RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a sazonalidade da bronquiolite aguda no Brasil durante a temporada 2020–2022 e compará-la com a das temporadas anteriores. Métodos: Os dados de incidência de internações por bronquiolite aguda em lactentes <1 ano de idade foram obtidos do Departamento de Informática da base de dados da Saúde Pública Brasileira para o período entre 2016 e 2022. Esses dados também foram analisados por macrorregiões do Brasil (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste). Para descrever características sazonais e de tendência ao longo do tempo, utilizamos o Modelo de Médias Móveis Integradas Autorregressivas Sazonais. Resultados: Em comparação com o período pré-COVID-19, a incidência de hospitalizações relacionadas com bronquiolite aguda diminuiu 97% durante as intervenções não farmacológicas (março de 2020 – agosto de 2021), mas aumentou 95% após a flexibilização das intervenções não farmacológicas (setembro de 2021 – dezembro de 2022), resultando no aumento geral de 16%. Durante o período pré-COVID-19, as hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda seguiram um padrão sazonal, que foi interrompido em 2020–2021, mas recuperaram-se em 2022, com um pico ocorrido em maio, aproximadamente 4% superior ao pico pré-COVID-19. Conclusões: Este estudo ressalta a influência significativa das intervenções contra a COVID-19 nas hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda no Brasil. A restauração de um padrão sazonal em 2022 sublinha a interação entre as medidas de saúde pública e a dinâmica das doenças respiratórias em crianças pequenas. Objetivo 20202022 2020–202 comparála compará la anteriores Métodos 1 < 201 Norte, Norte (Norte Nordeste Sudeste CentroOeste. CentroOeste Centro Oeste . Centro-Oeste) tempo Sazonais Resultados préCOVID19, préCOVID19 préCOVID pré COVID 19, 19 pré-COVID-19 97 março 202 2021, , 2021) 95 setembro 2022) 16 16% 20202021 2020–2021 recuperaramse recuperaram se maio 4 préCOVID19. 19. Conclusões COVID19 COVID-1 pequenas 2020202 2020–20 20 Centro-Oeste préCOVID1 pré-COVID-1 9 COVID1 COVID- 202020 2020–2 2 pré-COVID- 20202 2020– pré-COVID

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the seasonality of acute bronchiolitis in Brazil during the 2020–2022 season and compare it with the previous seasons. Methods: Data from the incidence of hospitalizations due to acute bronchiolitis in infants <1 year of age were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Public Health database for the period between 2016 and 2022. These data were also analyzed by macro-regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest). To describe seasonal and trend characteristics over time, we used the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages Model. Results: Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, the incidence of hospitalizations related to acute bronchiolitis decreased by 97% during non-pharmacological interventions (March 2020 – August 2021) but increased by 95% after non-pharmacological interventions relaxation (September 2021 – December 2022), resulting in a 16% overall increase. During the pre-COVID-19 period, hospitalizations for acute bronchiolitis followed a seasonal pattern, which was disrupted in 2020–2021 but recovered in 2022, with a peak occurring in May, approximately 4% higher than the pre-COVID-19 peak. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant influence of COVID-19 interventions on acute bronchiolitis hospitalizations in Brazil. The restoration of a seasonal pattern in 2022 highlights the interplay between public health measures and respiratory illness dynamics in young children. Objective 20202022 2020–202 seasons Methods 1 < 201 macroregions macro regions North, North (North Northeast Southeast South Midwest. Midwest . Midwest) time Model Results preCOVID19 preCOVID pre COVID 19 pre-COVID-1 97 nonpharmacological non pharmacological March 202 95 September , 2022) 16 increase 20202021 May 4 Conclusions COVID19 COVID-1 children 2020202 2020–20 20 preCOVID1 pre-COVID- 9 COVID1 COVID- 202020 2020–2 2 pre-COVID 20202 2020–

Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Bio bays in Puerto Rico play an important socio-economic role and declines in dominant bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense are concerning. Studies show erratic blooms with is weak correlation to in situ environmental factors. Our study examines shorter field and longer proxy records on dinoflagellate density at Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF). Objectives: To quantify temporal changes in dinoflagellate density in a long-term monitoring study, understand how the marine environment modulates those changes, and determine the wider impacts of a fluctuating climate and extreme events on proxies for dinoflagellate density. Methods: Bimonthly samples were collected from 2016 to 2021 at three sampling sites in LGF. Dinoflagellates density was estimated by Sedgewick Rafter counting cells. Environmental conditions were obtained from Rio Fajardo 5007100 station and NOAA buoy 41056. Marine climate and biotic proxies were obtained from remote sensing measurements. Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlations and cross-correlations in the shorter field and longer proxy records were used to evaluate environmental controls on LGF dinoflagellate blooms. Results: Six years of field monitoring densities found a low period in 2016-2017, frequent and intense blooms in 2018-2021 punctuated by hurricanes. Generally low values were recorded in late winter in contrast with higher values in late summer (Aug-Nov). Light winds and mixed layer response to seasonal warming in the form of high tides and low salinity, were found to sustain dinoflagellate reproduction. Conclusions: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are vital to coastal tourism and require resource management. LGF results show that: 1) dinoflagellate counts fluctuate widely, 2) fluorescing dinoflagellates are sensitive to environmental conditions because of limited seasonality and narrow physiological range, 3) hurricanes play a role by ‘raking and refreshing’ the coastal lagoon for subsequent biotic reproduction, and 4) intra-seasonal fluctuations of density and proxies relate to air-sea thermodynamic conditions, the salinity budget and sea level.

Resumen Introducción: Las bahías bioluminiscentes en Puerto Rico desempeñan un papel socioeconómico importante y disminuciones del dinoflagelado bioluminiscente dominante Pyrodinium bahamense son preocupantes. Los estudios muestran proliferaciones erráticas débilmente correlacionadas con factores ambientales locales. Objetivos: Cuantificar cambios en la densidad de dinoflagelados a largo plazo en la Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF), comprender cómo el ambiente marino modula esos cambios y determinar los impactos de eventos climáticos extremos en la densidad de dinoflagelados. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras bimestrales del 2016-2021 en tres sitios de la LGF. La densidad se estimó mediante el conteo de células de Sedgewick Rafter. Condiciones ambientales se obtuvieron de la estación Río Fajardo 5007100 y de la boya NOAA 41056. El clima marino y los indicadores bióticos se obtuvieron por mediciones de teledetección. Se utilizaron correlaciones Kruskal Wallis, Spearman y las correlaciones cruzadas en los registros de campo corto y proxy largos para evaluar los controles ambientales en las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados LGF. Resultados: En seis años de monitoreo se encontraron densidades bajas entre el 2016-2017 y proliferaciones frecuentes e intensas en 2018-2021 marcadas por huracanes. Se registraron valores bajos a finales del invierno, en contraste con valores más altos a finales del verano (agosto-noviembre). Vientos ligeros y la respuesta de capas mixtas al calentamiento estacional en forma de mareas altas y baja salinidad, mantienen la reproducción de los dinoflagelados. Conclusiones: Los dinoflagelados bioluminiscentes son vitales para el turismo costero y requieren manejo de los recursos. En general: 1) los recuentos de dinoflagelados fluctúan ampliamente, 2) los dinoflagelados fluorescentes son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales debido a su estacionalidad limitada y estrecho rango fisiológico, 3) los huracanes juegan un rol de rastrillar y refrescar la laguna costera para su posterior reproducción, y 4) fluctuaciones intra-estacionales se relacionan con las condiciones termodinámicas aire-mar, el balance de salinidad y el nivel del mar.

