Abstract Counter-narcotics plans, the redefinition of threats to the U.S., and Chinese and Russian presence in Latin America and the Caribbean have reignited the debate on security assistance, which involves economic and military components. Several actors and the U.S. government allege ‘failed’ results regarding the drug war, and they recommend increasing the amount of such assistance. This article reviews the definition and how government, academia, and think tanks distinguish military from economic support. Official data from 2010-2022 show that 90% of foreign assistance correspond to economic assistance and 10 per cent to military assistance. To contrast this information, we propose the reclassification of the assistance items, through a critical analysis that yields different results where in the same period security assistance amounts to 35% of the total. This is an index of the systematic way, throughout different U.S. administrations, in which security goods and services tend to be placed in non-military security programs, as part of economic assistance, when by origin and objectives, they correspond with the military sphere.

Resumen Los planes antinarcóticos, la redefinición de las amenazas a EE. UU. y la presencia de China y Rusia en América Latina y el Caribe, han reanimado el debate sobre la asistencia en seguridad, que implica componentes tanto económicos como militares. Diversos actores y el Gobierno estadounidense alegan resultados “fallidos” de la guerra contra el narcotráfico y sugieren aumentar el rubro de dicha asistencia. Este artículo revisa la definición y el modo en que el Gobierno, la academia y laboratorios de pensamiento distinguen el apoyo militar del económico. Los datos oficiales de 2010-2022 arrojan que un 90 % de la asistencia exterior correspondería a la asistencia económica y solo un 10 % a la militar. Para contrastar esta información, se propone la reclasificación de los rubros de la asistencia mediante un análisis crítico que arroja resultados diferentes en el que en el mismo período la asistencia en seguridad asciende al 35 % del total. Esto es un indicio del modo sistemático, a lo largo de diferentes administraciones estadounidenses, en que los bienes y servicios de seguridad tienden a ser ubicados en programas de seguridad no militares, como parte de la asistencia económica, cuando por origen y objetivos, se corresponden con el ámbito militar.

Resumen Lejos de tratarse de un colectivo homogéneo de funcionarios, los comisarios de la policía de la provincia de Buenos Aires presentan diferentes perfiles a la hora de construir poder y conducir la fuerza. Entre esos perfiles, los jefes denominados «callejeros» constituyen el grupo con mejor reputación no solo entre colegas y subordinados, sino también ante determinados actores sociales, políticos y mediáticos ajenos a la institución. En este artículo, analizamos la participación mediática en la construcción de sentidos vinculados al policía callejero. Lo hacemos a través de un ejemplo de caso: la cobertura del ascenso a la jefatura de la fuerza de un comisario general, identificado como un «policía de calle», realizada entre mayo y junio del año 2017 por una serie de programas televisivos y radiales. Como veremos en nuestro caso testigo, la producción y reproducción de narrativas asociadas a los quehaceres policiales dista de ser una tarea exclusiva de las agencias de seguridad, siendo promovida, además, por actores externos a las fuerzas.

Abstract Far from being a homogeneous group of officers, the «comisarios» in the police province of Buenos Aires have different profiles when it comes to building power and leading the force. Among these profiles, the so-called "callejeros" chiefs are the group with the best reputation not only among colleagues and subordinates, but also among certain social, political and media actors outside the institution. In this article, we analyze the participation of the media in the construction of meanings linked to the street police. We do so through a case example: the coverage of the promotion to the chief of the force of a «comisario general», identified as a «policía de calle», carried out between May and June 2017 by a series of television and radio programs. As we will see in our witness case, the production and reproduction of narratives associated with police tasks is far from being an exclusive task of security agencies, being promoted, moreover, by actors outside the forces.

