Abstract Background: In Colombia, several species of Buthidae scorpions belonging to the genera Centruroides and Tityus coexist, and their stings are considered life-threatening to humans because of their venom neurotoxins. Despite previous studies focusing on neurotoxins from these scorpion genera, little is known about the enzymes present in their venoms and their relationship with whole venom toxicity. Methods: Here, using proteomic and biochemical protocols the enzymatic activities of the venoms of three Colombian scorpion species, C. margaritatus, T. pachyurus, and T. n. sp. aff. metuendus, were compared to establish the presence and absence of enzymes such as phospholipases, hyaluronidases, and proteases that could be related to venom toxicity. Results: C. margaritatus was positive for hyaluronidases, T. n. sp. aff. metuendus for proteases, and T. pachyurus exhibited activity for all three mentioned enzymes. Conclusion: This information provides valuable insights into the specific enzyme diversity of each species’ venom and their potential role in venom toxicity, which could contribute to the development of better treatments and prevention strategies for scorpion envenomation. Background Colombia coexist lifethreatening life threatening toxicity Methods Here C T n sp aff phospholipases hyaluronidases Results Conclusion envenomation

Abstract Tityus serrulatus scorpion is responsible for a significant number of envenomings in Brazil, ranging from mild to severe, and in some cases, leading to fatalities. While supportive care is the primary treatment modality, moderate and severe cases require antivenom administration despite potential limitations and adverse effects. The remarkable proliferation of T. serrulatus scorpions, attributed to their biology and asexual reproduction, contributes to a high incidence of envenomation. T. serrulatus scorpion venom predominantly consists of short proteins acting as neurotoxins (α and β), that primarily target ion channels. Nevertheless, high molecular weight compounds, including metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases, are also present in the venom. These compounds play a crucial role in envenomation, influencing the severity of symptoms and the spread of venom. This review endeavors to comprehensively understand the T. serrulatus scorpion venom by elucidating the primary high molecular weight compounds and exploring their potential contributions to envenomation. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action can aid in developing more effective treatments and prevention strategies, ultimately mitigating the impact of scorpion envenomation on public health in Brazil. Brazil fatalities modality effects T scorpions reproduction α β, β , β) channels Nevertheless metalloproteases proteases phospholipases hyaluronidases strategies

ABSTRACT The genus Curicta Stål comprises aquatic insects commonly known as water scorpions and typically occurs in habitats associated with marginal mud. It is exclusively distributed in the New World, with 17 species recorded in the Neotropical Region, including 12 in Brazil. In the state of Maranhão, only one species, Curicta montei De Carlo, has been documented to date. Thus, this study aims to explore the diversity of Curicta in the state of Maranhão. A total of 124 specimens were collected, representing three species: Curicta granulosa De Carlo, C. johnpolhemi Keffer, and C. montei. Notably, C. johnpolhemi and C. granulosa are reported here as new distribution records for the state of Maranhão. Previously described based solely on a single female, our investigation of C. johnpolhemi enabled the description of the male, providing additional taxonomic insights for the species. Photographs of one specimen from each species are provided and diagnostic features are illustrated. mud World 1 Region Brazil Maranhão Carlo date Thus collected C Keffer Notably female male illustrated

Resumo O veneno do escorpião contém uma variedade de neurotoxinas que interagem com os canais iônicos e afetam suas atividades. O presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar o potencial do veneno de escorpião como inibidor da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) usando o Aedes aegypti como organismo modelo. Venenos de duas espécies, Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) e Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) foram selecionados para este estudo. Dois peptídeos (36 kDa de H. tamulus e 54 kDa de A. finitimus) foram separados do veneno de escorpião usando HPLC. Peptídeos selecionados causaram mortalidade significativamente maior em larvas e adultos de Aedes aegypti do que o controle (não foram observadas mortalidades nos grupos controle). O potencial inibitório significativo da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) de ambos os peptídeos foi registrado por espectrofotômetro. O peptídeo de A. finitimus causou mortalidade significativamente maior (95 ± 1,53% em larvas e 100% em adultos) que o peptídeo de H. tamulus (84,33 ± 2,33% em larvas e 95,37 ± 1,45% em adultos). Enquanto o peptídeo de H. tamulus foi mais eficiente na redução da atividade da AChE (0,029 ± 0,012 em larvas e 0,03 ± 0,003 em adultos) do que o peptídeo de A. finitimus (0,049 ± 0,005 em larvas e 0,047 ± 0,001 em adultos). Concluiu-se que o peptídeo do veneno de H. tamulus foi mais eficiente na redução da atividade da AChE, podendo ser um potencial bioinseticida que pode ser sintetizado em escala industrial para o controle de insetos nocivos.

