ABSTRACT The teaching of human parasitology is essential for students of health sciences, especially medicine, because it is a major global public health problem―occurring with high frequency in low-income countries―and because of its presence in countries considered developed. In this sense, it is estimated that worldwide there are 2,800 million individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths, 20 to 30% people infected with Toxoplasma gondii, 300 to 500 million new cases of malaria per year, and nearly 15 million Latin Americans with Chagas disease, an infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This narrative review article analyzes information available in digital repositories on aspects of the traditional educational program of human or medical parasitology using descriptors or keywords closely related to the topic. The reviewed articles were mainly those published in peer-reviewed, indexed and prestigious scientific journals. Moreover, the traditional program of parasitology and the prevailing pedagogy are described with the purpose of encouraging discussion on the methods that lead to its learning. Also, given the dynamic nature of this process and the constant challenges that must be faced in this field, said information can help to explore new ways of teaching parasitology in answer to the demands of the context. In conclusion, parasitic diseases have affected humankind throughout history, causing illness, disability and death in millions of people. Therefore, among the measures to fight such a terrible scourge, the training of more and better professionals in the area is promoted due to their leading role in the design and execution of control programs. As a result, the need to describe in detail the characteristics of the traditional teaching of this branch of knowledge arises―as shown in this paper―in view of the new human teaching methods: participatory learning, problem-based learning and Internetassisted learning.

RESUMEN Es fundamental la enseñanza de la parasitología humana para los estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias de la salud, especialmente la médica, por ser un importante problema de salud pública con distribución mundial, con alta frecuencia en países de bajos recursos económicos y por su presencia en aquellos países considerados desarrollados. En este sentido, se estima que existen en el mundo 2800 millones de individuos infectados con geohelmintos, 20 % a 30 % de infectados con Toxoplasma gondii, 300 a 500 millones de casos nuevos de malaria al año y aproximadamente 15 millones de latinoamericanos con enfermedad de Chagas, una enfermedad causada por el Trypanosoma cruzi. En este artículo de revisión narrativa se analiza información disponible en repositorios digitales sobre aspectos del programa pedagógico tradicional de la parasitología humana o médica, para lo cual se emplearon descriptores o palabras clave en estrecha relación con el tema. Los artículos que se revisaron principalmente fueron aquellos publicados en revistas científicas arbitradas, indexadas y de reconocido prestigio. Asimismo, se describen el programa tradicional de parasitología y la pedagogía prevalente empleada, con el propósito de fomentar el debate sobre los métodos que conducen a su aprendizaje. Por otro lado, si se consideran el carácter dinámico que posee este proceso y los constantes desafíos que deben afrontarse en este campo, esta información puede ayudar a explorar nuevas formas de enseñar la parasitología en respuesta a las exigencias del contexto. En conclusión, las enfermedades parasitarias han afectado a la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, y han causado enfermedades, discapacidad y la muerte de millones de personas. Por tanto, entre las medidas para combatir tan terrible flagelo se señala la capacitación de más y mejores profesionales en el área, por su papel preponderante en el diseño y ejecución de los programas de control, de lo que se desprende la necesidad de describir en detalle las características de la enseñanza tradicional de esta rama del conocimiento ―como se muestra en el contenido de este escrito― en virtud de la existencia de nuevos métodos de enseñanza humana: la enseñanza participativa, aprendizaje basado en problemas y aprendizaje asistido por internet.

The relationship between syphilis and chemistry is remarkable due to its being the first example in western history of a comprehensive attempt by researchers from many countries and cultures to direct their efforts to tackle a serious health problem by means of chemical science. This effort started to take place at the time when the science of chemistry was already beginning to emerge, apart from alchemy. Thus, the fight against syphilis was closely linked to the emergence of iatrochemistry, or medicinal chemistry, which eventually gave rise, centuries later, to chemotherapy. Many of the early iatrochemical compounds in the XVIth century were of mineral origin, and often also synthetic. One of the pioneers of this trend was Paracelsus, who occupies a prominent place in the process. Along the centuries a number of different chemical approaches were attempted to cure syphilis until the advent of antibiotics in the mid-twentieth century, after so much time in which syphilis remained a physical and moral scourge of humankind, challenging all those that endeavoured to find its cure. In this article we recount many fascinating aspects of the application of chemistry in this quest, showing its development in the world as well as in Brazil, throughout its entire history. emerge alchemy Thus iatrochemistry rise later chemotherapy origin synthetic Paracelsus process midtwentieth mid twentieth humankind quest Brazil

