The demand for macadamia nut production worldwide has led to increased use of pesticides and chemicals for pest and disease control. Reservoirs in these macadamia farming sectors are at risk, since these chemicals can enter and contaminate the water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, subsequently negatively affecting aquatic organisms. The current study investigated macroinvertebrate colonisation and succession associated with two macadamia orchards and two communal area reservoirs. The potential effects of stressors from these land uses was tested for and compared using stone substrates over a 6-week period. Stone substrates from both reservoir types were abundantly colonised over time and the total macroinvertebrate taxa and abundance showed an increasing trend across the sampled weeks, with macadamia orchards having the highest number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Strong ecological succession was observed across reservoirs, with the initial succession of early colonisers - i.e., Chironominae (collector-gatherers), Ostracoda (collector-filterers) and Anax sp. (predator) within communal area reservoirs, and Chironominae, Ostracoda and Radix natalensis (scrapers) in macadamia orchard reservoirs - followed by predatory colonisers such as Gyrinidae larvae, Trithemis sp. (macadamia orchard reservoirs), and Ranatra sp. (communal area reservoirs). Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly across sites and weeks, with no similarity being observed for communities across the different reservoirs. Redundancy analyses further highlighted 11 sediment chemistry variables (i.e., pH, resistivity, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, Fe and S) which were significantly related to macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, sediment variables were found to be better predictors of macroinvertebrate community structure in macadamia orchard reservoirs than communal area reservoirs. Consequently, we concluded that differences in colonisation ability among taxa and environmental stressors were important factors driving succession. These results add to the understanding of the macroinvertebrate colonisation processes and environmental stressors within agricultural landscapes, which can aid in the development of conservation management of freshwater ecosystems.

ABSTRACT Banana stalk production for fiber is an important crop activity in southern China. The fiber extraction technology used has a great impact on the effectiveness and quality of the fiber from banana stalks. A mechanical model of the process for banana stalk fiber extraction was developed through theoretical analysis. The existing problems of machines for banana stalk fiber extraction include high rates of fiber impurity and damaged fibers. A 3-factor 3-horizon orthogonal rotation combination test was established. The rates of fiber impurity and damaged fibers were the evaluation indices. The significant order of the factors determining the rate of fiber impurity, from largest to smallest, was the gap between the scraper and the holding plate, the number of scrapers, and the rotational speed of the scraping knives roller. The significant order of factors for the rate of damaged fiber was the gap between the scraper, the rotational speed of the scraping knives roller, and the number of scrapers. The optimized banana straw fiber extraction machine was tested in the field. The results show that the development of this model can provide valuable experience and references for understanding and improving other similar agricultural machinery and equipment. China stalks analysis 3factor factor 3 3horizon horizon established indices smallest plate scrapers roller field equipment

ABSTRACT Objective: The technological development of the last few decades has driven the massive production of informational resources and significant changes in data collection and management processes in practically all areas. This scenario is no different in the scientific field, where the collection and proper treatment of data has been a challenge for researchers. This research aimed to present a prototype of Web scraper, called ScraperCI, and to analyze the potential of using computational tools as it is for collection in databases available on the Web. Methods: The research is characterized as applied, exploratory and descriptive in nature, with a qualitative approach that aims to identify the potential of using Web scrapers in the data collection process. Results: It is concluded that the developed prototype enables considerable advances in the process of automating the collection of scientific data and that such tools enable the automation of retrieval processes, favoring greater productivity in terms of the extraction of informational resources on the Web. Conclusions: It is hoped that this research can encourage information professionals to develop new skills and see innovative possibilities in their areas of professional activity, acting with protagonism in this interdisciplinary environment. Objective field researchers scraper ScraperCI Methods applied nature Results Conclusions activity environment

RESUMO Objetivo: O desenvolvimento tecnológico das últimas décadas tem impulsionado a produção massiva de recursos informacionais e mudanças significativas nos processos de coleta e gestão de dados em praticamente todas as áreas. Tal cenário não é diferente no âmbito científico, onde a coleta e tratamento adequado de dados tem se apresentado como um desafio para pesquisadores. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar um protótipo de Web scraper, denominado como ScraperCI, e analisar as potencialidades da utilização de ferramentas computacionais como esta para a coleta em bases de dados disponíveis na Web. Método: A pesquisa caracteriza-se como aplicada, de natureza exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa que visa identificar as potencialidades da utilização de Web scrapers no processo de coleta de dados. Resultado: Conclui-se que o protótipo desenvolvido possibilita avanços consideráveis no processo de automação da coleta de dados científicos e que tais ferramentas possibilitam a automatização de processos de recuperação, favorecendo maior produtividade no que tange a extração de recursos informacionais na Web. Conclusões: Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa estimular os profissionais da informação a desenvolver novas competências e enxergar possibilidades inovadoras em suas áreas de atuação profissional, atuando com protagonismo nesse meio interdisciplinar. Objetivo científico pesquisadores scraper ScraperCI Método caracterizase caracteriza aplicada descritiva Resultado Concluise Conclui recuperação Conclusões Esperase Espera profissional interdisciplinar