RESUMEN Se aborda la proyección futura de las agencias de viajes presenciales considerando la perspectiva de usuarios de agencias online y presenciales. Los objetivos consistieron en averiguar si las agencias presenciales están tecnológicamente preparadas para atender las solicitudes de los consumidores online, averiguar la valoración de la experiencia que los consumidores de agencias de viajes otorgan al canal virtual y al presencial y determinar el futuro de las agencias presenciales en España. Revisada la literatura se desarrolló una metodología cuantitativa aplicando un cuestionario a consumidores de agencias de viajes que en 2019 hubiesen comprado en una agencia de España al menos un producto y/o servicio. Analizadas las 879 respuestas obtenidas con IBM SPSS se concluye que las agencias presenciales deberían considerar todos los canales de venta existentes para no verse desplazadas; desarrollando estrategias omnicanal. Respecto a la valoración de la experiencia de compra; el trato cercano, el asesoramiento y la comodidad y seguridad que las agencias presenciales brindan resultan decisivos, sin considerar el coste económico. Pese a que la agencia virtual es el canal de reservas más empleado; las agencias de viajes presenciales tienen proyección futura, si implementan tecnología para especializarse y permanecer próximas a los nuevos perfiles de consumidores.

ABSTRACT The future projection of brick-and-mortar travel agencies is addressed based on the perspective of both online and traditional travel agency users. The study aimed to investigate if traditional agencies are technologically prepared to meet the requests of online consumers, finding out how travel agency consumers value their shopping experience both for the virtual and face-to-face channels and to determine the future of traditional agencies in Spain. After the literature review, a quantitative survey was conducted, and 879 survey forms were collected from travel agency consumers who during 2019 had purchased at least one product and/or service using a travel agency in Spain. After performing statistical data analysis using IBM SPSS; it is concluded that brick-and-mortar agencies should consider all existing sales channels so as not to be displaced and should develop omnichannel strategies. Regarding the evaluation of the consumer's shopping experience; the personalized treatment, the advice and the degree of comfort and security that traditional agencies provide are decisive; without considering the economic cost. Although OTA booking has become the most used booking channel; brick-and-mortar travel agencies have a future projection if they implement technology, specializing in niche markets to meet new consumer profiles.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane irrigation is one of the main technologies to increase productivity and profitability in the sugar-energy sector. However, to improve the management of water resources in Brazil, growers need to obtain a water rights permitfrom regulatory agencies. The calculation of water rights is determined from data based on estimates of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA). The primary hypothesis of this study was that the method proposed by ANA to calculate water rights did not provide operational security since it lacked an adequate probabilistic character. As a corollary, we included a secondary hypothesis stating that determining flows through the simplified FAO method proposed in the CROPWAT 8.0 manual displayed vulnerability due to the criteria to choose the representative years. This research aimed to compare such methodologies with a more detailed case study (standard method), taking into account the temporal variability of these estimates, the irrigation criteria, and the probability of occurrence of ETo and rainfall to determine water rights for sugarcane irrigation. During the period between Apr and Sept (dry period), the calculation method proposed by ANA met the needs of the project. However, when rainfall was concentrated (Oct to Mar), the calculation method tended to underestimate the monthly values of available flows. The simplified method proposed by FAO and the alternative method proposed here approached ideal conditions. sugarenergy sugar energy sector However Brazil agencies (ETo ANA. . (ANA) character corollary 80 8 0 8. years standard method, , method) dry period, period) project Oct Mar, Mar Mar) conditions (ANA

ABSTRACT As a result of the debates held during the XI Seminar on Service, Research and Public Policy, on the theme “Urban Agriculture and Food and Nutrition Security: organic food in school meals”, this article summarizes the speeches of researchers, agricultural producers, representatives of civil society institutions and government agencies on urban food production. From the perspective of the of urban agriculture contribution to the quality of food, issues related to the scope and limits of the distribution of these foods through public facilities and destination to public policies, such as the school meal program, are addressed in light of experiences in the cities of São Paulo and Castro, in Paraná. Considering the supply of urban centers and the importance of organizational and food environments, debate took national and international guidelines on the social determinants of contemporary health and nutrition as a theoretical reference. The difficulties that mark the production of urban agriculture were addressed, and the actions of local initiatives that made it possible to advance towards a viable economic activity that promotes healthy eating and equity were presented. The role of public food policies, still limited in the field of urban agriculture, is evident to strengthen the work of farmers and public managers engaged in initiatives that already point to the potential for growth in this form of food production. Service Policy Urban Security meals, meals , meals” researchers producers policies program Castro Paraná environments reference presented