This study investigates the role of stable isotope ecology in unconsolidated sediment coastal systems, focusing on scientific production and research trends over time. Existing literature is analyzed to identify knowledge gaps and highlight the significance of stable isotope analysis in understanding coastal ecosystems. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis is employed, utilizing Scopus database to collect and categorize relevant publications on stable isotope ecology. Key indicators are focused on, including publication trends, authorship patterns, and the geographic distribution of research efforts. The temporal scale of studies is systematically analyzed, with attention given to methodological approaches used in these publications. Co-authorships networks and co-occurring keywords are examined to explore the intellectual structure of the field and identify collaborative patterns among authors. Over 140 publications are revealed, attributed to more than 400 researchers, with a significant increase in interest noted over time, particularly in trophic studies involving macrobenthos. Mudflats are identified as a focal point, receiving more attention than sandy beaches. The analysis indicates that seasonality is the predominant temporal scale, while mesoscale studies are observed to be more common in spatial investigations. A plateau in publication growth is noted, probably corresponding with the emergence of alternative methodologies for trophic ecology studies. Major contributions are attributed to France, the United States and Australia. Additionally, fragmented collaboration networks are illustrated through the co-authorship analysis, with limited international engagement among developing nations. Overall, the critical importance of stable isotope ecology in understanding coastal ecosystems is underscored, while the need for methodological diversity and increased collaboration in future research efforts is highlighted.

SUMMARY: The study was designed to explore the association between the immunolocalization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α- SMA) and S100 proteins within the efferent ductules (ED) from one side, and the sexual maturity and seasonality from the other side. For each season, tissue specimens were obtained from 7 adult and 7 juvenile, clinically healthy male dromedaries. Specimens were investigated by the standard immunohistochemical procedures. The immunohistochemical findings displayed that the pattern of expression was similar for both proteins, either in adults or in juveniles. Expression was significantly higher in adults during season of sexual activity (winter), fairly reduced during periods of transition from activity to inactivity (spring) or from inactivity to activity (autumn) and reaches its lowest magnitude during season of sexual inactivity (summer). On the other hand, a moderate immunoreactivity of both proteins in ED from juvenile male camels was nearly uniform throughout the year. The immunoreactivity for both α-SMA (smooth muscle cells in ductular and vascular walls) and S100 (ductular ciliated cells), was evident during periods of sexual activity. It can be concluded that the immunoreactivity is androgen- dependent and positively correlated with both of sexual activity and maturity, suggesting a crucial role of both α-SMA and S100 proteins in the regulation of the diverse functions of the ED in male dromedaries.

RESUMEN: El estudio fue diseñado para explorar la asociación entre la inmunolocalización de la actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) y las proteínas S100 dentro de los conductos eferentes (ED) por una pate, y la madurez sexual y estacionalidad por otra parte. Para cada estación, se obtuvieron muestras de tejido de 7 dromedarios machos adultos jóvenes y clínicamente sanos. Las muestras se investigaron mediante procedimientos inmunohistoquímicos estándar. Los hallazgos inmunohistoquímicos mostraron que el patrón de expresión era similar para ambas proteínas, ya sea en adultos o en jóvenes. La expresión fue significativamente mayor en adultos durante la temporada de actividad sexual (invierno), bastante reducida durante los períodos de transición de actividad a inactividad (primavera) o de inactividad a actividad (otoño) y alcanzaba su magnitud más baja durante la temporada de inactividad sexual (verano). Por otro lado, una inmunorreactividad moderada de ambas proteínas en el DE de camellos machos juveniles fue casi uniforme durante todo el año. La inmunorreactividad tanto para α-SMA (células musculares lisas en las paredes ductulares y vasculares) como para S100 (células ciliadas ductulares), fue evidenciada durante los períodos de actividad sexual. Se puede concluir que la inmunorreactividad es dependiente de los andrógenos y se correlaciona positivamente tanto con la actividad sexual como con la madurez, lo que sugiere un papel crucial de las proteínas α-SMA y S100 en la regulación de las diversas funciones del DE en dromedarios machos.

Abstract: The Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are a way to visualize and represent extreme hydrometeorological rainfall events. In this article, an analysis of convective rainfall events recorded at the La Piedra Meteorological Station, Villa Clara, Cuba, was conducted. To develop IDF curves, the 2006-2019 time series was analyzed. A partial duration series was generated, including intervals from 20 minutes to 4320 minutes, subjected to an outlier detection process. The series was divided into two categories: one for durations ≤ 720 minutes and another for durations > 720 minutes. The resulting series underwent non-parametric tests to assess their independence, randomness, homogeneity, and seasonality. Subsequently, they were fitted to the Generalized Pareto probability distribution and to a parametric equation of the Montana model, and then the curves were plotted for return periods of 10, 50 and 100. The Montana model led to obtaining correlation coefficients greater than 0.90 compared to the other methods used, significantly improving the quality of the fit in both categories. This research provides information to understand and plan the management of intense climatic phenomena and adequate risk management in an area where such studies are lacking, facilitating access to crucial data essential in the design and execution of hydraulic engineering projects in the region.

