2da, 3ra, 4ta y 5ta de la Saq'ampaya en relación a la Waycha e Imilla Negra, debido a su forma alargada, que también influye en el diámetro. En relación al color de piel, Saq'ampaya tiene el color blanco-crema, Imilla Negra morado y Waych'a rosado. El color de la pulpa en la variedad Saq'ampaya es amarilla, en Imilla Negra es blanco y en Waych'a es intermedio amarillo claro. En referencia al contenido de hierro, Saq'ampaya tiene 1.37 mg 100g-1; Imilla Negra 1.38 mg 100g-1 y Waych’a 1.06 mg 100g-1. Se determinó que la variedad con mayor contenido de zinc es Imilla Negra con 0.533 mg 100g-1, seguido de la variedad Saq'anpaya con 0.900 mg 100g-1 y Waych'a con 0.690 mg 100g-1.

ABSTRACT The research evaluated seed production by sprouting in temperate environments in three native varieties: Saq'ampaya, Imilla Negra and Waych'a. Seed multiplication by this technique (sprouting and tempered environments) is efficient in space and quality for the small producer. In this context, the objectives were a) to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the seed tuber and b) to evaluate seed yield and analyze the iron and zinc content by variety. A randomized block experimental design was used and was carried out in the communities of Jiwasi Chico (municipality of Tiahuanacu) and Causaya (municipality of Taraco) in the department of La Paz, Bolivia. The results show that, in relation to the number of tubers per plant, Saq'ampaya has 11.55; Imilla Negra 10.52 and Waych'a 8.46. In tuber yield per variety, Saq'ampaya obtained 307.79 g plant-1; Waych'a with 276.34 g plant-1 and Imilla Negra with 251.61 g plant-1. When comparing the varieties by size and caliber, the height of the tuber has a significant difference in the super extra, extra, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th categories of Saq'ampaya in relation to Waycha and Imilla Negra, due to its elongated shape, which also influences the diameter. In relation to the skin color, Saq'ampaya has the white-cream color, Imilla Negra purple and Waych'a pink. The color of the pulp in the Saq'ampaya variety is yellow, in Imilla Negra it is white and in Waych'a it is light yellow intermediate. In reference to iron content, Saq'ampaya has 1.37 mg 100g-1; Imilla Negra 1.38 mg 100g-1 and Waych'a 1.06 mg 100g-1. It was determined that the variety with the highest zinc content is Imilla Negra with 0.533 mg 100g-1, followed by Saq'anpaya with 0.900 mg 100g-1 and Waych'a with 0.690 mg 100g-1.

Resumen La duración del periodo de reposo en tubérculos es un factor determinante en la planeación de las siembras y la producción de papa. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de dos reguladores de crecimiento sobre el periodo de reposo y la brotación de tubérculos de papa cultivar Diacol Capíro. El experimento se realizó en condiciones de almacenamiento (15°C y 75% HR) con un diseño de bloques completamente al azar en arreglo factorial 3x3x3. Los factores fueron: ácido giberélico-3 (AG3) y 6-bencilaminopurina (6BAP) (0, 25 y 50 mg L-1) y el tiempo de inmersión (Ti) (10, 60 y 120 min). La aplicación de AG3 y Ti tuvo efecto en interrumpir el periodo de reposo y tratamientos con 25 mg L-1 de AG3 y 60 min de inmersión fueron suficientes para disminuir el reposo en 18 días (35%) con respecto a los tubérculos no tratados. El factor AG3 aumentó la pérdida de peso de los tubérculos (10.2%), generó brotes de mayor peso (25.628.4%), con mayor tasa de crecimiento en longitud (42.3%), con menor contenido de masa seca (21.8-28.4%) y aumentó la brotación secundaria (36.2-57.9%) con respecto a tubérculos no tratados. De esta forma, a pesar de que los tratamientos con 25 mg L-1de AG3 redujeron el periodo de reposo, esta dosis generó brotes más susceptibles al daño mecánico. Los tratamientos con 6BAP no afectaron significativamente las variables evaluadas.

