The training of Chemistry teachers in Brazil has been researched for a few decades and studies point out to training gaps that reverberate in teaching, especially in basic education. One of the contents covered in this step and which is part of the high school curriculum is radioactivity, which is related, among other things, to radiological and radioactive accidents that occur around the world. Thus, this research sought to investigate how the training provided to Chemistry undergraduates in the state of Goiás is in relation to the subject of radioactivity, since in 1987 a radiological accident occurred in Goiânia with a Cesium 137 source. This is a qualitative research, data were collected via questionnaire and the analytical technique used was discursive textual analysis (ATD). The results showed that due importance was not given to the radiological accident, since there is evidence of training gaps in relation to the topic of radioactivity in Chemistry degree courses in the state of Goiás, where the accident occurred, and the contents on radioactivity are either not addressed, or the approach is superficial. This fact directly impacts the teacher’s performance in basic education, when working on this content with their students. teaching education related things world Thus 198 13 source ATD. ATD . (ATD) addressed superficial teacher s students 19 1 (ATD

Abstract This action research study focused on determining the contribution of digital reading through the Edpuzzle platform to improve reading comprehension in 21 fifth-grade students from a municipal elementary school in Chile. It was carried out over seven sessions during which reading comprehension activities in Edpuzzle were used to identify specific information. Data were collected through statistics provided by Edpuzzle, a Likert scale, and two focus groups. Although the results did not reveal significant progress in the evaluated skill, most participants expressed a positive perception of their performance during the interventions. Therefore, these findings may be relevant for those seeking to use online platforms like Edpuzzle to improve students' reading comprehension, as despite the lack of evident improvements, participants enjoyed the activities and experienced a sense of achievement.

Resumen Este estudio de investigación acción se centró en determinar la contribución de la lectura digital a través de la plataforma Edpuzzle para mejorar la comprensión lectora en 21 estudiantes de quinto año de una escuela básica municipal en Chile. Se llevó a cabo durante siete sesiones en las cuales se utilizaron actividades de comprensión lectora en Edpuzzle para identificar información específica. Los datos se recopilaron a través de las estadísticas proporcionadas por Edpuzzle, una escala Likert y dos grupos focales. Aunque los resultados no revelaron un avance significativo en la habilidad evaluada, la mayoría de los participantes expresaron una percepción positiva sobre su desempeño durante las intervenciones. Por lo cual, estos hallazgos pueden ser relevantes para quienes buscan utilizar plataformas en línea como Edpuzzle para mejorar la comprensión lectora de los estudiantes, ya que, a pesar de la falta de mejoras evidentes, los participantes disfrutaron de las actividades y experimentaron una sensación de logro.

Resumen Este estudio buscó explorar la perspectiva de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de sus estudiantes. Este estudio cualitativo basado en un grupo focal es parte de una investigación longitudinal que estudió la salud mental de estudiantes brasileños. Un grupo se llevó a cabo con profesores empleados en una escuela de medicina. Los temas tratados abarcaron el concepto de salud mental y educación médica. Seis docentes participaron en un grupo. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina es un constructo que abarca aspectos emocionales, capacidad de resolución de problemas y múltiples facetas del ser humano, según los participantes. Las prácticas artísticas, los momentos de socialización y el ocio fueron percibidos como estimulantes de la buena salud mental de los estudiantes. Las exigencias excesivas generan competitividad y la expectativa del docente sobre el buen desempeño del estudiante basándose en su propia experiencia puede perjudicar la salud mental del estudiante. Los participantes también resaltaron que es necesaria una reformulación pedagógica que tenga sentido para el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante para actualizar los currículos tradicionales. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina está influenciada por las experiencias y los intercambios durante la carrera de medicina, principalmente entre profesor y estudiante, entendidos como necesarios e inherentes al proceso de convertirse en médico. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran la necesidad de cambios curriculares en el proceso de formación médica y de actualización de la formación docente hacia buenas prácticas que refuercen la buena salud mental.

Abstract This study sought to explore the perspective of medical faculty on the mental health of their students. This qualitative study based on a focus group is part of a longitudinal research that studied the mental health of Brazilian students. One group was conducted with faculty employed at a medical school. Topics discussed covered the concept of mental health and medical education. Six professors participated in one group. The mental health of medical students is a construct that encompasses emotional aspects, ability to solve problems and multiple facets of a human being, according to the participants. Artistic practices, moments of socialization and leisure were perceived as stimulating students' good mental health. Excessive demands generate competitiveness and the teacher's expectation of the student's good performance based on their own experience can harm the student's mental health. Participants also highlighted that a pedagogical reformulation that makes sense for the student's learning process is necessary to update traditional curricula. Medical students’ mental health is influenced by experiences and exchanges during the medical school, mainly between professor and student, understood as necessary and inherent to the process of becoming physician. The findings of this study show the need for curriculum changes in the medical education process and updating teacher training for good practices that reinforce good mental health.

