ABSTRACT Chemical safety is a fundamental issue in any place where chemicals are handled because assessing occupational exposure to a chemical agent is essential to determine the importance and need to propose measures to eliminate, reduce and control the risk and protect the worker. The aim of this work was to assess chemical safety in a reagent depot by applying the COSHH Essentials method. Three variables were considered to categorise the risk: intrinsic hazard of the reagent, tendency to pass into the environment (volatility or pulverulence) and quantity of reagent stored. Information on the chemicals was collected from their safety data sheets. The COSHH Essentials analysis identified that 32 % of the reagents worked with fall into hazard category C (toxic reagents), 21 % into category B (harmful), 18 % into category D (very toxic and/or carcinogenic category 2), 16 % into category A (irritating to eyes and/or skin) and 13 % into category E (carcinogenic category 1A and 1B). Seventeen percent of the stored reagents are in risk level 4, which represents the highest risk level, as this is where the most hazardous chemical reagents are located. The results obtained show that there is a high risk of toxic chemicals in the warehouse. It is necessary to be aware of these factors and to control them and apply all relevant security measures.

RESUMEN La seguridad química es un tema fundamental en cualquier lugar donde se manipulan sustancias químicas porque evaluar la exposición laboral a un agente químico es fundamental para determinar la importancia y necesidad de proponer medidas de eliminación, reducción y control del riesgo y protección del trabajador. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la seguridad química en un depósito de reactivos aplicando el método COSHH Essentials. Para categorizar el riesgo se consideraron tres variables: peligrosidad intrínseca del reactivo, tendencia a pasar al ambiente (volatilidad o pulverulencia) y cantidad de reactivo almacenado. Se recopiló información de las sustancias químicas a través de sus fichas de seguridad. En el análisis COSHH Essentials se identificó que el 32 % de los reactivos con los que se trabajan entran en la categoría de peligrosidad C (reactivos tóxicos), el 21 % en la B (nocivos), el 18 % en la categoría D (muy tóxicos y/o cancerígenos categoría 2), el 16 % en la categoría A (irritantes para ojos y/o piel) y el 13 % en la E (cancerígenas categorías 1A y 1B). El 17 % de los reactivos almacenados están en un nivel de riesgos 4, que representa el de mayor riesgo, ya que en este se encuentran los reactivos químicos de mayor peligrosidad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe en el depósito un alto riesgo por la presencia de productos químicos tóxicos. Es necesario tener conocimiento sobre estos factores y controlarlos y aplicar todas las medidas de seguridad pertinentes.

RESUMO Os efeitos sobre seres humanos do spray Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) utilizado pelas forças policiais no controle de distúrbios civis são amplamente conhecidos e largamente descritos em numerosos artigos científicos. No entanto, com o advento dos conceitos de bem-estar animal, levanta-se a questão se equinos expostos ao OC em tais eventos sofreriam os mesmos efeitos descritos em seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se cavalos da Polícia Montada expostos ao OC apresentam os mesmos sintomas descritos em seres humanos. Neste estudo, 18 cavalos da Polícia Militar do Paraná, saudáveis e sem histórico de doença do trato respiratório, foram conduzidos por uma nuvem de gás criada a partir do uso de seis espargidores de spray pimenta. Os parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal e coloração das mucosas foram avaliados 24 horas antes da exposição, 30 min e 24 horas após a exposição. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para realização de hemograma completo e hemogasometria, e amostras da mucosa ocular foram obtidas por meio de swabs estéreis. A análise desses parâmetros não revelou efeitos análogos aos descritos em seres humanos. A não manifestação de alterações oculares está diretamente correlacionada com a forma primária de descontaminação em seres humanos, que é correr com os olhos abertos a fim de permitir a ação do do ar contra os olhos. No caso dos equinos, o deslocamento deles, no andamento ao passo, em uma velocidade média de 6km/h, e ao trote, em uma velociade média de 18km/h, gera um fluxo de ar em todas as partes do corpo do animal; além disso, peças de selaria e partes do corpo do cavaleiro formam uma barreira contra a ação do agente OC, diminuindo, dessa forma, a área de contato. Após 30 minutos e 24 horas depois da exposição, também não foram observados efeitos agressores análogos aos encontrados nas vias áerea e conjuntivas oculares em seres humanos. (OC científicos entanto bemestar bem estar animal levantase levanta 1 Paraná respiratório pimenta respiratória cardíaca 2 exposição 3 hemogasometria estéreis deles passo 6kmh kmh 6km h km 6km/h trote 18kmh 18km 18km/h disso diminuindo contato