Abstract The duration of the dormancy period in tubers is a determining factor in the planning of potato planting and production. The effect of two plant growth regulators on the dormancy period and sprouting of cv. Diacol Capiro tubers was evaluated in this study. The experiment was carried out under storage conditions (15°C and 75% RH) using a completely randomized block design with 3x3x3 factorial arrangement. The factors were: gibberellic acid-3 (GA3) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP) (0, 25, and 50 mg L-1) and the immersion time (iT) (10, 60, and 120 min). The application of GA3 and iT had an effect on dormancy breakage; the treatments with 25 mg L-1 GA3 and 60 min of immersion were enough to reduce dormancy by 18 d (35%) compared to untreated tubers. The factor GA3 increased tuber weight loss (10.2%), generated sprouts with higher weight (25.6-28.4%), higher length growth rate (42.3%), and lower dry matter content (21.8-28.4%), and it increased secondary sprouting (36.2-57.9%) in comparison with untreated tubers. This way, despite the treatments with 25 mg L-1 GA3 reduced the dormancy period, this dose generated sprouts more susceptible to mechanical damage. The treatments with 6BAP did not significantly affect the evaluated variables.

RESUMO Aumentar a produtividade da batateira economizando recursos naturais é um desafio de todos os envolvidos na cadeia produtiva da batata. Foi realizado um experimento de campo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de fertilização, massa de tubérculos sementes e regime hídrico sobre a produção de batata cv. Orchestra. Os tratamentos testados foram forma de fertilização (F1= adubação convencional; F2= fertirrigação de acordo com a marcha de absorção da cultura; F3= fertirrigação parcelada em 3 vezes), massa de tubérculo semente (TS1= <50 g; TS2= >50 g), regimes hídricos [RH1= 50%; RH2= 100% de reposição da evapotranspiração de cultura (ETc)]. O estudo foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas com fertilizações na parcela e massa de tubérculos sementes na subparcela, com seis repetições. Maior produtividade (48,18 t ha-1) e batata graúda (43,67 t ha-1) foram obtidas no tratamento fertirrigação (marcha de absorção) e massas de tubérculos sementes >50 g (48,61 e 42,78 t ha-1) no regime hídrico 100% ETc. Porém não houve diferenças nos fatores fertilização e massa de tubérculos sementes para as plantas submetidas ao regime 50% ETc para a variável produtividade de tubérculos (P>0,05). Maior eficiência do uso da água é atribuída ao RH1 50% ETc para tubérculos sementes maiores que 50 g de 39,82 kg m-3 de água. A maior razão de cobertura é atribuída a tubérculos sob regime 100% ETc e duração do ciclo de 89 dias. A forma de fertilização e massa de tubérculos sementes que influenciaram positivamente as variáveis estudadas foram a fertirrigação de acordo com a marcha de absorção da cultura e massas de tubérculos sementes >50 g para as duas condições hídricas (100% e 50% ETc).

ABSTRACT Increasing potato yield while saving natural resources is a challenge for all those involved in the potato production chain. A field experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of different levels of fertilization, mass of seed tubers and the water regime on the production of potato cv. Orchestra. We tested fertilization methods (F1= conventional fertilization; F2= fertigation according to the rate of absorption by the crop; F3= fertigation split into 3 applications), seed tuber mass (ST1= <50 g; ST2= >50 g), and water regimes [WR1= 50%; WR2= 100% replacement of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)]. The study was conducted using a split-plot randomized block design, with fertilizers in the plot and seed tuber mass in the subplot, with six replications. The highest tuber yields (48.18 t ha-1) and greatest potatoes (43.67 t ha-1) were obtained in the treatment F2 and for seed tuber masses >50 g (48.61 and 42.78 t ha-1) under 100% ETc water regime. However, for plants subjected to 50% ETc, the factors fertilization and seed tuber mass caused no difference in tuber yield (P>0.05). The highest water use efficiency (39.82 kg m-3 of water) was found under WR of 50% ETc for seed tuber masses >50 g. The highest cover ratio was obtained with tubers under 100% ETc being 89 days the cycle duration. The fertilization method and seed tuber mass that positively influenced the studied variables were fertigation according to the culture absorption rate and seed tuber masses >50 g for both water conditions (100% and 50% ETc).