RESUMO Produto dos debates realizados por ocasião do XI Seminário Serviço, Pesquisa e Política Pública, sobre o tema “Agricultura Urbana e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional: o alimento orgânico na alimentação escolar”, este artigo sintetiza a fala de pesquisadores, produtores agrícolas, representantes de instituições da sociedade civil e de órgãos governamentais sobre a produção urbana de alimentos. Tendo como perspectiva a contribuição da agricultura urbana para a qualidade da alimentação, são tratados temas relativos aos alcances e limites para a distribuição destes alimentos por equipamentos públicos e destinação a políticas públicas como a alimentação escolar, à luz de experiências nas cidades de São Paulo e Castro, no Paraná. Considerações sobre o abastecimento de centros urbanos e a importância de ambientes organizacionais e ambientes alimentares tomaram como referencial diretrizes nacionais e internacionais sobre os determinantes sociais da situação de saúde e nutrição na contemporaneidade. São apontadas as dificuldades que marcam a produção da agricultura urbana, e as ações de iniciativas locais que possibilitaram avançar na direção de uma atividade econômica viável e promotora de alimentação saudável e de equidade. O papel das políticas públicas de alimentação, ainda limitado no que se refere à agricultura urbana, é patente para promover o fortalecimento do trabalho de agricultores e gestores públicos engajados nas iniciativas que já apontam o potencial de crescimento desta forma de produzir alimentos. Serviço Pública Agricultura Nutricional escolar , escolar” pesquisadores agrícolas Castro Paraná contemporaneidade equidade

Abstract This paper analyzes the influence of government support on the implementation of video surveillance, one of the tools usable in smart cities, and the effect of this technology on the performance of public security in the city of Recife. With a qualitative approach, the study locus was the Integrated Center (CIODS), which encompasses the public security forces and provides the video monitoring service in Recife. Interviews were conducted with video surveillance operators. The results show that government support is essential; however, in Recife, it is understood as insufficient for the use of innovations in public security, especially concerning the technology analyzed here. It is concluded that integration between agencies in the video surveillance system favors the expansion and applicability of the concept of smart cities to Recife. Recife approach CIODS, CIODS , (CIODS) operators essential however here (CIODS

Resumo Este trabalho analisa a influência do apoio governamental na implementação da videovigilância, uma das ferramentas utilizáveis em cidades inteligentes, e o efeito desta no desempenho da segurança pública de Recife. De abordagem qualitativa, o locus foi o Centro Integrado (Ciods), que abarca as forças de segurança pública e oferta o serviço de videomonitoramento em Recife. A partir de entrevista com os operadores empregados na videovigilância, os resultados encontrados demonstram que o amparo governamental é essencial, porém, em Recife, ele é entendido como insuficiente ao emprego de inovações na segurança pública, em especial na tecnologia analisada. Ainda assim, conclui-se que a integração entre os órgãos no sistema de videovigilância favorece a expansão e a aplicabilidade do conceito de cidades inteligentes a Recife. Recife qualitativa Ciods, Ciods , (Ciods) essencial porém analisada assim concluise conclui se (Ciods