Resumo Este estudo buscou explorar a perspectiva dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental de seus alunos. Este estudo qualitativo baseado em grupo focal faz parte de uma pesquisa longitudinal que estudou a saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros. Um grupo foi conduzido com professores empregados em uma faculdade de medicina. Os temas discutidos abrangeram o conceito de saúde mental e educação médica. Seis professores participaram de um grupo. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é um construto que engloba aspectos emocionais, capacidade de resolução de problemas e múltiplas facetas do ser humano, segundo os participantes. As práticas artísticas, os momentos de socialização e de lazer foram percebidos como estimuladores da boa saúde mental dos estudantes. Exigências excessivas geram competitividade e a expectativa do professor pelo bom desempenho do aluno com base na própria experiência pode prejudicar a saúde mental do aluno. Os participantes destacaram também que é necessária uma reformulação pedagógica que faça sentido para o processo de aprendizagem do aluno para atualizar os currículos tradicionais. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é influenciada pelas experiências e trocas durante o curso de medicina, principalmente entre professor e aluno, entendidas como necessárias e inerentes ao processo de tornar-se médico. Os achados deste estudo mostram a necessidade de mudanças curriculares no processo de formação médica e de atualização da formação docente para boas práticas que reforcem a boa saúde mental.

Resumen: Desde la década de 1960 en adelante una extensa serie de estudios ha puesto en duda la capacidad de la escuela para igualar los niveles de aprendizaje entre estudiantes de distinto origen social. Pese a la diversidad de programas y políticas que han buscado igualar las diferencias, distintas investigaciones en diversos contextos han encontrado una y otra vez que las diferencias no solo persisten, sino que se reproducen en la escuela. En este artículo se aborda el problema desde una óptica ligeramente diferente: su objetivo es identificar prácticas y actitudes de estudiantes y docentes asociadas a las diferencias de desempeño escolar entre estudiantes de menor nivel económico social en Brasil y Argentina. No se busca comprender los mecanismos que reproducen las diferencias entre estratos, sino aquellos que generan mayores logros relativos en los estudiantes con menos recursos. Se realizó para ello un análisis comparativo de los resultados de las pruebas PISA del 2018 mediante modelos estadísticos multivariados. Este análisis mostró que ciertos factores, como la empatía docente, la motivación y perseverancia estudiantil o las modalidades de estudio se asocian al desempeño. Pero también evidenció que la magnitud de la asociación varía con el contexto. Estos resultados aportan al diseño de políticas educativas que procuren incrementar el desempeño en estratos desfavorecidos, al indicar algunas condiciones que pueden favorecerlo, pero advirtiendo también sobre las dificultades de extrapolar resultados entre contextos de manera acrítica

Abstract: Since the 1960s, a vast array of studies has questioned the ability of schools to equalize learning levels among students from different social backgrounds. Despite various programs and policies aimed at reducing these disparities, research in diverse contexts has repeatedly found that not only do these differences persist, but they are also reproduced within the school system. This article approaches the issue from a slightly different perspective: its objective is to identify practices and attitudes of students and teachers that are associated with differences in school performance among students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Brazil and Argentina. The focus is not on understanding the mechanisms that perpetuate differences between social strata, but rather on identifying those that lead to higher relative achievements among students with fewer resources. A comparative analysis of the 2018 PISA test results was conducted using multivariate statistical models. This analysis revealed that certain factors, such as teacher empathy, student motivation and perseverance, and study methods, are associated with academic performance. However, it also showed that the strength of these associations varies depending on the context. These findings contribute to the design of educational policies aimed at improving performance in disadvantaged groups by highlighting conditions that may foster better outcomes, while also cautioning against uncritically extrapolating results across different contexts

Resumo: Desde a década de 1960, uma série de pesquisas tem questionado a capacidade das escolas para igualar os níveis de aprendizagem entre alunos de diferentes origens sociais. Apesar da diversidade de programas e políticas que buscaram equalizar as diferenças, pesquisas em diversos contextos constataram repetidamente que as diferenças não apenas persistem, mas são reproduzidas nas escolas. Este artigo aborda o problema de uma perspectiva um pouco diferente: seu objetivo é identificar práticas e atitudes de estudantes e docentes associadas a diferenças no desempenho escolar entre estudantes de condição social e econômica mais baixa no Brasil e na Argentina. O objetivo não é entender os mecanismos que reproduzem as diferenças entre os estratos, mas sim aqueles que geram maior desempenho relativo entre os estudantes com menos recursos. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa dos resultados do teste PISA de 2018 por meio de modelos estatísticos multivariados. Essa análise mostrou que determinados fatores, como a empatia docente, a motivação e perseverança estudantil ou as modalidades de estudo, estão associados ao desempenho. Mas também mostrou que a magnitude da associação varia de acordo com o contexto. Esses resultados contribuem para a elaboração de políticas educacionais que buscam aumentar o desempenho em estratos desfavorecidos, indicando algumas condições que podem favorecê-lo, mas também alertando sobre as dificuldades de extrapolar resultados entre contextos de forma acrítica

