Resumen La secadera o mal de almácigo causada por Fusarium circinatum es un problema importante en la producción de planta en viveros forestales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar a Trichoderma harzianum como alternativa para controlar de manera preventiva a F. circinatum con el método de aplicación y la utilización de dos mezclas de sustratos: (1) turba de musgo, agrolita y vermiculita, y (2) aserrín, corteza de pino y turba de musgo. Se utilizaron tres formas de aplicación de T. harzianum: al sustrato, a la semilla y sin el hongo; lo que dio un total de 12 tratamientos con arreglo factorial completamente al azar (2×3×2). Se evaluó el efecto del sustrato, la forma de aplicación de T. harzianum y su interacción sobre la patogenicidad e incidencia de F. circinatum y las propiedades morfológicas de las plántulas. Los resultados indicaron que las características morfológicas en el crecimiento de la cepa coinciden con los descritos para F. circinatum y resultó ser patogénica, ya que causó enfermedad. La patogenicidad de F. circinatum disminuyó en aquellos tratamientos en los que se adicionó T. harzianum al sustrato, y presentó una respuesta positiva en la mezcla a base de aserrín con lo cual se aseguró una mejor calidad de planta. La aplicación de T. harzianum al sustrato y el uso de la mezcla a base de aserrín pueden servir como una alternativa para el control de F. circinatum, además de proveer mejores índices de calidad de planta.

Abstract The drying or seedbed evil caused by Fusarium circinatum is a problem of importance in plant production in forest nurseries. The aim of this study was to assess Trichoderma harzianum as an alternative to prevent F. circinatum with the method of application and the use of two mixtures of substrates: (1) Peat moss, agrolite and vermiculite, and (2) Sawdust, pine bark and peat moss. Three forms of application of T. harzianum were made: to the substrate, to the seed and without the fungus, which gave a total of 12 treatments with completely at random factorial arrangement (2×3×2). The effect of the substrate was evaluated, the form of application of T. harzianum and its interaction on the pathogenicity and incidence of F. circinatum and the morphological properties of the seedlings. The results indicate that the morphological characteristics in the growth of the strain coincide with those described for F. circinatum and turned out to be pathogenic when causing disease. The pathogenicity of F. circinatum decreased in those treatments where T. harzianum was applied to the substrate, showing a positive response in the sawdust-based mixture and ensuring a better plant quality. The application of T. harzianum to the substrate and the use of sawdust-based mixture can serve as an option for the F. circinatum fungus, providing better plant quality indexes.

ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste. use However process compostenhancing compost enhancing Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colombia 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 discovered 2 Ashes husks sawdust bagasse substitutes phosphorus processes C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais. agrícola entanto multicritério Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colômbia caso 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 publicações 2 Cinzas arroz serragem canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar cana açúcar, açúcar cana-de-açúcar emendas financeiro aditivo hierárquicos C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Areas impacted by the deposition of iron mining tailings present physical and chemical characteristics that can hinder root growth, and applying soil conditioners can help alleviate these limitations. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil conditioners in improving the environment for the growth of grass in soil affected by iron mining tailing. Four different experiments were conducted testing conditioner proportions (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% v/v), in a completely randomized design with four replications, using Cynodon spp. The conditioners were sand, vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost. Bulk density, macro- and microporosity, total pore volume (VTP), pH, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and dry mass of the aboveground, root, and total plant were evaluated. There were improvements in porosity and a reduction in density with the application of vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost; however, sand decreased the VTP. The pH was reduced with sawdust and increased with compost. Sawdust and compost increased OM. CEC increased with vermiculite and compost. The sand and vermiculite conditioners promoted the greatest growth of Cynodon spp., with emphasis on vermiculite, which provided the greatest increases in plant biomass production. The soil conditioners, overall, proved effective in improving porosity conditions, reducing density, increasing OM, and promoting plant growth, this makes this technology efficient for application in tailings. Due to its notable effect on increasing biomass and improving the environment for grass growth, vermiculite can be recommended for rehabilitation environments impacted by iron mining tailings or for post-mining revegetation. limitations tailing 0, 0 (0 5 10 25 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) replications spp macro microporosity VTP, VTP (VTP) OM (OM) CEC, (CEC) aboveground evaluated however production overall conditions postmining post revegetation ( 1 2 (VTP (OM (CEC