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Abstract Based on our investigations with the Federal Forces of Argentina, and with the Police of the Province of Santa Fe (Argentina), we propose to put into comparative dialogue a series of findings from our field work. Both investigations focus on the analysis of the practices, routines, relationships and knowledge involved in the investigation of complex crime at these two levels of government, based on the examination of police-judicial articulations. The field work carried out at the federal and provincial level, ethnographic and qualitative through in-depth interviews respectively, as well as the aforementioned comparison will allow us to know differences and regularities in the ways of investigating and promoting institutional links between state bureaucracies. These frameworks - police, judicial and executive - of different types and levels, despite their differences, point to the existence of strong similarities and continuities. Criminal investigation has been a poorly developed topic. Social and legal sciences prioritize the study of other police practices and types of crime. Likewise, the investigations that are carried out in these areas focus on the procedures and routines - illegitimate and/or that involve excessive uses of physical force - of the police. members of the forces, more than in the proceedings of judicial officials. To address some of these relatively pending issues, first of all, we will comparatively investigate in search of similarities, continuities and differences, about what Criminal Investigation is at the federal and provincial levels and what agencies and practices it involves, trying to reveal what it “tells us” that articulation on the functional assembly or disengagement between state agencies when processing conflicts and violence. In Argentina, the police and security forces fulfill the function of auxiliaries of justice in those districts that do not have a Judicial Police, which is why they are key actors in the criminal investigation process. Criminal investigation requires the development of knowledge, agreements and routines that we will address based on the observations we have made within these bureaucracies and interviews with some of their agents. Secondly, we ask ourselves how and from what social processes - judicial, political and media - certain practices are criminalized, or not, in an area known as the “hot border” (Frederic, 2020; Renoldi, 2013) and in a province, Santa Fe, that has occupied the main headlines of national and provincial newspapers due to its permanent association with organized drug crime and the violence associated with it. Finally, we briefly characterize the inter-institutional relationships involved in criminal investigation processes.

Resumo Com base em nossas investigações com as Forças Federais da Argentina e com a Polícia da Província de Santa Fé (Argentina), propomos colocar em diálogo comparativo uma série de conclusões do nosso trabalho de campo. Ambas as investigações centram-se na análise das práticas, rotinas, relações e conhecimentos envolvidos na investigação de crimes complexos nestes dois níveis de governo, a partir do exame das articulações policial-judiciárias. O trabalho de campo realizado a nível federal e provincial, etnográfico e qualitativo através de entrevistas em profundidade respetivamente, bem como a referida comparação permitir-nos-ão conhecer diferenças e regularidades nas formas de investigar e promover vínculos institucionais entre as burocracias estatais. Estes enquadramentos - policial, judicial e executivo - de diferentes tipos e níveis, apesar das suas diferenças, apontam para a existência de fortes semelhanças e continuidades. A investigação criminal tem sido um tema pouco desenvolvido. As Ciências Sociais e Jurídicas priorizam o estudo de outras práticas policiais e tipos de crimes. Da mesma forma, as investigações que são realizadas nestas áreas centram-se nos procedimentos e rotinas - ilegítimas e/ou que envolvem usos excessivos de força física - dos membros das forças, mais do que nos procedimentos dos funcionários judiciais. Para abordar algumas destas questões relativamente pendentes, em primeiro lugar, investigaremos comparativamente, em busca de semelhanças, continuidades e diferenças, sobre o que é a Investigação Criminal a nível federal e provincial e quais os órgãos e práticas que envolve, tentando revelar o que é. “nos diz” essa articulação sobre a montagem funcional ou descomprometimento entre órgãos estatais no processamento de conflitos e violência. Na Argentina, a polícia e as forças de segurança desempenham a função de auxiliares da justiça nos distritos que não possuem Polícia Judiciária, razão pela qual são atores-chave no processo de investigação criminal. A investigação criminal exige o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos, acordos e rotinas que abordaremos com base nas observações que fizemos dentro dessas burocracias e em entrevistas com alguns de seus agentes. Em segundo lugar, questionamo-nos como e a partir de que processos sociais - judiciais, políticos e mediáticos - certas práticas são criminalizadas, ou não, numa área conhecida como “fronteira quente” (Frederic, 2020; Renoldi, 2013) e numa província, Santa Fé, que tem ocupado as principais manchetes dos jornais nacionais e provinciais devido à sua associação permanente com o crime organizado de drogas e a violência a ele associada. Por fim, caracterizamos brevemente as relações interinstitucionais envolvidas nos processos de investigação criminal.