Abstract: Aim We evaluated the effects of native vegetation and agricultural activities on functional characteristics of aquatic insects’ assemblages in Atlantic Forest streams southern Brazil. Methods We collected information on land uses, riparian zone structural characteristics, and limnological variables of ten streams to characterize their environmental quality. In the same streams, we collected aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and determined their functional characteristics (e.g. food habits, mobility, shape, and body size). The information for each trait category was quantified using a fuzzy code technique. To test the environmental conditions on aquatic insect functional attributes, we used an RLQ analysis. Results In our study, only five environmental variables showed variation in streams (temperature, pH, DO, native vegetation, and agriculture use). We collected a total of 2591 organisms distributed in 21 EPT genera. We observed that the functional attributes of EPT formed distinct groups in relation to the stream categories defined by the measured environmental variables. We observed that shredders and larger and flattened organisms were associated with natural streams. These attributes were associated with the genera Phylloicus, Anacroneuria, Tupiperla, and Farrodes. On the other hand, we observed greater proportions of scrapers, with spherical bodies and shelter builders in streams impacted by agriculture. The most frequent genera in these streams were Itaura, Wormaldia and Helicopsyche. Conclusions The modification of natural landscapes by agricultural areas caused significant functional changes in the aquatic invertebrate communities. Since aquatic insects participate effectively in ecological processes, alterations in the functional characteristics of these communities can cause changes in the streams’ functioning. Abstract Brazil uses quality Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera (Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera e.g. eg e g (e.g habits mobility shape size. size . size) technique analysis study temperature, temperature (temperature pH DO use. use use) 259 2 Phylloicus Anacroneuria Tupiperla Farrodes hand scrapers Itaura Helicopsyche processes functioning e.g 25

Resumo: Objetivo Neste estudo avaliamos os efeitos da vegetação nativa e atividades agrícolas sobre as características funcionais de assembleias de insetos aquáticos em riachos de Mata Atlântica, sul do Brasil. Métodos Coletamos informações sobre usos do solo, características estruturais da zona ripária e variáveis limnológicas de dez córregos para caracterizar sua qualidade ambiental. Nos mesmos riachos coletamos insetos aquáticos (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera) e determinamos as características funcionais (e.g., hábitos alimentares, mobilidade, forma, tamanho do corpo). A informação para cada categoria de característica foi quantificada usando uma técnica de código fuzzy. Para testar as condições ambientais nos atributos funcionais de insetos aquáticos, utilizamos uma análise RLQ. Resultados Em nosso estudo, apenas cinco variáveis ambientais apresentaram variação entre os riachos (temperatura, pH, DO, vegetação nativa, uso agrícola). Coletamos um total de 2591 organismos distribuídos em 21 gêneros das ordens EPT. Observamos que os atributos funcionais do EPT formaram grupos distintos em relação às categorias de riachos definidas pelas medidas das variáveis ambientais. Observamos que fragmentadores e organismos maiores e achatados estiveram associados a riachos naturais. Esses atributos foram associados aos gêneros Phylloicus, Anacroneuria, Tupiperla e Farrodes. Por outro lado, em riachos impactados pela agricultura, observamos maiores proporções de raspadores, com corpos esféricos e construtores de abrigos. Nesses riachos, os gêneros mais frequentes foram Itaura, Wormaldia e Helicopsyche. Conclusões A modificação das paisagens naturais por áreas agrícolas causou mudanças funcionais significativas nas comunidades de invertebrados aquáticos. Como os insetos aquáticos participam efetivamente dos processos ecológicos, alterações nas características funcionais dessas comunidades podem causar mudanças no funcionamento dos riachos. Resumo Atlântica Brasil solo ambiental Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera (Ephemeroptera Trichoptera e.g., eg g (e.g. alimentares mobilidade forma corpo. corpo . corpo) fuzzy RLQ temperatura, temperatura (temperatura pH DO agrícola. agrícola agrícola) 259 2 Phylloicus Anacroneuria Farrodes lado agricultura raspadores abrigos Itaura Helicopsyche ecológicos e.g. (e.g 25 e.g