Abstract (Objective) This research project analyze math anxiety and anxiety experienced when teaching math by primary school teachers working for the Ministry of Public Education in Costa Rica. For this purpose, math anxiety and its three dimensions and math teaching anxiety and its four dimensions were determined. In addition, the influence of some variables such as academic performance, sex, and work experience on anxiety were also analyzed. (Methodology ) The study was quantitative and had a sample of 372 practicing teachers (336 women and 36 men) from six regions of Costa Rica: San Carlos, North-North Zone, Limón, Los Santos, Puriscal, and Alajuela with ages between 23 and 63 years. Their experience as primary school teachers range from one year to 35 years, while 55 of them are still studying and 317 are not pursuing university studies. (Results) Higher academic performance is associated with lower MA and MTA scores. Furthermore, teachers suffer MA (Math Anxiety) and MTA (Math Teaching Anxiety), years of experience do not improve this situation, and less self-confident subjects experience more MTA. In addition, a positive correlation was found between MA, MTA, and their dimensions, being the correlations between GA (General Anxiety)-EA (Exam Anxiety), MA-GA, SC (Self-Confidence)-AMT (Attitude towards Math Teaching), and MTA-CK (Content Knowledge) the strongest. (Conclusions) The study concludes that the sample shows a significant percentage of MA and MTA, as well as their dimensions, which negatively affects attitude towards mathematics and teachers’ perception and self-confidence when teaching this subject.

Resumen (Objetivo) Este trabajo busca analizar la ansiedad matemática y la ansiedad ante la enseñanza de las matemáticas en maestros de educación primaria que laboran en el Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica. Para ello determinamos la ansiedad matemática y sus tres dimensiones, y la ansiedad ante la enseñanza de las matemáticas y sus cuatro dimensiones. Además, analizamos la influencia de algunas variables como el rendimiento académico, el sexo, la experiencia laboral, etc., sobre estas. (Metodología) El estudio ha sido cuantitativo con una muestra de 372 profesores en ejercicio de seis regiones de Costa Rica: San Carlos, Zona Norte-Norte, Limón, Los Santos, Puriscal y Alajuela; su edad oscilaba entre 23 y 63 años, 336 eran mujeres y 36 hombres. Su experiencia como maestros de primaria oscila entre un año y 35 años, 55 de ellos también estudian actualmente, y 317 no están haciendo estudios universitarios. (Resultados) Estos informan que un mayor rendimiento académico se asocia con menores puntuaciones de AM y AEM. Además, que los docentes presentan AM y AEM y que los años de experiencia no mejoran dicha situación y que quienes confían menos en sí mismos sienten mayor AEM. También, se encontró una correlación positiva entre AM, AEM y sus dimensiones, siendo las correlaciones entre AG-AE, AM-AG, CMACM y AEM-CC las más fuertes. (Conclusiones) El estudio concluye que existe AM y AEM en un porcentaje importante de la muestra, así como a sus dimensiones, lo que afecta negativamente las actitudes hacia la Matemática y la percepción y autoconfianza que tiene el docente al momento de impartir esta asignatura.

Resumo (Objetivo) Este trabalho, pioneiro na Costa Rica; busca analisar a ansiedade matemática e a ansiedade no que diz respeito ao ensino da matemática em professores do ensino fundamental que trabalham no Ministério da Educação Pública da Costa Rica. Para isso, determinamos a ansiedade matemática e suas três dimensões, e a ansiedade relacionada com o ensino da matemática e suas quatro dimensões. Além disso, analisamos a influência de algumas variáveis como desempenho acadêmico, sexo, experiência profissional, etc., sobre estes. (Metodologia) O estudo foi quantitativo com uma amostra de 372 professores em exercício de seis regiões da Costa Rica: San Carlos, Zona Norte-Norte, Limón, Los Santos, Puriscal e Alajuela; e a idade variou entre 23 e 63 anos, 336 eram mulheres e 36 homens. A experiência como professores do ensino fundamental varia entre um ano e 35 anos, 55 deles também estão estudando atualmente e 317 não estão cursando estudos universitários. (Resultados) Estes relatam que um desempenho acadêmico mais elevado está associado a pontuações mais baixas em AM e AEM. Além disso, os professores apresentam AM e AEM e que os anos de experiência não melhoram essa situação e que aqueles que confiam menos em si sentem maior AEM. Igualmente, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre AM, AEM e suas dimensões, sendo as correlações entre AG-AE, AM-AG, CM-ACM e AEM-CC as mais fortes. (Conclusões) O estudo conclui que AM e AEM existem numa percentagem significativa da amostra, bem como as suas dimensões, o que afeta negativamente as atitudes quanto à Matemática e a percepção e autoconfiança que o professor tem ao lecionar esta disciplina. tem ao lecionar esta disciplina.

Resumen: Las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y la regulación emocional (RE) se asocian a partir de los desarrollos cognitivos y socioemocionales de los niños. En vista de las intervenciones neuropsicológicas actuales en FE, el presente estudio buscó investigar si una intervención de FE (programa PENcE) sería equivalente, superior o inferior en relación a la intervención de FE en conjunto con estrategias de RE (programas PENcE y REPENcE) en el desempeño ejecutivo, emocional y académico de estudiantes de la escuela primaria sometidos a programas de desempeño enfocados exclusivamente en FE (PENcE) versus un programa mixto de FE y RE (PENcE+REPENcE) versus controles. Participaron 111 niños, divididos en tres grupos: el grupo 1 recibió una intervención mixta con los programas PENcE y REPENcE, el grupo 2 recibió solo PENcE, y el grupo 3 fue el grupo de control (currículo escolar). El grupo sometido a la intervención presentó un desempeño superior en la evaluación posintervención en un gran número de dominios, como iniciación, velocidad de procesamiento, conciencia corporal y comunicación de emociones. Así, es claro que un programa centrado en las habilidades de RE puede potenciar y aumentar el resultado de un programa de estimulación cognitiva exclusivamente de FE.