Abstract The lack of agricultural involvement of the youth is a worldwide issue that endangers food security and sustainable development. As the youth continue to pursue non-agricultural courses and migrate to non-agricultural careers, there is a need to increase the labor force in the agricultural industry. As such, this phenomenological research aimed to understand the experiences of youths enrolled in agricultural courses. It aims to provide insights into the meanings of agriculture from individuals who have chosen to pursue agricultural education despite society’s pessimism about agriculture. Data was collected and analyzed using Collaizi'sdescriptive phenomenological method. We individually interviewed eleven senior high school students enrolled in an agricultural program at a Philippine state university. We also conducted member checking to enhance data validity and reliability. The participants have practical experience in agriculture, which focuses on crop production and livestock management. They also had communicative experiences, which are their interactions at school, with families, friends, and media focusing on agriculture. Moreover, for the participants, agriculture is a worthwhile endeavor. Agriculture can be a source of fulfillment, a stressful and risky field of specialization, and a means of contributing to national development. This research highlights that when given opportunities for agricultural engagement, the youths' experiences can establish positive meanings on agriculture. Thus, researchers can pursue further research on agricultural involvement. Moreover, there must be collaboration among relevant agencies to intensify efforts in encouraging the youth’s participation in agricultural activities.

Abstract This study aims to present the problems associated with the use of information from private internal investigation in a criminal process. The paper first presents the essence, functions, limits, and purposes of internal investigations, taking into account legal restrictions, including constitutional ones. Further in the paper, the authors critically analyze the possibility of using materials obtained and produced in internal investigations in criminal proceedings. A significant number of internal investigations are conducted by attorneys. Therefore, the paper also evaluates the permissibility of abolishing the attorney-client privilege and of the court or the law enforcement agencies obtaining the materials produced by an attorney in the course of an internal investigation or questioning of the lawyer. Having an attorney conduct an internal investigation improves the security of the information produced in the course of the internal investigation, as the materials are covered by the attorney-client privilege. However, one should bear in mind that in Poland this is not an absolute protection. The considerations led the authors to the conclusion that internal investigations are a valuable tool of the system for preventing irregularities in corporations and an important source of materials that can be used in criminal proceedings. process essence functions limits restrictions ones proceedings attorneys Therefore attorneyclient client lawyer However protection

Resumo Este estudo visa a apresentar os problemas associados ao uso de informações de investigação interna privada em um processo criminal. O trabalho descreve inicialmente a essência, as funções, os limites e as finalidades das investigações internas, levando em consideração as restrições legais, inclusive constitucionais. Mais adiante, os autores analisam criticamente a possibilidade de utilização em processos criminais de materiais obtidos e produzidos em investigações internas. Um número significativo de investigações internas é conduzido por advogados. Portanto, o trabalho também discute a amplitude do privilégio advogado-cliente e do tribunal ou dos órgãos persecutórios obterem os materiais produzidos no curso de uma investigação interna ou interrogatório do advogado. Ter um advogado conduzindo uma investigação interna melhora a segurança das informações produzidas no decorrer da investigação interna, pois os materiais são cobertos pelo sigilo advogado-cliente. No entanto, deve-se ter em mente que na Polônia esta não é uma proteção absoluta. As considerações levaram os autores à conclusão de que as investigações internas são uma valiosa ferramenta do sistema de prevenção de irregularidades nas empresas e uma importante fonte de materiais que podem ser utilizados em processos criminais. criminal essência funções legais constitucionais adiante advogados Portanto advogadocliente cliente advogadocliente. cliente. entanto devese deve se absoluta

Text mining and related analytics emerge as a technological approach to support human activities in extracting useful knowledge through texts in several formats. From a managerial point of view, it can help organizations in planning and decision-making processes, providing information that was not previously evident through textual materials produced internally or even externally. In this context, within the public/governmental scope, public security agencies are great beneficiaries of the tools associated with text mining, in several aspects, from applications in the criminal area to the collection of people's opinions and sentiments about the actions taken to promote their welfare. This article reports details of a systematic literature review focused on identifying the main areas of text mining application in public security, the most recurrent technological tools, and future research directions. The searches covered four major article bases (Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library), selecting 194 materials published between 2014 and the first half of 2021, among journals, conferences, and book chapters. There were several findings concerning the targets of the literature review, as presented in the results of this article.

