Alfred Schaeffer (1879-1957) was a German chemist who arrived in Minas Gerais in 1911 hired by the state government to organize the state health service in its newly established capital. He directed the Laboratory of Chemical Analysis of the State, and his analytical methods in dairy and mineral waters became a reference in Brazil. He also became professor of Chemistry at the new Faculty of Medicine of Belo Horizonte and founded the Chemistry Institute of the Engineering School in that city, influencing several students who became important names in Brazilian science. In addition, he was responsible for the assembly and technical coordination of pioneering industries in the dairy and wood distillation sector in the city of Santos Dumont. Later he assumed the post of technical director of Merck, also in Minas Gerais. Moving to Rio de Janeiro, he assumed a chair at the Technical School, working in teaching and research, and remained active even after retiring, publishing in important scientific journals. 18791957 1879 1957 (1879-1957 191 capital State Brazil science addition Dumont Merck Janeiro research retiring journals 1879195 187 195 (1879-195 19 187919 18 (1879-19 1 18791 (1879-1 (1879- (1879 (187 (18 (1 (

Abstract This paper aims to understand and characterize the emergence of tertiary spaces in the post-industrial city, focusing on the spatial and production transformations they promote. We understand tertiary spaces as novel urban forms targeted at the spatial and production repurposing of consolidated areas that stimulate the growth of the tertiary sector, commercial vitality, and urban dynamism. The study focuses on the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. The methodological strategy is qualitative, and data were produced through a morpho-typological survey and interviews with municipal authorities and entrepreneurs in the sector. The results show the role played by those forms in the urban and production repurposing of previously industrial areas. postindustrial post city promote sector vitality dynamism Aires qualitative morphotypological morpho typological

Resumen Este artículo se propone comprender y caracterizar el surgimiento de espacios del terciario en la ciudad posindustrial, poniendo particular atención a las transformaciones productivas y espaciales que promueven. Entendemos a los espacios del terciario como figuras urbanas novedosas orientadas a la reconversión productiva y espacial de áreas consolidadas, estimulando el crecimiento del sector terciario, la vitalidad comercial y la dinamización urbana. La investigación está focalizada en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. La estrategia metodológica es cualitativa y los datos fueron producidos mediante un relevamiento morfo-tipológico y la realización de entrevistas a funcionarios municipales y empresarios del sector. Los resultados evidencian el papel que juegan estas figuras en la reconversión productiva y urbana de áreas previamente industriales. posindustrial promueven consolidadas Aires morfotipológico morfo tipológico industriales

Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A produção de sal, sobretudo com métodos artesanais, não existe em todos os países, dadas as exigências climáticas e logísticas. Portugal apresenta alguma tradição nesse setor mas, ainda assim, a maioria dos profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais não tem experiência na área. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que mais relevante e recente se publicou, de forma a melhorar a capacidade de atuação destes e a potenciar a produtividade, satisfação e bem-estar dos trabalhadores afetos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo As salinas podem ser interiores (afastadas do mar, usando água subterrânea com elevado conteúdo em sal) ou litorais. As primeiras são mais escassas em Portugal e apenas existem entre Lisboa e Coimbra. Ao longo do tempo, no nosso país, a evaporação era realizada pelo fogo e sol. Esta última acredita-se que foi desenvolvida pelos romanos que, de certa forma, criaram a primeira versão das salinas. A nível nacional há evidência de produção de sal desde o final do Neolítico, mas aqui mais frequente com a utilização do fogo. Por toda a Europa tem existido um declínio da produção artesanal de sal, versus industrial, mesmo em salinas marítimas (sobretudo na costa noroeste de França e, em Portugal, na costa ocidental). A produção artesanal no nosso país é mais prevalente na zona da Figueira da Foz. O produto obtido via artesanal tem mais qualidade, nomeadamente a nível de sabor e nutricionalmente (via industrial o paladar é um pouco mais metálico). Portugal é um grande produtor e consumidor de sal tradicional. As caraterísticas climáticas adequam-se à produção, devido aos verões com temperaturas elevadas frequentes e ventos fortes e quentes. O sal nacional era e é consumido noutros países europeus, por apresentar qualidade superior, mesmo tendo um preço mais elevado. A produção depende do clima, nomeadamente a insolação (número de horas ao sol), precipitação, temperatura, nebulosidade e ventos (que condicionam a evaporação). Ou seja, esta é mais intensa e rápida se a temperatura do ar for mais elevada, tal como com mais ventos secos (que geralmente são mais frequentes no Verão); a baixa precipitação também é favorável. A produção de sal tem vindo a aumentar, até pelas crescentes necessidades industriais. Para ser usado nesta última situação, deverá estar no patamar de 100% de pureza. Discussão e Conclusões Não se encontrou bibliografia que fizesse referência à dimensão da saúde e segurança ocupacionais neste setor profissional. Em função de experiência teórica e prática dos autores, descrevem-se os fatores de riscos e riscos mais relevantes do setor: radiação ultravioleta e eventual cancro de pele, cataratas e outras lesões associadas; desconforto térmico e eventual maior sinistralidade associada a descoordenação motora, pior ajuste cardiovascular, bem como desorientação e capacidade de tomar decisões; cargas e/ou posturas forçadas/mantidas e eventuais lesões músculo-esqueléticas, surgimento/agravamento de patologia herniária e queda de objetos e ao mesmo nível e eventuais equimoses, lacerações cutâneas e/ou fraturas. Seria interessante conhecer melhor o panorama nacional deste setor, através de estudos que estratificassem hierarquicamente o risco, descrevendo ainda com rigor as doenças profissionais e acidentes associados, bem como medidas mais eficazes para atenuar essas questões.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Salt production, especially using artisanal methods, does not exist in all countries, given the climatic and logistical requirements. Portugal has some tradition in this sector, but even so, most professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have no experience in the area. The aim of this review was to summarize the most relevant and recent publications, to improve their performance capacity and enhance the productivity, satisfaction and well-being of the workers involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Salt pans can be inland (far from the sea, using groundwater with a high salt content) or coastal. The former are scarcer in Portugal and only exist between Lisbon and Coimbra. Over time, in our country, evaporation was carried out by fire and sun. The latter is believed to have been developed by the Romans who created the first version of salt flats. At national level there is evidence of salt production since the end of the Neolithic, but here more frequently with the use of fire. Throughout Europe there has been a decline in artisanal versus industrial salt production, even in sea salt pans (especially on the northwest coast of France and, in Portugal, on the western coasts). Artisanal production in our country is more prevalent in the Figueira da Foz area. The product obtained via artisanal production has better quality, particularly in terms of flavor and nutritionally (via industrial production the taste is more metallic). Portugal is a large producer and consumer of traditional salt. The climatic characteristics suit production, due to summers with frequent high temperatures and strong, hot winds. National salt was and is consumed in other European countries; for presenting superior quality, even though it is more expensive. Production depends on the climate, namely insolation (number of hours in the sun), precipitation, temperature, cloudiness and winds (which affect evaporation). In other words, this is more intense and faster if the air temperature is higher, such as with more dry winds (which are generally more frequent in summer); low precipitation is also favorable. Salt production has been increasing, due to growing industrial needs. To be used in this last situation, it must be at 100% purity. Discussion and Conclusions No bibliography was found that referred the dimension of occupational health and safety in this professional sector. Based on the authors' theoretical and practical experience, the most relevant risk factors and risks in the sector are described: ultraviolet radiation and possible skin cancer, cataracts and other associated injuries; thermal discomfort and eventual higher accident rates associated with motor incoordination, worse cardiovascular adjustment, as well as disorientation and ability to make decisions; forced/maintained loads and/or postures and possible musculoskeletal injuries, emergence/worsening of hernia pathology and falling objects at the same level and possible bruises, skin lacerations and/or fractures. It would be interesting to learn more about the national panorama of this sector, through studies that hierarchically stratify the risk, also accurately describing occupational illnesses and associated accidents, as well as more effective measures to mitigate these issues.

Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Abstract The civil construction sector is one of the main consumers of natural resources and presents the need to implement sustainable practices in its activities. We sought to present an overview of sustainability practices that have been developed by the civil construction sector in Brazil and their contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the UN. To this end, a review of the literature was carried out, considering the Brazilian sector, using the following steps: preparation; organization phase; reporting the analysis process and results. Twenty-four companies representing the sector were considered. According to the analysis of their reports, 19 sustainable practices are identified. It was possible to group these practices into four macro areas aligned with the sustainable development of organizations, such as environmental, economic, social, and extensive management practices. Finally, a synthesis of the practices that have been applied in the civil construction sector is presented. Sustainable practices were also aligned with the goals set out in the UN SDGs. activities SDGs (SDGs end steps preparation phase results Twentyfour Twenty considered reports 1 identified organizations environmental economic social Finally presented