RESUMEN En condiciones de cultivo que favorezca el crecimiento de la parte aérea de la planta, la adopción de prácticas de manejo que reduzca el tamaño de las plantas puede ser una alternativa para aumentar el rendimiento de los tubérculos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del paclobutrazol sobre el crecimiento vegetativo y la partición de la materia seca de la planta de papa cv. Markies cultivado en verano en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron 0,1; 1,0; 10 y 100 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) aplicado a las semillas germinadas antes de plantar y um control tratado con agua. PBZ fue eficiente em la reducción de la altura de la planta. Los tratamientos con dosis de 10 y 100 mg L-1 de PBZ retrasaron la aparición de la parte aérea y el comienzo de la tuberización de la planta. PBZ a 0,1 mg L-1 redujo la longitud del tallo en un 18%, pero no difirió con el control en relación al contenido de masa fresca y seca, la producción total, la gravedad específica y el contenido de almidón de los tubérculos. El tratamiento de tubérculos de papa con PBZ a 0,1 mg L-1 presentan plantas más pequeñas y compactas, que podrían ser adecuadas para una plantación más densa para maximizar la población de plantas y aumentar el rendimiento económico por unidad de área.

ABSTRACT Under cultivation conditions that favor the growth of plant shoots, the adoption of management practices that reduce the size of potato plants can be an alternative for increasing tuber yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol on vegetative growth and dry matter partitioning in the potato plant cv. Markies, cultivated under summer conditions in the state of Minas Gerais. The treatments were 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ), applied to sprouted seeds before planting and control with water. PBZ was efficient in reducing plant height. The PBZ treatments with doses of 10 and 100 mg L-1 delayed the emergence of shoots and the beginning of plant tuberization. PBZ at 0.1 mg L-1 reduced the lengh of the stem by 18% but did not differ from the control for the fresh and dry mass content, total production, specific gravity and starch content of tubers. The treatment with seed potatoes and PBZ at 0.1 mg L-1 resulted in smaller, more compact plants, which could be suitable for more densely planted cultivations in order to maximize plant populations and increase economic return per unit of area.

RESUMO Sob condições de casa de vegetação foram avaliadas as concentrações de manipueira 25, 50 e 100% e dois períodos de imersão de 9 e 12 h, além da testemunha, no tratamento de rizóforos-semente de inhame naturalmente infectados por Scutellonema bradys e Pratylenchus coffeae. O percentual de brotação dos rizóforos observado aos três meses após o plantio foi de 100% em todos os tratamentos. Aos cinco meses, as concentrações de manipueira nos dois períodos de imersão (25% - 9 horas; 25% e 50% - 12 horas), apresentaram os melhores resultados em relação à testemunha, para as populações finais dos nematoides/g de casca de rizóforos.

ABSTRACT Under greenhouse conditions, cassava wastewater (manipueira) concentrations of 25, 50 and 100%, as well as two immersion periods (9 and 12 h), besides a control, were evaluated for the treatment of yam seed tubers naturally infected by Scutellonema bradys and Pratylenchus coffeae. Tuber sprouting percentage at three months after planting was 100% for all treatments. At five months, manipueira concentrations in both immersion periods (25% - 9 hours; 25% and 50% -12 hours) led to the best results, compared to control, for the final populations of nematodes/g tuber peel.