RESUMO Áreas impactadas pela deposição de rejeito de mineração de ferro possuem características físicas e químicas que podem dificultar o crescimento das raízes, e a aplicação de condicionadores pode ajudar a aliviar essas limitações. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de condicionadores de solo na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea em solo afetado por rejeitos de mineração de ferro. Foram realizados quatro experimentos testando proporções de condicionador (0, 5, 10, 25 e 50% v/v), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, utilizando Cynodon spp. Os condicionadores foram areia, vermiculita, serragem e composto orgânico. Foram avaliados densidade aparente, macro- e microporosidade, volume total de poros (VTP), pH, matéria orgânica (OM), capacidade de troca de cátions (CEC) e massa seca da parte aérea, raízes e total. Houve melhorias na porosidade e redução na densidade com a aplicação de vermiculita, serragem e composto; no entanto, a areia diminuiu o VTP. O pH foi reduzido com serragem e aumentou com composto. A serrage 6m e o composto aumentaram a OM. A CEC aumentou com vermiculita e composto. Os condicionadores de solo, de modo geral, mostraram-se eficazes na melhoria das condições de porosidade, redução da densidade, aumento de OM e promoção do crescimento das plantas, o que torna esta tecnologia eficiente para aplicação em rejeitos. Devido ao seu notável efeito no aumento da biomassa e na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea, a vermiculita pode ser recomendada para ambientes de reabilitação impactados por rejeitos de mineração de ferro ou revegetação pós-mineração. limitações 0, 0 (0 5 10 2 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) repetições spp orgânico aparente macro microporosidade VTP, VTP (VTP) OM, (OM) (CEC aérea entanto m geral mostraramse mostraram se plantas pósmineração. pósmineração pós mineração. pós-mineração ( 1 (VTP (OM

ABSTRACT Bio-composite materials are gaining momentum as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic fiber-reinforced composites across various sectors. This study investigates how varying fine powder loads affect the tensile, transverse, and compressive properties of hybrid composites comprising Malabar Ironwood sawdust and COCO dust particles. A hybrid composite formulation was devised using a 1:1 ratio of sawdust and COCO dust particles as fillers. Different levels of reinforcement, ranging from 20% to 60%, were examined. ASTM testing was performed on the produced composites, revealing a notable influence of filler reinforcement on their mechanical characteristics. The elongation at fracture increased until 40% filler loading before declining, whereas tensile strength, transverse rupture strength, transverse modulus, and compressive strength consistently improved up to 50% filler loading. These results underscore the potential of composites integrating Malabar Ironwood, COCO dust, and epoxy for lightweight applications, thereby catering to diverse industries seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional materials. Ultimately, such initiatives contribute to solid waste management efforts, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional materials in diverse industries. Biocomposite Bio ecofriendly eco friendly fiberreinforced fiber reinforced sectors 11 1 1: fillers 20 60 60% examined characteristics 40 declining modulus 50 applications Ultimately efforts 2 6 4 5

Abstract: In mushroom cultivation, it is important to be aware of the impact of the growing substrate. This study investigated the cultivation of various oyster mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Pleurotus djamor, on different types of wood sawdust. Total phenolic content, condensed tannins, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, protein and sensory evaluations were performed in cultivated oyster mushrooms. Wood sawdust of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut), and Juglans regia (walnut) were used as substrate for studied mushroom type, separately. Because champignon (Agaricus bisporus) was the most consumed mushroom, it was used as control sample. Methanolic extracts of dried mushrooms were used to measure bioactive characteristics. Pleurotus ostreatus samples cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate had the highest antioxidant activity. The lowest antioxidant activity values were found in Pleurotus djamor cultivated in Juglans regia (walnut) wood sawdust substrate. The highest protein content was measured in Agaricus bisporus as 13,84 %. The other highest protein concentration was found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate, at 13,75 %. The lowest protein concentration belonged to Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated in Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) sawdust substrate as 9,86 %. While Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus had the highest overall appreciation score, Pleurotus citrinopileatus had the lowest. It has been observed that the substrate content has an important impact on chemical and sensory properties of the oyster mushrooms. This study provides knowledge on the chemical and sensory characteristics of three different Pleurotus mushroom species cultivated on different composts.

ABSTRACT The composition and dynamics of plant communities are determined by the survival, dispersal and persistence of seeds in the soil, some of the fundamental aspects for understanding plant biology, among which seed dormancy is of particular importance. The aim of this work was to find out whether seed dormancy is affected by certain substrates in order to improve the production of Tabernaemontana heterophylla seedlings. Treatments were carried out with different substrates (T1. Sand, T2. Vegetable clay, T3. Vegetable clay + sand (1:1 ratio), T4. Vermiculite, T5. Cattle manure, T6. Sawdust and T7. Organic compost) in 7 x 4 factorial schemes, the results of which were subjected to an analysis of variance and a comparison of means with the Tukey test at a probability of 5%. The seeds with visible germination structure (hypocotyl) showed an apical meristem in a dormant stage. The number of normal seedlings did not exceed 25% of the germinated seeds in all treatments, with a high proportion of nonviable seeds observed. In the absence of technical information on overcome dormancy, it is important to use strategies that stimulate germination and subsequent seedling growth. The slow germination combined with the presence of dormancy in the hypocotyledon were factors that negatively affected the propagation of the species studied. survival soil biology importance T1. T1 T (T1 Sand T2 T3 11 1 (1: ratio, ratio , ratio) T4 Vermiculite T5 manure T6 T7 compost schemes 5 5% hypocotyl (hypocotyl stage 25 treatments observed growth studied (T (1 2 (