Resumo O setor da construção civil é um dos principais consumidores de recursos naturais e apresenta a necessidade de implementação de práticas sustentáveis em suas atividades. Buscou-se apresentar o panorama das práticas de sustentabilidade que vem sendo desenvolvidas pelo setor da construção civil atuantes no Brasil e suas contribuições para o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentáveis (ODSs) propostos pela ONU. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura e em seguida um levantamento de empresas que se destacam no setor considerando o cenário brasileiro, utilizando as seguintes etapas: fase de preparação; fase de organização; e fase de relatar o processo de análise e resultados. Foram consideradas 24 empresas representativas do setor. Segundo a análise de seus relatórios, 19 práticas sustentáveis são desenvolvidas. Foi possível agrupar tais práticas em quatro macro áreas alinhadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável das organizações, como por exemplo, práticas ambientais, econômicas, sociais e práticas amplas de gestão. Por fim, apresenta-se uma síntese das práticas que vem sendo aplicadas no setor da construção civil. As práticas sustentáveis também foram alinhadas aos objetivos estabelecidos nos ODSs da ONU. atividades Buscouse Buscou (ODSs ONU tal brasileiro etapas preparação organização resultados 2 relatórios 1 organizações exemplo ambientais econômicas gestão fim apresentase

Abstract This research manages as a central axis the Territorial Development in the northern zone of the State of Baja California Sur, specifically in the Vizcaíno Valley, located in the municipality of Mulegé. In the study area, a situation of economic and territorial backwardness has been generated as a result of dependence on a priority economic sector that is not articulated with the rest of the sectors. In this sense, the potential for integration between sectors is identified, thus presenting a proposal for a structure for the integration of local productive sectors, being these the most relevant, such as the primary one (livestock, fishing, and mining), and the tertiary sector, which is complementary. The economic sectors are described independently, later, through an analysis of three pillars of integration: planned, intersectoral and territorial, a crossover strategy is proposed where, through said relationship, complementary intersectoral activities are generated, with a view to a territorial productive chain.

Resumen La presente investigación maneja como eje central el Desarrollo Territorial en la zona norte del Estado de Baja California Sur, específicamente en el Valle de Vizcaíno, situado en el municipio de Mulegé. En el área de estudio, se ha generado una situación de rezago económico y territorial como efecto de la dependencia a un prioritario sector económico que no se encuentra articulado con el resto de los sectores. En este sentido, se identifica el potencial de integración entre sectores, presentando así una propuesta de estructura para integración de sectores productivos locales, siendo estos el de mayor relevancia como es el primario (ganadería, pesca y minería), y el que figura de manera complementaria, el terciario. Se describen de manera independiente los sectores económicos, posterior, mediante un análisis de tres pilares de integración: planificada, intersectorial y territorial, se propone una estrategia cruzada donde, mediante dicha relación, se generen actividades intersectoriales complementarias, con miras un encadenamiento productivo territorial.

Abstract Purpose: To identify the challenges faced by nanomedicine in Mexico, according to the opinion of experts in the field. Methodological design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Mexican researchers in the field of nanomedicine. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews were both online and face-to-face. The information was processed with ATLAS.ti software. Results: Challenges were identified in different areas: financing, social benefit, human resources, infrastructure, nanotoxicology, patenting, preclinical and clinical research, academia-industry linkage, regulation, scientific policy and multidisciplinary work. Research limitations: Interviews included researchers only. It would be necessary to interview other agents involved in the nanomedicine chain of value, such as entrepreneurs and health sector managers. Findings: The main challenges facing nanomedical research in Mexico are the following: reduced funding, research with little impact on society, lack of specific educational programs in nanomedicine, low patenting activity, weak links between academia and industry, and lack of regulation. Some proposals to address these challenges are analyzed in this paper.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los desafíos que enfrenta la investigación en nanomedicina en México según la opinión de expertos en la materia. Diseño metodológico: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a investigadores mexicanos del área de nanomedicina. Los entrevistados fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo intencional. Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo de manera presencial y a distancia. El procesamiento de la información se realizó con el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: Se identificaron desafíos en distintos rubros: financiamiento, beneficio social, recursos humanos, infraestructura, nanotoxicología, patentamiento, investigación preclínica y clínica, vinculación academia-industria, regulación, política científica y trabajo multidisciplinario. Limitaciones de la investigación: Las entrevistas se realizaron únicamente a investigadores. Sería necesario entrevistar a otros agentes involucrados en la cadena de valor de la nanomedicina tales como empresarios y funcionarios del sector salud. Hallazgos: Los principales desafíos que enfrenta la investigación nanomédica en México son el financiamiento reducido, investigaciones con poca incidencia en la sociedad, inexistencia de programas educativos específicos en nanomedicina, escaso patentamiento, nula vinculación con empresas y falta de regulación. Algunas propuestas para encarar estos desafíos se analizan en el presente trabajo.