ABSTRACT The effects of the Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray used by police forces to control civil disturbances are widely known and extensively described in numerous scientific articles regarding humans. However, with the advent of animal welfare concepts, the question arises as to whether horses exposed to OC in such events would experience the same effects described in humans. The objective of this study was to determine if Mounted Police horses exposed to OC exhibit the same symptoms described in humans. In this study, 18 healthy horses from the Military Police of Paraná, without a history of respiratory disease, were led through a cloud of gas created using six pepper spray dispensers. Physiological parameters including respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and conjunctival color were evaluated 24 hours before exposure, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after exposure. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and blood gas analysis, and samples of the ocular mucosa were obtained using sterile swabs. Analysis of these parameters did not reveal effects analogous to those described in humans. The absence of ocular changes is directly correlated with the primary decontamination method in humans, which involves running with open eyes to allow the air to act against them. In the case of horses, the movement of their eyes while walking at an average speed of 6km/h in a walk and 18km/h in a trot generates airflow throughout the entire body of the animal. Additionally, pieces of tack and parts of the rider’s body form a barrier against the action of the OC agent by reducing the contact area. After 30 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, no aggressive effects like those found in humans in the airways and ocular mucosa were observed. (OC However concepts 1 Paraná disease dispensers rate temperature 2 exposure 3 analysis swabs them 6kmh kmh 6km h km 18kmh 18km Additionally riders rider s area postexposure, postexposure post post-exposure observed

Abstract In the face of growing restrictions against Huawei in much of ‘the West’ because of the US’ efforts to portray its 5G roll out as a security threat, most of the developing world has resisted such efforts. By drawing on Balzacq’s analytical framework - centred on the degree of congruence between the audience, the securitizing agent’s ability to construct a convincing frame of reference, the role of contextual factors, and securitization counterclaims - it is argued that 5G securitization failed in Brazil and South Africa (2019-2022). Although the contextual factors in both cases were similar (economic interests with China, Huawei’s established role and access to Covid vaccines), in South Africa, narratives of development and cost/benefit considerations overshadowed perceptions of security risk. In Brazil in contrast, some factions within the Bolsonaro government agreed to the US’ securitization frame, whilst others, citing the risk of damaging relations with Beijing and the sheer costs of replacing Huawei infrastructure, disagreed. In both cases, the contextual factors diminished Huawei as a source of risk, especially in the Brazilian case, tipping the scale in support of those seeking to maintain good relations with Beijing. West US G threat Balzacqs Balzacq s audience agents agent reference 20192022. 20192022 2019 2022 . (2019-2022) economic China Huaweis vaccines, vaccines , vaccines) costbenefit cost benefit contrast others infrastructure disagreed case 2019202 201 202 (2019-2022 201920 20 (2019-202 20192 2 (2019-20 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract An intelligent agent uses artificial intelligence (AI) to dialogue with users; incidents are interruptions that arise and prevent users from making use of information technology (IT); Latin America has 15. 5% of customer incident responses; in Europe, each year IT security incidents have seen a 41% increase since 2019, which are classified as High and Very High severity. The purpose of this study was to implement an intelligent agent to improve Incident Management, reduce the number of unresolved incidents, reduce resolution time, and increase user satisfaction. To achieve this objective, a quantitative approach and a pre-experimental design were followed; questionnaires were used to collect data, and then all data were subjected to statistical analysis to validate the hypothesis. Experts verified the reliability and validity of the instruments used. In addition, the Scrum framework was used for the development of the intelligent solution. The achievement of the implementation was obtained through the incorporation of various technologies such as Dialogflow, Webhook, PostgreSQL; finally, an intelligent agent capable of attending incidents reported by users was obtained, assigning the task in an automated manner. The development of this study minimized the number of unresolved incidents per day by 14%, reduced the incident resolution time by 63% and increased user satisfaction to "Satisfied" to 43.3% and "Very Satisfied" to 57.7%. Finally, it can be concluded that this work provides an important contribution for future implementations of designs or developments related to the automation of incident management through intelligent agents.

