ABSTRACT This qualitative study analyzes the metaphors used by teachers and directors of Peruvian schools, their relationship with school management in order to understand their reality, and serve as basis for future studies that propose improvement actions to strengthen their culture. For this, a survey was applied to 100 teachers from the different regions of Peru, obtaining that their management is recognized, mainly, under a political perspective, where it is indicated that it involves the generation of resistance, conflict resolution, empowerment and focus. of human development. Likewise, various metaphorical patterns were recognized that are capable of reflecting the particularities of each school culture, and the most identified metaphorical orientation is empowerment. Finally, the metaphors demonstrated that when they are used as an object of analysis, they allow the recognition of interests, needs, difficulties, conflicts and others that contribute to decision-making in favor of the achievement of the school's objectives.

RESUMEN El presente estudio de carácter cualitativo analiza las metáforas empleadas por los docentes y directivos de escuelas peruanas, su relación con la gestión escolar para comprender su realidad y servir de base a futuros estudios que propongan acciones de mejora para el fortalecimiento de su cultura. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a 100 docentes de las diferentes regiones del Perú, obteniendo que la gestión es reconocida, principalmente, bajo su perspectiva política; en donde se señala que esta involucra la generación de resistencias, resolución de conflictos, empoderamiento y enfoque de desarrollo humano. Se reconocieron diversos patrones metafóricos que son capaces de reflejar las particularidades de cada cultura escolar, mientras que la orientación metafórica más identificada es el empoderamiento. Por último, las metáforas demostraron que cuando estas son empleadas como objeto de análisis permiten reconocer intereses, necesidades, dificultades, conflictos y demás que contribuyen en la toma de decisiones en pro del alcance de los objetivos de la escuela.

Abstract This article emphasizes the need for transformation that schools must undergo in countries going through a post-conflict stage, such as Colombia. One essential aspect of this transformation involves the very approach to administering justice in the educational context. In this regard, we propose a reflection on two streams of justice: retributive justice and restorative justice within the school setting, with a particular emphasis on the latter. We maintain that in a country like ours, where the armed conflict has been denied for decades and has, to some extent, permeated our way of relating to others, it is crucial for schools and teachers to be involved in this transformation. The transition from one model of justice to another has not been easy in Colombia; however, through the commitment of teachers, successful experiences of implementing restorative justice in schools have been achieved. We contend that the role of teachers is essential for building a culture of peace.

Resumen En este artículo resaltamos la necesidad de transformación de la escuela en países que transitan por una etapa de posconflicto, como Colombia. Uno de los aspectos esenciales de dicha transformación atraviesa la forma misma en que ejercemos la justicia en el contexto educativo. En ese sentido, proponemos una reflexión sobre dos corrientes de justicia: la justicia retributiva y la justicia restaurativa en el contexto escolar, haciendo énfasis en esta última. Sostenemos que, en un país como el nuestro, donde el conflicto armado ha sido negado por décadas y hasta cierto punto ha permeado nuestra forma de relacionarnos con el otro, es fundamental que la escuela y el docente se impliquen en esta transformación. El paso de un modelo de justicia a otro en el contexto escolar no ha sido fácil en Colombia. Sin embargo, a través del compromiso de los docentes se ha logrado concretar experiencias exitosas de implementación de la justicia escolar restaurativa. Concluimos que la figura del docente es esencial para la construcción de una cultura de paz.

Abstract School conflicts and low academic performance are a relevant problem within the educational context; these issues have not yet been resolved, making them a necessary topic for research. This study aims to investigate the influence of school conflict on academic performance. A quantitative approach, a deductive method and correlational-descriptive research with a non-experimental-cross-sectional design were used. A population of 1096 subjects, 38 teachers and 1058 students, and a sample of 134 subjects, 38 teachers and 96 students of the tenth year of EGB were determined. For data collection, the school conflict questionnaire CUVE 3-ESO by Álvarez et al. (2013) addressed to teachers was used, and another one addressed to students called Ser Test, developed by the National Institute for Educational Evaluation (INEVAL, 2016). The results reveal that there is a medium level of conflict, where a score of 3.14 points out of 10 was also determined, implying that there is a low level of academic performance; When establishing a relationship between the objects of study, it became evident that statistically there is no significant relationship between them. In conclusion, it was established that academic conflict does not affect academic performance, but, since these conflicts are at a medium level and are not dealt with in time, they tend to have repercussions on school performance.