Resumen La actuación en situaciones de emergencias es uno de los grandes desafíos a los profesionales de la psicología, pues demanda intervenciones singulares desde el primer contacto con las víctimas y con el contexto afectado por lo ocurrido, pasando por la interdisciplinaridad e interinstitucionalidad junto a los organismos públicos de seguridad, justicia, asistencia y salud. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar, por medio de la experiencia de la asistencia a las víctimas del colegio estadual Raul Brasil (en São Paulo, Brasil), las particularidades y adversidades enfrentadas durante el primer semestre de las intervenciones de emergencia que antecedieron la contratación de psicólogos por parte del municipio para continuidad de las acciones. Por medio de reportes de experiencia en intervenciones psicológicas, obtenidos en diferentes instituciones para la asistencia a las víctimas, este estudio también pretende presentar alternativas que puedan servir de referencia en la intervención de psicólogos y psicólogas en situaciones de emergencia y desastres, especialmente ocurridas en la comunidad escolar. Se verificó que la realización del trabajo interdisciplinar e interinstitucional, la participación de la dirección del colegio en la implementación de acciones y la realización de guardias psicológicas y círculos de conversación con la comunidad escolar fueron fundamentales para una asistencia a las víctimas. psicología ocurrido seguridad justicia salud Paulo Brasil, , Brasil) desastres interinstitucional

Abstract Timely response to emergency and disaster situations is a major challenge for Psychology professionals and require particular interventions, from initial contact with the victims and the affected environment to interdisciplinary and interinstitutional collaboration with public security, justice, assistance and health agencies. Based on the experience of providing assistance to the victims of the State School Raul Brasil, this paper presents the adversities and specificities faced during the first semester of emergency interventions implemented before psychologists were hired by municipal officials for the continuity of care. By analyzing experience reports on psychological interventions obtained from different institutions for victim assistance, this paper proposes alternatives to be used as reference for psychological intervention in emergency and disaster situations, especially those experienced by the school community. Interdisciplinary and interinstitutional collaboration with the school board for planning actions and offering psychological services and conversation circles for the school community was fundamental to assist the victims. security justice agencies Brasil care

Resumo A atuação em situações de emergências e desastres apresentam-se como um dos grandes desafios na atuação dos profissionais da Psicologia, demandando intervenções singulares, desde o primeiro contato com as vítimas e o com entorno afetado pelo ocorrido, passando pelo trabalho interdisciplinar e interinstitucional junto aos órgãos públicos de segurança, justiça, assistência e saúde. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar, por meio da experiência na assistência às vítimas na Escola Estadual Raul Brasil, as particularidades e adversidades enfrentadas durante o primeiro semestre de intervenções emergenciais que antecederam a contratação de psicólogos por parte do poder público municipal para continuidade das ações. Por meio de relatos de experiência em intervenções psicológicas, obtidos em diferentes instituições para a assistência às vítimas, este trabalho também visa apresentar alternativas que possam servir de referências para a intervenção do psicólogo e da psicóloga em situações de emergências e desastres, especialmente ocorridas na comunidade escolar. Observou-se que a realização do trabalho interdisciplinar e interinstitucional somado à participação da direção da escola no planejamento das ações e a realização de plantões psicológicos e rodas de conversa junto à comunidade escolar foram fundamentais para a assistência às vítimas do ocorrido. apresentamse apresentam se Psicologia singulares ocorrido segurança justiça saúde Brasil psicológicas Observouse Observou