Resumen: Las curvas de Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia (IDF) son una manera de visualizar y representar los eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos de lluvia. En este artículo se llevó a cabo un análisis de eventos de lluvias convectivas registrados en la Estación Meteorológica La Piedra, Villa Clara, Cuba. Para desarrollar curvas IDF se analizó la serie temporal 2006-2019. Se generó una serie de duración parcial que incluyó intervalos de 20 minutos hasta 4320 minutos, sometiéndola a un proceso de detección de datos anómalos. La serie se dividió en dos categorías: una para duraciones ≤ 720 minutos y otra para duraciones > 720 minutos. Las series resultantes se sometieron a pruebas no paramétricas para evaluar su independencia, aleatoriedad, homogeneidad y estacionalidad. Posteriormente, se procedió a ajustarlas a la distribución probabilística Generalizada de Pareto y a una ecuación paramétrica del modelo de Montana. Luego se grafica la representación de las curvas para períodos de retorno de 10, 50 y 100 años. El modelo de Montana condujo a la obtención de coeficientes de correlación superiores a 0.90 y a los demás métodos utilizados, mejorando significativamente la calidad del ajuste en ambas categorías. Esta investigación aporta información para comprender y planificar la gestión de fenómenos climáticos intensos, así como para una adecuada gestión de riesgos en una zona donde no se cuenta con este tipo de estudios. Asimismo, facilita el acceso a datos cruciales que resultan fundamentales en el diseño y ejecución de proyectos de ingeniería hidráulica en la zona.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies de la familia Podostemaceae poseen rasgos inusuales en angiospermas. Crecen sumergidas en ríos de corriente fuerte y su ciclo de vida está ligado a la estacionalidad. Debido a su estructura floral reducida, el análisis de las etapas de desarrollo y eventos como la antesis o la receptividad del estigma ha sido complicado. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la relación entre la morfología, el desarrollo y la receptividad del estigma en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de la flor de Marathrum rubrum? Especie de estudio: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Sitio y años de estudio: Río Horcones, Jalisco, México. Enero 2014 y 2015. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis in situ y en laboratorio de la morfología floral de M. rubrum para evaluar la relación entre la morfología y desarrollo floral, y la receptividad del estigma en distintas etapas. Resultados: Cuando las flores emergen de la espatela, los óvulos y el polen están completamente desarrollados, por ello, la esporogénesis y la gametogénesis ocurren dentro del tallo, estando las plantas aún sumergidas. Conclusiones: Los cambios morfológicos observados en las flores de M. rubrum durante las etapas analizadas se relacionan únicamente con eventos asociados con la fecundación y el desarrollo del fruto. Las observaciones detalladas de la biología reproductiva de M. rubrum en el ambiente aéreo tienen importantes implicaciones para el conocimiento básico de la biología de las plantas de esta familia, la estructura genética de las poblaciones, el éxito reproductivo y la biología de la conservación en ambientes amenazados.