Resumen Este trabajo cualitativo analiza las narrativas de cinco mujeres latinas radicadas en el estado de Oregón (Estados Unidos) en relación con sus interacciones sociales en el sector servicios y los espacios públicos de las comunidades en las que viven. El objetivo es conocer sus experiencias y observar si existe una conciencia crítica sociolingüística que reafirme una agencia en el país de destino. Usando como marco teórico el análisis crítico del discurso y la raciolingüística, se obtuvieron tres ejes temáticos comunes: la ausencia del español en los lugares públicos, la mirada blanca en los intercambios lingüísticos, y el multilingüismo en la vida pública. Estas narrativas muestran cómo la conciencia crítica desencadena la resiliencia y la agencia que les ha permitido enfrentarse a dificultades racistas y discriminaciones lingüísticas en Estados Unidos.

Abstract This qualitative study analyzes the narratives of five Latina women living in the state of Oregon (United States) in relation to their social interactions in the service sector and public spaces of the communities in which they live. The objective is to learn about their experiences and observe if there is a critical sociolinguistic awareness that reaffirms an agency in the destination country. Drawing on a theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and raciolinguistics, three common thematic axes were obtained: the absence of Spanish in public places, the white gaze in linguistic exchanges, and multilingualism in public life. These narratives show how critical awareness triggers the resilience and agency that has allowed these women to challenge racist and linguistic discriminations in the United States.

Resumé Le télétravail à domicile a atteint 11% de la population occupée du pays dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19. Il s'agissait en majorité de femmes, de personnes blanches, diplômées de l'enseignement supérieur, et travaillant dans les secteurs des services et de la communication. La réalité des télétravailleurs à domicile est différente de celle de la plupart des travailleurs à domicile d'avant la pandémie: femmes noires, peu scolarisées et travaillant dans l'industrie manufacturière. Cependant, en examinant les données du PNAD entre 1992 et 2019, on peut observer la croissance, dans ce type de travail, de la participation des hommes ayant une formation et une rémunération supérieures et travaillant dans les secteurs des services et de la communication. En ce sens, bien que le travail à domicile ait peu varié dans le période, certaines tendances d'évolution de ce type de travail se dégagent des données, réalisées à domicile et sur le profil du travailleur à domicile. Nous comprenons que ces changements observés dans la pré pandémie contribuent à comprendre l'espace que le télétravail à domicile a gagné dans la pandémie, à se renforcer comme modalité de travail et à se justifier comme alternative pour organiser l'espace de travail. 11 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 sagissait s agissait blanches lenseignement l enseignement supérieur communication davant d avant noires lindustrie industrie manufacturière Cependant 199 2019 croissance sens période dévolution évolution lespace espace 1 COVID1 COVID-1 201 COVID- 20 2

Resumo O trabalho remoto atingiu 11% da população ocupada do Brasil no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19: uma maioria de mulheres, pessoas brancas, com nível superior de escolaridade, e atuantes no setor de educação e serviços. Esse perfil é distinto do padrão predominante de trabalhadores em domicílio: mulheres negras com baixo nível de escolaridade e atuantes na indústria de transformação. Mas, ao revisar os dados da PNAD entre 1992 e 2019, encontramos algumas transformações nos setores da economia e atividades ocupacionais realizados em domicílio, bem como uma mudança no perfil do trabalhador em domicílio: crescimento na participação de homens com maior nível de escolaridade e remuneração e atuantes no setor de serviços e de comunicação. Defendemos, neste artigo, que essas mudanças no trabalho em domicílio observadas na pré-pandemia contribuem para compreender o espaço que o trabalho remoto ganhou durante e após a pandemia para se fortalecer enquanto modalidade de trabalho e se justificar enquanto alternativa de organização de espaço de trabalho. 11 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-19 brancas transformação Mas 199 2019 comunicação Defendemos artigo prépandemia pré 1 COVID1 COVID-1 201 COVID- 20 2