Resumen Los conflictos escolares y el bajo rendimiento académico son un problema relevante dentro del contexto educativo; estas problemáticas aún no han sido resueltas, tornándolas como un tema necesario de investigar. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de indagar la influencia de la conflictividad escolar en el rendimiento académico. Se utilizó un enfoque de tipo cuantitativo, un método deductivo y una investigación correlacional-descriptiva con diseño no experimental-transversal. Se determinó una población de 1096 sujetos, 38 docentes y 1058 estudiantes, y una muestra de 134 sujetos, 38 docentes y 96 estudiantes del décimo año de EGB. Para la toma de datos se utilizó el cuestionario de conflictividad escolar CUVE 3-ESO de Álvarez et al. (2013) dirigido a docentes, y otro dirigido a estudiantes denominado Prueba Ser, elaborado por el Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa (INEVAL, 2016). Los resultados revelan que existe un nivel medio de conflictividad, donde también, se determinó una puntuación de 3,14 puntos sobre 10, dando a entender que existe un nivel bajo de rendimiento académico; al establecer una relación entre los objetos de estudio, se evidenció que estadísticamente no existe una relación significativa entre las mismas. En conclusión, se estableció que la conflictividad académica no incide sobre el rendimiento académico, pero, dichos conflictos al encontrarse en un nivel medio y al no ser atendidos a tiempo, tienden a repercutir en el desempeño escolar.

Resumen Introducción: El sufrimiento psicológico entre adolescentes y estrategias para la promoción de la salud mental existe y es necesario. Objetivo: Caracterizar las demandas emocionales de adolescentes escolares y describir conocimientos sobre factores protectores de la salud mental. Métodos: Investigación sociopoética con 30 adolescentes. Resultados: Temas de análisis: “Cuestiones de interés sobre emociones y salud mental”; “Cómo afrontar el estrés y la ansiedad”; “Reflexiones sobre la resolución de conflictos y problemas enfrentados”; y “Conocimiento sobre factores protectores de la salud mental”. Conclusiones: Las actividades recreativas y artísticas son poderosas para la promoción de la salud mental de los adolescentes y pueden implementarse a través de la asociación escuela-servicio de salud.

Abstract Introduction: Psychological suffering among adolescents and strategies for the promotion of mental health exists and is necessary. Aim: To characterize the emotional demands of school adolescents and describe knowledge about protective factors of mental health. Methods: Sociopoetic research with 30 adolescents. Results/Analysis topics: “Questions of interest about emotions and mental health”; “Dealing with stress and anxiety”; “Reflections on conflict resolution and problems faced”; and “Knowledge about protective factors of mental health”. Conclusions: Recreational and artistic activities are powerful for the promotion of adolescent mental health, and can be implemented through the school-health service partnership.

Resumo Introdução: O sofrimento psicológico entre adolescentes e estratégias para a promoção da saúde mental existem e são necessários. Objetivo: Caracterizar as demandas emocionais de adolescentes escolares e descrever o conhecimento sobre fatores protetores da saúde mental. Métodos: Pesquisa sociopoética com 30 adolescentes. Resultados: Temas de análise: “Questões de interesse sobre emoções e saúde mental”; “Lidar com o stresse e a ansiedade”; “Reflexões sobre resolução de conflitos e problemas enfrentados”; e “Conhecimento sobre fatores de proteção da saúde mental”. Conclusões: As atividades recreativas e artísticas são potentes para a promoção da saúde mental dos adolescentes e podem ser implementadas através da parceria escola/serviço de saúde.