ABSTRACT Laguna Las Vegas is a high integrity and high resolution site. It is a penecontemporaneous record that was formed around 3050-3210 BP which is remarkable due to the high frequency of guanaco bones (Lama guanicoe) and, to a lesser extent, of cauquén remains (Chloephaga sp.). Additionally, a highfrequency ofbonepounders and chalcedony scrapers was recorded. Wepropose that this site was a campsite originated by an attritionally discard behavior within a short time frame, in which whole preys (guanacos) were taken for processing, consumption, and subsequent transport of their axial skeleton. The fact that cauquén remains were found suggests that human occupations took place, at least, during spring and summer. Due to these features, Laguna Las Vegas stands out as a valuable site, one which adds useful information about faunal resource management and mobility of the hunter-gatherer populations of the Coyle River middle basin.

RESUMEN El sitio Laguna Las Vegas posee una alta integridad y resolución. Es un registro penecon- temporáneo formado alrededor de 3050-3210 años AP que se destaca por la alta frecuencia de restos de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) y, en menor magnitud, de cauquén (Chloephaga sp.), acom pañados principalmente por machacadores óseos y raspadores de calcedonia. Se postula que el sitio es el resultado del descarte en un campamento formado atricionalmente y en un corto lapso, al que habrían ingresado presas enteras (guanacos) para su procesamiento, consumo y ulterior transporte del esqueleto axial. La presencia de restos de cauquén indica que las ocupaciones humanas habrían tenido lugar, al menos, durante los meses de primavera y verano. Todas estas características lo definen como un sitio novedoso que añade valiosa información sobre el manejo de recursos faunísticos y la movilidad de poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras en la cuenca media del río Coyle.

Abstract: The use of visual social networks like Instagram in health communications is well-documented, especially when it comes to the analysis of specific contents to study images. However, this methodology poses a challenge due to the growing difficulties in access and a very limited legal and action framework. Based on the assumptions of visual sociology, this article explores a methodology to obtain data from Instagram using scrapers, offering a revision of its technical and ethical implications. Through this method, we analyse the distribution of Instagram posts carrying the hashtag #SacaPecho (a Spanish expression that refers to standing up for or showing support to a cause), created by the Spanish Society Against Cancer (Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer) on the occasion of the International Day Against Cancer (October 19, 2020). We obtain data from more than 7,000 images in a matter of minutes. Our work sheds light on the tools available for researchers to access data from Instagram and proposes a debate on the ethical possibilities to implement them.

Resumen: El uso de redes de contenido visual como Instagram está bien documentado en la comunicación en salud, especialmente el análisis de contenido para estudiar las imágenes. Sin embargo, esta metodología supone un reto ante las crecientes dificultades en el acceso y un marco legal y de actuación muy limitados. Basado en los postulados de la sociología visual, este artículo explora una metodología para obtener datos de Instagram mediante el uso de scrapers, revisando las necesidades técnicas y las implicaciones éticas en el uso de este tipo de herramientas. Se analiza la distribución de imágenes acompañadas por la etiqueta #SacaPecho, creada por la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer con ocasión del Día Internacional de la Lucha Contra el Cáncer (19 de octubre de 2020). El uso de scrapers permite obtener referencias de más de 7000 imágenes en poco tiempo. El trabajo permite entender las herramientas al alcance de la investigación social para acceder a datos relevantes en Instagram y propone un debate sobre las posibilidades éticas en este ámbito.

Resumo: A utilização de Instagram e de redes semelhantes de conteúdo visual na comunicação sobre saúde está bem documentada, especialmente na análise de conteúdo. Contudo, as crescentes limitações no acesso a esta informação representam um desafio. Baseado na sociologia visual, este artigo explora uma metodologia para obter dados da Instagram através da utilização de scrapers. Revemos as necessidades técnicas e as implicações éticas da utilização deste tipo de ferramenta. Através desta metodologia, analisamos a distribuição de imagens acompanhadas pela hashtag #SacaPecho (“mostre o seu apoio”) na Instagram. A campanha foi criada pela Associação Espanhola Contra o Cancro por ocasião do Dia Internacional contra o Câncer (19 de outubro de 2020). A utilização de scrapers permite a obtenção de referências de mais de 7.000 imagens num curto espaço de tempo. O trabalho permite uma compreensão dos mecanismos à disposição da investigação social para acessar a dados relevantes no Instagram e propõe um debate sobre as possibilidades éticas nesta área.