Abstract Scorpion venom contains a variety of neurotoxins which interact with ion channels and affect their activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of scorpion venom as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor by using Aedes aegypti as model organism. Venoms of two species, Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) and Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) were selected for this study. Two peptides (36 kDa from H. tamulus and 54 kDa from A. finitimus) were separated from scorpion venom by using HPLC. Selected peptides caused significantly higher mortality in larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti than control (no mortalities were observed in control groups). Significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of both peptides was recorded by spectrophotometer. The peptide of A. finitimus caused significantly higher mortality (95±1.53% in larvae and 100% in adults) than the peptide of H. tamulus (84.33±2.33% in larvae and 95.37±1.45% in adults). While H. tamulus peptide was more efficient in reducing AChE activity (0.029±0.012 in larvae and 0.03±0.003 in adults) than the peptide of A. finitimus (0.049±0.005 in larvae and 0.047±0.001 in adults). It was concluded that H. tamulus venom peptide was more efficiently reducing AChE activity, thus it could be a potential bio-insecticide which can be synthesized at industrial scale for the control of harmful insects.

Resumo Apesar de a diversidade de escorpiões ser reconhecida há muito tempo, permanece sem solução o mistério de como eles se desenvolvem. A distribuição geográfica, a abundância de espécies e a biodiversidade da fauna de escorpiões em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa são pouco exploradas quanto a aspectos morfológicos, geográficos, ecológicos e filogenéticos. Como resultado do estudo faunístico em escorpiões, foi coletado um total de 171 espécimes de vários regimes nos distritos de Charsadda, Mardan, Peshawar e Kohat, de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de março de 2018 a outubro de 2018. Dispositivo GarminTM GPS V Plus. O software Arc GIS 10.2 foi utilizado para criar mapas das áreas de estudo. Armadilhas de queda foram usadas para coletar amostras de habitats arenosos e pastagens. Cinco espécies Hottentotta tamulus Fabricius, 1798 (35%), Scorpiops pseudomontanus Kovarik and Ahmed, 2009 (26%), Orthochirus fuscipes Pocock, 1900 (15%), Hottentotta buchariensis Birula, 1897 (13%) e Deccanometrus latimanus Pocock, 1894 (11%) foram detectados em nosso estudo proposto. A pesquisa indica que abundância e temperatura têm uma relação favorável, enquanto abundância e umidade têm uma correlação negativa. O valor da uniformidade mostra o forte equilíbrio na eficácia da amostragem de espécies, e o índice de Shannon sugere que a região paquistanesa tem um alto nível de variedade de escorpiões.

Abstract Despite scorpion diversity has long been acknowledged, the mystery of how it develops remains unresolved. The geographical distribution, species abundance and biodiversity of scorpions fauna in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is poorly explored with many aspects like morphological, geographical, ecological and phylogenetically. As a result of faunaistic study on scorpions a total of 171 specimens from various regimes, Charsadda, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from March 2018 to October 2018 were collected. GarminTM GPS V Plus device. The software Arc GIS 10.2 was used to create maps of the study areas. Pitfall traps were used to gather samples from sandy habitats and pastureland. Five species Hottentotta tamulus Fabricius, 1798, with (35%), Scorpiops pseudomontanus Kovarik and Ahmed, 2009, (26%), Orthochirus fuscipes Pocock, 1900, (15%), Hottentotta buchariensis Birula, 1897, (13%) and Deccanometrus latimanus Pocock, 1894, (11%) were detected in our proposed study. The research indicates that abundance and temperature have a favorable connection, while abundance and humidity get a negative correlation. The value of evenness shows the strong equilibrium between the effectiveness of sampling species, and the Shannon's index suggests that the Pakistani region has a high level of scorpion variety.