Conflict is an integral part of school management and its existence must not be shunned as it stimulates creative and innovative ways of thinking which enhance organisational growth and performance. The purpose of the study reported on here was to investigate how education managers executed Thomas and Kilmann's model in managing and resolving conflicts in schools to avert chaos and anarchy with the ultimate intention of enhancing productivity. A constructivist, inductive grounded theory utilising a qualitative approach was employed. Qualitative data were generated using a semi-structured interview protocol from 4 information-rich education managers who were purposively selected. The inclusion criteria for the participants were age, experience, professional qualifications and the sample was determined by theoretical saturation. Data generated were thematically analysed. The study revealed that the conflict management and resolution model used by education managers in schools was contingent to their environment and perception. It also revealed that conflict was innovative and stimulated thought processes. As a result, schools must recruit education managers who are transformative, democratic and equipped with the appropriate strategies for managing and resolving conflict if teachers' morale is to be boosted and productivity enhanced.

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza los roles que la pedagogía como ciencia. Si esta cumple o debería cumplir en la educación literaria de América Latina que hoy enfrenta los enfoques multi diversos de la sociedad postmoderna (que en el campo de la ciencia es un tópico por mejorar constantemente por las rupturas lógicas manejadas) a vista de una educación mucha más sólida en sus entramados teóricos, que constituya una oportunidad de mejora para un modelo pedagógico en la resolución problemática del nuevo siglo. Como tal, constituye un trabajo de revisión que plantea como objetivo de estudio analizar los roles de la Pedagogía en la Educación Literaria bajo el paradigma socio crítico. Para el efecto se recurrió a una metodología analítico sintético de diversas fuentes bibliográficas con una fundamentación descriptiva para el encuadre temático. Se llegó a establecer siete roles multidiscplinarios (aprendizaje y escenario escolar, el hombre, los contenidos y conocimiento, campo didáctico y metodología trasversal, proyecto educativo y resolución de conflictos, evaluación circundante y cultura investigativa) enfocados a desvirtuar la pasividad dada en la enseñanza pedagógica de la disciplina literaria para una transformación social.

Abstract This paper analyzes the roles of pedagogy as a science. If this fulfills or should fulfill in the literary education of Latin America that today faces the multi diverse approaches of the postmodern society (which in the field of science is a topic to be constantly improved by the logical ruptures handled) in view of a much more solid education in its theoretical frameworks, which constitutes an opportunity of improvement for a pedagogical model in the problematic resolution of the new century. As such, it constitutes a revision work that proposes as a study objective to analyze the roles of Pedagogy in Literary Education under the socio-critical paradigm. For this purpose, a synthetic analytical methodology of diverse bibliographic sources with a descriptive foundation for the thematic framing was used. Seven multidiscplinary roles were established (learning and school scenario, man, contents and knowledge, didactic field and transversal methodology, educational project and conflict resolution, surrounding evaluation and investigative culture) focused on distorting the passivity given in the pedagogical teaching of the literary discipline for a social transformation.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a family intervention in grief complicated by a couple breakup. Materials and method: Research with a mixed intervention approach in three stages (diagnosis-implementation-evaluation). In the first, an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out, with a simple random sample with replacement n=99. Field's "Romantic Breakup Distress Scale" and Smilkstein's family APGAR were applied, with prior informed consent. Five families with complicated grief and family dysfunction were included. Methods and techniques of working with family were used. In the third stage, a quasi-experimental design was used with pretest and posttest of complicated grief and family APGAR. SPSS V25 was used to capture and analyze data, with descriptive and analytical statistics with Student's t test. Results: They were women 81.8%, with age Ⱦ=34.19-29 37.4%, high school 37.4%, separated 59.6%, divorced 49.4%. With complicated grief 14%, family dysfunction 13%. Families with complicated grief were dysfunctional 53.8%. Risk factors: conflict in paternalfilial subsystem, addictions, economy. Protective factors: religious, artistic, educational and medical groups. The actions focused on cognitive-behavioral-emotional intervention. In pretest/posttest evaluation, complicated grief presented a mean difference of Ⱦ=8.500, ŝ± 8.925, and 95% CI: Li: 3.347 Ls:13.653, with student's t=3.564 and df=13 and p value=0.003, statistically significant, mean difference for family Apgar of Ⱦ= 3.357 with ŝ±1.946, 95% CI: Li:2.234, Ls:4.481 with student's t=6.456 and df=13, p value=0.001, statistically significant. Conclusions: The effect of the family intervention modified complicated grief and improved family dynamics and functionality. Conclusions: The effect of the family intervention modified complicated grief and improved family dynamics and functionality.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de una intervención familiar en duelo complicado por ruptura de pareja. Materiales y método: Investigación con enfoque mixto de intervención en tres etapas (diagnóstica-implementación-evaluación). En la primera se realizó estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo, con muestra aleatoria simple con remplazo n=99. Se aplicó “Escala de Distrés por Ruptura Amorosa” de Field y APGAR familiar de Smilkstein, previo consentimiento informado. Se incluyeron cinco familias con duelo complicado y disfunción familiar. Se emplearon métodos y técnicas de trabajo con familia. En la tercera etapa se utilizó diseño cuasi experimental con pretest y postest de duelo complicado y APGAR familiar. Para la captura y análisis de datos se empleó el SPSS V25, con estadística descriptiva y analítica con prueba t de student. Resultados. Fueron mujeres 81.8%, con edad Ⱦ=34,19-29 37.4%, bachillerato 37.4%, separados 59.6%, divorciados 49.4%. Con duelo complicado 14%, disfunción familiar 13%. Las familias con duelo complicado fueron disfuncionales 53.8%. Los factores de riesgo: conflicto en subsistema paterno filial, adicciones, economía. Factores protectores: grupos religiosos, artísticos, educativos y médicos. Las acciones se centraron en intervención cognitivo-conductual-emocional. En evaluación pretest/postest, el duelo complicado presentó diferencia de medias de Ⱦ=8.500, ŝ± 8.925, e IC95%: Li: 3.347 Ls:13.653, con t de student=3.564 y gl=13 y valor de p=0.003, estadísticamente significativo, diferencia de medias para Apgar familiar de Ⱦ= 3.357 con ŝ±1.946, IC95%: Li:2.234, Ls:4.481 con t de student=6.456 y gl=13, valor de p=0.001, estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: El efecto de la intervención familiar modificó el duelo complicado y mejoró la dinámica y funcionalidad familiar.