Abstract: The process of occupation of Santa Cruz province by the Argentinean State towards the end of the 19th century and during the early 20th century, involved its division in small units (estancias) and promoted the settlement of groups of European descent focused on sheep breeding. At the same time, specific areas (“reservations”) were created with the intention of constraining indigenous families. In this vein, we present archaeological evidence of four sites occupied during the 20th century by families of Tehuelche/ Aonikenk-Mapuche origin. The analysis focuses on architectonic features and glass scrapers. Two sites are located inside the former “reservation” area of Lago Viedma (“Cerro Índice”), while the other two sites are placed nearby at the Hotel Punta del Lago and near the former “reservation” of Camusu Aike (Coyle river basin). This evidence broadens the variability of archaeological contexts from Patagonia historical times and advances in the visualization of indigenous people.

Resumen: El proceso de ocupación estatal del espacio correspondiente a la actual provincia de Santa Cruz hacia finales del siglo XIX involucró su progresiva división en unidades productivas (estancias) y fomentó el establecimiento de grupos criollo-europeos orientados a la cría de ganado ovino. En forma paralela se fueron creando áreas de “reserva”1 destinadas al establecimiento de familias de origen indígena. En relación con este proceso se presenta la información correspondiente a cuatro sitios arqueológicos ocupados durante el siglo XX por familias de ascendencia Tehuelche/ Aonikenk-Mapuche. La evidencia material relevada se focaliza sobre estructuras arquitectónicas y raspadores de vidrio. Dos sitios están ubicados en la antigua “reserva” de Lago Viedma (“Cerro Índice”), otro cercano a la misma -en el Hotel Punta del Lago- y, el último, en la Laguna Puesto Peter, lindante con la antigua “reserva” Camusu Aike, en la cuenca media del río Coyle. La nueva información amplía la variabilidad de contextos arqueológicos de tiempos históricos en Patagonia, a la vez que colabora con la visualización de los pueblos originarios.

Isimila is a Middle Pleistocene archaeological site located in southern Tanzania. The site is known for large surface assemblages of later Acheulean lithics such as hand axes, cleavers, scrapers and cores. While hominin remains have yet to be discovered at the site, Isimila offers a unique window into Middle Pleistocene Homo behaviour. Although Isimila has been studied extensively, the last published map of the site and surrounding area was made available in the 1970s. Here, we present an updated high-resolution map of Isimila. Data for the map were collected during aerial survey with an uncrewed(unmanned) aerial vehicle. With this map, we identified new archaeological localities, erosional patterns, newly exposed geological features and changes in site topography. The map demonstrates patterns of stone tool and raw material distribution that may support previous hypotheses of short-distance raw material transport into the area by hominins. This open-access map establishes a baseline for tracking changes to site topography in the future and serves as a unique tool to enable collaboration between researchers, museum personnel and local populations to better conserve Isimila. SIGNIFICANCE: •New potential archaeological localities and significant changes to erosional patterns at Isimila were identified. •The open access map and associated raw data provided enable researchers to track seasonal and erosional changes and anthropogenic effects, and to develop protocols for conservation of this unique site.

Resumo Objetivo Queimadas é um distúrbio natural nas paisagens do Bioma Savana. Este estudo avalia os efeitos do pós-fogo (antes e depois) na decomposição de serapilheira na comunidade de invertebrados e biomassa de fungos em diferentes detritos e malhas (fina e grossa) em riacho em curto prazo temporal. Métodos Folhas senescentes (2 ± 0,1 g de peso seco) foram colocadas em sacos (30 × 30 cm, 10 mm – de malha grossa e 0,5 mm - de malha fina) e submersas no fluxo antes e depois do fogo. Sacos replicados (n = 4) foram recuperados após 20 e 40 dias e lavados em uma peneira para separar os invertebrados (densidade, riqueza e grupo trófico funcional) para ambos os tratamentos (antes e após o fogo). Uma série de discos das folhas foi cortada para determinar a massa seca isenta de cinzas e o material restante foi seco em estufa para determinar o peso seco. Resultados O coeficiente médio de decomposição (k = -0,012 dia-1 antes do fogo) corresponde ao intervalo intermediário observado em outros riachos de Savana, com valores menores no pós-fogo (k = -0,007 dia-1). Isso pode ser explicado pelo fogo diminuir a importância da serapilheira alóctone para metabolismo de fluxo devido a aumentar a produção de autóctones (maior abertura do dossel pela queima do mesmo). O coeficiente de decomposição intermediário de todas as diferentes espécies de folhas pós-incêndio pode indicar que o fogo pode equalizar a qualidade da serapilheira em ecossistemas de lóticos. Por outro lado, raspadores (e não fungos ou fragmentadores) pela função de fragmentação foliar (por consumo de perifíton) diminuíram sua abundância (30-50%) no pós-fogo como a perda de massa foliar. Conclusões Isso pode indicar que o pós-fogo modifica as relações de importância dentro das comunidades decompositoras em riachos tropicais.