Abstract The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: “electrophysiology”, “patch-clamp techniques”, “Ca2+ channels”, “K+ channels”, “cnidarian venoms”, “cone snail venoms”, “scorpion venoms”, “spider venoms”, “snake venoms”, “cardiac myocytes”, “dorsal root ganglia”, and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel’s structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins’ source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering. voltagegated voltage gated assays patchclamp patch clamp However origin approaches patchclamp. clamp. MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed descriptors electrophysiology, electrophysiology , “electrophysiology” techniques, techniques” Ca2+ Ca2 Ca “Ca2 channels, channels” K+ K “K venoms, venoms venoms” scorpion spider snake cardiac myocytes, myocytes myocytes” dorsal ganglia, ganglia ganglia” review First channel s channelmodulating modulating e.g. eg e g (e.g snails scorpions spiders snakes, snakes snakes) Finally cells fields toxinology toxicology pharmacology products biophysics biomedicine bioengineering “electrophysiology “Ca e.g

Abstract Scorpions and assassin bugs are arthropod predators that may impact in trophic chain, coexisting in similar microhabitats and exhibiting antagonistic interactions. This study reports the first case of predation of the scorpion Physoctonus debilis by the assassin bug Microtomus tibialis in a Brazilian Seasonal Dry Tropical Forest biome. During a nocturnal collection, an adult individual of M. tibialis was observed, with the head and body facing downwards, while holding a female of P. debilis, with the aid of the mouthparts under the vegetation. Reports like these are important to understand the evolutionary dynamics and natural history of predators that cohabit in the same microhabitat.

Resumen Los escorpiones y las chinches asesinas son artrópodos depredadores que pueden impactar en la cadena trófica, coexistiendo en microhábitats similares y exhibiendo interacciones antagónicas. Este estudio reporta el primer caso de depredación del escorpión Physoctonus debilis por la chinche asesina Microtomus tibialis en un bioma de Bosque Tropical Seco Estacional Brasileño. Durante una colecta nocturna, se observó un individuo adulto de M. tibialis con la cabeza y el cuerpo hacia abajo, mientras sujetaba a una hembra de P. debilis con la ayuda del aparato bucal bajo la vegetación. Informes como estos son importantes para comprender la dinámica evolutiva y la historia natural de los depredadores que cohabitan en el mismo microhábitat.

Abstract In this work, we analyzed cytogenetically eight Chactidae and Buthidae, including the localization of repetitive DNA sequences. The chactids possess monocentric chromosomes and the highest diploid numbers (2n=50 in Brotheas amazonicus, 2n=36 in Chactopsis amazonica, 2n=30 in Neochactas sp.) when compared with buthids (2n=10 in Tityus bahiensis, 2n=14 in Tityus apiacas and Tityus metuendus, 2n=18 in Tityus aba, 2n=26 in Ischnotelson peruassu). The localization of rDNA genes and (TTAGG)n sequences exhibited a conserved pattern of two terminal/subterminal ribosomal cistrons and terminal telomere signals. However, the comparison between the data of C-banding, DAPI after FISH and Cot-DNA fraction indicated a variable quantity and distribution of these regions, as follow: (i) positive heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (B. amazonicus and I. peruassu), (ii) small blocks of heterochromatin with large Cot-DNA signals (T. metuendus), (iii) positive heterochromatic regions and absence of Cot-DNA signals (T. aba and T. apiacas), and (iv) negative heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (T. bahiensis). Therefore, our results revealed that there still is not a clear relation between quantity of heterochromatin and presence of monocentric or holocentric chromosomes and occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements, indicating that repetitive regions in scorpions must be analyzed using different cytogenetic approaches. work Buthidae 2n=50 2n50 n 2n 50 (2n=5 2n36 36 2n=3 amazonica 2n30 30 sp. sp 2n=10 2n10 10 (2n=1 bahiensis 2n14 14 2n=1 metuendus 2n18 18 2n26 26 2n=2 peruassu. peruassu . peruassu) TTAGGn TTAGG terminalsubterminal subterminal However Cbanding, Cbanding C banding, banding C-banding CotDNA Cot follow i (i B. B (B I peruassu, , ii (ii T (T metuendus) iii (iii apiacas, apiacas) iv (iv bahiensis. bahiensis) Therefore rearrangements approaches 2n=5 2n5 5 (2n= 2n3 3 2n= 2n1 1 2n2 2 (2n