RESUMO A composição e a dinâmica das comunidades vegetais são determinadas pela sobrevivência, dispersão e persistência das sementes no solo, alguns dos aspectos fundamentais para a compreensão da biologia vegetal, entre os quais se destaca a dormência das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dormência das sementes é afetada por determinados substratos, a fim de melhorar a produção de mudas de Tabernaemontana heterophylla. Os tratamentos foram realizados com diferentes substratos (T1. Areia, T2. Argila vegetal, T3. Argila vegetal + areia (proporção 1:1), T4. Vermiculita, T5. Estrume de gado, T6. Serragem e T7. Composto orgânico) em esquemas fatoriais 7 x 4, cujos resultados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e a uma comparação de médias com o teste de Tukey a uma probabilidade de 5%. As sementes com estrutura germinativa visível (hipocótilo) apresentaram meristema apical em estado de dormência. O número de plântulas normais não ultrapassou 25% das sementes germinadas em todos os tratamentos, tendo sido observada uma elevada proporção de sementes inviáveis. Na ausência de informações técnicas sobre a superação da dormência, é importante utilizar estratégias que estimulem a germinação e o posterior crescimento das plântulas. A lenta germinação aliada à presença de dormência no hipocótilo foram fatores que afetaram negativamente a propagação da espécie estudada. sobrevivência solo heterophylla T1. T1 T (T1 Areia T2 T3 11, 11 1 , 1:1) T4 Vermiculita T5 gado T6 T7 orgânico 4 5 5% (hipocótilo 25 inviáveis estudada (T 1:1 2 1:

Bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis have a highly promising potential as biofuels or sources of chemicals. The quantitative analysis of bio-oils is quite difficult and requires many standards. In this study, we developed a methodology using only 16 standards for determining the concentration of 49 compounds, representatives of the main chemical classes commons in bio-oils, using relative response factors (RRF) and analytical curves. Five Pinus sawdust bio-oils were analyzed using a GC-MS-DB-5 capillary column (60 m). SCAN mode (from 45 to 450 Daltons) and retention indices (LPTRI) were used for qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, SIM mode was preferred, and analytical curves were constructed from an initial solution at 400 mg g 1 of each of the 16 standards, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 150 mg g 1 added to the internal standard (methyl hexanoate) at 70 mg g 1. After the positive identification and quantification of 9 compounds (among the 16 standards used), the other compounds were quantified using the RRF obtained from a standard solution at 30 mg g 1, considering the similarities with those identified standards. 196 compounds were identified, while 49 compounds were quantified, highlighting the monoaromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, benzofurans, alkyl phenols, and catechols. Biooils Bio oils chemicals biooils bio study 4 biooils, oils, (RRF GCMSDB5 GCMSDB GC MS DB 5 GC-MS-DB- 60 (6 m. m . m) Daltons LPTRI (LPTRI preferred 40 15 methyl hexanoate 7 among used, , used) 3 19 hydrocarbons naphthalenes benzofurans phenols catechols GC-MS-DB 6 (

SUMMARY Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has allowed for controlled development and growth in different species. However, its effect on some tropical species such as Swietenia mahagoni has not been evaluated. This study evaluated the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni produced in substrates inoculated with AMF. Using a completely randomized design, the combinations of two factors were evaluated: substrate (cocoa husk + coconut fiber + composted pine sawdust in proportions 6:2:2 and 2:6:2, and a control composed of soil + cocoa husks in a 9:1 ratio) and mycorrhizal strains (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare and Funneliformis mosseae). From 30 to 120 days after the seed’s germination in the nursery, the leaf surface and the total dry mass were evaluated, and growth analysis was carried out using the relative growth rate and the net assimilation rate. At 120 days, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 concentration were evaluated. Significant interactions between the different factors were found for all the variables evaluated. The Glomus cubense and Rhizophagus intraradices strains, in the substrate made up of 20 % cocoa husk + 60 % coconut fiber + 20 % sawdust, produced significant increases in the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni. The importance of the mycorrhizal association is evident, as it provides S. mahagoni seedlings with more efficient photosynthetic mechanisms, improving their establishment in plantations.