Abstract: Executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) are associated with the basis of children's cognitive and socio-emotional development. In view of the current of neuropsychological interventions in EF, the present study sought to investigate whether an EF intervention (PENcE program) would be equivalent, superior or inferior in relation to the EF intervention in conjunction with ER strategies (PENcE and REPENcE programs) in performance executive, emotional and school performance of elementary school students who underwent performance programs exclusively focused on EF (PENcE) versus a mixed EF and ER program (PENcE+REPENcE) versus controls. One hundred and eleven children participated, divided into three groups: group 1 received a mixed intervention with the PENcE and REPENcE programs, group 2 performed only the PENcE, and group 3 was the control group (school curriculum). The group submitted to the mixed intervention showed superior performance in a greater number of domains, such as initiation, processing speed, body awareness, and communication of emotions, in the post-intervention evaluation. Thus, it is clear that a program focused on ER skills can enhance and increase the outcomes of a cognitive stimulation program exclusively for EF.

Resumo: As funções executivas (FE) e a regulação emocional (RE) estão associadas à base dos desenvolvimentos cognitivo e socioemocional de crianças. Em vista da corrente de intervenções neuropsicológicas em FE, o presente estudo buscou investigar se uma intervenção de FE (programa PENcE) seria equivalente, superior ou inferior em relação à intervenção de FE em conjunto com estratégias de RE (programas PENcE e REPENcE) no desempenho executivo, emocional e escolar de alunos do Ensino Fundamental I que foram submetidos a programas de desempenho exclusivamente focados nas FE (PENcE) versus programa misto de FE e RE (PENcE+REPENcE) versus controles. Participaram 111 crianças, dividida em três grupos: grupo 1 recebeu uma intervenção mista com os programas PENcE e REPENcE, grupo 2 realizou somente o PENcE, e grupo 3 foi o grupo controle (currículo escolar). O grupo submetido à intervenção mista apresentou na avaliação pós-intervenção desempenho superior em um maior número de domínios, como, iniciação, velocidade de processamento, consciência corporal, e comunicação das emoções. Deste modo, percebe-se que um programa focado em habilidades de RE pode potencializar e incrementar os desfechos de um programa de estimulação cognitiva exclusivamente de FE.

ABSTRACT Paraguay has increased investment in education over the past decade through the National Fund for Public Investment and Development (FONACIDE), whose goal is to address the deficiencies affecting Paraguayan education. Considering the growing concern over the management of public resources given the inadequate infrastructure and poor school lunch service, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of public spending management in education by FONACIDE in the departments of Paraguay during the period 2015 to 2017. This is achieved through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique with window analysis and variable returns to scale with product orientation. The DEA technique with window analysis measures the efficiency level of several Decision-Making Units (DMUs) over different periods based on the moving averages principle. The results show that the average national pure technical inefficiency is 11.04%, meaning that the departments, in general, could improve their educational indicators using the same funding levels. Additionally, greater access to resources is not linked to better educational outcomes. Therefore, to enhance educational performance, it is necessary to establish other budget redistribution criteria for FONACIDE, considering the need for infrastructure and the number of enrolled students per department

RESUMEN Paraguay ha aumentado la inversión en educación en la última década por medio del Fondo Nacional de Inversión Pública y Desarrollo (FONACIDE) cuya finalidad consiste en abordar las carencias que afectan a la educación paraguaya. Entonces, considerando la creciente preocupación por la gestión de los recursos públicos dada la escasa infraestructura y el deficiente servicio del almuerzo escolar, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la eficiencia de la gestión de los gastos públicos en educación del FONACIDE de los departamentos de Paraguay durante el período 2015 a 2017, a través de la aplicación de la técnica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) con análisis de ventana y retornos variables de escala con orientación producto. La técnica DEA con análisis de ventana consiste en medir el nivel de eficiencia de varias Decision Making Units (DMUs) en diferentes períodos de tiempo basado en el principio de promedios móviles. Los resultados muestran que la ineficiencia técnica pura media nacional es del 11,04%, por tanto, los departamentos en general podrían mejorar sus indicadores educativos utilizando los mismos niveles de financiamiento. Además, el mayor acceso a recursos no está vinculado a mejores rendimientos educativos. Por tanto, para potenciar el rendimiento educativo es necesario establecer otros criterios de redistribución presupuestaria del FONACIDE, considerando la necesidad de infraestructura y número de alumnos matriculados por departamento.