Resumen Un agente inteligente (AI) utiliza la inteligencia artificial (IA) para dialogar con los usuarios; las incidencias son interrupciones que surgen y que impiden a los usuarios hacer uso de las tecnologías de la información (TI); América Latina tiene un 15. 5% de las respuestas a incidencias de clientes. En Europa, cada año las incidencias de seguridad de TI se han visto incrementado desde 2019 en un 41%, las cuales se clasifican como de gravedad Alta y Muy Alta. El propósito de este estudio fue implementar un AI para mejorar la Gestión de Incidencias (GI), reducir el número de incidencias no resueltos, reducir el tiempo de resolución y aumentar la satisfacción de los usuarios. Para lograr este objetivo, se siguió un enfoque cuantitativo y un diseño preexperimental; se utilizó cuestionarios para el recojo de datos y, a continuación, todos los datos se sometieron a un análisis estadístico para validar la hipótesis. expertos verificaron la validez de los instrumentos, luego se obtuvo el índice de confiabilidad de los instrumentos utilizados. Además, se utilizó el marco de trabajo Scrum para el desarrollo de la solución inteligente. El logro de la implementación se obtuvo a través de la incorporación de diversas tecnologías como Dialogflow, Webhook, PostgreSQL; finalmente, se obtuvo un AI capaz de atender los incidentes reportados por los usuarios, asignando la tarea de manera automatizada. El desarrollo de este estudio permitió minimizar el número de incidencias no resueltas al día en un 14%; se redujo el tiempo de resolución de incidencias en un 63% y aumentó la satisfacción de los usuarios a "Satisfecho" al 43,3% y a "Muy Satisfecho" al 57,7%. Finalmente, se puede concluir que este trabajo proporciona una importante contribución para futuras implantaciones de diseños o desarrollos relacionados con la automatización de la GI mediante agentes inteligentes.

Abstract The general objective of the article is to contribute to the debate on Social Security reform, identifying the main justifications that supported the pension reform project presented by the government of Jair Bolsonaro in 2019. The specific objective. The overall objective is to identify whether solidarity exists and, if so, what kind is offered by the government's proposal. Our methodology was based on the collection and analysis of speeches given by the main agent of the process, Paulo Guedes, as well as complementary data with Jair Bolsonaro and Rogério Marinho. It has as theoretical inspiration the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and insights from economic sociology. The results point out that all the justifications triggered by the state agents involved in the 2019 pension reform aimed to approve the transition from a repartition-based pension model to a capitalization model and that the capitalization of social security was not presented as complementary, as in previous governments, but as a mandatory model. If approved, Brazil's social security would come to exist in a hybrid model, namely, the maintenance of the pay-as-you-go model for public servants and private sector workers already in the system and the capitalization model for young entrants to the labor market. so governments s proposal process Guedes Marinho 201 repartitionbased repartition approved Brazils Brazil namely payasyougo pay you go market 20 2

Resumo O objetivo geral do artigo é contribuir para o debate sobre reforma da Previdência Social, identificando as principais justificativas que embasaram o projeto da reforma apresentada pelo governo de Jair Bolsonaro, em 2019. O objetivo específico é identificar se existe solidariedade na proposta oferecida pelo governo. Nossa metodologia foi baseada na coleta e análise de discursos proferidos pelo principal agente do processo, Paulo Guedes, além de dados complementares junto a Jair Bolsonaro e Rogério Marinho. Tem como inspiração teórica a sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu e insights da sociologia econômica. Os resultados apontam que todas as justificativas acionadas pelo principal agente envolvido na reforma da previdência de 2019 tiveram como objetivo aprovar a transição de um modelo de previdência baseado na repartição, para um modelo de capitalização e que a capitalização da Previdência Social não foi apresentada como complementar, tal qual nos governos anteriores, mas como modelo obrigatório. Se aprovada, a previdência do Brasil passaria a existir em um modelo paralelo, a saber, a manutenção do modelo de repartição para servidores públicos e trabalhadores do setor privado já integrados ao sistema e ao modelo de capitalização para os jovens ingressantes no mercado de trabalho. processo Guedes Marinho econômica 201 complementar anteriores obrigatório aprovada paralelo saber trabalho 20 2

Resumen Antecedentes: El síndrome de Stevens-Johnson es una reacción medicamentosa severa. Las sulfamidas se han asociado con reacciones medicamentosas, complicaciones, secuelas, incluso la muerte. Reporte de caso: Paciente femenina de 40 años, con antecedentes médicos de endometriosis y colitis ulcerativa crónica inflamatoria de reciente diagnóstico. Fue atendida en el servicio de Alergología del Hospital San Juan de Dios de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, y luego de 20 días de tratamiento con sulfasalazina tuvo una reacción medicamentosa severa en la piel, compatible con síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. La prueba de transformación linfocitaria resultó positiva, con lo que se confirmó la sulfasalazina como el agente causal. Conclusiones: La prueba de transformación linfocitaria es un método útil que puede confirmar el agente causal y prevenir complicaciones importantes a futuro.