RESUMEN Fundamento: el alcoholismo es una drogadicción que conduce a la dependencia de otros tipos de drogas peligrosas y dañinas para la salud humana, por lo que es un fenómeno que debe ser comprendido con objetividad para el desarrollo de acciones eficaces en su erradicación. Objetivo: exponer la efectividad de una intervención educativa para incrementar los conocimientos sobre el alcoholismo en adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención educativa, en el Policlínico Universitario “Ramón López Peñaˮ de Santiago de Cuba, en el período febrero-agosto de 2023. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 45 adolescentes consumidores de riesgo, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario inicial que permitió conocer los conocimientos antes y después de la intervención. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo para la recogida de datos y fundamentación de la investigación. Del nivel empírico: el cuestionario y la observación. Resultados: la intervención educativa aplicada en sesiones de trabajo grupal a través de técnicas participativas, favoreció la motivación de los adolescentes. Se modificaron los conocimientos relacionados con tipos de consumo, motivos y consecuencias, conducta a seguir ante el consumo excesivo y prevención del alcoholismo. Conclusiones: fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos de los adolescentes sobre el alcoholismo, con acciones para fortalecer la promoción y prevención de esta enfermedad, en el primer nivel de atención de salud.

ABSTRACT Background: Alcoholism is a drug addiction that leads to dependence on other types of drugs that are dangerous and harmful to human health, so it is a phenomenon that must be understood objectively for the development of effective actions to eradicate it. Objective: to present the effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase knowledge about alcoholism in adolescents. Methods: a quasi-experimental educational intervention study was carried out at “Ramón López Peña” University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from February to August 2023. The study population consisted of 45 adolescent risk consumers, who met the inclusion criteria, to whom an initial questionnaire was applied that allowed to know the knowledge before and after the intervention. Theoretical methods were used: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive for data collection and research foundation. From the empirical level: the questionnaire and observation. Results: The educational intervention applied in group work sessions through participatory techniques favored the motivation of adolescents. Knowledge related to types of consumption, reasons and consequences, actions to follow in the face of excessive consumption and prevention of alcoholism were modified. Conclusions: It was effective in increasing adolescents' knowledge about alcoholism, with actions to strengthen the promotion and prevention of this disease, at the first level of health care.

The sudden arrival of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa drastically changed the normal way of life in all sectors. It compelled everyone to look at the meaning of life and death differently and more painfully than before. This article investigates the cultural theories and religious narratives on the meaning of life and death, associated with the pervasiveness of the COVID-19 pandemic. The coronavirus affected individuals, families and communities, some directly or indirectly, no one is or was immune to the virus. The article argues that due to COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns, culture, religious practices and protocols have been upended. The COVID-19 pandemic challenged inkcubeko nenkolo yabantu [culture, people's religious belief systems and practices]. This article consists of in-depth qualitative interviews with four religious leaders from the Christian and Muslim faiths. Because of the interviews with persons, oral historians conduct open-ended interviews, as a form of social inquiry. Oral history narratives thus connect the individual and the social, drawing on cultural and religious expressions to tell one's story. CONTRIBUTION: The scholarly contribution of this article adds value and significance to oral history research, as a way of collecting and interpreting human memories and experiences on the meaning of life and death during the COVID-19 crisis. It discusses the dreadfulness of the COVID-19 scourge concerning religious and cultural effects, social sciences and people's narrative reflections.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a serious and systemic problem in South Africa. The government has attempted to address the problem by introducing several initiatives including sexual offences courts, and various laws aimed at protecting women and children. However, the recent reform is not sufficient. Only a limited number of bail reforms were introduced. This article proposes several additional bail reforms aimed at protecting women and children against GBV. Also, more proactive measures need to be undertaken to reduce GBV. This includes reform in the South African Police Service (SAPS) and awareness campaigns. These initiatives are important because they target GBV at its roots. First, the article provides a brief overview of the culture of GBV and the efforts of the South African government to curb it. This is followed by an analysis of how bail proceedings can be amended to have a greater impact on GBV prevention. The article then analyses proactive measures geared towards improving the role of the SAPS, and promoting awareness campaigns to combat the scourge of GBV.