RESUMEN La inoculación con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) ha permitido un desarrollo y crecimiento controlado en diferentes especies; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado su efecto en algunas especies tropicales como Swietenia mahagoni. El estudio evaluó el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni producida en sustratos inoculados con HMA. Con un diseño completamente al azar, se evaluaron las combinaciones de dos factores: sustrato (cascarilla de cacao + fibra de coco + aserrín de pino compostado en proporciones 6:2:2 y 2:6:2, y un testigo compuesto por suelo + cascarilla de cacao en proporción 9:1) y cepas micorrízicas (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare y Funneliformis mosseae). Desde los 30 hasta los 120 días después la germinación de la semilla en vivero, se evaluó la superficie foliar y la masa seca total, con las cuales se efectuó el análisis del crecimiento a través de la tasa relativa de crecimiento y la tasa de asimilación neta. A los 120 días se evaluó la tasa fotosintética, conductancia estomática, transpiración y concentración interna de CO2. Se encontraron interacciones significativas entre los factores para todas las variables evaluadas. Las cepas Glomus cubense y Rhizophagus intraradices, en el sustrato conformado por 20 % de cascarilla de cacao + 60 % de fibra de coco + 20 % de aserrín, propiciaron incrementos significativos en el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni. Es evidente la importancia de la asociación micorrízica para que las plántulas de S. mahagoni mantengan un mecanismo fotosintético más eficiente que les permita mejor establecimiento en plantaciones.

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (guavira) is a native plant of the Cerrado and Pantanal, which has several medicinal activities and fruits with a unique flavor rich in vitamin C. The species does not have defined cultivation methods, requiring studies to increase biomass production. An alternative is the use of organic residues that can influence the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of soils and consequently increase plant production. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different organic residues and bokashi, on the biomass production of plants and on the levels of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of tea from the leaves of guavira. Five substrates were studied in pots and protected environment: soil; soil + rice husk chicken manure; soil + sawdust chicken manure; soil + castor bean cake; soil + Organosuper® with or without the use of Bokashi in a 5x2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block experimental design. It was observed that the rice husk chicken manure can be used to increase the initial growth and biomass production of guavira keeping the leaves antioxidant activity tea stable. The use of bokashi benefits the growth of guavira only when no other organic residue is added to soil. Cambess. Cambess (Cambess. O (guavira Pantanal C methods chemical Thus phenols environment cake Organosuper x 5x scheme design stable (Cambess

Resumen En algunos viveros forestales del centro y norte del país se utilizan sustratos en los cuales es común el uso de aserrín de pino y fertilizantes de liberación prolongada; los insumos regionales reducen los costos de producción y simplifican la nutrición de las plantas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de Swietenia macrophylla y Tabebuia donnell-smithii en dos sustratos: S1 (turba, perlita, vermiculita 3:1:1) y S2 (aserrín de pino, perlita, vermiculita 3:1:1) combinados con cuatro dosis de fertilizante (4, 6, 8, 10 g L-1) Multicote ® 18-6-12 con micronutrientes de cuatro meses de liberación. La planta se produjo en charolas de plástico rígido de 24 cavidades de 150 mL, durante un período de 3.5 meses. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2x4 (dos sustratos y cuatro dosis de fertilizante). A los 3.5 meses, se evaluaron las características morfológicas y el contenido de N, P, K en el follaje de las plantas. Ambas especies presentaron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) por el tipo de sustrato y dosis de fertilizante en el diámetro, altura, peso seco aéreo y de la raíz, así como en concentración de nutrientes. Las plantas producidas en S1 fueron superiores en la mayoría de las variables a las de S2, sin embargo, el sustrato a base de aserrín tiene potencial para la producción de los dos taxones, por lo que es una opción como sustrato viable por el costo para obtener plantas dentro de los intervalos de calidad media.

Abstract Some forest nurseries in central and northern Mexico use substrates where the use of pine sawdust and extended release fertilizers is common; regional inputs reduce production costs and simplify plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia donnell-smithii on two substrates: S1 (3:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite) and S2 (3:1:1 pine sawdust, perlite, vermiculite) combined with four doses (4, 6, 8, 10 g L-1) of Multicote® 18-6-12 fertilizer with four-month release micronutrients. The plant was grown in 24-cavity 150 mL rigid plastic trays for a period of 3.5 months. A completely randomized design with a 2×4 factorial arrangement (two substrates and four doses of fertilizer) was used. At 3.5 months, the morphological characteristics and N, P, and K content in plant foliage were evaluated. Both species showed significant differences (p≤0.05) by substrate type and fertilizer dose on diameter, height, aerial and root dry weight, as well as nutrient concentration. Plants produced in S1 were superior in most variables to those grown in S2. However, the sawdust-based substrate has the potential for the production of both taxa, which renders it a viable option as a substrate for obtaining plants within the medium-quality range.

