Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies arbóreas pioneras que comúnmente dominan la sucesión secundaria temprana del bosque tropical caducifolio pueden afectar las posibles rutas sucesionales. Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa es una especie muy dominante en el bosque tropical caducifolio de México. Hipótesis: Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa ejerce un efecto inhibitorio sobre la germinación, establecimiento, supervivencia y crecimiento inicial de especies pioneras intolerantes a la sombra, pero facilita estos procesos para especies de bosque maduro tolerantes a la sombra. Especies de estudio: Lonchocarpus torresiorum, Lysiloma divaricatum, Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa y Vachellia farnesiana Sitio y años de estudio: Nizanda, Oaxaca, México, 2020-2021. Métodos: En 12 parcelas de sucesión secundaria temprana, aplicamos tres niveles de remoción de copa de M. acantholoba. Las cuatro especies de estudio se sembraron y registramos su germinación, establecimiento, supervivencia y crecimiento inicial durante dos meses. Resultados: El tratamiento de remoción de la copa no afectó significativamente la germinación. Lysiloma divaricatum tuvo la mayor probabilidad de germinación, la germinación más rápida y la mayor probabilidad de establecimiento, independientemente del tratamiento. Lonchocarpus torresiorum tuvo la mayor probabilidad de establecimiento en las parcelas sin cobertura de copa de M. acantholoba. La probabilidad de supervivencia de ambas especies fue más alta donde M. acantholoba fue removida por completo. Conclusiones: La germinación de las especies tolerantes a la sombra fue exitosa pero su supervivencia se inhibió por el denso dosel de M. acantholoba. La reducción de las copas de M. acantholoba puede estimular la recuperación de áreas forestales.

Abstract Background: Individual pioneer tree species often dominate early tropical dry forest succession and thereby affect possible successional pathways. Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa is a highly dominant species in the tropical dry forest in Mexico. Hypothesis: Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa exerts an inhibitory effect on the germination, establishment, survival, and early growth of light-demanding pioneers, while facilitating these processes for shade-tolerant old-growth forests species. Studied species: Lonchocarpus torresiorum, Lysiloma divaricatum, Mimosa acantholoba var. eurycarpa and Vachellia farnesiana. Study site and dates: Nizanda, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2020-2021. Methods: In 12 early successional plots, we applied three levels of crown cover removal (100, 50, and 0 %) of established trees of the dominant pioneer legume (M. acantholoba var. eurycarpa). We sowed seeds of the four study species in each experimental plot and recorded their germination, establishment, survival, and early growth over a 2-mo period. Results: The removal of crown cover of established M. acantholoba var. eurycarpa trees did not significantly affect germination. Lysiloma divaricatum had the highest germination probability, the fastest germination, and the highest establishment probability regardless of treatment. Lonchocarpus torresiorum had the highest establishment probability in plots where the crown cover of established M. acantholoba var. eurycarpa trees was removed. The survival probability of both shade-tolerant species was highest in the 100 % removal treatment. Conclusions: Despite successful germination of shade-tolerant species, their survival is inhibited under the dense canopy of the dominant legume. Therefore, interventions to reduce the crown cover area of this dominant legume may stimulate forest recovery.