ABSTRACT Introduction: Numerous studies have explored the relationship between citizen interactions with the police and the subsequent erosion of trust in the institution. However, while some findings suggest that the perceived quality of treatment during these encounters plays a pivotal role, other studies have argued that the effectiveness of the interaction—whether the reported issue was resolved or not—is the predominant factor influencing trust. This article seeks to unravel this puzzle by examining the impact of citizen-initiated police contacts on trust in the institution. Materials and methods: We assessed citizen satisfaction with police interactions across five key dimensions: treatment received, service speed, attention to citizen-provided information, explanation of subsequent procedures, and case resolution satisfaction. Our study examined two hypotheses: 1) Improvements in the evaluation of these interactions correlate with increased trust, and 2) Trust is more significantly influenced by satisfaction with the treatment received compared to other interaction dimensions. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed panel data from the USP Center for the Study of Violence (NEV-USP), which provides representative data on the city of São Paulo collected in 2015, 2017, and 2018. We used mixed-effects models to derive our findings. Additionally, our use of panel data on this topic represents a pioneering effort within the Brazilian context. Findings: Our findings revealed that trust in the police is positively correlated with good evaluations of police-citizen interactions, with particular significance attributed to satisfaction with the treatment received. Other dimensions of these interactions did not show significant associations with trust in the police. Discussion: These findings suggest that, in the city of São Paulo, the procedural perspective, which emphasizes the quality of police-citizen interactions through the treatment provided by police officers, holds greater significance over the perspective of effectiveness, adding fresh insights to the ongoing debate on the determinants of trust in the police. From a public policy standpoint, our findings signal that Brazilian law enforcement agencies should prioritize procedural training in their interactions with citizens to prevent erosion of public trust. Introduction institution However role interactionwhether whether notis citizeninitiated initiated methods speed citizenprovided information procedures hypotheses 1 2 NEVUSP, NEVUSP NEV , (NEV-USP) 2015 2017 2018 mixedeffects mixed effects Additionally context Findings policecitizen Discussion officers standpoint (NEV-USP 201 20

RESUMO Introdução: A interação com a polícia pode afetar a confiança dos cidadãos na instituição. Este estudo analisa como diferentes aspectos dessa interação influenciam a confiança dos cidadãos na instituição policial. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados cinco aspectos da interação: tratamento recebido dos policiais, rapidez do atendimento, atenção dada às informações prestadas pelos cidadãos, explicação sobre os próximos procedimentos a serem adotados na condução do caso e a satisfação com sua resolução. Duas hipóteses são testadas: 1) avaliações mais positivas geram maior confiança; 2) a satisfação com o tratamento tem a maior influência na confiança. Para o estudo, foram usados dados do NEV-USP com informações representativas da cidade de São Paulo coletadas em 2015, 2017 e 2018. Os dados foram analisados através de modelos de efeitos mistos. Resultados: A pesquisa revelou que apenas o tratamento recebido pelos policiais estava positivamente associado à confiança dos cidadãos. Os demais aspectos da interação não demonstraram influência significativa na confiança. Discussão: Em São Paulo, o modo como os policiais tratam os cidadãos é o fator mais influente na confiança destes na instituição policial, mais do que a eficácia da resolução do problema. Assim, treinamentos que enfatizem o relacionamento com os cidadãos são cruciais para fortalecer a confiança da população na polícia. Introdução policial métodos atendimento testadas 1 2 NEVUSP NEV USP 2015 201 2018 mistos Resultados Discussão problema Assim 20

The research on which this article reports, analysed corruption as a major threat to Nigeria's internal security. Studies have examined dimensions of corruption and their effects on security in the country, but this article sets out to analyse selected forms of abuse in the operations of two security agencies, the Army and Prison Services, in Nigeria's Ministries of Defence, and Interior respectively. The two represent military and paramilitary services in Nigeria, but they have overlapping duties and functions with other security agencies like the police, for example. Data is drawn from secondary sources for the conceptual and theoretical sections of the article. This is complemented by primary data from events analyses, especially from public hearings concerning the selected security agencies in Nigeria. A combination of the structural theory and the ecological approach is deployed for the article's analytic frame. The article finds out that the two agencies selected for study reflect the prevalence of corruption in several sectors of Nigeria's internal security architecture. It recommends a head-on combating of corruption which involves diligent closure of on-going cases of security breaches and corruption as well as the involvement of volunteers and communities.