Resumen El propósito investigativo fue determinar si el acompañamiento pedagógico en la supervisión educativa constituye una estrategia efectiva para mejorar el desempeño docente y su desarrollo profesional continuo en el proceso educativo en el sistema público de Puerto Rico, dadas las condiciones de un sistema de evaluación percibido como autoritario y punitivo. Los objetivos incluyeron: identificar las características e implicaciones del acompañamiento pedagógico en diversas regiones de América Latina como experiencia viable para el sistema educativo puertorriqueño y, luego, desarrollar un marco de cómo el acompañamiento pedagógico induce cambios positivos en los docentes para evaluar y mejorar su desempeño profesional. Mediante el estado de la cuestión se empleó el análisis documental y de contenido y se demostró que las instituciones educativas que implementan el acompañamiento pedagógico mejoran significativamente, tanto en el desempeño docente como en su desarrollo profesional. Las intervenciones efectivas de apoyo identificadas fueron: visitas al aula, microtalleres y talleres de actualización. El acompañamiento del docente en su trayectoria es clave para inducir cambios positivos en la comunidad escolar mediante participación activa. Con base en estos hallazgos, se recomienda al Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico transformar la supervisión educativa integrando el acompañamiento pedagógico dentro del sistema de evaluación docente.

Abstract The research aim was to determine whether pedagogical mentoring in educational supervision constitutes an effective strategy for enhancing teaching performance and continuous professional development within the educational process in Puerto Rico’s public school system, given the conditions of an evaluation system perceived as authoritarian and punitive. Objectives included identifying the characteristics and implications of pedagogical mentoring in various Latin American regions as a viable experience for Puerto Rico’s educational system and subsequently developing a framework on how pedagogical mentoring induces positive changes in teachers to assess and improve their professional performance. Through a State of the Art review, documentary and content analysis were employed, demonstrating that educational institutions implementing pedagogical mentoring significantly enhance both teaching performance and professional development. Effective support interventions identified included classroom visits, micro workshops, and professional development sessions. Mentoring teachers along their career trajectories is crucial for inducing positive changes within the school community through active participation. Based on these findings, the Puerto Rico Department of Education is recommended to transform educational supervision by integrating pedagogical mentoring into the teacher evaluation system.

Abstract: Spelling is linked to the correct writing of words, with the understanding that a good command of spelling improves writing in general. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate the impact of an intervention program to improve spelling in Spanish-speaking schoolchildren. Based on a sample of 51 students from third to sixth grade of elementary school with poor performance in spelling, distributed into control and experimental groups, an intervention program was implemented with words selected from the study of frequency, orthographic particularity, syllabic composition, and length. The results indicate significant improvements in phonological and orthographic knowledge of the words that were worked on during the intervention by the experimental group, compared to the control group, at the end of the intervention and three months after it. It is again confirmed that spelling in Spanish is sensitive to systematic and programmed instruction based on the specific teaching of the orthographic rules, as well as to the repeated work on inconsistent words that help fixing the orthographic particularities, considering their semantic knowledge. The orthographic structure, according to the particularity of Spanish, has different levels of incidence according to the school grades.

Resumen: La ortografía se vincula con la correcta escritura de las palabras, entendiendo que un buen dominio ortográfico mejora la escritura en general. El objetivo de este estudio es diseñar y evaluar el impacto de un programa de intervención para la mejora de la ortografía en escolares hispanoparlantes. En una muestra de 51 alumnos de tercero a sexto grado de educación primaria con desempeños descendidos en ortografía, distribuidos en grupos control y experimental, se implementó un programa de intervención con palabras seleccionadas a partir del estudio de frecuencia, particularidad ortográfica, composición silábica y longitud. Los resultados indican mejoras significativas en conocimientos fonológicos y ortográficos de las palabras que fueron trabajadas durante la intervención con el grupo experimental, en comparación con el grupo control, al finalizar la intervención y transcurridos tres meses después de esta. Se constata que la ortografía en español es sensible a la instrucción sistemática y programada a partir de la enseñanza específica de las reglas ortográficas, así como del trabajo repetido de las palabras inconsistentes que permiten fijar las particularidades ortográficas, atendiendo al conocimiento semántico de las mismas. La conformación ortográfica, según la particularidad del español, tiene diferentes niveles de incidencia de acuerdo con los grados escolares.

Abstract: Reading comprehension plays a key role in learning and school performance. Therefore, several investigations have focused on studying the role of executive functions in the development of this skill; however, there is no consensus on the effect of these cognitive functions on reading comprehension and its dimensions. The aim of this research is to evaluate the predictive capacity of cognitive inhibition, behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility on reading comprehension and its textual, pragmatic, and critical dimensions in 120 fourth-grade students evaluated with three executive and one reading comprehension tasks. Data analysis, correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed. The results showed that cognitive inhibition was a predictor of textual comprehension; behavioral inhibition, of pragmatic and overall comprehension; and cognitive flexibility, of critical and total comprehension. These findings highlight the important role these executive functions play in reading comprehension and provide relevant information for teachers to plan their teaching strategies according to the cognitive demands required by the reading comprehension process.