Resumo A investigação explorou a coexistência escolar a partir da percepção de conflito dos estudantes, e foi desenvolvida sob uma abordagem descritiva mista. A base conceptual incluiu informações associadas à construção da realidade, conflito e violência, vista a partir da teoria de Galtung. O trabalho de campo baseou-se numa amostra não probabilística de 24 alunos da Escola Francisco José Caldas em Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Colômbia. O diagnóstico mostrou que as percepções do conflito correspondem à noção de violência direta, baseiam-se em percepções implícitas negativas, e são difíceis de modificar. Além disso, os alunos têm uma baixa capacidade de desenvolver concepções explicitamente fundamentadas, uma vez que o ambiente cultural e social apresenta repetidamente conflitos de uma forma negativa. Os resultados podem contribuir para a formulação de estratégias para a construção de uma coexistência escolar saudável.

Resumen La investigación exploró la convivencia escolar desde la percepción del conflicto por parte de los estudiantes y se desarrolló bajo un enfoque mixto de tipo descriptivo. La fundamentación conceptual comprendió información asociada a la construcción de la realidad, el conflicto y la violencia, vista desde la teoría de Galtung. El trabajo de campo se basó en un muestreo no probabilístico, correspondiente a 24 estudiantes del Colegio Francisco José Caldas de Cúcuta en Norte de Santander, Colombia. El diagnóstico evidenció que las percepciones sobre el conflicto corresponden a la noción de violencia directa, parten de apreciaciones implícitas negativas y son difíciles de modificar. Además, los alumnos tienen baja capacidad de desarrollar concepciones explícitas fundamentadas, toda vez que el medio cultural y social les plantea reiteradamente el conflicto de manera negativa. Los resultados pueden contribuir a la formulación de estrategias para la construcción de una sana convivencia escolar.