Abstract The aim to evaluate the raw material (agroforestry residues) for particleboard manufacture from the: pseudostem of Musa paradisiaca; the stem and pods of Theobroma cacao; and the sawdust of Ceiba pentandra. The particleboards produced from these cellulosic residues are mixed with cassava starch’s natural adhesive and urea formaldehyde’s synthetic adhesive. The results indicate that lignin, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives ranged from 6.2–19.0%, 41.4–50.2%, 24.4–31.5%, and 6.8–18.8% respectively and they were significantly different from each other. Additionally, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, and sterols were the phytochemicals present in biomass materials in different quantities. Also, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and boron were the elementals significantly present in the manufactured particleboards in the range of 35.3–52.8, 30.2–43.0, 4.2–24.0, and 3.2–9.9 percentage concentration respectively. As for the mechanical properties, it was verified that the cellulose content influenced 96.5% of the variability of the modulus of rupture (MOR) values. Understanding the distribution, functional properties, and impact of biomass organic, phytochemicals and elemental constitutions is an impetus to the improvement of processes with higher retention of these constitutions in the utilization of agroforest residues in the particleboard industry. These chemical compositions of the residues under study contributed largely to the characteristics of the manufactured particleboards. agroforestry paradisiaca cacao pentandra starchs starch s formaldehydes formaldehyde lignin αcellulose, αcellulose α cellulose, α-cellulose hemicellulose 62190 6 2 19 0 6.2–19.0% 414502 41 4 50 41.4–50.2% 244315 24 31 5 24.4–31.5% 68188 8 18 6.8–18.8 other Additionally tannins alkaloids saponins flavonoids phenols glycosides quantities Also carbon oxygen nitrogen 353528 35 3 52 35.3–52.8 302430 30 43 30.2–43.0 42240 4.2–24.0 3299 9 3.2–9. properties 965 96 96.5 MOR (MOR values distribution organic industry 6219 1 6.2–19.0 41450 41.4–50.2 24431 24.4–31.5 6818 6.8–18. 35352 35.3–52. 30243 30.2–43. 4224 4.2–24. 329 3.2–9 96. 621 6.2–19. 4145 41.4–50. 2443 24.4–31. 681 6.8–18 3535 35.3–52 3024 30.2–43 422 4.2–24 32 3.2– 62 6.2–19 414 41.4–50 244 24.4–31 68 6.8–1 353 35.3–5 302 30.2–4 42 4.2–2 3.2 6.2–1 41.4–5 24.4–3 6.8– 35.3– 30.2– 4.2– 3. 6.2– 41.4– 24.4– 6.8 35.3 30.2 4.2 6.2 41.4 24.4 6. 35. 30. 4. 41. 24.

Abstract Known as the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. is registered as one of the most important pests of Brassicaceae in the world. It is characterized as a specialized insect in this family, due to specifics for feeding. However, based on reports from producers, the shoots of sour passion fruit in the extreme south of Santa Catarina, were damaged by a phytophagous insect attack. The damage plants were collected and from this, it was possible to identify the specie P. xylostella as the insect causing the damage. Therefore, the purpose is to communicate a new record of phytophagous insect associated with passion fruit, as well as a new host outside the list of Brassicaceae for P. xylostella. The collected shoots had amber exudation and sawdust appearance in the axils of leaf growth, the plants had wilted leaves and emission of lateral shoots. It is believed that the individuals have managed to complete the life cycle in the plant because of the similarity in the nitrogen compounds present in the species of Brassicaceae and Passifloraceae. moth L world family feeding However producers Catarina attack P Therefore growth Passifloraceae