Resumen: La comprensión lectora cumple un rol clave en el aprendizaje y el desempeño escolar. Por lo mismo, diversas investigaciones se han enfocado en estudiar el rol de las funciones ejecutivas en el desarrollo de esta habilidad; sin embargo, no existe un acuerdo sobre el efecto de estas funciones cognitivas en la comprensión lectora y sus dimensiones. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la inhibición cognitiva, la inhibición conductual y la flexibilidad cognitiva en la comprensión lectora y en sus dimensiones textual, pragmática y crítica de 120 escolares de 4.º básico en tres tareas ejecutivas y una de comprensión lectora. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron correlaciones y regresiones lineales múltiples. Los resultados evidenciaron que la inhibición cognitiva fue predictora de la comprensión textual; la inhibición conductual, de la comprensión pragmática y de la total; y la flexibilidad cognitiva, de la comprensión crítica y de la total. Estos hallazgos destacan el importante rol que desempeñan estas funciones ejecutivas en la comprensión lectora y aportan información relevante para que las(os) docentes planifiquen sus estrategias de enseñanza de acuerdo con las demandas cognitivas que requiere el proceso de comprensión lectora.

Abstract: This research analyzes the professional development of elementary school teachers in the light of two main points of reference: their professional career paths and their participation in performance assessment programs. In this qualitative study, by means of two tools from the biographical method (life stories and biograms), the authors retrace the professional paths of six Mexican elementary school teachers who took part in different performance assessment programs. They conclude that the career paths reveal a continuous search for better working conditions and that, even with the potential of the evaluations, the results show their partial and inconsistent use in the teachers’ careers. In the light of the analyzed career paths, performance assessment programs in Mexico only promote professional development to a limited extent and focus on individual performance.

Resumen: Esta investigación analiza el desarrollo profesional de docentes de primaria, a la luz de dos referentes: sus trayectorias profesionales y sus participaciones en programas de evaluación del desempeño. En este estudio cualitativo, mediante dos herramientas del enfoque biográfico (relatos de vida y biogramas), se reconstruyen trayectorias profesionales de seis docentes mexicanas(os) de primaria que participaron en diferentes programas de evaluación del desempeño. Se concluye que en las trayectorias profesionales se vislumbra la búsqueda permanente de mejores condiciones laborales y que, aun con el potencial de las evaluaciones, los resultados dan cuenta de su aprovechamiento parcial e inconsistente en la carrera del profesorado. A la luz de las trayectorias, los programas de evaluación del desempeño en México promueven de forma limitada el desarrollo profesional y se centran en el rendimiento individual.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to assess the effect of a writing framework model for pedagogical reflection in a sample of elementary school teachers who took part in a lifelong learning program. To do so, a combined research design was carried out, implementing, on the one hand, inferential and multivariable statistical techniques to determine the tempering effect of feedback on the performance of written reflection and, on the other hand, content analysis of the teachers' written production to identify their development of pedagogical reflection. He results reveal that encouraging this reflection in teachers' writing allows them to develop a more in-depth assessment and analysis of their own practices, which is evidenced by the use of more detailed explanations and arguments and the precision of the terminological use of specific concepts.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el efecto de un modelo de andamiaje de la escritura para la reflexión pedagógica en un grupo de docentes de educación primaria que participaron en un programa de formación continua. Para ello se realizó un diseño de investigación mixto, aplicando, por una parte, técnicas estadísticas inferenciales y multivariables para determinar el efecto moderador de la retroalimentación en el desempeño de la reflexión escrita y, por otra, análisis de contenido de los textos del profesorado para identificar su desarrollo de reflexión pedagógica. Los resultados muestran que propiciar esta reflexión en la escritura del profesorado permite desarrollar con mayor profundidad la evaluación y el análisis de sus propias prácticas, lo que se evidencia en el uso de explicaciones y argumentaciones más elaboradas y la precisión del uso terminológico de determinados conceptos.