Abstract Aim Wildfire is a natural pulsed disturbance in landscapes of the Savannah Biome. This study evaluates short-term post-fire effects on leaf litter breakdown, the invertebrate community and fungal biomass of litter from three different vegetal species in a tropical stream. Methods Senescent leaves of Inga laurina, Protium spruceanum and Rircheria grandis (2 ± 0.1 g dry mass) were individually placed in litter bags (30 × 30 cm: 10 mm coarse mesh and 0.5 mm fine mesh) and submerged in the study stream before and after fire. Replicate bags (n = 4; individually for each species, sampling time, fire event and mesh size) were then retrieved after 20 and 40 days and washed to separate the invertebrates before fire event and again immediately after fire. Disks were cut from leaves to determine ash-free dry mass, while the remaining material was oven-dried to determine dry mass. Results The pre-fire mean decomposition coefficient (k = -0.012 day-1) was intermediate compared to that reported for other savannah streams, but post-fire it was lower (k = -0.007 day-1), due to decreased allochthonous litter input and increased autochthones production. Intermediate k values for all qualities of litter post-fire may indicate that fire is equalizing litter quality in the stream ecosystem. The abundance of scrapers was found to be more important than fungal biomass or shredder abundance, probably due to their functioning in leaf fragmentation while consuming periphyton growing on leaf litter. Conclusions Theses results indicate that fire can modify the relationships within decomposer communities in tropical stream ecosystems.

In the framework of the analysis of the prehistoric occupations registered in rock shelters from the north coast of Santa Cruz, stratigraphic studies were carried out at the Alero 4 site. In this sense, an excavation was carried out on a surface of approximately 2m², which presented a stratigraphy depth of approximately 40 cm. A high frequency of lithic artifacts was recorded, among which were mainly flakes. Also, it is interesting to highlight the identification a high frequency of scrapers, which is a finding of relevance in virtue of the studies carried out to date in the area. The trends observed in the techno-morphological study of the pieces indicate the existence of certain geographical restrictions in the procurement and exploitation of the rocks used to made and use the scrapers. In this paper we intend to complement and discuss the information by virtue of the data generated in the functional analysis of the pieces, which somehow contradict said affirmation. In addition, the studies will evaluate the site's functionality within the framework of the settlement system and the mobility of the groups that occupied the area and generate new discussions regarding the scope of the technology of coastal hunter-gatherers.

En el marco de los análisis de las ocupaciones prehistóricas registradas en abrigos rocosos de la costa norte de Santa Cruz, se efectuaron estudios estratigráficos en el sitio Alero 4. En este sentido, se realizó una excavación en una superficie de aproximadamente 2m², la cual presentó una potencia estratigráfica de aproximadamente 40 cm. Se registró una alta frecuencia de artefactos líticos, entre los que se diferenciaron principalmente productos de talla. Asimismo, resulta interesante resaltar la identificación de una alta frecuencia de raspadores, la cual constituye un hallazgo de relevancia en virtud de los estudios realizados hasta el momento en el área. Las tendencias observadas previamente en el estudio tecno-morfológico de las piezas indicarían la existencia de ciertas restricciones geográficas en cuanto al aprovisionamiento y explotación de las rocas empleadas para confeccionar y utilizar los raspadores. En el presente trabajo se pretende complementar y discutir dicha información en virtud de los datos generados en el análisis funcional de las piezas, los cuales de alguna manera contradicen dicha afirmación. Asimismo, los estudios permitirán evaluar la funcionalidad del sitio en el marco del sistema de asentamiento y movilidad de los grupos humanos que ocuparon el área y generar nuevas discusiones en cuanto a los alcances de la tecnología de los cazadores-recolectores costeros.