BACKGROUND: The scourge of malnutrition in Africa is a significant obstacle to children's education, impeding their learning ability and perpetuating poor health. AIM: In line with Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 1 and 2 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1 and 4 objectives, the study examined the impact of malnutrition on education inequality before and during development goals, in some selected African countries, based on data availability. SETTING: The analysis covered the period of 1998-2020 and the data for the study were sourced from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank Online Data Base among other sources. METHOD: The authors employ a continuous wavelet coherence analytical tool that considers time-frequency variations in the co-movement to examine the correlation between the series in 28 African countries from 1998 to 2020. RESULTS: Results revealed a positive high-to-low-frequency co-movement between the two series, with malnutrition causing educational inequality from 1998 to 2010, and yet disappearing in subsequent periods. All in all, our findings indicate that malnutrition had a positive effect on educational inequality until the year 2010. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that high malnutrition rates impeded educational equality in numerous African countries during the 1990s and 2000s. However, efforts to eradicate hunger, policy intervention in education, and other factors may have altered this narrative in the post-2010 era. CONTRIBUTION: While previous African studies focused on child growth, the gender gap in education, and the incidence of poverty, completely neglecting the malnutrition variables, in this study a more profound understanding of education inequality in Africa is provided and the correlation between malnutrition and education inequality is considered which was not covered by previous authors.

Abstract This article exposes the relevance of disappearance of persons in the context of the civic-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983); describes, also, the oppressive climate, the systemic plan of persecution, kidnappings and disappearances suffered by Argentine society, which undertook resistance and struggle with fear and pain on its back, and the importance of national and international activism for the prosecution of crimes against humanity. The author writes from a situated thought, as the sister of a kidnapped-disappeared person during the 1978 dictatorship; refers to the creation and consolidation of institutions for the recognition and search of disappeared persons and assistance to victims, as well as the application and development of forensic anthropology in the investigation of human rights violations as subsequent factors that have contributed to the construction of the social and subjective historical memory of this scourge in Argentina.

Resumen Este artículo expone la relevancia de la desaparición de personas en el contexto de la dictadura cívico militar en Argentina (1976-1983); describe el clima represivo, el plan sistemático de persecución, secuestros y desapariciones sufridos por la sociedad argentina, la cual emprendió una resistencia y lucha, con el miedo y el dolor a cuestas; así como la importancia del activismo nacional e internacional para la judicialización de delitos de lesa humanidad. La autora escribe desde un pensamiento situado, como hermana de una persona secuestrada-desaparecida en la dictadura de 1978; refiere la creación y consolidación de instituciones para el reconocimiento y búsqueda de desaparecidos y asistencia a las víctimas, así como la aplicación y desarrollo de la antropología forense en la investigación de violaciones a los derechos humanos como dos factores que han contribuido a la construcción de la memoria histórica social y subjetiva de este flagelo en Argentina.

Resumen La violencia contra las mujeres alcanza su expresión más siniestra en el flagelo de nuestro tiempo: el feminicidio. No obstante, la respuesta social e institucional ha sido insólita. Grandes sectores sociales permanecen impasibles ante el aumento de asesinatos cruentos de mujeres y niñas. Inadmisible desde una concepción de humanidad crítica y consciente de sus posibilidades de realización más alta, la misoginia que sostiene el orden social resulta alarmante. El objetivo del trabajo es comprender la estructura simbólica que alienta la violencia, mediante una reflexión crítica sobre sus posibilidades de transformación. La conclusión a la que llega es que, aunque la estructura simbólica de la dominación sexual opera imperceptiblemente para justificar lo que debería ser condenado de forma generalizada, el desarrollo de la sensibilidad actual ofrece una posibilidad de identificar agravios que antes no se reconocían.

Abstract Violence against women reaches its most sinister expression in the scourge of our time: feminicide. Nevertheless, the social and institutional answer has been offbeat. Large sectors of society remain impassive in the face of rising numbers of bloody murders of women and girls. Being unacceptable from a critical notion of humankind aware of its highest possibilities, the misogyny that sustains social order becomes alarming. This paper aims to comprehend the symbolic structure that encourages violence through a critical view of its possibilities for transformation. The conclusion that we arrive at is that even though a symbolic structure of sexual domination is operating unnoticeably to justify something that should be widely condemned, the development of actual sensibility offers a chance to identify grievances never before recognized.