Summary Background and aims: The most substantial global land use change is the transformation of native ecosystems into agroecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and reduction of ecosystem services. Potentially, these degraded systems could be restored from their soil seed bank. Our aim was to assess species richness and density of the soil seed bank along a structural complexity gradient in agroecosystems and Espinal forest fragments. Furthermore, we compared species composition between the soil seed bank and established vegetation of the reference system to explore its potential for regeneration of native plant communities. M&M: A structural complexity gradient was created from vegetation and soil structural variables from plots with different land uses to analyze seed bank variables. Results: The highest richness was recorded in the pasture soil seed bank, followed by the forests. The highest density and similarity to the established vegetation of the reference system was registered in the forests. Herbaceous species predominated in all plots. With the exception of Celtis tala, seeds of dominant woody species from the reference system were not observed. Conclusions: The pasture seed bank may be particularly relevant in the early stage of native forest restoration, especially if the aim is to reduce costs. However, the contribution of the seed bank to Espinal forests recovery in short to medium term is limited due to its low similarity to reference system.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El cambio de uso del suelo más significativo a nivel mundial es la transformación de ecosistemas nativos en agroecosistemas, causando pérdida de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos. Potencialmente, estos sistemas degradados podrían recuperarse a partir del banco de semillas del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la riqueza y densidad del banco de semillas en relación con un gradiente de complejidad estructural en agroecosistemas y fragmentos de bosques del Espinal, así como su potencial para regenerar especies nativas comparando su composición de especies con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia. M&M: A partir de variables estructurales de vegetación y de suelo de parcelas con distintos usos de suelo, se construyó un gradiente de complejidad estructural sobre el cual se analizaron las variables del banco de semillas. Resultados: El banco de semillas de la pastura registró la mayor riqueza, seguida por el de bosques. La mayor densidad del banco de semillas y similitud con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia la presentaron los bosques. Predominaron las especies herbáceas en todas las parcelas. A excepción de Celtis tala, no se observaron semillas de especies leñosas dominantes del sistema de referencia. Conclusiones: El banco de semillas de la pastura puede contribuir en las primeras etapas de restauración, especialmente si se busca reducir los costos asociados a este proceso. Sin embargo, su aporte para recuperar los bosques nativos del Espinal en el corto o mediano plazo es limitado debido a su baja similitud con el sistema referencia.

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

Abstract In the savanna-seasonally dry tropical forest ecotone in Northeastern Brazil, we studied variations in flora and structure within old growth and two sites in secondary succession (10 and 25 years). We sampled 2,127 trees and shrubs with a diameter at ground level of 3 cm or more, excluding cacti, palm trees, and vines. Old growth contained 478 plants from 29 species, the 25-year site had 819 plants from 27 species, and the 10-year site had 829 plants from 25 species, totaling 38 species across the sites. Regarding the regenerating stratum, we found 2,776 individuals, with the largest and smallest number of individuals for 10 and 25 years regeneration, respectively. Rarefaction and Jacknife richness showed greater tree richness in old growth, whereas 10 and 25 years regeneration presented similar richness estimates; furthermore, the highest richness in the regenerating stratum was observed in 10 years and the lowest in old growth. Our results reveal that changes in composition are caused by species replacement, demonstrating that even in areas deforested for traditional agriculture, turnover causes significant changes in composition and results in the requirement of a long time for reestablishment, similar to the old growth. savannaseasonally savanna seasonally Brazil (1 2 years. . years) 2127 127 2,12 more cacti vines 47 25year year 81 10year 82 2776 776 2,77 1 respectively estimates furthermore replacement agriculture reestablishment ( 212 12 2,1 4 8 277 77 2,7 21 2, 7

Resumo Em uma área de ecótono entre a savana e a floresta tropical sazonalmente seca no Nordeste do Brasil, estudamos variações na flora e na estrutura em áreas com estágio de sucessão avançada e em dois locais em sucessão secundária (10 e 25 anos). Amostramos 2.127 árvores e arbustos com um diâmetro ao nível do solo de 3 cm ou mais, excluindo cactos, palmeiras e trepadeiras. A vegetação antiga continha 478 plantas de 29 espécies, o local de 25 anos tinha 819 plantas de 27 espécies, e o local de 10 anos tinha 829 plantas de 25 espécies, totalizando 38 espécies nos locais. Em relação ao estrato regenerante, encontramos 2.776 indivíduos, com maior e menor número de indivíduos para 10 e 25 anos de regeneração, respectivamente. Rarefação e riqueza de Jacknife mostraram maior riqueza de árvores em crescimento antigo, enquanto 10 e 25 anos de sucessão secundária apresentaram estimativas de riqueza semelhantes; além disso, a maior riqueza no estrato regenerante foi observada em 10 anos de sucessão secundária e a menor em crescimento antigo. Nossos resultados revelam que as mudanças na composição são causadas pela substituição de espécies, demonstrando que mesmo em áreas desmatadas para agricultura tradicional, o turnover causa mudanças significativas na composição e resulta na exigência de um longo tempo para restabelecimento, semelhante ao crescimento antigo. Brasil (1 2 anos. . anos) 2127 127 2.12 mais cactos trepadeiras 47 81 1 82 2776 776 2.77 regeneração respectivamente antigo semelhantes disso tradicional restabelecimento ( 212 12 2.1 4 8 277 77 2.7 21 2. 7