Resumen El artículo se posiciona desde las criminologías verde y azul para analizar la problemática de la pesca ilegal en la Argentina. Con base en el estudio de instrumentos normativos y entrevistas, el estudio aborda el rol de la Prefectura Naval Argentina (PNA) dentro de la zona económica exclusiva (ZEE) y más allá de la milla 200 frente al accionar pesquero lesivo por parte de buques extranjeros. Por un lado, el artículo se enfoca en el uso del derecho penal como instrumento de control de la pesca ilegal, poniendo de sobresalto las problemáticas y limitaciones de este abordaje. Por otro lado, el estudio se enfoca en el trabajo de la PNA en búsqueda de soluciones no punitivas. Principalmente, se analizan la intervención de esta agencia de seguridad en el caso Huali 8 identificado por la PNA como un “cambio de paradigma” en el control de la pesca ilegal dentro de la ZEE y el trabajo intersectorial e interdisciplinario como respuesta no punitiva para la pesca no reglamentada en el espacio marítimo más allá de la milla 200. En su conjunto, desde el paradigma crítico de las criminologías verde y azul, este artículo busca poner el foco en el Sur global y en como una de las agencias destinadas a ejercer poder punitivo buscó explorar cauces de acción alternativos, priorizando el cuidado del medio acuático sin necesidad de más pena.

Abstract The article takes a green and blue criminology stance to analyze the problem of illegal fishing in Argentina. Based on the study of regulatory instruments and interviews, the study addresses the role of the Prefectura Naval Argentina (PNA) within the exclusive economic zone (ZEE) and beyond mile 200 in the face of harmful fishing actions by foreign vessels. On the one hand, the article focuses on the use of criminal law as an instrument to control illegal fishing, highlighting the problems and limitations of this approach. On the other hand, the study focuses on the work of the PNA in the search for non-punitive solutions. It mainly analyzes the intervention of this security agency in the Huali 8 case, identified by the PNA as a "paradigm shift" in the control of illegal fishing within the ZEE, and the intersectoral and interdisciplinary work as a non-punitive response to unregulated fishing in the maritime space beyond mile 200. As a whole, from the critical paradigm of green and blue criminologies, this article seeks to focus on the global South and on how one of the agencies destined to exercise punitive power sought to explore alternative courses of action, prioritizing the care of the aquatic environment without the need for more punishment.

Poverty statistics in many countries of the developing world, with Zimbabwe being no exception, continue to show a gender-skewed trend, with women more than men increasingly being more affected. This is worrying, considering the fact that it is women who are the majority, and they carry the brunt of the burden for most household duties. Zimbabwe adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and yet women continue to be hit hard by poverty. This was a qualitative study involving interviews and focus group discussions with 58 purposively sampled participants from Muchadziya village to determine the extent to which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards sustainable development in Zimbabwe. The aim of this article, was to explore the ways in which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards the alleviation of poverty. In the process, they will be contributing towards the attainment of some of the SDGs, such as the ones focusing on ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (SDG 1) and ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2). Using Africana womanism theoretical framework, the article maintained that African women should be perceived as agents, not subjects, of development and transformation in their communities. Findings indicated that women in Muchadziya village are selling various products and have sought markets in Beitbridge, Gweru and Zvishavane to sell them; others have set up shops and flea markets, and others make use of the land even though they do not own it to produce farm products to fight against poverty. The study concluded that women, despite being in difficult circumstances, are capable of contributing towards the achievement of the SDGs, particularly SDG 5 focusing on women's empowerment and attaining gender equality. It is therefore recommended that women be given the necessary support to achieve more. CONTRIBUTION: In a context where women are the most affected by poverty, Ndau women have proven that they can be agents of change by contributing towards the achievement of SDGs such as ending poverty in all its forms, zero hunger, education, gender equality and women's empowerment and water and sanitation. Not much scholarly attention has been paid to the agency of women in Chimanimani in enhancing Zimbabwe's sustainable development. This gap in literature might be influenced by the fact that African women, particularly women in rural areas, are perceived as beneficiaries or recipients of aid or development initiatives. As such, most programmes mainstreamed by aid or donor agencies in Africa have a specific focus on distributing aid to women and girl-children. Unfortunately, such programmes rarely seek to capacitate or empower their beneficiaries; hence, their interventions eventually disempower the intended beneficiaries