Hierdie sewe-jaar longitudinale opvoedingstudie evalueer drie akademiese afleweringsmodusse vir deeltydse MBA-studente in hul Bemarkingsbestuursmodule, naamlik vol kontak (20172019), vol aanlyn tydens COVID-19 se harde inperking (2020-2021 en die daaropvolgende gemengde modus (2022-2023). Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of die afleweringsmodus studente se akademiese prestasie beduidend beïnvloed. Die eenrigting-variansie-analise (EVA) het beduidende verskille tussen die afleweringsmodusse vir individuele opdragte (normatiewe assessering) en groepgevallestudies (summatiewe assessering) geïdentifiseer. Daar was ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen die akademiese prestasie ten opsigte van die finale saamgestelde portefeulje van kennis (wat as eksamen dien). Hierdie portefeulje bestaan uit 'n prakties-toegepaste bemarkingsplan. Die post-hoc toetse het getoon dat studente aansienlik beter gevaar het tydens die gemengde afleweringsmodus in individuele opdragte, terwyl die volledige aanlyn modus laer punte vir die groepgevallestudies gehad het. Beide die gemengde en volledige kontakmodusse het beduidende opeenvolgende verbetering vir die groepgevallestudies getoon, wat in elke gevallestudie verbetering getoon het namate die semester gevorder het. Dit verskil van volledige aanlyn onderrig. Die gemengde modus het ook aansienlik beter gevaar in die eksamen- en finale modulepunte en het selfs beter gevaar as volkontakklasse.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the tertiary education landscape. Traditional contact universities were forced abruptly to adopt a full-distance education mode, a situation neither the students nor lecturers were prepared for. Many lectures and teaching activities were developed on the fly as universities struggled to roll out the needed support in double-time for lecturers and students. This new normal for education required integrating technology, advanced communication software, revised assessment techniques, and recognising the need for flexible and adaptable approaches to teaching and learning. Students also evolved and gained technological proficiency, adaptability, time management, soft skills, social media proficiency, and an awareness of health and well-being. Albeit uncertain in redefining the new normal, universities continue to provide quality education. However, exactly how university education should be delivered to a new breed of students in a new business environment is a challenge. This is even more so in the case of executive MBA students. After the hard lockdown and restrictions were lifted on 21 September 2020, the North-West University Business School started to explore other modes of academic content delivery. Reinstating a full contact delivery mode was not an option because of remaining restrictions. High technological investment, online-educated lecturers and students, and benefits and developments during online learning now form a new normal for the Business School. Which teaching method, or rather, which mode of delivery, is the most relevant and adequate? Should the MBA lectures return to the historic full-contact delivery mode, stick with the newly established full online mode, or attempt to integrate the benefits of both into a hybrid mode of delivering business education to a new breed of technology-savvy students? This study, therefore, examines the academic performance of the different delivery modes by comparing data of Executive MBA Marketing management students at the NWU Business School in South Africa. The study examines the academic performance of these students from 2017 up to 2023. The panel database consists of Executive MBA students'marks for the module in Marketing Management from 2017 up to 2023. The database contains marks for individual assignments, groupwork case studies, final individual- and groupwork marks, exam marks and the final module mark. The final assessment is a portfolio of evidence comprising a detailed marketing plan for a product, service, or organisation of choice. The mode of delivery served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the marks for each assignment (groupwork, individual and portfolio of evidence). Three delivery modes were compared, namely full-contact (2017-2019), full-online (2020-2021), and the post-pandemic hybrid mode currently in effect (2022-2023). The data comprised 630 cases. However, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used 532 cases to compare the different groupwork assignments (230 full-contact students, 159 full-online students, and 143 hybrid students). Cronbach's alpha coefficient measured the data's reliability, and one-way ANOVA determined significant differences (p<.05) between the academic performance of the three delivery modes. The analysis confirmed that significant differences exist between the modes of delivery for individual assignments, group case studies and exams (p<.05). The Tukey ab post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments (69.2%) than full contact (63.8%). Regarding the individual assignment, the full online (63.8%) and full contact (63.7%) delivery modes perform significantly worse than the hybrid (69.2%) delivery mode. Regarding the first group case study (Group Assignment 1), full online performs (67.3%) significantly worse than hybrid (71.1%) and full contact (73.6%) delivery modes. There is no significant difference between the hybrid and full contact delivery modes. In the second, third, and fourth group case studies (Group Assignments 2, 3 & 4), the hybrid delivery mode (82.37%, 75.4%, 82.7%) outperforms the full contact (75.4, 80.1%, 86.6%) and full-online (71.4%, 71.4%, 67.8%) modes. The hybrid delivery mode, therefore, proves to be more conducive towards academic performance in group work. Finally, in considering the final module mark, the hybrid delivery mode (71.0%) is significantly higher than the other two delivery modes. However, there is no significant difference between full online (67.5%) and full-contact (67.2%) delivery modes regarding the final module mark. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the better performance in the final module marks is a function of the groupwork where the students analysed case studies together. There are no significant differences in the exam marks between the delivery modes, so better academic performance in the hybrid mode of delivery where groupwork is concerned culminates in the better module mark. Based on the findings, it is evident that the hybrid mode of delivery results in the best academic performance. This observation is based on three reasons, namely 1) students performed better in both the normative and summative assessments during hybrid tuition; 2) there is continuous progressive learning throughout the semester regarding the group case studies (summative assessment). They learn to improve and hone their skills to analyse better and apply business solutions to real-life problems experienced by organisations. This is based on students' improving marks in the group case studies as they become more proficient in analysing and answering the applied case studies because they learn from each case study; and 3) the students perform better academically in their normative assessments and earn higher final module marks (partially due to reason 2). It is concluded that the hybrid delivery mode facilitates the academic performance of post-pandemic executive MBA Marketing management students. JEL KODES: I23, I21, M30

Resumo A formação do futuro profissional da produção e serviços na entidade trabalhista é um processo complexo. O tutor da empresa tem a responsabilidade de orientar as práticas pré-profissionais e demonstrar o procedimento tecnológico dos processos, desde a academia. Os resultados do diagnóstico realizado demonstraram a necessidade de preparar pedagogicamente os tutores nas empresas no sentido das práticas pré-profissionais e justificam a construção de uma nova qualidade. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor uma nova qualidade do tutor nas empresas no sentido das práticas pré-profissionais, bem como a descrição das relações entre universidade-escola politécnica-empresa-comunidade e suas particularidades. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos, tais como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, abordagem sistêmica, observação, modelagem, avaliação de especialistas e entrevista em grupo, que permitiram a abordagem científica do tema. Propõe-se como uma nova qualidade do tutor nas empresas que o profissional de produção e/ou serviços esteja diretamente ligado ao processo produtivo e/ou de serviços e seja selecionado para direcionar as práticas pré-profissionais dos alunos, relacionadas às especialidades. do Ensino Técnico e Profissional, promovendo um melhor desempenho das suas funções de tutoria e, consequentemente, um adequado direcionamento das práticas pré-profissionais dos alunos do quarto ano da especialidade Mecânica Industrial e o seu consequente impacto na formação dos técnicos médios.