ABSTRACT Hedychium coronariumJ.Koenig is a rhizomatous herbaceous species native to Asia and invasive in most states of Brazil. We aimed to evaluate the influence of H. coronariumon terrestrial herbaceous communities and natural regeneration of woody plants in a remnant of Alluvial Araucaria Forest in Curitiba - PR. The communities were sampled considering two treatments: (EC) high coverage of H. coronarium(>60%); (BC) low coverage of H. coronarium(<30%). Two communities were recorded: i) herbaceous vascular species (including subshrubs) and ii) seedlings of woody species between 15-130 cm height. In EC H. coronariumhad an average cover of 78.06%, with only five native herbaceous species and 24 native woody species. The average cover of the invasive in BC was 6.29%, with 17 native herbaceous and 37 woody native species. The most representative native herbaceous was Christella dentata(Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, while among the woody species Myrcia selloi(Spreng.) N.Silveira stood out for its frequency and abundance. The abundance of woody plants in the EC was approximately four times less than in the BC, showing that the high density of H. coronariumnegatively influences native plant communities. The high cover of the invasive species results in a decrease in species richness and the number of individuals in the communities, both herbaceous and woody regeneration. coronariumJKoenig coronariumJ Koenig Brazil H PR treatments (EC coronarium>60% coronarium60 coronarium >60% 60 coronarium(>60%) (BC coronarium<30%. coronarium30 <30% . 30 coronarium(<30%) recorded i including subshrubs ii 15130 15 130 15-13 height 7806 78 06 78.06% 2 629 6 29 6.29% 1 3 dentataForssk. dentataForssk dentata Forssk. Forssk dentata(Forssk. Jermy selloiSpreng. selloiSpreng selloi Spreng. Spreng selloi(Spreng. NSilveira N Silveira coronarium>60 coronarium6 >60 coronarium(>60% coronarium<30% coronarium3 <30 coronarium(<30% 1513 13 15-1 780 7 0 78.06 62 6.29 dentata(Forssk selloi(Spreng coronarium>6 >6 coronarium(>60 coronarium<30 <3 coronarium(<30 151 15- 78.0 6.2 coronarium> > coronarium(>6 coronarium<3 < coronarium(<3 78. 6. coronarium(> coronarium< coronarium(< coronarium(