Abstract The war and violence that have prevailed in Ukraine since February 2022 have become a scourge for the population in this country. Civilian populations, men, women, and children have been the main victims of attacks inflicted by Russia. The situation has become more and more astonishing, with attacks ranging from bombings to residential areas to hospitals and maternity wards. That said, the question that arises in this regard is the lack of timely assistance to parturients and their babies, configuring an attack on fundamental rights - life and health. In this sense, to mitigate the damage caused in Ukraine by the Russian State, International Law emerges to protect the dignity and integrity of Ukrainian citizens. In addition to the essential work carried out by the UN, through UNHCR, UNICEF, as well as by the WHO and the NGO Doctors Without Borders, without devaluing the other entities that participate. Given the aforementioned, this article intends to respond to the violations committed by the Russian State in terms of the bombings carried out on Ukrainian medical infrastructure and how to act at an international level, to avoid more lives lost.

Resumo A guerra e a violência que imperam na Ucrânia desde fevereiro de 2022 têm-se tornado um flagelo para as populações que neste país se encontram. As populações civis, homens, mulheres e crianças têm sido as principais vítimas dos ataques infligidos pela Rússia. A situação tem-se tornado cada vez mais assombrosa, onde se verifica desde bombardeamentos realizados a zonas residenciais, até a hospitais e maternidades. Posto isto, a questão que se coloca quanto a este aspeto, é a falta de assistência atempada às parturientes e aos seus bebés, configurando-se num atentado aos direitos fundamentais - à vida e à saúde. Neste sentido, para mitigar os danos causados na Ucrânia pelo Estado Russo, surge o Direito Internacional como forma de proteger a dignidade e integridade dos cidadãos ucranianos. Acrescendo o trabalho imprescindível levado a cabo pela ONU, através da ACNUR, UNICEF, como também pela OMS e, pela ONG Médicos Sem Fronteiras, sem desvalorizar as restantes entidades que participam. Face ao mencionado, este artigo pretende responder às violações cometidas pelo Estado Russo a nível dos bombardeamentos realizados às infraestruturas médicas ucranianas e de que modo se pode atuar a nível internacional, de forma a evitar mais vidas perdidas.

Feminist discourses around the scourge of gender-based violence (GBV) have historically prioritized the voices and contextualities of cisgender heterosexual women, often to the exclusion of trans persons. In light of the continual invisibility of black trans persons and in particular black trans women in anti-GBV activism, this paper explores black trans women's experiences of violence in post-apartheid South Africa. The study was undertaken from a transfeminist framework that asserts that the stories and histories of trans persons are central to the development of trans epistemologies within an inclusive gender liberation framework. The study followed a narrative methodological approach. Unstructured individual interviews were conducted with eight black trans women living in South Africa. Narratives of gender policing and punitive sexual violence in addition to narratives of cissexism as well as of the paradoxical hypervisibility and invisibility of black trans positions revealed violence meted against black trans women in South Africa as structural, grounded on a patriarchal matrix of cisgender power representing trans women as devalued others. Apartheid legacies of racialised economic marginalisation manifest as bearing a strong mediating role in shaping black trans women's sustained vulnerability to violence. By addressing anti-trans violence as a feminist concern, this paper disrupts the ciscentricism of feminism, enabling more nuanced and inclusive constructions of GBV.

In Indonesia, violence in the name of religion has occurred many times since the reformation began. The trigger is religious fundamentalism and radicalism that increases and affects intolerant actions, inter-religious conflicts and even terrorism. The Indonesian government has initiated religious moderation through the Ministry of Religion to minimise the negative impacts of excessive religious fanaticism. Christians, who are often victims of many acts of violence, should evaluate the religious practices that have been carried out so far. The mission of Christian evangelism has been a scourge that triggered anti-Christian sentiments, thus giving rise to the stigma of Christianisation. One of the most energetic Christian groups with an evangelistic mission is the Pentecostal group. This article aims to propose constructing the Pentecostal mission, which is rooted in the religious life of the early church as a mission model, through the discourse of their hospitality. The thesis is that hospitality, especially embodied by the early church, expresses a moderate religious way. Therefore, this mission is very suitable to be implemented by Pentecostal groups in Indonesia, which takes a theological locus on the Pentecost narratives in Acts 2. CONTRIBUTION: This article addresses early church hospitality as a discourse of Pentecostal mission, especially in Indonesia. This article considers that hospitality can be a model for doing church missions in the frame of religious moderation in Indonesia

