Abstract: Studies on wood durability have highlighted the use of new environmentally friendly substances. In this sense, research carried out with Amazonian forest species is extremely important for the discovery of new bioactive substances from durable wood and its residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitermitic and antifungal potential of extracts obtained from industrial processing residues of wood species from Central Amazonia, Brazil. The sawdust of seven Amazonian wood species were collected to obtain extracts and quantify the extractive content. The extracts produced were tested for inhibition of fungal growth of Rhodonia placenta and Trametes versicolor and impregnated in low natural durability wood known as Simarouba amara (marupa) to verify the effect on wood natural durability against Nasutitermes sp. termites and Gloeophyllum trabeum fungus. Simarouba amara (marupa) wood was easily impregnated and showed satisfactory retention values. The species Buchenavia sp., Dinizia excelsa (red angelim), Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) exhibited high contents of secondary metabolites. It was observed that the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia) and Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) exhibited the best performance in inhibiting fungal growth. In the accelerated decay test, marupa wood impregnated with Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extract showed the lowest weight loss after exposure to the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. In the termite choice feeding test, wood impregnated with Dinizia excelsa (red angelim) and Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extracts were most consumed and the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia), Cordia sp., Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) provided greater inhibition of termite attack. The combination of extracts must be tested in future studies to verify the synergistic effect, in addition to the chemical analyses of the selected extracts.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación de las aguas por hidrocarburos es una preocupación mundial debido a su impacto ambiental y económico. Se han desarrollado varios materiales sorbentes sintéticos muy efectivos para controlar los derrames de hidrocarburos, pero los costos adicionales de almacenamiento o disposición final son elevados. Objetivo: Evaluar residuos agroindustriales (bagazo de caña de azúcar y aserrín de pino) y sus mezclas, como materiales biosorbentes para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua. Materiales y Métodos: El bagazo natural (BN) y el aserrín de pino (AP) fueron tamizados para obtener una biomasa uniforme. Los estudios se realizan con granulometrías (+1 -2 mm) y (+ 0,315 - 1 mm) para el BN y el AP por los porcentajes másicos y la homogeneidad de las fracciones. Al material seleccionado se le determinó: humedad, densidad real, densidad aparente, porosidad y Microscopía Electrónica de Barredura (SEM) acoplada a EDX. Para la determinación de la máxima capacidad de sorción (Ca) de BN y AP, se utilizó diésel (32,7 ºAPI). Se realizó un diseño experimental 22. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurión XV.II. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor (Ca) se alcanzó con (+0,315 -1 mm) y mezclas 80%BN/20%AP y 50%BN/50%AP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variable más influyente en la (Ca) es la concentración de biosorbente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que es posible la utilizar de residuos agrícolas (BN y AP) y sus mezclas como materiales biosorbentes, en tratamientos no convencionales y sostenibles para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water pollution by hydrocarbons is a worldwide concern due to its environmental and economic impact. Several highly effective synthetic sorbent materials have been developed to control oil spills, but the additional storage or disposal costs are high. Objective: To evaluate agro-industrial wastes (sugar cane bagasse and pine sawdust) and their mixtures, as biosorbent materials for the removal of hydrocarbons in water. Materials and Methods: Natural bagasse (NB) and pine sawdust (PS) were sieved to obtain a uniform biomass. The studies are carried out with granulometries (+1 -2 mm) and (+0.315 - 1 mm) for NB and PS for the mass percentages and homogeneity of the fractions. Humidity, real density, apparent density, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to EDX were determined for the selected material. To determine the maximum sorption capacity (Ca) of NB and PS, diesel (32.7 ºAPI) was used. An experimental design 22 was carried out. Statgraphics Centurion XV.II software was used for statistical analysis. Results and discussion: The results obtained show that the highest (Ca) was reached with (+0.315 -1 mm) and 80%NB/20%PS and 50%NB/50%PS mixtures. The results obtained show that the most influential variable on (Ca) is the biosorbent concentration. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is possible to use agricultural waste (NB and PS) and their mixtures as biosorbent materials, in non-conventional and sustainable treatments for the removal of hydrocarbons in water.