Abstract The orchids that produced tuber are known as salep orchids and have been collected from nature for centuries as a medicinal and aromatic plant. These orchids are endangered species because of their limited vegetative and generative production possibilities. Salep orchids, seed germination has been achieved with in-vitro studies, but no source has been found regarding the development of germinated seeds over the years. In this study, Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep. was used as research material. Seeds that were determined to germinate in nature were observed to develop in their own environment for five years and some morphological characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, total weight, tuber width, and tuber weight) were determined at the end of each vegetation year. Plants that start to develop with seed germination produce one leaf and a tuber of 0.115 g in the first year. When the tubers obtained from the first year were planted again, the plants was obtained 2-3 leaves and they were formed 0.465 grams of tubers. In the third year plants bloom for the first time. The period until flowering in the plant was called maturity period and Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep. was found to have a 3-year maturity period. Plants produced tuber 0.850 g in the third year, 1.585 g in the fourth year and 2.522 g in the fifth year. According to the mathematical modeling, the relationship between year (Y) and fresh tuber weight (FTW) was found Y = 1.22 + (1.61 × FTW) and there was a significant relationship among year, fresh tuber weight, and total biomass (TBM). This equation Y = 1.05 + (0.76 × FTW) + (0.14 × TBM) shows us the mathematical relations of year, fresh tuber weight, and total biomass. The mathematical relations among to fresh tuber weight, total biomass, and plant height (PH) was produced Y = 1.74 - (0.11 × FTW) + (0.57 × TBM) - (0.09 × PH). R2 values were found 0.95-0.99. All R2 values and standard errors were found to be significant at the p < 0.01 level.

RESUMO Caroço de abacate (Persea americana Mill) é um subproduto do processamento de frutas sendo considerado uma potencial fonte alternativa de amido. O amido é amplamente utilizado como ingrediente funcional em sistemas alimentares, juntamente com aditivos como o sal, açúcares, ácidos e gorduras. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização físico-química, morfológica e tecnológica do amido do caroço de abacate bem como a consistência de géis quando adicionado de sal, açúcar, ácido e gordura. O rendimento de extração foi de 10,67% e umidade final de 15,36%. O teor de amilose aparente (30,41%) foi superior ao de outros amidos de cereais e tubérculos. Os padrões de Difração de raio x confirmaram a presença de cristalinidade tipo B, típico de frutas e tubérculos, com grau de cristalinidade de 56,09%. O poder de inchamento aumentou com a elevação da temperatura (acima de 70 °C). O amido do caroço de abacate apresentou taxa de sinérese de 42,5%. A viscoamilografia mostrou que o amido do caroço de abacate se apresenta estável a altas temperaturas. A análise de TPA mostrou que os géis de amido do caroço de abacate adicionados com diferentes aditivos e concentrações variaram significativamente (p<0,05) da amostra controle, principalmente nos perfis de dureza e gomosidade. As propriedades do amido do caroço de abacate indicam um amplo potencial de aplicação, podendo ser aproveitado nas indústrias de alimentos como molhos, cremes e sopas desidratadas, favorecendo o uso de resíduos da indústria de óleo de abacate, e evitando danos ao meio ambiente.

ABSTRACT Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) are a byproduct of fruit processing and are considered a potential alternative source of starch. Starch is widely used as a functional ingredient in food systems, along with additives such as salt, sugars, acids and fats. This study aimed to perform the physicochemical, morphological and technological characterization of starch from avocado seeds and to evaluate the consistency of gels when salt, sugar, acid and fat are added. Extraction yield was 10.67% and final moisture 15.36%. The apparent amylose content (%) was higher than other cereal and tuber starches. XRD standards confirmed the presence of type B crystallinity, typical of fruits and tubers, with a crystallinity degree of 56.09%. The swelling power increased with increasing temperature (above 70 °C). Avocado seed starch (ASS) presented a syneresis rate of 42.5%. Viscoamylography showed that ASS is stable at high temperatures. TPA analysis showed that ASS gels with different additives and concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05) from the control sample, mainly in the hardness and gumminess profiles. The properties of ASS indicate a wide potential of applications which can be used in food industries such as sauces, creams and dehydrated soups. Furthermore, the use of this seed to obtain starch contributes to the reduction of the residue of the avocado oil industry, avoiding damage to the environment.