Abstract Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a severe drug reaction. Sulfonamides have been associated with drug reactions, complications, sequelae, even death. Case report: A 40-year-old female patient with a medical history of endometriosis and recently diagnosed chronic inflammatory ulcerative colitis. She was treated at the Allergology service of the San Juan de Dios Hospital of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, and after 20 days of treatment with sulfasalazine she had a severe drug reaction on the skin, compatible with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The lymphocyte transformation test was positive, confirming sulfasalazine as the causative agent. Conclusions: The lymphocyte transformation test is a useful method that can confirm the causative agent and prevent important complications in the future.

Psychological research on climate change has shifted its focus toward the way climate change influences psychological well-being. An exclusive focus on the consequences of climate change is misleading because there is an urgent need to address causes of climate change. The leading institutional user of fossil fuel and the single largest producer of greenhouse gases is a military force. The common argument that individuals must think differently about climate change also applies to psychologists: Psychologists must start considering the impact of militarism on climate change and abandon their reluctance to address military pollution, environmental destruction, and the environmental impact of nuclear weapons. This reluctance is linked with the long-standing militarism within mainstream psychology. Psychologists cannot continue ignore or ally with militarism while militarism produces two global threats: A total nuclear war and climate change. Psychologists can find a more meaningful role in any society focusing on peace, justice and human rights, rather than militarism and national security. In the context of the environment, psychologists must choose to defend the planet, which is home to all. In the context of climate change, psychologists can chart a meaningful course of action only if they focus on environmental justice.

Resumen Teniendo en cuenta el concepto de Michel Foucault sobre la confesión, se ha analizado al agente de la Policía Nacional del Paraguay según lo mencionado por los psicólogos de la institución. ¿Cómo se ha dado el contexto de atención?, y ¿cuáles han sido las fundamentales causales de consulta?, aquellas preguntas se radicaron en las indagaciones guías por parte de cuatro terapeutas que se desempeñaron en un hospital especializado y en dos comisarías de la ciudad de Asunción. Con respecto a las principales conclusiones, el agente ha necesitado de una imperiosa contención y de un profundo cambio en sus formas de ser y modos de relacionarse con sus compañeros y con los externos a su profesión, población en general y allegados. La Policía Nacional Paraguaya no fue un grupo homogéneo, que solo se ha dedicado a acatar órdenes, ha gozado de una vivencia diaria, definida por sus prácticas que ha afectado a sus miembros y, en algunas ocasiones, la ha llevado a confesar sus dramas, con el fin de ser mejores personas, fundamentalmente en los contextos familiares; así, la confesión policial se entendería como una “técnica de sí”.

Abstract Considering Michel Foucault's concept of confession, the Paraguayan national police have been analyzed in accordance with what was mentioned to the institution's psychologists. How has the healthcare context been given? and, what were the main reasons for the consultation? The questions were posed in the guiding inquiries to four therapists who worked in a specialized hospital and in two police stations in the city of Asunción. Regarding the main conclusions, the agent has needed an imperious restraint and a profound change in his forms and ways of relating to his colleagues and with those outside his profession, the general population and those close to him. The Paraguayan National Police has not been a homogeneous group that has only dedicated itself to following orders, it has enjoyed a daily experience, defined by its practices that has affected it and, on some occasions, has led it to confess its dramas with the end of being better people, fundamentally in family contexts: the police confession as "self-technical".

Abstract This article proposes a journey and a theoretical-political reflection on the iconography built around Santiago Maldonado, with the aim of investigating the ways in which the figure of the heroic martyr and the disappeared survive and coexist in different images of protest. Various political art and photojournalism collectives made a wide variety of visual interventions to claim for the appearance and subsequent clarification of Maldonado's death, associating said figure with a series of victims murdered or disappeared by the State and its security forces. This attempt to link the case with a previous series gives account of a politicization strategy that transforms it into a public problem, causing the victim to no longer be anonymous (Gayol and Kessler, 2018). The visual strategies aimed at politicizing and trying to place the case on the media agenda left new images as a balance which allows us to rethink the ways in which the victim's body becomes an active agent of protest. On the other hand, visual actions are part of an extensive political iconography linked to disappearance and death, where faces and silhouettes are traditional figures of our aesthetic-political imagination.