ORIENTATION: Fraud and corruption have become a major concern for the South African government. However, the government has made attempts (often futile) to fight the scourge of corruption. The South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) developed a framework aimed at minimising corruption; nevertheless, loopholes in its anticorruption efforts continue to be an encumbrance. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This research sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fraud Management and Compliance Department (FMCD) in terms of its role in the prevention, detection, investigation, reporting and resolution of fraud, theft, corruption and maladministration within the SASSA. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The study was based on public knowledge of the plethora of activities both by civilians and by the SASSA officials that are negatively affecting the SASSA's achievement of its goals and objectives. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: The study adopted a qualitative research approach, including 10 participants with whom one-on-one interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was used. MAIN FINDINGS: The study mainly uncovered that the Special Investigation Unit, National Prosecuting Authority, South African Police Service and Public Service Commission each play a critical role in investigating corruption, fraud and maladministration within the SASSA, thus contributing to how future fraud situations are handled. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The article recommends the training and development of relevant authorities to enhance the effectiveness of the FMCD within the SASSA. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This article contributes to the literature on proposed solutions in effectively diminishing corruption in a South African government entity.

This article undertakes a comprehensive assessment of the African Union (AU)'s Agenda 2063 Aspiration 4: A peaceful and secure Africa and the progress made at continental level towards it. Aspiration 4 is informed by the AU's acknowledgment that the scourge of conflict on the continent plays a significant role in hampering socioeconomic development. Against this background, the article examines the role played by the AU and its regional economic communities (RECs) in response to armed conflict on the continent, as exemplified by the AU and Southern African Development Community (SADC) response to the Cabo Delgado conflict in northern Mozambique. The AU's response to the recent surge of military coups in Africa is also examined, with a focus on the coups in Sudan in 2019 and 2021. The article concludes that the Agenda 2063 blueprint is a useful tool for the continental body when dealing with the scourge of conflicts and unconstitutional changes of governments, which threatens to hamper the AU's developmental agenda.

BACKGROUND: Women in South Africa are battling the scourge of intimate partner violence (IPV), and men are usually responsible. Despite this, no studies have been carried out to specifically explore and describe Christian women's IPV first-hand experiences in the Limpopo and Gauteng provinces AIM: This study explored and described lived experiences with regard to IPV among women attending Pentecostal churches in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces SETTING: The study was conducted in the Makhado Local Municipality, City of Tshwane and Johannesburg metropolitan municipalities METHODS: The study utilised a qualitative research method, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Sampling was purposeful. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to collect data among women attending Pentecostal churches in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces. Data saturation was achieved after 10 survivors were interviewed RESULTS: Two themes surfaced from the analysis: the experience of various forms of IPV by survivors and the hardships survivors encountered when seeking help after IPV CONCLUSION: In spite of the salient role Christian belief played in survivors' lives, the expected support from family, pastors and law enforcement officers after disclosing IPV was non-existent. The survivors were stranded, frustrated and displayed symptoms of depression and anxiety CONTRIBUTION: This study revealed survivors' need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary collaborative support by strengthening partnerships with church leaders to protect Christian women against IPV

The perennial scourge of xenophobic violence in South Africa raises some questions about the nation's hospitality to immigrants. Unexpectedly, Christians are also torn between loyalty to the prevailing anti-immigrant sentiments and the obligation to be hospitable to foreigners. This article, therefore, seeks to explore this tension, and the objective is achieved by surveying pertinent literature. Having traced the history of xenophobic violence from the dawn of South Africa's independence in 1994 to the present day, the article discusses the involvement of Christians in xenophobic violence, which can be viewed as a paradox. Thus, the article thoroughly reflects on God's mission to foreigners and how the Church, a God-ordained community, fulfils that mission, which began in the Old Testament, when God anointed Israel as the vehicle of redemption for the world. Unfortunately, Israel failed to accomplish the mission, which was ultimately fulfilled by Jesus Christ, who ordained the Church as the new covenant community that would fulfil the aforesaid mission. This study reveals that all people, including foreign nationals, bear the image of God, who indiscriminately loves and cares for all of them. God's legislation in Israel's history and the New Testament Church attest to that. The article concludes by exposing the tension experienced by South African Christians, as well as proposing a thrust for Christians to participate in God's mission by practising sacrificial love and hospitality to foreigners. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This is an interdisciplinary article that looks at theological and sociological issues of co-existence.