RESUMO A espécie herbácea rizomatosa Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig é de origem asiática e ocorre como invasora na maioria dos estados do Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de H. coronarium sobre as comunidades de herbáceas terrícolas e de regeneração natural de lenhosas em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial em Curitiba - PR. As comunidades foram amostradas considerando-se dois tratamentos: (EC) elevada cobertura de H. coronarium(>60%); (BC) baixa cobertura de H. coronarium (<30%). Foram avaliadas duas comunidades: i) espécies herbáceas (incluindo subarbustivas) e ii) plântulas de espécies lenhosas entre 15 cm - 130 cm de altura. No EC, H. coronariumapresentou cobertura média de 78,06%, sendo registradas apenas cinco espécies herbáceas nativas e 24 lenhosas nativas. No BC, a cobertura média da invasora foi de 6,29%, com registro de 17 herbáceas nativas e 37 lenhosas nativas. A herbácea nativa mais representativa foi Christella dentata(Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, enquanto, dentre as lenhosas, destacou-se Myrcia selloi(Spreng.) N.Silveira por sua frequência e abundância. A abundância das lenhosas no EC foi aproximadamente quatro vezes menor que no BC, mostrando que a elevada densidade de H. coronariumexerce influência negativa nas comunidades vegetais nativas. A elevada cobertura da espécie invasora resulta na redução da riqueza de espécies e do número de indivíduos nas comunidades, tanto de herbáceas quanto da regeneração de lenhosas. JKoenig J Koenig Brasil H PR considerandose considerando se tratamentos (EC coronarium>60% coronarium60 >60% 60 coronarium(>60%) BC (BC <30%. 30 <30% . (<30%) i incluindo subarbustivas ii 1 13 altura 7806 78 06 78,06% 2 629 6 29 6,29% 3 dentataForssk. dentataForssk dentata Forssk. Forssk dentata(Forssk. Jermy enquanto destacouse destacou selloiSpreng. selloiSpreng selloi Spreng. Spreng selloi(Spreng. NSilveira N Silveira coronarium>60 coronarium6 >60 coronarium(>60% <30 (<30% 780 7 0 78,06 62 6,29 dentata(Forssk selloi(Spreng coronarium>6 >6 coronarium(>60 <3 (<30 78,0 6,2 coronarium> > coronarium(>6 < (<3 78, 6, coronarium(> (< coronarium( (

RESUMEN Los bosques montanos se encuentran en un rango altitudinal entre 800 y 3500 m snm, conservan una importante diversidad de especies arbóreas y altos niveles de endemismos. Muchos de estos bosques están siendo convertidos a otros usos de tierra y en algunos casos ocurren procesos sucesionales que permiten el establecimiento de bosques secundarios. Con el fin de evaluar la contribución florística de estos bosques montanos secundarios a la flora arbórea de la región de la Selva Central del Perú, se analizó la composición florística y la diversidad arbórea en dos bosques secundarios ubicados en la provincia de Chanchamayo. Para ello, se instalaron dos parcelas per- manentes de monitoreo de vegetación, siendo estas la Parcela Puyu Sacha Bosque Secundario (P-PS) de 1 ha ubicada en un bosque montano a 2060 m snm, donde se registraron 638 individuos, 52 especies, 37 géneros y 28 familias botánicas, y la Parce- la Génova Bosque Secundario 2 (P-GS2) de 0,6 ha ubicada en un bosque premontano a 1040 m snm, donde se registraron 242 individuos, 34 especies, 32 géneros y 21 familias botánicas. En P-PS (estrato montano entre 1500 y 3500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiaceae y Rubiaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 y Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. En P-GS2 (estrato premontano entre 800 y 1500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae y Urticaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema mi- crantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms y Piper aduncum L. Ambas parcelas presentaron bajos niveles de diversidad debido a que se ubican sobre bosques secundarios que en el pasado tuvieron intervenciones antrópicas.

ABSTRACT Montane forests are found in an altitudinal range between 800 and 3500 m asl and conserve an important diversity of tree species and high levels of endemism. Many of these forests are being converted to other land uses and, in some cases, successional processes are occurring that allow the establishment of secondary forests. In order to evaluate the floristic contribution of these secondary montane forests to the arboreal flora of the Selva Central region of Peru, we analyzed the floristic composition and tree diversity in two secondary forests located in the province of Chanchamayo. For this purpose, two permanent vegetation monitoring plots were installed, the Puyu Sacha Secondary Forest Plot (P-PS) of 1 ha located in a montane forest at 2060 m asl, where 638 individuals, 52 species, 37 genera and 28 botanical families were recorded, and the Genova Secondary Forest 2 Plot (P-GS2) of 0.6 ha located in a premontane forest at 1040 m asl, where 242 individuals, 34 species, 32 genera and 21 botanical families were recorded. In P-PS (montane stratum between 1500 and 3500 m asl) the most abundant families were Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiace- ae and Rubiaceae; and the most abundant species were Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 and Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. In P-GS2 (premontane stratum between 800 and 1500 m asl) the most abundant families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae and Urticaceae; and the most abundant species were Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms and Piper aduncum L. Both plots showed low levels of diversity because they are located in secondary forests that in the past had anthropic interventions.