Resumen Este articulo propone un recorrido y una reflexión teórico-política sobre la iconografía construida alrededor de Santiago Maldonado, con el objetivo de indagar sobre los modos en que la figura del mártir-heroico y el desaparecido perviven y coexisten en diferentes imágenes de protesta. Diversos colectivos de arte político y fotoperiodismo realizaron una amplia variedad de intervenciones visuales para reclamar por la aparición y el posterior esclarecimiento de la muerte de Maldonado, asociando dicha figura con una serie de víctimas asesinadas o desaparecidas por parte del Estado y sus fuerzas de seguridad. Este intento de vincular el caso con una serie previa da cuenta de una estrategia de politización que lo transforma en un problema público, haciendo que la víctima deje de ser anónima (Gayol y Kessler, 2018). Las estrategias visuales destinadas a politizar e intentar instalar el caso en la agenda mediática dejaron como saldo nuevas imágenes que permiten repensar los modos en que el cuerpo de la víctima deviene en un agente activo de protesta. Por otra parte, las acciones visuales se inscriben en una extensa iconografía política ligada a la desaparición y la muerte, donde rostros y siluetas son figuras tradicionales de nuestra imaginación estético-política.

Resumo As atividades do Agente de Segurança Penitenciário podem torná-lo vulnerável ao estresse, devido a fatores como pressão por trabalho em longos turnos, ambiente tenso e constante exposição ao perigo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, de viés quantitativo, descritivo, comparativo e correlacional, com o objetivo de avaliar a vulnerabilidade ao estresse entre Agentes de Segurança Penitenciários de uma unidade prisional do interior de Minas Gerais. Foram aplicados os instrumentos: entrevista estruturada, seguida de “Escala de Vulnerabilidade ao Estresse no Trabalho”. A amostra foi de 95 Agentes de Segurança Penitenciários que mantêm contato direto com os presos. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: a) no geral, a “vulnerabilidade ao estresse” nos Agentes de Segurança Penitenciários da unidade prisional foi dada como superior em 53,7% da amostra; b) quanto ao “clima e funcionamento organizacional”, a classificação foi médio superior; c) no fator “pressão no trabalho”, a vulnerabilidade foi médio superior; d) quanto ao fator “infraestrutura e rotina”, a vulnerabilidade foi classificada como superior em 70,5% dos agentes. Foi constatado que os solteiros têm maior vulnerabilidade ao estresse em todos os fatores pesquisados. Concluiu-se que os Agentes de Segurança Penitenciários da unidade prisional do interior de Minas Gerais estão vulneráveis ao estresse, devendo ser elaboradas políticas públicas para combater o fenômeno.

Abstract Penitentiary Security Agent activities can make them vulnerable to stress due to factors such as pressure for working long hours, tense environment and a continuous hazard exposure. This is a field research of quantitative bias, descriptive, comparative and correlational, with the objective of assessing the vulnerability to stress of Penitentiary Security Agents of a Prison Unit in the interior of Minas Gerais. The instruments which were applied were: structured interview followed by “Workplace Stress Scale”. The sample was of 95 Penitentiary Security Agents who deal directly with the prisoners. The results obtained were: a) in general, vulnerability to stress in Penitentiary Security Agents of the Prison Unit was demonstrated superior in 53.7% of the agents; b) regarding the climate and organizational functioning, the classification was median superior; c) in the factor Pressure at workplace, the vulnerability was median superior; d) regarding the factor Infrastructure and Routine, the vulnerability was classified as superior in 70.5% of the Agents. It was found that single Agents are more vulnerable to stress in all of the researched factors. It was concluded that prison security agents of a prison unit in the interior of Minas Gerais are vulnerable to stress, and public policies should be developed in order to combat the actual phenomenon.