Abstract Brazil is located between the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn, which allows diverse climates, reliefs, and habitats for arthropods, which sting represents a risk to human health and a public health issue. This manuscript updates the epidemiological data of cases of human envenoming by spiders, scorpions, and insects with medical relevance in Brazil from 2010 to 2021. Epidemiological data were taken using the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. Statistics of non-parametric data used the Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Nemenyi test. On average, more than 145,000 envenomation and 145 deaths are recorded annually, and more than 60% of deaths are caused by scorpion bites. When the number of deaths was pondered by the number of cases with each arthropod, bees kill the most. Most stings cause mild symptoms and affect men of working age. The incidence decreases during the colder months, which is better noticeable in regions with well-defined seasons. The distribution is distinct among the regions: Southeast, Northeast, and South have the highest rate of bites. The growing number of cases of envenomation reported annually is a serious public health concern, especially involving scorpions, and highlights the importance of studying arthropod venom and improving the therapies. Capricorn climates reliefs arthropods issue spiders scorpions 201 2021 System nonparametric non parametric KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis test average 145000 000 145,00 14 60 bites most age months welldefined well defined seasons Southeast Northeast concern therapies 20 202 14500 00 145,0 1 6 2 1450 0 145,

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar los accidentes de escorpiones en el Centro de Información y Asistencia Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, analizar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la clasificación moderada y severa y determinar el grupo etario de mayor riesgo para esta clasificación. Método: Estudio transversal y retrospectivo, con pacientes atendidos presencialmente por el CIATox, que sufrieron un accidente de escorpión, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Para la variable edad se construyó una curva ROC con el fin de determinar puntos de corte en relación a la clasificación de severidad. Los modelos de regresión de Poisson se ajustaron considerando la clasificación de severidad como variable dependiente. Resultados: Se analizaron 754 casos con edad media de 36,05 años, en su mayoría mujeres y accidentes no laborales ocurridos en la zona urbana. El escorpión más frecuente fue el Tityus serrulatus. Los factores de riesgo encontrados para mayor gravedad fueron el grupo etario hasta 22 años y la atención previa en otros servicios de salud. Conclusión: El grupo etario hasta los 22 años debe ser utilizado como factor predictivo de severidad en la evaluación clínica de los pacientes picados por escorpiones para realizar un manejo adecuado de los casos. Objetivo CIATox (CIATox Campinas Método retrospectivo 201 2019 inferencial dependiente Resultados 75 3605 36 05 36,0 urbana serrulatus 2 salud Conclusión 20 7 360 3 0 36,

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize scorpion accidents at the Information and Toxicological Assistance Center (CIATox) in Campinas, to analyze risk factors related to the moderate and severe classification, and to determine the age group at greatest risk for this classification. Method: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, with patients assisted in person at CIATox, who had a scorpion accident, from January 2015 to December 2019. Descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted. For the age variable, a ROC curve was constructed to determine cutoff points in relation to the severity classification. Poisson regression models were adjusted considering severity classification as the dependent variable. Results: A total of 754 cases with a mean age of 36.05 years, mostly female and non-occupational accidents that occurred in the urban area, was analyzed. The most frequent scorpion was the Tityus serrulatus. The risk factors found for greater severity were age group up to 22 years and previous care in other health services. Conclusion: The age range up to 22 years old should be used as a predictive factor of severity in the clinical evaluation of patients stung by scorpions to carry out adequate management of cases. Objective CIATox (CIATox Campinas Method Crosssectional Cross sectional study accident 201 2019 conducted variable Results 75 3605 36 05 36.0 nonoccupational non occupational area analyzed serrulatus 2 services Conclusion 20 7 360 3 0 36.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os acidentes escorpiônicos do Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, analisar fatores de risco relacionados à classificação moderada e grave e determinar faixa etária de maior risco para esta classificação. Método: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo, com pacientes atendidos presencialmente pelo CIATox, que sofreram acidente escorpiônico, de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial. Para a variável idade foi construída uma curva ROC com o intuito de determinar pontos de corte em relação à classificação de gravidade. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão Poisson considerando a classificação de gravidade como variável dependente. Resultados: Foram analisados 754 casos com idade média de 36,05 anos, maioria do sexo feminino e acidentes não ocupacionais ocorridos na zona urbana. O escorpião mais frequente foi o Tityus serrulatus. Os fatores de risco encontrados para maior gravidade foram faixa etária até 22 anos e atendimento prévio em outros serviços de saúde. Conclusão: A faixa etária até 22 anos deve ser usada como fator preditivo de gravidade na avaliação clínica dos pacientes picados por escorpião para realização de manejo adequado dos casos. Objetivo CIATox (CIATox Campinas Método retrospectivo escorpiônico 201 2019 inferencial dependente Resultados 75 3605 36 05 36,0 urbana serrulatus 2 saúde Conclusão 20 7 360 3 0 36,