Abstract Background: Podostemaceae is the largest family of strictly aquatic angiosperms. Species of this family possess unusual morphological and reproductive characters, grow attached to rocks in rivers with strong currents, and have a life cycle tightly linked to seasonality. Due to its reduced floral structures, which characterizes most species, the analysis of developmental stages and events such as anthesis or stigma receptivity has proven difficult. Question: How floral morphology, floral development and stigma receptivity of different stages of flower development of Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick are related among them? Studied species: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Study site and dates: Horcones River, Jalisco, Mexico. January, 2014 and 2015. Methods: We made an in situ and lab analyses of flower morphology to assess the relationships between flower morphology, stages of development, reproductive structures, and stigma receptivity, during different stages of flower development. Results: When flowers emerge from the spathella, both the ovules and pollen grains are fully developed, implying that sporogenesis and gametogenesis take place within the stem while the plant is still submerged. Conclusions: The morphological changes observed in the flowers of M. rubrum during the analyzed stages are related only to events associated with fertilization and fruit development. The time-course of morphological changes in the flowers, from anthesis to fruit formation, lasts 20 to 30 days. The detailed observation of the aerial reproductive biology of M. rubrum bears important implications to the genetic structure of populations, plant fitness and conservation biology in threatened environments.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and severe deficiency in children and adolescents, in a large Brazilian sample. Methodology: Results of 413,988 25(OH)D measurements in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years collected between 01/2014 and 10/2018 were obtained from the database of a Clinical Laboratory. In this population, 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations below 20 ng/mL are considered deficient, and below 12 ng/mL as severe deficiency. All measurements were performed by immunoassay and the results were distributed by gender, age group, seasonality, and latitude. Results: The mean of 25(OH)D levels was 29.2 ng/mL with a standard deviation of 9.2 ng/mL. Of the total samples, 0.8% had a concentration < 12 ng/mL, and 12.5% of the samples had a concentration < 20 ng/mL, with a higher prevalence in females. Children under 2 years of age had the lowest prevalence. The effects of latitude and seasonality were quite evident. In samples of female adolescents from the southern region in winter, 36% of vitamin D deficiency and 5% of severe deficiency were found. Conclusion: In this large number of measurements of 25(OH)D in children and adolescents, 12.5% had a deficiency and 0.8% had severe deficiency. A greater deficiency was observed among adolescents, especially females, which raises questions about the need for supplementation during this period of life. Objective sample Methodology 413988 413 988 413,98 25OHD OHD OH 1 012014 01 2014 01/201 102018 10 2018 10/201 Laboratory population ngmL ng mL deficient gender group 292 29 29. 92 9 9. 08 8 0.8 125 5 12.5 females evident winter 36 found Conclusion life 41398 41 98 413,9 01201 201 01/20 10201 10/20 0. 12. 3 4139 4 413, 0120 01/2 1020 10/2 012 01/ 102 10/

Resumo O noroeste pacífico da Costa Rica é uma região com uma estacionalidade no regime de chuvas muito marcada. Somado a essa sazonalidade, esta área da Costa Rica é propensa a fenômenos hidroclimáticos extremos como secas e inundações, por exemplo. A distribuição limitada de pluviômetros ou a falta de disponibilidade de informações relevantes fazem com que os dados complementares obtidos de satélites e suas respectivas reanálises sejam fundamentais para obter informações cruciais e, assim, embasar as ações de gestão dos recursos hídricos e suas repercussões nos ecossistemas, tanto naturais quanto produtivos. Para analisar os padrões de precipitação, foram analisadas as séries temporais de precipitação do produto CHIRPS para cinco ecorregiões delimitadas na Área de Conservação Guanacaste, no Pacífico noroeste da Costa Rica. Estas curvas foram correlacionadas com as séries temporais das regiões de monitoramento da temperatura superficial do mar nas regiões Niño 1.2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4 e Niño 4. Todas as ecorregiões analisadas correlacionaram de forma negativa e forte com a região do Niño 1.2, com valores de R entre -0.72 e -0.74. Além disso, foi detectado um atraso na curva do Niño 4 de quatro a cinco meses, em relação à curva da região Niño 1.2. O estudo sugere que a anomalia do El Niño 4, com um desfasamento de aproximadamente 4 a 5 meses, pode ser utilizada como indicador de possíveis impactos nos padrões de precipitação nas diferentes ecorregiões estudadas. Este tempo é suficiente para planejar ações, especialmente no setor agroprodutivo. Neste trabalho, é demonstrado o potencial de previsibilidade dos efeitos do fenômeno ENOS sobre o padrão de precipitação em áreas extensas e com certa homogeneidade ecossistêmica, como as ecorregiões na Área de Conservação Guanacaste.