Resumo Conhecida como traça-das-crucíferas, a Plutella xylostella L. é registrada como uma das mais importantes pragas de Brassicaceae no mundo. É caracterizada como um inseto especializado nesta família, devido a especificidades para a alimentação. No entanto, após relatos de produtores de maracujazeiro-azedo, no extremo sul de Santa Catarina, de ponteiras da planta danificadas por ataque de inseto fitófago, foram realizadas coletas deste material e, a partir deste, foi possível identificar a espécie P. xylostella como o inseto causador do dano. Dessa forma, objetiva-se comunicar um novo registro de inseto fitófago associado ao maracujazeiro, assim como um novo hospedeiro fora do rol de brassicáceas para P. xylostella. As ponteiras coletadas apresentavam exsudação cor âmbar, e aspecto de serragem nas axilas de crescimento foliar, folhas murchas e a emissão de brotações laterais. Acredita-se que os indivíduos tenham conseguido completar o ciclo de vida na planta devido à semelhança nos compostos nitrogenados presentes nas espécies de Brassicaceae e de Passifloraceae. traçadascrucíferas, traçadascrucíferas traça crucíferas, crucíferas traça-das-crucíferas L mundo família alimentação entanto maracujazeiroazedo, maracujazeiroazedo maracujazeiro azedo, azedo maracujazeiro-azedo Catarina P dano forma objetivase objetiva se âmbar foliar laterais Acreditase Acredita Passifloraceae

ABSTRACT Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, has properties that can be widely explored, moving from waste to products with high added value. Therefore, this work aimed to extract and characterize Klason and Kraft lignins from sawdust and black liquor, considered industrial waste. The raw material used was Eucalyptus grandis chips. To obtain Klason lignin according to TAPPI 222 om-02 (2002), part of the chips were transformed into sawdust. To obtain Kraft lignin, another part of the chips passed through a digester to obtain black liquor, which was subsequently subjected to acid precipitation. The characterization of lignins was performed by granulometry analysis, scanning electron microscopy with elemental chemical analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy, medium infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential calorimetry. Microscopy analyzes showed irregular structures of various shapes, including spherical structures, most evident and frequent in Kraft lignin. The elementary chemical analysis showed that the lignin washing process was satisfactory, due to the small percentage of sulfur detected in the samples. The results of the granulometry confirmed that the lignins had micrometric dimensions. The medium infrared spectra showed the characteristic peaks of the chemical composition of lignin. The thermal analysis showed three ranges of degradation, attributed to the drying of the samples, degradation of the hemicelluloses and the lignin itself. All results confirmed the obtaining of Klason and Kraft lignins. Therefore, the techniques were satisfactory in transforming waste into lignin with the potential for a variety of commercial applications, mainly in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Lignin planet explored value Therefore liquor 22 om02 om 02 om-0 2002, 2002 , (2002) precipitation EDS, EDS (EDS) spectroscopy calorimetry shapes samples dimensions itself applications industries 2 om0 0 om- 200 (2002 (EDS 20 (200 (20 (2 (