Abstract This synoptic review aims to bring some general information on fossil scorpions, namely those trapped in amber - fossilized resin - ranging from Lower Cretaceous through the Palaeocene and up to the Miocene. The question to be addressed is how the study of these fossils can be connected with possible present scorpionism problems. A precise knowledge of these ancient lineages provides information about the evolution of extant lineages, including the buthoids, which contain most known noxious species. Among the Arthropods found trapped in amber, scorpions are considered rare. A limited number of elements have been described from the Late Tertiary Dominican and Mexican amber, while the most ancient Tertiary amber from the Baltic region produced more consistent results in the last 30 years, primarily focusing on a single limited lineage. Contrarily, the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, also called Burmite, has yielded and continues to yield a significant number of results represented by several distinct lineages, which attest to the considerable degree of diversity that existed in the Burmese amber-producing forests. As in my previous similar contributions to this journal, the content of this note is primarily addressed to non-specialists whose research embraces scorpions in various fields such as venom toxins and public health. An overview knowledge of at least some fossil lineages can eventually help to clarify why some extant elements associated with the buthoids represent dangerous species while others are not noxious. Miocene problems rare 3 years lineage Contrarily Myanmar Burmite amberproducing producing forests journal nonspecialists non specialists health

Abstract Venomous animals and their venom have always been of human interest because, despite species differences, coevolution has made them capable of targeting key physiological components of our bodies. Respiratory failure from lung injury is one of the serious consequences of envenomation, and the underlying mechanisms are rarely discussed. This review aims to demonstrate how toxins affect the pulmonary system through various biological pathways. Herein, we propose the common underlying cellular mechanisms of toxin-induced lung injury: interference with normal cell function and integrity, disruption of normal vascular function, and provocation of excessive inflammation. Viperid snakebites are the leading cause of envenomation-induced lung injury, followed by other terrestrial venomous animals such as scorpions, spiders, and centipedes. Marine species, particularly jellyfish, can also inflict such injury. Common pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and exudative infiltration. Severe envenomation can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary involvement suggests severe envenomation, thus recognizing these mechanisms and manifestations can aid physicians in providing appropriate treatment. because differences bodies discussed pathways Herein toxininduced toxin induced integrity inflammation envenomationinduced scorpions spiders centipedes jellyfish edema hemorrhage infiltration syndrome treatment

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a vector-transmitted zoonosis caused by different species of the genus Leishmania, with a wide clinical spectrum. It is a public health problem aggravated by a series of limitations regarding treatment. In the search for new therapeutic alternatives, scorpion venoms are a source of multifunctional molecules that act against the natural resistance of pathogens. This work evaluated the antileishmanial potential of Brotheas amazonicus and Tityus metuendus venoms against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania guyanensis. The venoms of B. amazonicus and T. metuendus were evaluated for their constituents using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Growth inhibition and death of promastigotes were evaluated in the presence of diferente crude venom concentrations (100 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL) after one hour of incubation at 25 °C. The FTIR spectra of both venoms exhibited bands in approximate regions, revealing that both exhibit similar functional groups. Crude venom from both scorpion species showed similar or superior leishmanicidal effects to the standart drug N-methylglucamine antimoniate. At the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL, cultures of L. guyanensis treated with the venom of B. amazonicus showed the highest mortality percentages, above 28%, while T. metuendus venom showed the highest activity against L. amazonensis, with mortality above 7%. This preliminar study demonstrates that B. amazonicus and T. metuendus venoms can be important tools in the search for new drugs Against leishmaniasis. Next step involves evaluating the activity against the amastigote forms and purifying the venom proteins in order to identify the best anti-leishmania candidates. vectortransmitted vector transmitted spectrum treatment alternatives pathogens B T FTIR. . (FTIR) (10 µgmL µg mL µg/mL 5 2 C °C regions groups Nmethylglucamine N methylglucamine antimoniate L percentages 28 28% 7 7% leishmaniasis antileishmania anti leishmania candidates (FTIR (1 (