Abstract The Pacific Northwest of Costa Rica is a region with marked seasonality in rainfall patterns. This area of Costa Rica is prone to extreme hydroclimatic phenomena such as droughts and floods. Due to the limited distribution of rainfall gauges and the unavailability of relevant information, complementary data obtained from satellites and their respective reanalyzes become imperative for acquiring crucial information. This information can support water resource management actions and their impacts on both natural and productive ecosystems. To analyze the precipitation patterns, we utilized the CHIRPS product’s precipitation time series for five ecoregions within the Guanacaste Conservation Area, located in the northwestern Pacific region of Costa Rica. These curves were strongly and negatively correlated with time series from sea surface temperature monitoring regions, including Niño 1.2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4, and Niño 4. All analyzed ecoregions exhibited strong negative correlations with the Niño 1.2 region, with correlation coefficients (R values) ranging between -0.72 to -0.74. Additionally, a lag of four to five months was observed in the Niño 4 curve compared to the Niño 1.2 region. This study suggests that the Niño 4 anomaly, with a lag of approximately 4 to 5 months, can serve as an indicator of possible impacts on precipitation patterns in different ecoregions. This provides sufficient time to plan actions, particularly within the agricultural sector. This study demonstrates the potential predictability of the effects of ENSO phenomenon on precipitation patterns for large areas with a certain eco-systemic homogeneity, such as the ecoregions in the Guanacaste Conservation Area.

Resumen El pacífico noroeste de Costa Rica es una región con una estacionalidad en el régimen de lluvias muy marcada. Sumado a dicha estacionalidad, esta área de Costa Rica es propensa a fenómenos hidroclimáticos extremos como sequías e inundaciones, por ejemplo. La escasa distribución de pluviómetros o bien, la no disponibilidad de información pertinente, hacen que los datos complementarios obtenidos de satélites y sus respectivas reanálisis, sean fundamentales para disponer de información crucial y así poder fundamentar las acciones de gestión del recurso hídrico y sus repercusiones en los ecosistemas, tanto naturales como productivos. Para analizar los patrones de precipitación, se analizaron las series de tiempo de precipitación del producto CHIRPS para cinco ecorregiones delimitadas en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste, en el Pacífico noroeste de Costa Rica. Estas curvas se correlacionaron con las series de tiempo de las regiones de monitoreo de la temperatura superficial del mar en las regiones Niño 1.2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4 y Niño 4. Todas las ecorregiones analizadas correlacionaron de forma negativa y fuertemente con la región del Niño 1.2, con valores de R entre -0.72 y -0.74. Por otra parte, se detectó un rezago en la curva de Niño 4 de cuatro a cinco meses, con la curva de la región Niño 1.2. El estudio sugiere que la anomalía del Niño 4, con un desfase de aproximadamente 4 a 5 meses, puede ser utilizada como indicador de posibles impactos en los patrones de precipitación en las diferentes ecorregiones estudiadas. Este tiempo es suficiente para planear acciones, sobre todo en el sector agroproductivo. En este trabajo se muestra el potencial de predictibilidad de los efectos del fenómeno ENOS sobre el patrón de la precipitación para áreas extensas y con cierta homogeneidad ecosistémica, como son las ecorregiones en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste.

Abstract: This article presents a peculiar approach to the history of everyday life in the port city of Veracruz through three axes. It starts out with a brief sketch of its origins, from the first settlement founded by Hernán Cortés in 1519 to the city’s definitive establishment in 1597. Secondly, it addresses its population during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth. Lastly, it reveals the conflicts produced by the West Indies Fleets and the prices of basic goods. The importance of Veracruz in the Castilian monopoly system, as the port of trade between Europe and the Caribbean, would not be reflected in the city’s development. Its location, its population and its economy would always be conditioned by the seasonality of fleets.

Resumen: En este estudio, presentamos un peculiar acercamiento a la historia cotidiana de la ciudad y puerto de Veracruz. Lo hemos intentado hacer a través de tres importantes temas. El primero, haciendo una breve historia de sus fundaciones, desde la primera ubicación creada por Hernán Cortés en 1519 hasta su asentamiento definitivo en 1597. El segundo, realizando una aproximación a la población que tuvo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y primera del XVII. Y, finalmente, el tercero, exponiendo los diferentes conflictos que las flotas de la Carrera de Indias produjeron y los precios de los alimentos básicos. La importancia que Veracruz tuvo en el sistema monopolístico castellano, como puerto de intercambio entre Europa y el Caribe, no se verá reflejada en el desarrollo de la ciudad. Su ubicación, su población y su economía siempre estuvieron condicionadas por la temporalidad de las flotas.