Abstract The research explored school coexistence from the students' perception of conflict, and was developed under a mixed descriptive approach. The conceptual foundation included information associated with the construction of reality, conflict and violence, as seen from Galtung's theory. The fieldwork was based on a non-probabilistic sampling, corresponding to 24 students of the Francisco José Caldas School of Cúcuta in Norte de Santander, Colombia. The diagnosis showed that perceptions of conflict correspond to the notion of direct violence, are based on negative implicit appraisals, and are difficult to modify. In addition, students have a low capacity to develop explicitly grounded conceptions, since the cultural and social environment repeatedly presents conflict in a negative way. The results can contribute to the formulation of strategies for the construction of a healthy school coexistence.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract: Adolescence is a sensitive period for the neurodevelopment of social cognition (SC), and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can alter these processes. This study investigated the relationship between ACE and SC in 157 adolescents (66 females, 54 males) from a school in Bogota. The level of EAN was assessed through the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale. SC was assessed with mentalization, morality and self-control tasks. In addition, behavioral problems were probed with a scale based on DSM IV-R criteria. The accumulation of ACE was related to alterations in SC in a sex-dependent manner. Specifically: (a) women with high ACEs presented lower accuracy in mental inferences and instrumental moral decisions; (b) men under similar conditions presented self-control problems; (c) exposure to armed conflict correlated with higher latency in moral decisions; and (d) men with ACE accumulation, moral decisions based on immediate rewards and low self-control showed more externalizing behaviors. The social implications of these findings for the design of evidence-based, sectorized psychosocial interventions are discussed.

Resumen: La adolescencia es un periodo sensible para el neurodesarrollo de la cognición social (CS) y experiencias adversas en la niñez (EAN) pueden alterarlo. Este estudio indagó sobre la relación entre EAN y la CS en 157 adolescentes (66 mujeres, 54 hombres) de una escuela de Bogotá. El nivel de EAN fue valorado a través de la Escala de experiencias adversas durante la niñez. La CS se evaluó con tareas de mentalización, moralidad y autocontrol. Además, se indagaron problemas de conducta con una escala basada en criterios DSM IV-R. La acumulación de EAN se relacionó con alteraciones en la CS de una forma dependiente del sexo. Puntualmente: (a) mujeres con altos EAN presentan menor precisión en inferencias mentales y decisiones morales instrumentales; (b) hombres bajo condiciones similares presentan problemas de autocontrol; (c) la exposición al conflicto armado correlacionó con mayor latencia en las decisiones morales; y (d) hombres con acumulación de EAN, decisiones morales basadas en recompensas inmediatas y bajo autocontrol muestran más conductas externalizantes. Se discuten las implicancias sociales de estos resultados en el diseño de intervenciones psicosociales sectorizadas y basadas en evidencias.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the newly graduated physicians' attitudes and perceptions regarding the medical relationship with the pharmaceutical industry and identify the sociodemographic patterns related to such thinking. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was administered to 4,601 participants selected from a pool of 16,323 physicians who were registered with one of the 27 Regional Medical Councils of Brazil in 2015. Answers were analyzed using two stratification variables: type of medical school (public vs. private) and the sex of the respondents. RESULTS: Out of the participants, 61.8% believed that industry funding could support medical conferences and education, and 48.4% felt that small gifts and conference travel funding were acceptable. Conversely, 64.7% disagreed with industry-sponsored social events. Views on whether pharmaceutical representatives' visits influenced prescriptions were divided. Statistically significant differences were observed between genders and medical school types, with men and private school graduates being more accepting of certain industry interactions. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the nuanced attitudes of new doctors toward industry relationships, indicating the need for clearer ethical guidelines and education in medical schools to align practice with evolving societal values. OBJECTIVE thinking METHODS 4601 4 601 4,60 16323 16 323 16,32 2 2015 variables public vs respondents RESULTS 618 61 8 61.8 484 48 48.4 acceptable Conversely 647 64 7 64.7 industrysponsored sponsored events representatives divided types interactions CONCLUSION relationships values 460 60 4,6 1632 1 32 16,3 201 6 61. 48. 64. 46 4, 163 3 16, 20