Resumen Las quebradas están fuertemente influenciadas por su vegetación ribereña y la deforestación afecta a la comunidad acuática. Se estudiaron los efectos de la deforestación sobre la diversidad taxonómica y funcional del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en cuatro quebradas Andinas colombianas. El estudio incluyó 12 sitios, siete de ellos con cobertura arbórea en sus márgenes en áreas boscosas no perturbadas por la deforestación (estaciones de referencia) y los otros cinco sin cobertura arbórea en áreas deforestadas (estaciones alteradas). Se realizaron cuatro muestreos de campo entre junio 2011 y febrero 2012 y se recolectaron muestras de macroinvertebrados bentónicos utilizando el método D-net con malla de 500 μm y recolección manual, y se midieron diferentes variables fisicoquímicas in situ. Se calcularon los índices de Shannon-Wienner (H ‘) y Simpson (D). Se aplicaron análisis unidireccionales de varianza ANOVAs a cada variable ambiental y análisis canónicos discriminantes (CDA). Se recolectaron un total 8 370 individuos correspondientes a 80 taxones durante el estudio. La abundancia y diversidad fue mayor en las estaciones localizadas en áreas boscosas no perturbadas. Thraulodes, Anacroneuria y Rhagovelia, se asociaron con valores más altos de Calidad de Bosque de Ribera Andina (QBR-And), Índice de Hábitat Fluvial (IHF), Biological Monitoring Working Party Colombia (BMWP/Col) y temperatura en estaciones de referencia, mientras que Leptonema, Baetodes y Mayobaetis se asociaron con mayores valores de pH y altura sobre nivel del mar en estaciones alteradas. Los principales grupos funcionales tróficos (GFT) en las estaciones de referencia fueron colectores-recolectores/raspadores (27.2 %), raspadores (25.4 %) y depredadores (24.4 %), mientras que en estaciones alteradas fueron: Colectores filtradores (27.5 %), colectores-recolectores/raspadores (17.4 %) y raspadores (15.7 %). Los hábitos de vida más abundantes en las estaciones de referencia fueron agarradores (50.5 %), taxones con tres o más hábitos (28.7 %) y patinadores (16.1 %), mientras que en las estaciones alteradas fueron agarradores (68.1 %), taxones con tres o más hábitos (13.7 %) y excavadores (5.2 %). El conocimiento de las variables que determinan la estructura taxonómica y funcional de los ensamblajes de macroinvertebrados, y cómo responden a impactos como la deforestación, puede ayudar a determinar acciones de protección o restauración de las condiciones ambientales y ecológicas de las quebradas Andinas y los hábitats riparios.

Abstract The creeks are strongly influenced by their riparian vegetation, and the deforestation affect the aquatic community. The effects of deforestation on taxonomic and functional diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage in four Colombian Andean creeks were evaluated. The study included 12 sites, seven of them with arboreal coverage at their margins in forested areas undisturbed by deforestation (reference stations) and the other five without tree cover in deforested areas (altered stations). Four field samplings were carried out between June 2011 and February 2012, and samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using the D-net method with 500 μm mesh and manual collection, and different physicochemical variables were measured in situ. The Shannon-Wienner (H′) and Simpson´s index (D) were calculated. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to each environmental variable, and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) to establish differences in environmental variables, taxonomic and functional diversity between references and altered stations were applied. 8 370 macroinvertebrate individuals corresponding to 80 taxa were collected in the study, with 6 758 individuals and 75 taxa in references stations and 1 612 individuals and 50 taxa in altered stations. The reference stations had higher values of diversity and the taxa that made major contributions to the variance between reference and altered stations were Thraulodes, Anacroneuria and Rhagovelia, which were associated with the highest values of Index of Andean riparian vegetation Quality (QBR-And), fluvial habitat index (IHF), Biological Monitoring Working Party Colombia BMWP/Col, EPT index (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and temperature in reference stations, whereas Leptonema, Baetodes and Mayobaetis were associated with higher pH and elevation above sea level in altered stations. The main functional feeding groups (FFG) at the reference stations were collectors-gatherers/scrapers CG / SC (27.2 %), scrapers SC (25.4 %) and predators PR (24.4 %), and for altered stations were collectors-filterers CF (27.5 %), collectors-gatherers/scrapers CG / SC (17.4 %) and scrapers SC (15.7 %). The most abundant life habits were clingers Cg (50.5 %), taxa with three or more habits (28.7 %) and skaters Sk (16.1 %), in the reference stations, and clingers Cg (68.1 %), taxa with three or more habits (13.7 %) and burrowers Bu (5.2 %) in the altered stations. The knowledge of the variables that determine the taxonomic and functional structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblages, and how they respond to impacts such as deforestation, can help to determine actions of protection or restoration of the environmental and ecological conditions of the Andean streams and the riparian habitats.