RESUMO A lignina, o segundo biopolímero mais abundante do planeta, possui propriedades que podem ser amplamente exploradas, passando de resíduos a produtos de alto valor agregado. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo extrair e caracterizar as ligninas Klason e Kraft de serragem e licor negro, considerados resíduos industriais. A matéria-prima utilizada foram cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis. Para a obtenção da lignina Klason conforme TAPPI 222 om-02 (2002), parte dos cavacos foi transformada em serragem. Para a obtenção da lignina Kraft, outra parte dos cavacos passou por um digestor para a obtenção do licor negro, que posteriormente foi submetido à precipitação ácida. A caracterização das ligninas foi realizada por análise de granulometria, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com análise química elementar (EDS), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, espectroscopia de infravermelho médio, análise termogravimétrica e calorimetria diferencial. As análises microscópicas mostraram estruturas irregulares de vários formatos, incluindo estruturas esféricas, mais evidentes e frequentes na lignina Kraft. A análise química elementar mostrou que o processo de lavagem da lignina foi satisfatório, devido ao pequeno percentual de enxofre detectado nas amostras. Os resultados da granulometria confirmaram que as ligninas apresentaram dimensões micrométricas. Os espectros de infravermelho médio mostraram os picos característicos da composição química da lignina. A análise térmica mostrou três faixas de degradação, atribuídas à secagem das amostras, degradação das hemiceluloses e da própria lignina. Todos os resultados confirmaram a obtenção das ligninas Klason e Kraft. Portanto, as técnicas foram satisfatórias na transformação de resíduos em lignina com potencial para diversas aplicações comerciais, principalmente nas indústrias química e farmacêutica. planeta exploradas agregado Portanto negro industriais matériaprima matéria prima grandis 22 om02 om 02 om-0 2002, 2002 , (2002) ácida EDS, EDS (EDS) transmissão diferencial formatos esféricas satisfatório amostras micrométricas comerciais farmacêutica 2 om0 0 om- 200 (2002 (EDS 20 (200 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT The aimed of this study to assess the productivity and nutritional characteristics of hydroponic corn forage derived from bico de ouro creole seeds and AL-Bandeirante. Two treatments (T), each representing a corn seed variety, were randomly allocated to beds filled with a wood sawdust substrate: T1 (n=5) - bico de ouro creole seed variety, and T2 (n=5) - AL-Bandeirante hybrid seed variety. On the 13th day, forage was collected to assess seedling biometry, green and dry mass production, and bromatological analyses. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, with a 5% significance level. The creole seed variety yielded higher seedling height (17.53 cm), root length (10.19 cm), stem (5.37 cm), leaf (12.17 cm), and greater production of green mass (7.22 kg/m²) and dry matter (2.05kg/m²) (P<0.05). The AL-Bandeirante corn forage had higher dry matter content (39.18%), mineral matter (2.33%), non-fiber carbohydrate (31.88%), and estimated total digestible nutrients (68.14%) (P<0.05), while the creole corn forage had higher organic matter content (99.45%), ethereal extract (19.53%), neutral detergent fiber (45.56%), and cellulose (15.46%) (P<0.05). Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin were similar between the treatments (P>0.05). Despite the AL-Bandeirante variety yielding a higher concentration of certain nutrients, its forage productivity was significantly low. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the use of the creole seed variety is recommended. ALBandeirante. ALBandeirante AL Bandeirante. Bandeirante T, T , (T) substrate n=5 n5 n 5 (n=5 th day biometry analyses analysis level 17.53 1753 17 53 (17.5 cm, cm cm) 10.19 1019 10 19 (10.1 5.37 537 37 (5.3 12.17 1217 12 (12.1 7.22 722 7 22 (7.2 kg/m² kgm² kgm kg m² m 2.05kg/m² 205kgm² 2 05kg (2.05kg/m² P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) 39.18%, 3918 39.18% 39 18 (39.18%) 2.33%, 233 2.33% 33 (2.33%) nonfiber non 31.88%, 3188 31.88% 31 88 (31.88%) 68.14% 6814 68 14 (68.14% P<0.05, 99.45%, 9945 99.45% 99 45 (99.45%) 19.53%, 1953 19.53% (19.53%) 45.56%, 4556 45.56% 56 (45.56%) 15.46% 1546 15 46 (15.46% protein P>0.05. P>0.05 (P>0.05) low Therefore recommended (T n= (n= 17.5 175 1 (17. 10.1 101 (10. 5.3 3 (5. 12.1 121 (12. 7.2 72 (7. kg/m 2.05kg/m 205kgm (2.05kg/m P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 391 39.18 (39.18% 23 2.33 (2.33% 318 31.88 8 (31.88% 68.14 681 6 (68.14 994 99.45 9 4 (99.45% 195 19.53 (19.53% 455 45.56 (45.56% 15.46 154 (15.46 P>0.0 (P>0.05 (n 17. (17 10. (10 5. (5 12. (12 7. (7 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 39.1 (39.18 2.3 (2.33 31.8 (31.88 68.1 (68.1 99.4 (99.45 19.5 (19.53 45.5 (45.56 15.4 (15.4 P>0. (P>0.0 (1 ( P<0 (P<0. 39. (39.1 2. (2.3 31. (31.8 68. (68. 99. (99.4 19. (19.5 45. (45.5 15. (15. P>0 (P>0. P< (P<0 (39. (2. (31. (68 (99. (19. (45. (15 P> (P>0 (P< (39 (2 (31 (6 (99 (19 (45 (P> (P (3 (9 (4