ABSTRACT This paper aims to describe an intervention device based on the analysis of practices carried out with a group of French teachers from the Centro de Estudos de Línguas - CEL (Language Study Centers), which is part of the public school system in the State of São Paulo. Through a linguistic-discursive analysis (Bulea & Bronckart, 2012), it points out how the intervention can provide a dynamic interpretation of the activity (Bronckart, 2008b). The study is based on the social interactionist paradigm (Vygotski, 1934/1997), in the theoretical-methodological framework of Sociodiscursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 2017) and in the Clinic of Activity (Clot, 1999). The corpus comprises transcripts of allo-confrontation interviews (Mollo & Falzon, 2004; Leblanc, 2014) and crossed self-confrontation interviews (Clot & Faïta, 2000). The analyses presented here demonstrate how the conflict of the métier is configured discursively and corroborate the idea that the interpretive debate on teaching is likely to enable the transformation of the meanings of lived experiences. Language Centers, Centers , Centers) Paulo linguisticdiscursive linguistic discursive Bulea Bronckart 2012, 2012 2012) (Bronckart 2008b. 2008b b . 2008b) Vygotski, Vygotski (Vygotski 1934/1997, 19341997 1934/1997 1934 1997 1934/1997) theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological 2017 Clot, Clot 1999. 1999 1999) alloconfrontation allo confrontation Mollo Falzon 2004 Leblanc 2014 selfconfrontation self Faïta 2000. 2000 2000) experiences 201 1934199 1934/199 193 199 200 20 193419 1934/19 19 2 19341 1934/1 1 1934/

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva descrever o dispositivo de intervenção formativa baseado na análise das práticas realizado com um grupo de professores de francês de Centros de Estudos de Línguas (CEL) da rede pública de ensino do Estado de São Paulo (Silva, 2023) e apontar, através de uma análise linguístico-discursiva (Bulea & Bronckart, 2012), de que maneira a intervenção pode proporcionar uma dinâmica de interpretação da atividade (Bronckart, 2008b). A pesquisa qualitativa realizada a partir dessa intervenção se fundamenta no paradigma interacionista social (Vygotski, 1934/1997), nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (Bronckart, 2017) e na Clínica da Atividade (Clot, 1999). O corpus analisado se constitui das transcrições de entrevistas em aloconfrontação (Mollo & Falzon, 2004; Leblanc, 2014) e autoconfrontação cruzada (Clot & Faïta, 2000). As análises discutidas neste trabalho demonstram de que maneira o conflito do métier de professor de francês como língua estrangeira se configura discursivamente e corrobora a ideia de que o debate interpretativo sobre o trabalho pode possibilitar a transformação das significações das experiências vividas. CEL (CEL Silva, Silva (Silva 2023 apontar linguísticodiscursiva linguístico discursiva Bulea Bronckart 2012, 2012 , 2012) (Bronckart 2008b. 2008b b . 2008b) Vygotski, Vygotski (Vygotski 1934/1997, 19341997 1934/1997 1934 1997 1934/1997) teóricometodológicos teórico metodológicos 2017 Clot, Clot 1999. 1999 1999) Mollo Falzon 2004 Leblanc 2014 Faïta 2000. 2000 2000) vividas 202 201 1934199 1934/199 193 199 200 20 193419 1934/19 19 2 19341 1934/1 1 1934/

Resumo Este artigo problematiza o percurso das escolas isoladas capixabas, considerando suas relações de oposição e concorrência perante a Escola Modelo, bem como a projeção e as condições de efetivo funcionamento do Grupo Escolar Gomes Cardim – o primeiro e durante um bom tempo único GE do Espírito Santo. O recorte temporal estabelecido, de 1908 a 1916, compreende o período decorrido desde a decretação da inconveniência das escolas isoladas em Vitória, capital do Espírito Santo, até a criação de uma instituição destinada à modelização da praticagem de professores para atuarem nessas mesmas escolas. O corpus documental trabalhado compreendeu: ofícios, requerimentos, relatórios, decretos, leis, atos oficiais da Secretaria de Instrução, fotografias e matérias jornalísticas. Por meio da análise indiciária dessas fontes, o texto focaliza espaços escolares, professorado e organização do ensino em escolas isoladas capixabas. Em linhas gerais, compreende-se que a avaliação negativa geralmente atribuída às escolas isoladas convivia com ambiguidades forçadas, por um lado, pela fragilidade do grupo escolar instituído localmente e, por outro – apesar da inconveniência decretada em 1908 –, pela atuação imprescindível de escolas isoladas, até o ponto da sua modelização em 1916. No caso do Espírito Santo, ao arrepio de binarismos construídos discursivamente acerca dos modos de escolarização no início do século passado, compreende-se a relação entre o grupo escolar e as escolas isoladas como um conflito permeado por desafios e empréstimos recíprocos, considerando-se que os marcadores da diferenciação estabelecida entre os dois dizem respeito, principalmente, às prescrições legais, ao status e à visibilidade conferida a cada instituição. capixabas Modelo Santo estabelecido 190 1916 Vitória compreendeu ofícios requerimentos relatórios decretos leis Instrução jornalísticas fontes escolares gerais compreendese se forçadas lado passado recíprocos considerandose respeito principalmente legais 19 191 1