Resumen Las actividades del Agente de Seguridad Penitenciario pueden volverlo vulnerable al estrés debido a factores como la presión por trabajar por largos turnos, ambiente tenso y constante exposición al peligro. Se trata de una investigación de campo, de sesgo cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional, con objetivo de evaluar la vulnerabilidad al estrés de los Agentes de una Unidad Penal del interior de Minas Gerais. Fueron aplicados los siguientes instrumentos: entrevista estructurada, seguida de “Escala de Vulnerabilidad al Estrés en el Trabajo”. La muestra fui de 95 Agentes que mantienen contacto. Fueron obtenidos los siguintes resultados: a) en el general, la vulnerabilidad al estrés de los Agentes de la Unidade Penal fue dada como superior en el 53,7% de la muestra; b) en relación con el Ambiente y Funcionamiento Organizacional, la clasificación fue medio superior; c) en el factor Presión Laboral, la vulnerabilidad fue medio superior; d) en cuanto al factor Infraestructura y Rutina, la vulnerabilidad fue clasificada como superior en el 70,5% de los Agentes. Se constató que los Agentes solteros possen mayor vulnerabilidad al estrés en todos los factores investigados. Se concluyó que los Agentes de la Unidade Penal analizada están vulnerables al estrés, haciéndose necesarias políticas públicas para combatir el fenómeno.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir alguns aspectos generificados do trabalho dos agentes socioeducativos do estado do Rio de Janeiro em centros de internação para adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Ao descrever processos de patrulhamento de masculinidades, veremos como o trabalho emocional realizado por esses profissionais revela-se central para a construção de um modelo de atuação orientado por procedimentos de segurança em detrimento das atividades socioeducativas.

Abstract This article discusses some gendered aspects of the work of socio-educational officers in adolescent detention centers in Rio de Janeiro that conflict with the law. By describing processes of patrolling masculinities, the study reveals how emotional work performed by these professionals is central to the construction of an operating model guided by security procedures to the detriment of socio-educational activities.

Resumen Esta investigación científica demuestra el origen y la evolución del transporte y el inicio del sistema de logística. El trabajo tiene como objeto presentar la conceptualización del sistema logístico. Se llevó a conocimiento la interferencia en los contratos de los sujetos que trabajan en este campo de actividad y como sus relaciones identifican las personas que actúan en este ramo de la actividad económica. Y cómo los sistemas jurídicos de Brasil y Argentina los abordan y los disponen. Se ha demostrado que el sistema normativo en Brasil, sin definición de las actuaciones de los agentes marítimos de cargas, son un obstáculo en la necesaria seguridad jurídica en las relaciones entre agente y transportista. La metodología empleada considera que el derecho es interdisciplinario, dado que sigue, como una misma y sus múltiples ramificaciones modelo de sociedad, por lo tanto sigue esta investigación en un razonamiento jurídico lógico, inductivo, para encontrar respuestas a las preguntas propuestas en esta investigación . El uso de un conjunto de procedimientos y el uso de métodos científicos y legales cualitativos tales como, las leyes, las costumbres, los tratados internacionales, la jurisprudencia sistemática, con el objetivo de la presentación del caso presentado, de encontrar una solución al problema. Así, para este trabajo, sigue la metodología descriptiva del tipo cualitativo, por medio del análisis de un caso y la comparación de la jurisprudencia entre Brasil y Argentina, el sistema legal y hermenéutica para probar la teoría presentada.

Abstract This scientific research demonstrates the origin and evolution of transport and the start of the logistics system. The purpose of the work is to present the conceptualization of the logistics system. Interference was made to the contracts of the subjects working in this field of activity and how their relationships identify the people who act in this branch of economic activity. And how the legal systems of Brazil and Argentina address them and dispose them. It has been shown that the regulatory system in Brazil, without definition of the actions of maritime cargo agents, is an obstacle in the necessary legal security in the relations between agent and carrier . The methodology used considers that the law is interdisciplinary, since it follows, as one and its multiple model ramifications of society, therefore this investigation follows in a logical, logical, inductive reasoning to find answers to the questions proposed in this investigation. The use of a set of procedures and the use of qualitative scientific and legal methods such as laws, customs, international treaties, systematic jurisprudence, with the objective of presenting the case presented, to find a solution to the problem. Thus, for this work, follow the descriptive methodology of the qualitative type, through the analysis of a case and the comparison of jurisprudence between Brazil and Argentina, the legal and hermeneutical system to prove the theory presented.