Abstract Remote work reached 11% of Brazil's employed population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: the majority being women, white individuals with higher education levels, and working in the education and services sectors. This profile is distinct from the predominant pattern of home-based workers: black women with lower education levels and working in the manufacturing industry. However, upon reviewing PNAD data from 1992 to 2019, we found some transformations in home-based economic sectors and occupational activities. Additionally, there has been a shift in the profile of home-based workers: an increase in the participation of men with higher education and income levels, working in the services and communication sectors. In this article, we argue that these pre-pandemic changes in home-based work contribute to understanding the space that remote work has gained during and after the pandemic to strengthen itself as a work modality and justify itself as an alternative for organizing workspaces. 11 Brazils Brazil s COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 homebased home based workers industry However 199 2019 activities Additionally article prepandemic pre workspaces 1 COVID1 COVID- 201 20 2

RESUMEN Las cuatro misiones de la Universidad hacen que esta tenga un papel importante en el desarrollo económico y social a través de la formación del capital humano. Entre las misiones, se encuentran la enseñanza y la investigación. La enseñanza debe llevarse a cabo por medio de la investigación para generar las bases del conocimiento y el desarrollo de este. Además, debe generar el uso del conocimiento, su preservación y difusión mediante la interacción con usuarios. Por eso, se indagó en: 1) la formación de los estudiantes universitarios de Encarnación con relación a la CTI; 2) el índice de universidades de Encarnación que realizan transferencia de conocimiento; 3) la relación entre las MIPYMES y las universidades de Encarnación. Metodológicamente, se trabajó con la metodología cuantitativa-método descriptivo. Se aplicó una encuesta a directivos de 4 universidades privadas de la ciudad. Los resultados dan cuenta de la falta de capital humano calificado en I+D+i dentro de las universidades estudiadas, hecho que dificulta la implementación de las oficinas de transferencia de conocimiento (OTRI) pues la formación relacionada a la investigación e innovación se ven limitadas al no desarrollarse en todos los años de cursada, siendo esto, a nivel de grado y posgrado, además de la escasa actividad de vinculación con el medio. Estos hallazgos resaltan la limitada capacidad para generar nuevos conocimientos contextualizados a la realidad local y a su posterior aplicación eficiente.

ABSTRACT The four missions of the University give it an important role in economic and social development through the formation of human capital. Among the missions are teaching and research. Teaching must be carried out through research to generate the bases of knowledge and its development. It must also generate the use of knowledge, its preservation and dissemination through interaction with users. Therefore, we investigated: 1) the training of university students in Encarnación in relation to STI; 2) the index of universities in Encarnación that carry out knowledge transfer; 3) the relationship between MSMEs and universities in Encarnación. Methodologically, we worked with the quantitative methodology - descriptive method. A sur- vey was applied to managers of 4 private universities in the city. The results show the lack of qualified human capital in R+D+i within the universities studied, a fact that hinders the implementation of knowledge transfer offices (OTRI), since training related to research and innovation is limited because it is not developed in all the years of study, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, in addition to the limited activity of linking with the environment. These findings highlight the limited capacity to generate new knowledge contextualized to the local reality and its subsequent efficient application.

Abstract Introduction. Beekeeping in Honduras is an important activity for the livestock sector, threatened by the presence of pests and diseases that affect its development and production. Objective. To determine the parasitic load of Varroa destructor and Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. associated with hygienic behavior, productivity, and the presence of other pests in Apis mellifera hives in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras. Materials and Methods. A study was carried out on 57 samples from hives in 19 apiaries to determine the infestation rate of V. destructor. The average infection rate of Vairimorpha spp. was determined using the Cantwell method. Additionally, the association between parasitic loads and productivity, hygienic behavior, and the presence of other pests was determined through a stratified analysis based on whether or not treatment against Varroa spp. was used. Associations were determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results. The infestation rates for V. destructor in dispersal and larval stages were 3.48 % and 6.82 %, respectively. The use of chemical treatment showed no association with the infestation rate of V. destructor in either larvae or a dults (p≥0.05). The presence of the small hive beetle (SHB) was associated with a higher infestation of V. destructor in larvae (p<0.007) in untreated hives. The infection range of Vairimorpha spp. was classified as very light with 5×104 spores per sample. The Vairimorpha spp. load showed no association with the mentioned variables (p≥0.05). Conclusion. The results indicate that varroosis is a disease of importance in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras, associated with hygienic behavior and the presence of SHB in the hives. Nosemosis showed a very light infection.