Resumo A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de transmissão vetorial causada por diferentes espécies do gênero Leishmania, com amplo espectro clínico. É um problema de saúde pública agravado por uma série de limitações quanto ao tratamento. Na busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas, os venenos de escorpiões são uma fonte de moléculas multifuncionais que atuam contra a resistência natural dos patógenos. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial antileishmania dos venenos de Brotheas amazonicus e Tityus metuendus contra as formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania guyanensis. Os venenos de B. amazonicus e T. metuendus foram avaliados quanto aos seus constituintes usando espectrometria no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A inibição do crescimento e a morte de promastigotas foram avaliadas na presença de diferentes concentrações de veneno bruto (100 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL) após uma hora de incubação a 25 °C. Os espectros de FTIR de ambos os venenos exibiram bandas em regiões aproximadas, revelando que ambos exibem grupos funcionais semelhantes. O veneno bruto de ambas as espécies de escorpiões mostrou efeitos leishmanicidas semelhantes ou superiores ao antimoniato de N-metilglucamina padrão. Na maior concentração de 100 µg/mL, as culturas de L. guyanensis tratadas com o veneno de B. amazonicus apresentaram os maiores percentuais de mortalidade, acima de 28%, enquanto o veneno de T. metuendus apresentou a maior atividade contra L. amazonensis, com mortalidade acima de 7%. Este estudo preliminar demonstra que os venenos de B. amazonicus e T. metuendus podem ser ferramentas importantes na busca de novos fármacos contra a leishmaniose. O próximo passo envolve avaliar a atividade contra as formas amastigotas e purificar as proteínas do veneno para identificar os melhores candidatos anti-leishmania. clínico tratamento terapêuticas patógenos B T FTIR. . (FTIR) (10 µgmL µg mL µg/mL 5 2 C °C aproximadas Nmetilglucamina N metilglucamina padrão L 28 28% 7 7% antileishmania. anti leishmania. leishmania anti-leishmania (FTIR (1 (

ABSTRACT Background: Scorpions are a leading cause of envenomation in Brazil. The species Tityus serrulatus is associated with the most severe cases, especially in children. Despite not being endemic to the state of Santa Catarina, such occurrences have increased more than 500% in the state recently. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the occurrence of envenomation by T. serrulatus, attended by the Center for Toxicological Information and Assistance of Santa Catarina. Methods: This was a retrospective and descriptive study of the occurrence of T. serrulatus, identified by the agency, from 2014 to 2021 in Santa Catarina, using data obtained by the BI-DATATOX system. Results: A total of 112 occurrences were classified as envenomation. Of these cases, 48.2% were recorded in the Itajaí Valley region and 33% in Greater Florianópolis. Men were involved in 59.8% of these, and the most common age group was 20-39 years (39.3%). Most envenomation occurred in urban areas (89.3%) under non-occupational circumstances (83%). Stings were more frequent on the hands (50.9%). Care was sought within 1 h after the event in 75.9% of the cases, and 94.6% were classified as mild. Conclusions: Occurrence of envenomation involving T. serrulatus in Santa Catarina increased significantly during the study period. Most cases occurred in urbanized areas, which suggests that they might have been transported from other states, and it must be considered that, in the urban environment, scorpions find a large supply of food and shelter and a reduced number of specific predators, allied to parthenogenesis. Background Brazil children 500 recently Therefore T Methods agency 201 202 BIDATATOX BI DATATOX system Results 11 482 48 2 48.2 33 Florianópolis 598 59 8 59.8 2039 20 39 20-3 39.3%. 393 39.3% . 3 (39.3%) 89.3% 893 89 (89.3% nonoccupational non occupational 83%. 83 83% (83%) 50.9%. 509 50.9% 50 9 (50.9%) 759 75 75.9 946 94 6 94.6 mild Conclusions period states environment predators parthenogenesis 4 48. 5 59. 203 20- 39.3 (39.3% 89.3 (89.3 (83% 50.9 (50.9% 7 75. 94. 39. (39.3 89. (89. (83 50. (50.9 (39. (89 (8 (50. (39 ( (50 (3 (5

Abstract A new species of scorpion, Diplocentrus leptomanus sp. nov., is described from northeastern Sonora, Mexico. This contribution increases the number of species in the genus Diplocentrus present in the state to five, two of which are endemic to the state. Morphological comparisons are provided with other species in the region, Diplocentrus williamsi Sissom & Wheeler, 1995, Diplocentrus peloncillensis Francke, 1975, and Diplocentrus spitzeri Stahnke, 1970.

Resumen Se describe una nueva especie de alacrán, Diplocentrus leptomanus sp. nov., proveniente de la región noreste del estado de Sonora, México. Con este aporte, se eleva a cinco el número de especies del género Diplocentrus presentes en el estado y a dos el número de especies endémicas en el área. Se provee una diagnosis comparativa con Diplocentrus williamsi Sissom & Wheeler, 1995, Diplocentrus peloncillensis Francke, 1975 y Diplocentrus spitzeri Stahnke, 1970, especies con las que guarda cercanía morfológica y geográfica.