Resumen Antecedentes: La bronquiolitis es la infección del tracto respiratorio inferior más frecuente en lactantes. El virus respiratorio sincicial es el principal agente y responde hasta por un 85 % de los casos. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados son: sexo masculino; lactantes menores; prematuros; patologías médicas de fondo como: cardiopatía congénita, displasia broncopulmonar, síndrome de Down y enfermedades neuromusculares; así como otros factores ambientales y sociales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los prematuros, el tratamiento utilizado, el perfil de la inmunofluorescencia viral, las complicaciones, el uso de palivizumab y los costos de hospitalización en pacientes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis durante enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2011. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, basado en la revisión retrospectiva de expedientes clínicos de una serie de pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Nacional de Niños de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 2 años egresados con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis durante 2011, con el antecedente de prematuridad (menor de 37 semanas de edad gestacional). Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 141 pacientes; un 63 % (n=89) de sexo masculino, promedio de edad 5,7 meses (rango 0-24). Un 43 % (n=61) de los pacientes manifestó bronquiolitis antes de los 3 meses de edad. Con respecto a la edad gestacional, se obtuvo que el 35,46 % de los pacientes eran de 32 a 35 semanas, de 35 a 37 semanas un 31,2 %, de 30 a 32 semanas un 19,86 % y el resto menores de las 29 semanas. En 93 niños (66 %) se anotó el antecedente de tabaquismo en el entorno del hogar; de forma específica, en 17 % de estos pacientes se presentó el antecedente de tabaquismo pasivo, al reportarse que el padre o el abuelo eran los fumadores activos. El antecedente heredofamiliar de asma fue positivo en el 41,8 %. Con respecto al tratamiento recibido durante su hospitalización, el 100 % ameritó oxígeno suplementario y un 61 % recibió nebulizaciones con salbutamol; los esteroides sistémicos se utilizaron en el 33 % de los pacientes y solo en un 29 % se utilizó la terapia antibiótica. Un 28 % de la población estudiada presentó complicaciones, de los cuales 28 (19,86 %) prematuros ameritaron soporte ventilatorio. El hallazgo de atelectasia en la radiografía de tórax se evidenció en el 7,8 % de los pacientes. Únicamente un 4,25 % de los pacientes tuvo una sobreinfección bacteriana. Debido a la dificultad de los accesos venosos de este grupo de niños, 14 (9,93 %) ameritaron la colocación de catéter venoso central. El rango de estancia hospitalaria fue de 1 a 31 días, con un promedio de 7; la hospitalización en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos alcanzó un rango de 5 a 18 días, con un promedio de 10, y el promedio de la necesidad de ventilación mecánica asistida fue de 8,2 días, y de cánula de alto flujo de 2,8 días. Únicamente un 6,38 % (n=9) tenía el antecedente de haber recibido profilaxis con palivizumab: la mayoría había recibido más de dos dosis y ninguno de los pacientes había completado el esquema de las 5 dosis. Durante 2011, el Hospital reportó que el costo promedio diario fue de ¢ 766 476. Con un total de 1001 días de hospitalización acumulada, se estimó un costo directo de ¢ 767 242 142, equivalente a $ 1 522 306 (dólares estadounidenses). Conclusión: El perfil de los prematuros en este estudio es muy similar a lo reportado internacionalmente, por ser un grupo de prematuros con prevalencia más elevada de complicaciones que la población pediátrica general. Dado el costo que implica el internamiento de estos pacientes, es necesario evaluar la aplicación de intervenciones como el palivizumab para prevenir la hospitalización y disminuir otros costos al sistema de salud solidario.

Abstract Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the main agent and responds in up to 85% of cases. The main associated risk factors are: male sex, young infants, premature infants, underlying medical conditions such as: congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Down syndrome and neuromuscular diseases; as well as other environmental and social factors. The objective of this study was to characterize preterm infants, the treatment used, the viral immunofluorescence profile, complications, the use of palivizumab, and hospitalization costs in patients hospitalized for bronchiolitis during January 2011 and December 2011. Methods: An observational, descriptive study, based on a retrospective review of clinical records of a series of hospitalized patients at the National Children’s Hospital (HNN) of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund. All patients under 2 years of age who were discharged with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis during 2011, with a history of prematurity (less than 37 weeks gestational age) were included. Results: A total of 141 patients were included, 63% (n = 89) were male, with an average age of 5.7 months (range 0-24). 43% (n = 61) of patients with Bronchiolitis manifested before 3 months of age. With regard to gestational age, it was found that 35.46% of the patients were between 32 and 35 weeks, 31.2% from 35 to 37 weeks, 19.86% from 30 to 32 weeks and the rest were under 29 weeks. In 93 children (66%) a history of smoking was noted in the home environment; specifically, 17% of these patients had a history of passive smoking as the father or grandfather was reported as active smokers. In relation to the hereditary family history of asthma, it was positive in 41.8%. Regarding the treatment received during their hospitalization, 100% required supplemental oxygen and 61% received nebulizations with salbutamol; systemic steroids were used in 33% of patients and antibiotic therapy was used in only 29%. 28% of the population studied presented complications, of which 28 (19.86%) premature babies required ventilatory support. The finding of atelectasis on the chest X-ray occurred in 7.8% of the patients. Only 4.25% of the patients had a bacterial superinfection. Due to the difficulty of the venous access in this group of children, 14 (9.93%) of them required the placement of a central venous catheter. The range of hospital stay was from 1 to 31 days with an average of 7 days, hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit reached a range of 5 to 18 days with an average of 10 days and the average need for assisted mechanical ventilation It was 8.2 days and the high-flow cannula was 2.8 days. Only 6.38% (n = 9) had a history of having received prophylaxis with Palivizumab, the majority had received more than two doses, and none of the patients had completed the 5-dose schedule. During that year 2011, the hospital reported that the average daily cost was ¢ 766 476; With a total of 1001 cumulative hospitalization days, a total direct cost of ¢ 767 242 142 was estimated, equivalent to $ 1 522 306 (US dollars). Conclusion: The profile of the characteristics of premature infants in this study is very similar to that reported internationally, as it is a group of premature infants with a higher prevalence of complications than the general pediatric population. Given the cost involved in the hospitalization of these patients, it is necessary to evaluate the application of interventions such as palivizumab to prevent hospitalization and reduce other costs to the solidarity health system.