Abstract This article assesses the trajectory of isolated schools in Espírito Santo, in the context of opposition and competition with the model school, the projection, and the conditions for the effective functioning of the Gomes Cardim School Group, the first and for a long time the only school group in Espírito Santo. The period chosen (1908-1916) covers the period from the declaration of the inconvenience of the isolated schools in Vitória, capital city of the state of Espírito Santo, to the creation of an institution aimed at modeling the practice of teachers to work in those same schools. The documentary corpus worked on including letters, requests, reports, decrees, laws, official acts of the Brazilian Ministry of Education, photographs, and news articles. Through an indexical analysis of these sources, the text focuses on school spaces, teaching staff, and the organization of teaching in isolated schools in Espírito Santo. In general, it is understood that the generally negative evaluation attributed to isolated schools (Souza, 2016 ) coexisted with forced ambiguities, on the one hand, due to the fragility of the locally established school group, and on the other hand — despite the inconvenience decreed in 1908 — due to the indispensable role of isolated schools, to the point of their modeling in 1916. In the case of Espírito Santo, contrary to the discursively constructed binarism about the modes of schooling in the early twentieth century, the relationship between the school group and the isolated schools is understood as a conflict permeated by challenges and mutual borrowings, considering that the markers of differentiation established between the two mainly concern the legal prescriptions, the status, and the visibility granted to each institution. Santo projection Group 19081916 1916 (1908-1916 Vitória letters requests reports decrees laws Education photographs articles sources spaces staff general Souza, Souza (Souza 201 ambiguities 190 century borrowings prescriptions status 1908191 191 (1908-191 20 19 190819 (1908-19 2 1 19081 (1908-1 (1908- (1908 (190 (19 (1 (

RESUMEN: Este texto tiene como objetivo presentar al lector los entresijos de la agenda política y la producción de textos que engendraron el Plan Municipal de Educación de Petrópolis (RJ), buscando identificar el lugar de la gestión democrática de las escuelas públicas del municipio. Considerando el supuesto de que la participación comunitaria es una condición esencial para el establecimiento de la gestión democrática, a pesar de la existencia de selección de directores de escuela a través de la elección en el municipio, identificamos que la elección tiene el carácter de consulta con la comunidad y en las escuelas asociadas el proceso no se cumple. Através del análisis de documentos se percibió que en el campo educativo los procesos democráticos son frágiles y están bajo constante presión de la Iglesia Católica. El conflicto normativo y la falta de claridad entre los lineamientos educativos en el municipio se destacan como un obstáculo para el establecimiento de una escuela democrática, con formación política para el ejercicio de una ciudadanía participativa en la toma de decisiones. RESUMEN RJ, RJ , (RJ) cumple Católica decisiones (RJ

ABSTRACT: This text aims to present the reader with the intricacies of the political agenda and text production that engendered the Municipal Education Plan of Petrópolis (RJ), seeking to identify the place of democratic management of public schools in the municipality. Considering the assumption that community participation is an essential condition for the establishment of democratic management, despite the existence of the selection of school principal through the election in the municipality, we identified that the election has the character of consultation with the community and in the partner schools the process is not accomplished. Through document analysis, it was noticed that in the educational field, the democratic processes are fragile and under constant pressure from the Catholic Church. The normative conflict and the lack of clarity between the educational guidelines in the municipality stand out as an obstacle to the establishment of a democratic school, with political formation for the exercise of participatory and decision-making citizenship. ABSTRACT RJ, RJ , (RJ) accomplished analysis field Church decisionmaking decision making citizenship (RJ