Abstract Flavalona asymmetrica sp. nov. belongs to the costata-clade. This species has two main head pores, a feature shared only with Flavalona setigera (Brehm, 1931). Morphological differences between them are related to main and lateral head pores, armature of scrapers on the second limb, and proportion of setae on the third and fourth limbs, number of denticles on the postabdomen. Males of F. asymmetrica sp. nov. has genital process about ten times shorter than length of postabdominal claw, which is an exclusive morphological trait. Flavalona asymmetrica sp. nov. is a Neotropical species, so far, it occurs only in Brazil and can be found together with Flavalona iheringula (Sinev & Kotov, 2004) and Flavalona margipluma (Sousa, Santos, Güntzel, Diniz-Filho, de Melo-Júnior & Elmoor-Loureiro, 2015).

Resumen Los ríos intermitentes en Colombia se localizan principalmente en zonas de bosque seco, con relevancia en el ciclo hidrológico, el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y el suministro de agua en estas regiones. Aspectos del funcionamiento de estos sistemas no se conocen, especialmente en zonas insulares. Este trabajo describe los cambios en composición, diversidad y algunos rasgos funcionales de los macroinvertebrados, relacionados con fluctuaciones de caudal, en tres ríos de la isla de Providencia. Se realizaron muestreos en temporada seca y temporada de lluvias. Se seleccionaron diez (10) rasgos funcionales y 50 categorías que incluyen características tróficas, fisiológicas, morfológicas, conductuales y del ciclo vital. El análisis de componentes principales confirma una marcada estacionalidad asociada con la variación de conductividad eléctrica, alcalinidad y oxígeno disuelto. Se identificaron 60 géneros-morfotipos con mayor riqueza de quironómidos, tricópteros y coleópteros. Según el análisis de correspondencia canónica, Chironomus, Pyrgophorus, Haitia y Dero se asociaron con valores altos en la conductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto y dureza total. Respecto a rasgos, en la época seca predominaron mecanismos para resistir la desecación (capullos o diapausa), reproducción asexual, ciclos de vida rápidos estacionales, preferencia por sustrato hojarasca y hábito raspador, como: Ancylidae, Dero, Anopheles, Microvelia y Neritina. En la época de lluvia se hallaron cuerpos con caparazón o estuches, ciclos de vida lentos estacionales y hábito trófico colector recolector, como: Macrobrachium, Polypedilum, Helicopsyche, Beardius y Chironomus. Se concluye que la condición hidrológica incide en la estructura y funcionalidad de los macroinvertebrados y que algunos rasgos fisiológicos y de historias de vida son esenciales para permanecer en ambientes temporales.

Abstract Intermittent streams in Colombia are located principally in dry forest zones and are important in maintaining the hydrological cycle and sustaining biodiversity and the water supply for local human populations. Some aspects of the functioning of these systems are not known in detail, especially in insular areas. This study describes the changes in the species composition, diversity, and some functional traits of macroinvertebrates related to discharge fluctuations in three intermittent streams on Old Providence Island. Sampling was performed during dry and rainy seasons. Ten (10) and 50 functional traits categories were selected, including trophic, physiological, morphological, behavioral and life cycle characteristics. A principal component analysis confirmed a strong seasonality associated with changes in electric conductivity, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen. Sixty genus-level morphotypes were identified, with highest diversity in the Chironomidae (Diptera). According to a Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Chironomus, Pyrgophorus, Haitia and Dero were associated with high values in electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total hardness. With respect to functional traits, during dry season mechanisms for resisting specialized to resist the desiccation (cocoon or diapause), asexual reproduction, seasonal short life cycles, preferences for litter microhabitat, and trophic habit scrapers redominated, such as Ancylidae, Dero, Anopheles, Microvelia and Neritina. During rainy season bodies protected with shells or cases, seasonal long life cycles, and trophic collectors were found, such as Macrobrachium, Polypedilum, Helicopsyche, Beardius and Chironomus. In conclusion, hydrological conditions affect the taxonomic and functional structure of the macroinvertebrates, and some physiological traits and life histories are essential for persistence in temporal environments.