Resumen Los motociclistas presentan la mayor tasa de mortalidad por incidentes de tránsito, por lo que el uso del casco se concibe como el principal elemento de seguridad. Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los imaginarios sociales de seguridad presentes en la compra y uso de cascos para motociclistas en Medellín, Colombia. Se realizó una investigación exploratoria descriptiva con la aplicación de cinco observaciones y tres grupos focales, y se aplicaron 321 encuestas a motociclistas de los niveles socioeconómicos 2 al 4. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes se encuentra que el imaginario de la seguridad en los cascos se asocia con aspectos normativos y algunos aspectos físicos del producto; al respecto, se evidencia que en la población joven el mensaje proveniente de la autoridad ha logrado un resultado positivo, pues ellos, a diferencia de los adultos, tienen mayor determinación sobre este criterio de uso. Este artículo puede aportar a decisores de política pública respecto al uso de los cascos en el país y abre la puerta para estudios relacionados con los imaginarios de otros actores viales como los peatones, conductores de vehículos particulares y públicos, entre otros.

Abstract Motorcyclists are the road agent with the highest mortality rate due to traffic incidents, therefore, the use of the helmet is conceived as the main safety element. The purpose of this research was to identify the social imaginary of security present in the purchase and use of motorcycle helmets in the city of Medellín, Colombia. A descriptive exploratory investigation was carried out with the implementation of five observations, three focus groups, and the administration of 321 surveys to motorcyclists of socioeconomic levels 2 to 4. Among the most relevant findings is that, the imaginary of helmet safety is associated with regulatory aspects and some physical aspects of the product; in this regard, it is evident that in the young population, the message from the authority, has achieved a positive result, because they, unlike adults, have a greater determination on this criterion of use. This article can contribute to public policy makers regarding the use of helmets in the country and opens the door for studies related to the imaginary of other road actors such as pedestrians, drivers of private and public vehicles, among others.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza el trabajo de la prevención dentro de un campo social específico: las familias de reclusos. Desde este lugar de experiencia, examina cómo la prevención toma forma como una tecnología de gobierno que orienta prácticas, pensamientos y formas de ser. Dentro de este movimiento relacional, este artículo teoriza el concepto de “sujeto de prevención” con el fin de explicar cómo un marco de subjetivación emerge como agente de disciplina moral, que se concibe mediante una gramática neoliberal de programas estatales, traducido al lenguaje ordinario por trabajadores de ONG e impulsado por el imperativo de prevenir.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the work of prevention within a specific social field: the families of prisoners. From this place of experience, it examines how prevention takes shape as a technology of government that guides practices, thoughts and ways of being. Within this relational movement, this article theorizes the concept of “subject of prevention” in order to explain how a framework of subjectivation emerges as an agent of moral discipline, which is conceived through a neoliberal grammar of state programs, translated into ordinary language by NGO workers and driven by the imperative to prevent.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o trabalho da prevenção dentro de um campo social específico: as famílias de presidiários. A partir desse lugar de experiência, examina como a prevenção ganha forma como tecnologia de governo que orienta práticas, pensamentos e formas de ser. Dentro desse movimento relacional, este artigo teoriza o conceito de “sujeito de prevenção” a fim de explicar como um referencial de subjetivação emerge como agente de disciplina moral, que se concebe por meio de uma gramática neoliberal de programas estatais, traduzido à linguagem comum por trabalhadores de organizações não governamentais e impulsionado pelo imperativo de prevenir.