Resumen (Introducción): La restauración ecológica es una prioridad global para recuperar la biodiversidad y alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Desde su creación en el año 2000, la Reserva Natural Madre Verde en Costa Rica ha sido un modelo en este sentido. En 2005 se realizó una caracterización de las comunidades vegetales presentes: pastizal, charral, cultivo abandonado, área dominada por burío, bosque secundario denso, bosque secundario ralo y dos remanentes de bosque maduro. (Objetivo): En 2020 se repitió el estudio, excluyendo los remanentes de bosque maduro, con el fin de evaluar los cambios en la vegetación después de 15 años de restauración. (Metodología): Se identificaron las especies de árboles, se calcularon índices de riqueza y diversidad y se elaboraron perfiles de vegetación en cada tipo de comunidad. (Resultados): Los mayores cambios en los índices de riqueza y diversidad, composición y estructura vertical de la vegetación se observaron en las zonas de pastizal que fueron sometidas a reforestación activa. Además, se registraron cambios importantes en el charral y en la zona dominada por burío. Los menores cambios se dieron donde ya existía algún tipo de bosque secundario relativamente maduro debido a la sombra creada por los árboles. (Conclusiones): En todos los sitios predominan las especies pioneras nativas de esta zona de vida, lo que garantiza el proceso natural de regeneración. Estos resultados permiten conocer los avances en la restauración y saber cuáles son las especies más adecuadas para reforestar otras áreas similares y asegurar la recuperación del bosque secundario de manera más rápida y efectiva.

Abstract (Introduction): Ecological restoration is a global priority for recovering biodiversity and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Since its creation in 2000, the Madre Verde Natural Reserve in Costa Rica has been a model in this regard. In 2005, a characterization of the present vegetation communities was conducted, including grassland, shrubland, abandoned crop, area dominated by burío, dense secondary forest, sparse secondary forest, and two remnants of mature forest. (Objective): In 2020, the study was repeated, excluding the remnants of mature forest, to evaluate changes in vegetation after 15 years of restoration. (Methodology): Tree species were identified, richness and diversity indices were calculated, and vegetation profiles were developed for each community type. (Results): The greatest changes in vegetation richness and diversity indices, composition, and vertical structure were observed in grassland areas that underwent active reforestation. Additionally, significant changes were recorded in shrubland, and the area dominated by burío. The least changes were observed where some type of relatively mature secondary forest already existed due to the shade created by the trees. (Conclusions): Pioneering native species from this life zone predominate in all sites, ensuring the natural regeneration process. These results allow us to know the advances in restoration and which species are most suitable for reforesting other similar areas and ensuring the recovery of secondary forest more quickly and effectively.

Malvaceae sensu lato is a family containing about 245 genera and 4,465 species mainly distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Species of this family usually contain alkaloids with anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiparasitic, antimicrobial and anticancer properties due to its secondary metabolites. In this context, this review aims to checklist the alkaloids isolated from Malvaceae sensu lato species, evaluating their chemical profile and pharmacological potential, providing a broad and concise overview of these secondary metabolites. The results were collected from scientific databases such as Web of Science, Scifinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, using the keywords “Alkaloids” and “Malvaceae”. Several pharmacological/biological activities are reported in literature for the most varied alkaloid nuclei, such as: vasorelaxation of the mesentery of rats (cryptolepinone), antitrypanosomal activity (waltherione) and anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activity (vasicine), which highlights a succession of activities related to this class of secondary metabolites. Presented data report the importance of the Malvaceae sensu lato family, demonstrating the biological relevance of its alkaloids, in order to contribute to scientific knowledge and the development of new drugs. 24 4465 4 465 4,46 worldwide antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory antinociceptive antiparasitic metabolites context potential Science Scifinder Pubmed Scholar Alkaloids “Alkaloids Malvaceae. . “Malvaceae” pharmacologicalbiological nuclei cryptolepinone, cryptolepinone , (cryptolepinone) waltherione (waltherione vasicine, vasicine (vasicine) drugs 2 446 46 4,4 “Malvaceae (cryptolepinone (vasicine 44 4,