ABSTRACT Support for the development of sustainable coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) plantations is important. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to enhance plant growth has long been recognized. However, AMF’s role in transplanting media for the early growth of coconut is not well researched. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF and various transplanting media on plant growth and soil nutrient status. A factorial randomized block design was used, with a three levels dose of AMF inoculum as the initial factor. The second factor was the composition of the transplanting media, specifically the combination of manure (PK), sawdust (SG) and sand (P) at three different levels. The research was conducted in North Maluku, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2022. The measured plant attributes were plant growth from 6 to 30 m after planting (MAT), some physiology traits, and soil nutrient status. The results indicated that the combination of 4 g AMF inoculum seedling-1 with media composition of PK:SG:P = 1/3:1/3:2/3 has resulted in significant improvement (p < 0.01) in stem circumference, leaf midribs number, leaf midribs length, plant height and availability of soil nutrients in terms of N (214.2%), P (78.5%), and K (88.9%). The activity of leaf nitrate reductase also increased significantly (p < 0.01) by 79.5%, as well as chlorophyll a (p < 0.01) and total chlorophyll content (p < 0.01) which increased by 40.6% and 49.1% respectively. The combination of AMF inoculation and transplanting media represent a sustainable agronomic technology that can enhance the optimal nutritional status and promote the early growth of coconut palms.

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais. agrícola entanto multicritério Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colômbia caso 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 publicações 2 Cinzas arroz serragem canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar cana açúcar, açúcar cana-de-açúcar emendas financeiro aditivo hierárquicos C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste. use However process compostenhancing compost enhancing Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colombia 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 discovered 2 Ashes husks sawdust bagasse substitutes phosphorus processes C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract: In mushroom cultivation, it is important to be aware of the impact of the growing substrate. This study investigated the cultivation of various oyster mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Pleurotus djamor, on different types of wood sawdust. Total phenolic content, condensed tannins, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, protein and sensory evaluations were performed in cultivated oyster mushrooms. Wood sawdust of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut), and Juglans regia (walnut) were used as substrate for studied mushroom type, separately. Because champignon (Agaricus bisporus) was the most consumed mushroom, it was used as control sample. Methanolic extracts of dried mushrooms were used to measure bioactive characteristics. Pleurotus ostreatus samples cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate had the highest antioxidant activity. The lowest antioxidant activity values were found in Pleurotus djamor cultivated in Juglans regia (walnut) wood sawdust substrate. The highest protein content was measured in Agaricus bisporus as 13,84 %. The other highest protein concentration was found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate, at 13,75 %. The lowest protein concentration belonged to Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated in Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) sawdust substrate as 9,86 %. While Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus had the highest overall appreciation score, Pleurotus citrinopileatus had the lowest. It has been observed that the substrate content has an important impact on chemical and sensory properties of the oyster mushrooms. This study provides knowledge on the chemical and sensory characteristics of three different Pleurotus mushroom species cultivated on different composts.

RESUMO A composição e a dinâmica das comunidades vegetais são determinadas pela sobrevivência, dispersão e persistência das sementes no solo, alguns dos aspectos fundamentais para a compreensão da biologia vegetal, entre os quais se destaca a dormência das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dormência das sementes é afetada por determinados substratos, a fim de melhorar a produção de mudas de Tabernaemontana heterophylla. Os tratamentos foram realizados com diferentes substratos (T1. Areia, T2. Argila vegetal, T3. Argila vegetal + areia (proporção 1:1), T4. Vermiculita, T5. Estrume de gado, T6. Serragem e T7. Composto orgânico) em esquemas fatoriais 7 x 4, cujos resultados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e a uma comparação de médias com o teste de Tukey a uma probabilidade de 5%. As sementes com estrutura germinativa visível (hipocótilo) apresentaram meristema apical em estado de dormência. O número de plântulas normais não ultrapassou 25% das sementes germinadas em todos os tratamentos, tendo sido observada uma elevada proporção de sementes inviáveis. Na ausência de informações técnicas sobre a superação da dormência, é importante utilizar estratégias que estimulem a germinação e o posterior crescimento das plântulas. A lenta germinação aliada à presença de dormência no hipocótilo foram fatores que afetaram negativamente a propagação da espécie estudada. sobrevivência solo heterophylla T1. T1 T (T1 Areia T2 T3 11, 11 1 , 1:1) T4 Vermiculita T5 gado T6 T7 orgânico 4 5 5% (hipocótilo 25 inviáveis estudada (T 1:1 2 1:

ABSTRACT The composition and dynamics of plant communities are determined by the survival, dispersal and persistence of seeds in the soil, some of the fundamental aspects for understanding plant biology, among which seed dormancy is of particular importance. The aim of this work was to find out whether seed dormancy is affected by certain substrates in order to improve the production of Tabernaemontana heterophylla seedlings. Treatments were carried out with different substrates (T1. Sand, T2. Vegetable clay, T3. Vegetable clay + sand (1:1 ratio), T4. Vermiculite, T5. Cattle manure, T6. Sawdust and T7. Organic compost) in 7 x 4 factorial schemes, the results of which were subjected to an analysis of variance and a comparison of means with the Tukey test at a probability of 5%. The seeds with visible germination structure (hypocotyl) showed an apical meristem in a dormant stage. The number of normal seedlings did not exceed 25% of the germinated seeds in all treatments, with a high proportion of nonviable seeds observed. In the absence of technical information on overcome dormancy, it is important to use strategies that stimulate germination and subsequent seedling growth. The slow germination combined with the presence of dormancy in the hypocotyledon were factors that negatively affected the propagation of the species studied. survival soil biology importance T1. T1 T (T1 Sand T2 T3 11 1 (1: ratio, ratio , ratio) T4 Vermiculite T5 manure T6 T7 compost schemes 5 5% hypocotyl (hypocotyl stage 25 treatments observed growth studied (T (1 2 (

RESUMO Áreas impactadas pela deposição de rejeito de mineração de ferro possuem características físicas e químicas que podem dificultar o crescimento das raízes, e a aplicação de condicionadores pode ajudar a aliviar essas limitações. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de condicionadores de solo na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea em solo afetado por rejeitos de mineração de ferro. Foram realizados quatro experimentos testando proporções de condicionador (0, 5, 10, 25 e 50% v/v), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, utilizando Cynodon spp. Os condicionadores foram areia, vermiculita, serragem e composto orgânico. Foram avaliados densidade aparente, macro- e microporosidade, volume total de poros (VTP), pH, matéria orgânica (OM), capacidade de troca de cátions (CEC) e massa seca da parte aérea, raízes e total. Houve melhorias na porosidade e redução na densidade com a aplicação de vermiculita, serragem e composto; no entanto, a areia diminuiu o VTP. O pH foi reduzido com serragem e aumentou com composto. A serrage 6m e o composto aumentaram a OM. A CEC aumentou com vermiculita e composto. Os condicionadores de solo, de modo geral, mostraram-se eficazes na melhoria das condições de porosidade, redução da densidade, aumento de OM e promoção do crescimento das plantas, o que torna esta tecnologia eficiente para aplicação em rejeitos. Devido ao seu notável efeito no aumento da biomassa e na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea, a vermiculita pode ser recomendada para ambientes de reabilitação impactados por rejeitos de mineração de ferro ou revegetação pós-mineração. limitações 0, 0 (0 5 10 2 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) repetições spp orgânico aparente macro microporosidade VTP, VTP (VTP) OM, (OM) (CEC aérea entanto m geral mostraramse mostraram se plantas pósmineração. pósmineração pós mineração. pós-mineração ( 1 (VTP (OM