RESUMO: O presente texto apresenta a agenda política e da produção de texto que engendrou a aprovação do Plano Municipal de Educação de Petrópolis (RJ), buscando identificar o lugar da gestão democrática da escola pública no município presente no texto político. Considerando o pressuposto de que a participação da comunidade é condição imprescindível para o estabelecimento da gestão democrática, apesar de a seleção de diretor escolar ocorrer por meio da eleição no município, identificou-se que a eleição tem caráter de consulta à comunidade, como também, nas escolas conveniadas o processo não é realizado. Através da análise documental de natureza exploratória, percebeu-se que, nos textos políticos do campo educacional municipal, os processos democráticos se encontram fragilizados e sob constante pressões por parte da Igreja Católica. Destaca-se o conflito normativo e a falta de clareza entre as diretrizes educacionais no município como entrave no estabelecimento de uma escola democrática, que tenha formação política para o exercício de uma cidadania participativa decisória. RESUMO RJ, RJ , (RJ) político identificouse identificou também realizado exploratória percebeuse percebeu municipal Católica Destacase Destaca decisória (RJ

RESUMEN Los adolescentes que cumplen medida socioeducativa de libertad asistida tienen la frecuencia escuela como obligación. En este escenario, el profesor desempeña un papel central en la promoción de relaciones proximales que ayuden a estos alumnos. se ha objetivado caracterizar los recursos y las dificultades señaladas por los profesores en relación con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los adolescentes en libertad asistida. Participaron diez profesores de alumnos en libertad asistida, de escuelas públicas de una ciudad del interior de São Paulo, que respondieron a una entrevista semiestructurada. Los análisis se basaron en la técnica del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, señalando los recursos de los profesores para planificar, enseñar y establecer vínculos; se señalaron como dificultades la ausencia de la familia de la escuela, las lagunas en el aprendizaje y la no valoración de la educación. Se llega a la conclusión de la importancia de las intervenciones que potencien las habilidades sociales educativas de los profesores y fomenten las relaciones entre los microsistemas familiar y escolar de los alumnos en libertad asistida. obligación escenario enseñanzaaprendizaje enseñanza Paulo semiestructurada Colectivo planificar vínculos educación

ABSTRACT Adolescents who comply with a socio-educational measure of probation have to attend school as an obligation. In this scenario, the teacher has a central role in promoting close relationships that help these students. The objective was to characterize the resources and difficulties reported by teachers regarding the teaching-learning process of adolescents on probation. Ten teachers of students on probation participated, from public schools in a city in the countryside of the state of São Paulo, who provided answers to a semi-structured interview. The analyzes were based on the Collective Subject Discourse technique, pointing out the teachers’ resources regarding planning, teaching, and establishing bonds; as the difficulties reported were the family’s absence at school, learning gaps and the lack of value for education. It is concluded that interventions that enhance the teachers’ social educational skills and promote relationships between the family and school microsystems of students on probation are important. socioeducational socio obligation scenario teachinglearning teaching participated Paulo semistructured semi structured interview technique planning bonds familys s education important

RESUMO Adolescentes que cumprem medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida têm a frequência escolar como uma obrigação. Nesse cenário, o professor tem papel central na promoção de relações proximais que auxiliem esses alunos. Objetivou-se caracterizar os recursos e as dificuldades relatadas por professores quanto ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de adolescentes em liberdade assistida. Participaram 10 professores de alunos em liberdade assistida, de escolas públicas de uma cidade do interior paulista, os quais responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. As análises foram pautadas na técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, apontando os recursos dos professores quanto ao planejamento, à didática e ao estabelecimento de vínculos; como dificuldades foram relatadas a ausência da família na escola, as lacunas de aprendizado e a não valorização da educação. Conclui-se como importantes intervenções que potencializem as habilidades sociais educativas de professores e promovam relações entre os microssistemas família e escola do alunado em liberdade assistida. obrigação cenário Objetivouse Objetivou se ensinoaprendizagem ensino aprendizagem 1 paulista semiestruturada Coletivo planejamento vínculos educação Concluise Conclui