Abstract The training of future production and service professionals in the workplace is a complex process. The company tutor is responsible for directing pre-professional practices and demonstrating the technological procedure of the processes, from the academy. The results of the diagnosis carried out demonstrated the need to pedagogically prepare company tutors in the direction of pre-professional practices and to justify the construction of a new quality. The objective of this article was to propose a new quality of the company tutor in the direction of pre-professional practices, as well as the description of the relationships among university-polytechnic school-company-community and their particularities. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, such as: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, system approach, observation, modeling, expert criteria and group interview, which allowed to approach the subject in a scientific way. It is proposed as a new quality of the tutor in companies that the production and/or services professional is directly linked to the production and/or services process and that he should be selected to direct the pre-professional practices of the students, related to the specialties of Technical and Professional Education , promoting a better performance of their tutoring functions and, consequently, an adequate direction of the pre-professional practices of fourth-year students of the Industrial Mechanics specialty and its consequent impact on the training of middle technicians.

Resumen La formación del futuro profesional de la producción y los servicios en la entidad laboral es un proceso complejo. El tutor de la empresa tiene la responsabilidad de dirigir las prácticas preprofesionales y demostrar el proceder tecnológico de los procesos, desde la academia. Los resultados del diagnóstico realizado demostraron la necesidad de preparar pedagógicamente a los tutores en las empresas en la dirección de las prácticas preprofesionales y justifican la construcción de una nueva cualidad. El objetivo de este artículo consistió en proponer una nueva cualidad del tutor en las empresas en la dirección de las prácticas preprofesionales, así como la descripción de las relaciones entre universidad-escuela politécnica-empresa-comunidad y sus particularidades. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, tales como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, enfoque de sistema, observación, modelación, criterio de expertos y la entrevista grupal, que permitieron abordar con cientificidad el tema tratado. Se propone como nueva cualidad del tutor en las empresas que el profesional de la producción y/o los servicios se encuentre vinculado directamente al proceso de producción y/o los servicios y sea seleccionado para dirigir las prácticas preprofesionales de los estudiantes, afín a las especialidades de la Educación Técnica y Profesional, propiciando un mejor desempeño de sus funciones de tutoría y, por consiguiente, una adecuada dirección de las prácticas preprofesionales de los estudiantes de cuarto año de la especialidad Mecánica Industrial y su consecuente impacto en la formación de los técnicos medios.

ABSTRACT To improve the quality of the educational service, changes in pedagogical direction are required. This implies the presence of committed teacher leaders who can guide the rest of the team towards the improvement of educational experiences. The objective of the research was to propose a pedagogical management model for teacher leadership in an educational institution in the state. The study, of a quantitative nature and with a non-experimental, descriptive and propositional design, involved the participation of 47 teachers, to whom a questionnaire was applied in order to evaluate their level of teacher leadership, according to the dimensions: professional development, inclusive school improvement and collaborative culture. The results indicated that 87.2% of the teachers surveyed indicated that their teaching leadership was at a medium level and a lower percentage, representing 12.8%, stated that it was at a high level. The dimensions evaluated are also at a medium level: professional development 87.2%, inclusive school improvement 78.7% and collaborative culture 85.1%. Subsequently, the theoretical foundations supporting the proposal were presented and the pedagogical management model was designed and validated by a group of experts. The conclusion of the study highlights the need to implement a pedagogical management model that encourages greater participation of teachers in various educational activities through better leadership.

RESUMEN Para mejorar la calidad del servicio educativo, se requiere implementar cambios en la dirección pedagógica. Esto implica la presencia de maestros líderes comprometidos que puedan orientar al resto del equipo hacia la mejora de las experiencias educativas. El objetivo de la investigación fue proponer un modelo de gestión pedagógica para el liderazgo docente en una institución educativa del estado. El estudio, de naturaleza cuantitativa y con un diseño no experimental, descriptivo propositivo, involucró la participación de 47 docentes; a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario con la finalidad de evaluar su nivel de liderazgo docente, de acuerdo a las dimensiones: desarrollo profesional, mejora escolar inclusiva y cultura colaborativa. Los resultados indicaron que el 87,2% de los profesores encuestados señalaron que el liderazgo docente se sitúa en un nivel medio y en un menor porcentaje, que representa el 12,8%, afirmaron estar en un nivel alto. Las dimensiones evaluadas también se encuentran en un nivel medio: desarrollo profesional 87,2%, mejora escolar inclusiva 78,7% y cultura colaborativa 85,1%. Posteriormente, se expusieron los fundamentos teóricos que respaldan la propuesta y se diseñó el modelo de gestión pedagógica, el cual fue validado por un grupo de expertos. La conclusión del estudio resalta la necesidad de implementar un modelo de gestión pedagógica que fomente una mayor participación de los docentes en diversas actividades educativas mediante un mejor liderazgo.