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the structure, diversity, composition and drivers of AMF communities in succession areas of Atlantic Forest. Soil and root samples were collected in three natural ecosystems (mature rainforests, early and late secondary forests) with three areas on each ecosystem. In total, 38 AMF taxa were identified in field samples and three more in trap cultures with a greater richness of Acaulospora and Glomus. Based on a richness estimator, 70% of the AMF species were identified. Highest rates of root colonization and number of glomerospores were recorded in the early secondary forest. AMF species diversity differed between early and late forests. The main drivers of AMF distribution were coarse and fine sand, silt, Al, P, Na, pH and base saturation. The greatest number of exclusive species was recorded in the mature rainforests. The distribution of AMF communities was influenced by different successional stages and some soil attributes. structure Forest rainforests forests ecosystem total 3 Glomus estimator 70 forest sand silt Al P Na saturation attributes 7

Resumen Los ecosistemas continuamente intercambian carbono y vapor de agua con la atmósfera a través de procesos ecosistémicos. En general, la producción neta del ecosistema refleja el balance entre los flujos de entrada de carbono por productividad y la liberación por la respiración ecosistémica. Evaluar esta producción a lo largo de los cambios producidos por la sucesión ecológica secundaria representa un desafío muy grande. En este contexto, la técnica de covarianza de vórtices está siendo ampliamente utilizada para cuantificar flujos ecosistémicos de manera continua. En el bosque tropical seco se han establecido varios sitios de monitoreo utilizando esta técnica para conocer la funcionalidad del ecosistema durante la sucesión ecológica. Esta información puede contribuir a la toma de decisiones en términos de conservación y administración de servicios ecosistémicos, así como para alimentar modelos para predecir la respuesta de este ecosistema estacional seco al cambio climático. Los ecosistemas tropicales secos son de gran relevancia para el ciclo del carbono debido a su considerable extensión y productividad. El reto de estudiar estos ecosistemas radica en que su dinámica de producción de carbono está acoplada principalmente a la disponibilidad estacional de agua. De manera que, el objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la información de las interacciones biosfera-atmósfera utilizando la técnica de covarianza de vórtices particularmente en bosques tropicales secos, con el fin de resaltar el efecto de la sucesión ecológica en la dinámica del carbono en estos bosques. Asimismo, se muestra y resalta la importancia local y global de este tipo de sistemas de monitoreo funcional de ecosistemas en México.

Abstract Ecosystems continuously exchange carbon and water vapor with the atmosphere through ecosystem processes. Net ecosystem production shows the balance between carbon uptake by productivity and carbon release by ecosystem respiration. Evaluating this production along with the changes during secondary ecological succession represents a great challenge. In this context, the eddy covariance technique is widely applied to quantify ecosystem fluxes on a continuous basis. In the case of tropical dry forests, several monitoring sites have been established to investigate the ecosystem functionality during succession using the eddy covariance technique. This information provides insights for decision-makers, in terms of conservation and ecosystem services management, and for scientists to parameterize models to predict the response of these seasonal dry ecosystems to climate change. Tropical dry ecosystems are of great relevance in the carbon cycle due to their large extension and productivity. The challenge of studying these ecosystems lies in understanding the coupling between carbon production and seasonal water availability. The objective of this work is to give an update of those studies related to biosphere-atmosphere interactions using the eddy covariance technique, specifically in tropical dry forests highlighting the effect of ecological succession on carbon dynamics. It also shows and highlights the local-to-global importance of this type of system of functional monitoring of ecosystems across Mexico.