Abstract In order to determine the productive response of two Mexican potato genotypes in two substrates in the hydroponic cultivation system, three experiments were established with horticultural grade perlite and with the mixture of perlite with peat 1:1 v/v (aggregates), by what experiments were established in the autumn 2015, spring 2016 and summer 2016 cycles. With perlite, the Citlali variety and clone 99-39, produced on average 15.92 and 34.25 tubers per plant, respectively; in aggregates they produced 11.92 and 15.42 tubers per plant, respectively. Genotype 99-39 exceeded Citlali by up to 10.9 tubers per plant on average of the three crop cycles and produced 2.2 times more tubers in autumn than in spring, as well as 2.9 more tubers in autumn than in summer. Citlali produced 3.6 times more tubers in autumn than in summer and five times more in autumn than in spring. The most efficient substrate was horticultural grade perlite, clone 99-39 was more productive than the Citlali variety, the production of tubers in both genotypes was closely affected by the season of the year and the results will allow decisions on the management of the production of prebasic seed II in both genotypes.

Resumen Con el objetivo de determinar la respuesta productiva de dos genotipos de papa mexicanos en dos sustratos en sistema hidropónicos de cultivo, se establecieron tres experimentos con perlita grado hortícola y con la mezcla de perlita con turba 1:1 v/v (agregados), por lo que se establecieron experimentos en los ciclos otoño 2015, primavera 2016 y verano 2016. Con perlita, la variedad Citlali y el clon 99-39, produjeron en promedio 15.92 y 34.25 tubérculos por planta, respectivamente; en agregados produjeron 11.92 y 15.42 tubérculos por planta, respectivamente. El genotipo 99-39 superó a Citlali hasta en 10.9 tubérculos por planta en promedio de los tres ciclos de cultivo y produjo 2.2 veces más tubérculos en otoño que en primavera, así como 2.9 más tubérculos en otoño que en verano. Citlali produjo 3.6 veces más tubérculos en otoño que en verano y cinco veces más en otoño que en primavera. El sustrato más eficiente fue perlita grado hortícola, el clon 99-39 resultó más productivo que la variedad Citlali, la producción de tubérculos en ambos genotipos se vio afectada estrechamente por la estación del año y los resultados permitirán tomar decisiones sobre el manejo de la producción de semilla prebásica II en ambos genotipos.

Abstract This research on Yellow sugar and Honey tuber varieties tigernut tubers’ oils physico-chemical properties were investigated to collected from Adana province in Turkey. The 1000 seed weight, width, length, moisture, ash and ascorbic acid values of yellow sugar and honey wax tubers were established as 343,496 and 327,524 g, 7.61 and 8.76 mm, 17.07 and 15.23 mm, 6.41 and 6.45%, 1.19 and 1.38% and 67.34 and 58.81 mg/kg, respectively. Free fatty acidity, peroxide values, refractive index, density, iodine number, total sterol, saponifiable matter, unsaponifiable matter, mineral values of yellow sugar and honey tuber tigernut oils were determined. The palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid contents of yellow sugar and honey tuber oils were determined as 13.02 and 12.76, 3.92 and 3.94, 69.34 and 69.91, and 11.93 and 11.80%, respectively. Campesterol, sitigmasterol and β-sitosterol contents of yellow sugar and honey tuber tigernut oils were determined. According to results, chufa tubers have high oil, oleic acid, sterol and some minerals suggest that these tubers may be very useful effect on human health and tuber oils can be use in the vegatable oil industry.