RESUMO O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produtividade e as características nutricionais da forragem hidropônica de milho derivada de sementes de crioulo bico de ouro e AL-Bandeirante. Dois tratamentos (T), cada um representando uma variedade de semente de milho, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em canteiros preenchidos com substrato de serragem de madeira: T1 (n=5) - variedade de semente crioula bico de ouro e T2 (n=5) - AL-Bandeirante variedade de semente híbrida. No 13º dia foi coletada forragem para avaliação da biometria das plântulas, produção de massa verde e seca e análises bromatológicas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com nível de significância de 5%. A variedade de semente crioula proporcionou maior altura de plântula (17,53 cm), comprimento de raiz (10,19 cm), caule (5,37 cm), folha (12,17 cm) e maior produção de massa verde (7,22 kg/m²) e matéria seca (2,05kg /m²) (P<0,05). A forragem de milho AL-Bandeirante apresentou maior teor de matéria seca (39,18%), matéria mineral (2,33%), carboidrato não fibroso (31,88%) e nutrientes digestíveis totais estimados (68,14%) (P<0,05), enquanto a forragem de milho crioulo apresentou maior teor de matéria orgânica (99,45%), extrato etéreo (19,53%), fibra em detergente neutro (45,56%) e celulose (15,46%) (P<0,05). Proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Apesar da variedade AL-Bandeirante apresentar maior concentração de alguns nutrientes, a produtividade de forragem foi significativamente baixa. Portanto, nas condições deste estudo, recomenda-se o uso da variedade crioula de sementes. ALBandeirante. ALBandeirante AL Bandeirante. Bandeirante T, T , (T) madeira n=5 n5 n 5 (n=5 híbrida º plântulas bromatológicas estatística 5% 17,53 1753 17 53 (17,5 cm, cm 10,19 1019 10 19 (10,1 5,37 537 37 (5,3 12,17 1217 12 (12,1 7,22 722 7 22 (7,2 kg/m² kgm² kgm kg m² m 2,05kg 205kg 2 05kg /m² P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 . 0 05 (P<0,05) 39,18%, 3918 39,18% 39 18 (39,18%) 2,33%, 233 2,33% 33 (2,33%) 31,88% 3188 31 88 (31,88% 68,14% 6814 68 14 (68,14% P<0,05, 99,45%, 9945 99,45% 99 45 (99,45%) 19,53%, 1953 19,53% (19,53%) 45,56% 4556 56 (45,56% 15,46% 1546 15 46 (15,46% bruta P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) baixa Portanto recomendase recomenda se (T n= (n= 17,5 175 1 (17, 10,1 101 (10, 5,3 3 (5, 12,1 121 (12, 7,2 72 (7, kg/m /m P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 391 39,18 (39,18% 23 2,33 (2,33% 31,88 318 8 (31,88 68,14 681 6 (68,14 994 99,45 9 4 (99,45% 195 19,53 (19,53% 45,56 455 (45,56 15,46 154 (15,46 P>0,0 (P>0,05 (n 17, (17 10, (10 5, (5 12, (12 7, (7 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 39,1 (39,18 2,3 (2,33 31,8 (31,8 68,1 (68,1 99,4 (99,45 19,5 (19,53 45,5 (45,5 15,4 (15,4 P>0, (P>0,0 (1 ( P<0 (P<0, 39, (39,1 2, (2,3 31, (31, 68, (68, 99, (99,4 19, (19,5 45, (45, 15, (15, P>0 (P>0, P< (P<0 (39, (2, (31 (68 (99, (19, (45 (15 P> (P>0 (P< (39 (2 (3 (6 (99 (19 (4 (P> (P (9

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of bentonite as an additive in the composting of wastewater sludge from the poultry agroindustry regarding nitrogen conservation, carbon degradation, and nutrient content increase. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments with bentonite at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0%, with three replicates. The organic compost used in the treatments consisted of pine sawdust and wastewater sludge from the treatment plant. During and after the composting process, the following were analyzed, respectively: pH, dry matter, temperature, and C, N, NH4+, NO2-, and NO3- contents; and P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn contents and humic and fulvic acid concentrations. Bentonite at 6.0% increased C degradation, N losses, Mg content, and humification, but decreased Zn content and humidity. Bentonite, as an additive in the composting of sludge from the poultry agroindustry, promotes humification, decreases Zn content and humidity, but does not affect pH and P, K, Cu, NH4+, NO2-, and NO3- contents. conservation degradation increase 0 05 5 0.5 10 1 1.0 30 3 3.0 60 6 replicates plant process analyzed respectively matter temperature NH4 NH NH4+ NO2, NO2 NO , NO2- NO3 P K Ca Cu concentrations 6.0 losses humification humidity 0. 1. 3. 6.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de bentonita como aditivo na compostagem de lodo de efluente da agroindústria avícola quanto à conservação de nitrogênio, à degradação de carbono e ao aumento no teor de nutrientes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos com bentonita a 0, 0,5, 1,0, 3,0 e 6,0%, com três repetições. A compostagem orgânica utilizada nos tratamentos consistiu de serragem de pinus e lodo da estação de tratamento do efluente. Durante e após o processo de compostagem, foram analisados, respectivamente: pH, matéria seca, temperatura e teores de C, N, NH4+, NO2-e NO3-; e teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu e Zn e concentrações dos ácidos húmico e fúlvico. A bentonita a 6,0% aumentou a degradação de C, as perdas de N, o teor de Mg e a humificação, mas diminuiu o teor de Zn e a umidade. A bentonita, como aditivo na compostagem do lodo da agroindústria avícola, promove a humificação, diminui a concentração de Zn e a umidade, mas não afeta o pH e os teores de P, K, Cu, NH4+, NO2- e NO3-. nitrogênio nutrientes 0 05 5 0,5 10 1 1,0 30 3 3, 60 6 repetições analisados respectivamente seca C N NH4 NH NH4+ NO2e NOe NO2 NO NO3 NO3- P K Ca fúlvico 6,0 humificação umidade NO3. . 1, 6,