Abstract The structure of urban secondary forests and their potential for meliponiculture in the eastern Amazon was studied in the municipality of Belterra, Pará. The sampling was carried out in 25 plots of 40 m2 in two areas (0.1 ha) of secondary forests (SF), in which three classes of DBH values were considered (C1:1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 5 cm; C2: 5 cm < DBH ≤ 10 cm and C3: DBH ≥ 10 cm). a total of 230 individuals were registered in SF I, comprising 66 species and 27 botanical families and 185 individuals in SF II, comprising 43 species distributed in 24 botanical families. The highest richness and abundance were verified for C1, followed by C2 in both areas. In SF I, the basal area values (G=1.509) were higher than in SF II, while the total volume (V=20.21) was higher than SF I, the mean height for C3 was higher in SF II, and C1 and C2 were higher in SF I. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in SF I (H = 3.722) than in SF II (H=3.197). It was observed that 75% species have bee pollination systems (mellitophilous flora) and are thus considered sources of honey resources. Belterra Pará 2 4 m 0.1 01 0 1 (0. ha SF, , (SF) C11 C (C1: cm. . cm) 23 6 18 G=1.509 G1509 G 509 (G=1.509 V=20.21 V2021 V 20 21 (V=20.21 ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener H 3.722 3722 3 722 H=3.197. H3197 H=3.197 197 (H=3.197) 75 mellitophilous flora resources 0. (0 (SF (C1 G=1.50 G150 50 (G=1.50 V=20.2 V202 (V=20.2 3.72 372 72 H319 H=3.19 19 (H=3.197 7 ( (C G=1.5 G15 (G=1.5 V=20. V20 (V=20. 3.7 37 H31 H=3.1 (H=3.19 G=1. G1 (G=1. V=20 V2 (V=20 3. H3 H=3. (H=3.1 G=1 (G=1 V=2 (V=2 H=3 (H=3. G= (G= V= (V= H= (H=3 (G (V (H=

There is a common belief that women's rights and Islamic Sharfah law (finding its basis in the Holy Qur'an and the Prophetic teachings) are intrinsically at odds with one another. The 2:1 ratio of inheritance in favour of the male, which is enshrined in the Holy Qur'an, is the subject of this article's investigation into whether the Islamic law of succession discriminates against women. The paper explores the justification for this controversial rule, and further indicates that it is merely a general rule, not an absolute one. To address the main query of this article, a range of primary and secondary sources that cover various facets of this rule and its implementation are relied upon. The article demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief and much beyond what "modern civilisation" has provided, Sharfah law grants women far more rights than might initially be thought to exist.

Resumen El perico frente naranja, Eupsittula canicularis anida en termiteros arbóreos durante la época seca del año, pero existe limitado conocimiento de su ecología reproductiva. En este estudio se reportan las características del sitio de anidación y el comportamiento reproductivo del perico frente naranja para un nido registrado en vegetación de sucesión secundaria del Jardín Botánico Puerto Escondido de la Universidad del Mar, región Costa de Oaxaca. El termitero-nido tuvo un volumen de 117 litros, y se localizó en un árbol vivo de Ceiba parvifolia a 6.32 m de altura. El ciclo de anidación abarcó de diciembre 2021 con la construcción del nido hasta abril 2022 con la salida de los pollos. Durante la incubación y en los primeros días del desarrollo de los pollos, la hembra permaneció en el interior del nido y dependió del macho para obtener alimento. Posteriormente, tanto el macho como la hembra alimentaban a los pollos por lo menos dos ocasiones al día, invirtiendo pocos minutos por visita. Al final del desarrollo de los pollos, la pareja incrementó el número de visitas al nido hasta un máximo de cuatro visitas durante los intervalos de observación. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de promover la regeneración de vegetación natural en los bosques sucesionales por proveer recursos para especies con requerimientos específicos de anidación.