Abstract The goal of this paper is to characterize the human use of space in the region of Melipeuco (Cautín, Province, La Araucanía, Chile) by analyzing the spatial distribution of archaeological sites during the Holocene in relation to the ecological and anthropic factors that may have shaped it. We propose a hierarchization of space considering the regional topography and its relationship with hydrology, temperature, moisture, seasonality, and vegetal biomass. We identify preliminary tendencies in the distribution of sites across space and time and in association with the structure of the landscape. Building on this, and by means of a GIS-based approach, we propose a model of human use of space incorporating the geographic variability of this highland setting.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a la caracterización del uso humano del espacio de la región de Melipeuco (Provincia de Cautín, La Araucanía, Chile), considerando tendencias espaciales de los asentamientos en el área durante el Holoceno y los factores y procesos naturales y humanos que influyeron en ello. Se realiza una jerarquización del paisaje considerando la incidencia del marco topográfico y su relación con variables hídricas, bioclimáticas de temperatura, humedad, estacionalidad y de biomasa fotosintéticamente activa. A partir de los resultados, se generan expectativas sobre las tendencias espaciales y temporales preliminares en la distribución de los sitios con relación a la heterogeneidad ambiental. A partir de estos datos se construye un modelo SIG que sugiere cierto grado de variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el uso de estos entornos andinos de Sudamérica.

Abstract This article aims to reflect on the characteristics and issues of coastal cities that rely on summer tourism centered around sun and beach services. Specifically, it focuses on understanding the effects of the seasonality of economic activity on the inhabited landscape. To do so, it takes a case study: the city of Villa Gesell located on the Atlantic corridor of the province of Buenos Aires in Argentina. Since its foundation in the thirties, this city has exploited its scenic resources to live exclusively from the tourist services it offers to Argentine vacationers. With forty thousand permanent residents, Villa Gesell ranks as the second summer destination in the country and receives around one and a half million tourists between December and March. Applying an etnographical approach that considers spatial and temporal movements, the research seeks to make its main contributions regarding the historical, economic, cultural, urban, and material particularities of the Atlantic seaside cities in the province of Buenos Aires.

Resumen Este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre las características y problemáticas de las ciudades costeras que viven de un turismo estival anclado en los servicios de sol y playa. En particular, se focaliza en comprender los efectos que produce la estacionalidad de la actividad económica sobre el paisaje habitado. Para hacerlo, toma un caso de estudio: la ciudad de Villa Gesell ubicada sobre corredor atlántico de la provincia de Buenos Aires, en Argentina. Esta ciudad -desde su fundación en los años treinta- ha explotado sus recursos paisajísticos para vivir exclusivamente de los servicios turísticos que ofrece a los veraneantes argentinos. Con cuarenta mil habitantes permanentes, Villa Gesell se posiciona como el segundo destino estival del país y recibe cerca de un millón y medio de turistas entre los meses de diciembre y marzo. Desde un enfoque etnográfico que atiende a los movimientos espaciales y temporales, la investigación busca realizar sus principales contribuciones sobre las particularidades históricas, económicas, culturales, urbanas y materiales de los balnearios atlánticos de la provincia de Buenos Aires.

Abstract Background and objective: Vestibular symptoms are among the most common medical complaints in the emergency room. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most frequently observed diagnoses in these patients and has a considerable personal and health care burden. Our aim is to evaluate the weekly and seasonal incidence of BPPV and study the possible relationship between the incidence of BPPV and the climate variations that occurred throughout the year 2021, in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of adult patients (18 years or older), diagnosed with BPPV at Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, between January and December 2021. Meteorological factors for the same period were collected from official data for the metropolitan area of Lisbon, namely atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, cloud amount, daylight time and solar radiation. Results: A total of 178 patients were diagnosed with BPPV; 62 were male (34.8%) and 116 were female (65.2%). A seasonality pattern was found in the incidence of BPPV, with a lower number of patients diagnosed with BPPV in the summer months (p = 0.0002). There was a negative and statistically significant association between atmospheric temperature (r = -0.5215, p = 0.000063), daylight time (r = -0.4024, p = 0. 002847) and solar radiation (r = -0.4463, p = 0.000817) with the number of BPPV patients diagnosed per week. A positive and significant association was found between cloud amount and the incidence of BPPV (r = 0.537, p = 0.000034). No statistically significant association was found between atmospheric pressure (r = -0.0366, p = 0.798015) or humidity (r = 0.2525, p = 0.068707) with the incidence of BPPV. Conclusions: The incidence of BPPV decreases in the summer months, when atmospheric temperature, solar radiation and daylight time are higher and cloud amount is lower.