Resumen Introducción. La apicultura en Honduras es una actividad importante para el sector pecuario, amenazada por la presencia de plagas y enfermedades que afectan su desarrollo y producción. Objetivo. Determinar la carga parasitaria de Varroa destructor y Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. asociadas al comportamiento higiénico, productividad y presencia de otras plagas en colmenas de Apis mellifera en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio en 57 muestras de colmenas de 19 apiarios, para determinar la tasa de infestación de V. destructor. La tasa media de infección de Vairimorpha spp., se determinó mediante el método de Cantwell. Además, se determinó la asociación entre las cargas parasitarias y la productividad, comportamiento higiénico y presencia de otras plagas, mediante un análisis estratificado según el uso o no de tratamiento contra Varroa spp. La determinación de asociaciones se realizó mediante las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados. Las tasas de infestación para V. destructor en fase de dispersión y larval fueron de un 3,48 % y un 6,82 %, respectivamente, el uso de tratamiento químico no mostró asociación con la tasa de infestación de V. destructor en larvas ni en adultos (p≥0,05), la presencia del pequeño escarabajo de las colmenas (PEC), se asoció con una mayor infestación de V. destructor en larvas (p<0,007) en las colmenas sin tratamiento. El rango de infección de Vairimorpha spp. se encontró dentro de la clasificación muy ligera con 5×104 esporas por muestra, la carga de Vairimorpha spp. no mostró asociación con las variables mencionadas (p≥0,05). Conclusión. Los resultados indican que varroasis es una enfermedad de importancia en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras, asociada con el comportamiento higiénico y la presencia de PEC en las colmenas. Nosemosis presentó una infección muy ligera.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Abstract In recent years, digital transformation processes have been gaining relevance. However, not all companies are achieving the same degree of transformation. The presence of barriers and enablers plays a significant role in this process. Furthermore, the extent of digital transformation also impacts how human resources (HR) policies are deployed and influences the effect they have on employees. This work aims to understand how the digital transformation process is occurring from a qualitative approach. Specifically, this study analyzes the main drivers and barriers of firms' digitalization, as well as its effects on companies, people, and human resource practices. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants in three companies to gain an in-depth insight into the research problem. ATLAS.ti was used for data analysis and coding. Results show the presence of barriers and facilitators documented in existing literature. However, our results reveal that the business size and the firm's main activity are important variables that affect the extent of digital transformation. The study also reveals the benefits of digitalization in terms of efficiency and human resource autonomy (flexibility, work-life balance). Likewise, the findings unveil the negative consequences of digitalization with risks such as depersonalization and isolation that undermine talent retention.

Resumen En los últimos años, el proceso de transformación digital ha ido ganando importancia. Sin embargo, no todas las empresas adquieren el mismo nivel de transformación. La presencia de barreras y facilitadores desempeña un papel importante en este proceso. Además, el alcance de la transformación digital también influye en cómo se ejecutan las políticas de recursos humanos (RH) y su impacto en los empleados. Este trabajo pretende comprender cómo se está produciendo el proceso de transformación digital desde un enfoque cualitativo. En concreto, en este estudio se analizan los principales impulsores y barreras de la digitalización en las empresas, así como sus efectos sobre la empresa, las personas y, sobre las prácticas de recursos humanos. Se realizaron ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave de tres empresas para conocer en profundidad el problema de investigación. Se utilizó ATLAS.ti para el análisis y la codificación de los datos. Los resultados muestran la existencia de barreras y facilitadores, tal y como ha identificado la literatura existente, sin embargo, nuestros resultados muestran que el tamaño de la empresa y el sector al que pertenece son variables importantes que afectan al nivel de transformación digital. El estudio también revela los beneficios de la digitalización en términos de eficiencia y sobre la autonomía de los recursos humanos (flexibilidad, conciliación). Asimismo, los resultados muestran también los efectos negativos de la digitalización como los riesgos como la despersonalización y el aislamiento que socavan la retención del talento.