Abstract The Orange-fronted Parakeet, Eupsittula canicularis, nests in arboreal termite mounds during the dry season, but little is known of the species’ biology and reproductive ecology. This study reports the nest-site characteristics and reproductive behavior of the Orange-fronted Parakeet at one nest in secondary succession vegetation at the Puerto Escondido Botanical Garden of the Universidad del Mar, Oaxaca coastal region. The nest-termitaria had 117 liters volume, and was located in a live Ceiba parvifolia tree, at 6.32 m above the ground. The nesting cycle comprised from December 2021 with nest construction, to April 2022 when the Young fledged. Throughout incubation and in the early days of chick rearing, the female remained inside the nest and depended on the male for food. Subsequently, both the male and female fed the chicks at least twice a day, spending a few minutes per visit. During late chick rearing, the pair increased the frequency of visits to the nest to a maximum of four visits over the observation intervals. These finding highlight the importance of promoting regeneration of natural vegetation in successional forests that may supply resources for species with specific nesting characteristics.

Resumen Bazylenko, A.; H. Sirolli & S. A. Torrella. 2022. Caracterización de la vegetación en sitios con evidencias de antropización en Delta Frontal del Río Paraná. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(2): 365-387. La antropización es uno de los principales factores estructuradores de las comunidades vegetales a escala global. En particular, en el Delta Frontal del Río Paraná se dio un fuerte proceso de población y transformación del territorio por actividades productivas durante el siglo XX seguido de despoblamiento y abandono parcial de las actividades productivas en las décadas recientes. La vegetación originaria del Delta Frontal estaba constituida por Pajonales, Ceibales y Montes Blancos, reemplazados en grandes extensiones por cultivos que tras su abandono dieron lugar a un proceso de sucesión secundaria de las comunidades. En este trabajo nos propusimos caracterizar la flora y las comunidades vegetales en parcelas que presentan evidencias de antropización actual o pretérita de un sector del Delta Frontal. Para ello establecimos 202 parcelas de muestreo de 25 m2 en las que se registraron las especies de plantas vasculares presentes y se estimó su cobertura. Se registraron 167 taxones, de los cuales el 81% fueron nativos. Mediante análisis multivariados se identificaron y caracterizaron 15 comunidades con distinta fisonomía y grado de invasión. Algunas de estas comunidades presentaron una gran similitud con las comunidades originarias de la región, otras con comunidades secundarias descritas en bibliografía así como también se hallaron comunidades novedosas. Los resultados evidencian la gran riqueza local de la vegetación y la gran diversidad de comunidades vegetales, destacándose la importancia del área de estudio para la conservación.

Abstract Bazylenko, A.; H. Sirolli & S. A. Torrella. 2022. Characterization of the vegetation in sites with evidence of anthropization in the Paraná River Frontal Delta. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(2): 365-387. Anthropization is one of the main structuring factors of plant communities at a global scale. In particular, in the Paraná River Frontal Delta there was a strong process of settlement and transformation of the territory by productive activities during the 20th century with a process of depopulation and partial abandonment of the productive plots in recent decades. The original vegetation of the Frontal Delta was made up of flooding grasslands (“Pajonales”), open woodlands (“Ceibales”) and closed riparian forest (“Montes Blancos”), replaced in large areas by crops that after their abandonment gave rise to a secondary succession process. In this work we aimed to characterize the flora and plant communities in plots with evidence of current or past anthropization in the Frontal Delta. A total of 202 sampling plots of 25 m2 were established in which the species of vascular plants were recorded and their coverage was estimated. Taken together, 167 taxa were recorded of which 81% were native. Through multivariate analysis, 15 communities with different physiognomy and degree of invasion were identified and characterized. Some of these presented a great similarity with the original communities of the region, others were similar to secondary communities described in the bibliography and novel situations were identified. The results highlight the great local richness of the vegetation and the great diversity of plant communities, highlighting the importance of the study area for conservation.