Lithic artifacts known as saladillo are mentioned in the archeology of the Argentinian Puna from the early twentieth century. since then, they were repeatedly presented as projectile points. However, in some works such as those of Jorge Fernández the presence of retouched cutting edges was recognized, but they were not analyzed in detail. In this paper we consider that the analysis of those edges in such artifacts lead to discuss their exclusive classification as projectile points. To this end, three samples obtained at different places in the Puna of salta were analyzed. The results from the analysis of macroscopic attributes suggest that these artifacts should be classifed as scrapers or knives. From the point of view of this classification it is hypothesized that saladillo artifacts refect a standardization of processing technology, linked to the intensification in the exploitation of camelids that occurred by the end of the middle Holocene.

Los artefactos líticos denominados saladillo son mencionados en la arqueología de la Puna argentina desde inicios del siglo XX. Desde entonces, fueron recurrentemente presentados como puntas de proyectil. sin embargo, en algunos trabajos como los de Jorge Fernández se reconoció la presencia de filos, aunque no fueron analizados en detalle. en este trabajo consideramos que precisamente el análisis de los filos en dichos artefactos llevaría a discutir su clasificación exclusiva como puntas de proyectil. Con este fn, se analizaron tres muestras provenientes de diferentes sectores de la Puna de salta. Los resultados alcanzados sobre la base del análisis de atributos macroscópicos sugieren que estos artefactos deben ser clasificados como raederas o cuchillos. Asimismo, derivado de esta clasificación, se plantea como hipótesis que estos artefactos refejarían una estandarización en la tecnología de procesamiento, vinculada con el proceso de intensificación en la explotación de camélidos ocurrido a fnales del Holoceno medio.

Los macroinvertebrados son un importante componente biológico de los ríos, ya que están vinculados, activamente, en el flujo de materia y energía. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la estructura y los grupos funcionales alimenticios de los macroinvertebrados, en la quebrada La Chapa (Departamento de Boyacá). En tres tramos de la quebrada, en las épocas de lluvia y sequía, se midieron características físicas y químicas. Mediante red Surber, se obtuvieron muestras en cada tramo, para estimar la abundancia y la biomasa de macroinvertebrados. La asignación de los grupos funcionales alimenticios por taxón, se hizo a partir de fuentes secundarias. En el análisis de componentes principales, las variables físicas y químicas se ordenaron según la temporalidad; la conductividad eléctrica, la dureza y la alcalinidad fueron las variables con mayor peso en el análisis. Respecto a los macroinvertebrados, se hallaron 35 taxones, con mayor riqueza en efemerópteros y dípteros, con 8 y 7 taxones, respectivamente. En época de lluvias predominaron, en abundancia, los organismos colectores-recolectores y colectores- filtradores, como Thraulodes sp. y Simulium sp., mientras que en época seca fueron los raspadores, como Helycopsyche sp. En cuanto a la biomasa, en la época de lluvia predominaron los perforadores-carnívoros, como Limnocoris sp., mientras en la época seca fueron los raspadores, como Hydrobiidae. La variación temporal en los grupos funcionales, se puede asociar con los cambios en las condiciones del hábitat, determinados por la expresión diferencial del caudal. Se confirma que los cambios temporales asociados a la estacionalidad climática e hidráulica son importantes en la estructuración de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados, en los sistemas loticos andinos.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are an important biological component of rivers because they contribute to the flow of matter and energy. The goal of this study was to determine the structure and functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates in the stream La Chapa (Dpto. Boyacá). In three sections of the stream, during the rainy and dry seasons, we measured physical and chemical characteristics of the water and used a surber net to obtain macroinvertebrate samples. Next, all species were identified, abundance and biomass calculated, then assigned each taxon to a functional feeding group based on dietary preferences. In the principal component analysis the physical and chemical variables were organized according to seasonality, electric conductivity, hardness and alkalinity. Thirtyfive macroinvertebrate taxa were found, with a high abundance of mayflies and diptera, with 8 and 7 taxa respectively. During the rainy season the stream was dominated by collector-gatherer and collector- filter organisms including Thraulodes sp. and Simulium sp., while in the dry season scrapers such as Helycopsyche sp. were more common. In terms of biomass, the rainy season was composed primarily of the driller-carnivore Limnocoris sp., while in the dry season the biomass of the scrapers such as Hydrobiidae increased. The temporal variation in the functional feeding groups that we observed is likely a consequence of changes in habitat conditions over time. In conclusion, our work supports the role for seasonal changes in structuring the phenology of macroinvertebrate communities in Andean lotic ecosystems.