Resumo Introdução e Objetivos: Os sintomas vestibulares estão entre os motivos de observação mais comuns no serviço de urgência. A Vertigem Posicional Paroxística Benigna (VPPB) é um dos diagnósticos mais frequentemente observados nestes doentes e acarreta um considerável impacto nos cuidados de saúde. O nosso objetivo é avaliar a incidência semanal e sazonal da VPPB e estudar a possível relação entre a incidência da VPPB e as variações climáticas ocorridas ao longo do ano de 2021, na área metropolitana de Lisboa. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de doentes adultos (18 anos ou mais), com diagnóstico de VPPB no Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2021. As variáveis meteorológicas para o mesmo período foram recolhidas dos dados oficiais da área metropolitana de Lisboa, nomeadamente temperatura atmosférica, pressão atmosférica, humidade, nebulosidade, número de horas diárias de sol e radiação solar. Resultados: Um total de 178 doentes foram diagnosticados com VPPB; 62 eram homens (34,8%) e 116 mulheres (65,2%). Foi encontrado um padrão sazonal na incidência de VPPB, com menor número de doentes diagnosticados com VPPB nos meses de verão (p = 0,0002). Existiu uma associação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre a temperatura atmosférica (r = -0,5215, p = 0,000063), o número de horas de luz solar (r = -0,4024, p = 0,002847) e a radiação solar (r = -0,4463, p = 0,000817) com o número de doentes com VPPB diagnosticados por semana. Foi encontrada associação positiva e significativa entre nebulosidade e a incidência de VPPB (r = 0,537, p = 0,000034). Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa entre pressão atmosférica (r = -0,0366, p = 0,798015) ou humidade (r = 0,2525, p = 0,068707) com a incidência de VPPB. Conclusões: A incidência da VPPB diminui nos meses de verão, quando a temperatura atmosférica, a radiação solar e o número de horas de luz solar são maiores e a nebulosidade é menor.

RESUMEN Se prueba un modelo de distancia anisotrópica elaborado en SIG para evaluar costos de desplazamiento en ambientes con topografías abruptas en función de la pendiente y tiempo recorrido (Lucero et al., 2021). Se aplican rangos propuestos (locales, no locales y extrarregionales) para evaluar costos de aprovisionamiento y cambios en el acceso a las fuentes de obsidiana: Arroyo Paramillos y Laguna del Diamante. Se evalúa la distribución de artefactos con análisis geoquímicos asignados a estas fuentes considerando la disponibilidad anual/estacional de sitios a partir de un análisis SIG de cobertura nívea. El decrecimiento de obsidianas sigue tendencias esperables de acuerdo con el fall-off de las fuentes, aunque es asimétrico a uno y otro lado de los Andes. Tendencias espaciales no esperables pueden explicarse por la localización de emplazamientos en umbrales variables de estacionalidad y acceso en función de cambios ambientales, pero también sociales vinculados a la territorialización del espacio.

ABSTRACT An anisotropic GIS distance model based on slope and travel time is tested to evaluate travel costs in environments with steep topographies (Lucero et al. 2021). The proposed ranges (local, non-local and extra-regional) are applied to evaluate supply costs and changes in access to obsidian sources: Arroyo Paramillos and Laguna del Diamante. The distribution of artifacts with geochemical analyzes assigned to these sources is evaluated; annual/seasonal availability of the sites from a snow cover analysis with GIS has also been considered. The decrease in obsidian follows the expected trends according to the decrease in sources, although it is asymmetric on both slopes of the Andes. Unexpected spatial trends can be explained by the location of sites at variable thresholds of seasonality and access depending on environmental changes, but also by social changes associated with the territorializing of space.