ABSTRACT Areas impacted by the deposition of iron mining tailings present physical and chemical characteristics that can hinder root growth, and applying soil conditioners can help alleviate these limitations. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil conditioners in improving the environment for the growth of grass in soil affected by iron mining tailing. Four different experiments were conducted testing conditioner proportions (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% v/v), in a completely randomized design with four replications, using Cynodon spp. The conditioners were sand, vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost. Bulk density, macro- and microporosity, total pore volume (VTP), pH, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and dry mass of the aboveground, root, and total plant were evaluated. There were improvements in porosity and a reduction in density with the application of vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost; however, sand decreased the VTP. The pH was reduced with sawdust and increased with compost. Sawdust and compost increased OM. CEC increased with vermiculite and compost. The sand and vermiculite conditioners promoted the greatest growth of Cynodon spp., with emphasis on vermiculite, which provided the greatest increases in plant biomass production. The soil conditioners, overall, proved effective in improving porosity conditions, reducing density, increasing OM, and promoting plant growth, this makes this technology efficient for application in tailings. Due to its notable effect on increasing biomass and improving the environment for grass growth, vermiculite can be recommended for rehabilitation environments impacted by iron mining tailings or for post-mining revegetation. limitations tailing 0, 0 (0 5 10 25 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) replications spp macro microporosity VTP, VTP (VTP) OM (OM) CEC, (CEC) aboveground evaluated however production overall conditions postmining post revegetation ( 1 2 (VTP (OM (CEC

ABSTRACT Bio-composite materials are gaining momentum as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic fiber-reinforced composites across various sectors. This study investigates how varying fine powder loads affect the tensile, transverse, and compressive properties of hybrid composites comprising Malabar Ironwood sawdust and COCO dust particles. A hybrid composite formulation was devised using a 1:1 ratio of sawdust and COCO dust particles as fillers. Different levels of reinforcement, ranging from 20% to 60%, were examined. ASTM testing was performed on the produced composites, revealing a notable influence of filler reinforcement on their mechanical characteristics. The elongation at fracture increased until 40% filler loading before declining, whereas tensile strength, transverse rupture strength, transverse modulus, and compressive strength consistently improved up to 50% filler loading. These results underscore the potential of composites integrating Malabar Ironwood, COCO dust, and epoxy for lightweight applications, thereby catering to diverse industries seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional materials. Ultimately, such initiatives contribute to solid waste management efforts, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional materials in diverse industries. Biocomposite Bio ecofriendly eco friendly fiberreinforced fiber reinforced sectors 11 1 1: fillers 20 60 60% examined characteristics 40 declining modulus 50 applications Ultimately efforts 2 6 4 5

RESUMO Tem se intensificado a busca por alternativas sustentáveis e menos poluentes, como o aproveitamento de resíduos de biomassa para fins energéticos, substituindo os combustíveis fósseis e derivados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial energético de biomassas agrícolas e florestais para geração de energia. Além disso, determinar suas propriedades físicas, químicas e energéticas. Para realizar esta análise, utilizou-se cinco biomassas agrícolas e florestais de processos produtivos no estado de Pernambuco, são elas: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de eucalipto, cavaco de eucalipto, serragem de madeira e poda da arborização urbana do município de Recife. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (18.405 KJ/Kg), seguido pela serragem (18.115 KJ/Kg) e cavaco de eucalipto (18.024 KJ/Kg), obtiveram maior poder calorífico. Quanto à química elementar, o teor de hidrogênio foi o único que não apresentou diferença significativa entre as biomassas e o bagaço de cana apresentou os melhores valores de oxigênio e enxofre, além de alto teor de carbono. Em relação à densidade energética e ao IVC, o cavaco de eucalipto (6,16 GJ/m³ e 307, respectivamente) e a serragem (5,91 GJ/m³ e 32,86, respectivamente), apresentaram os maiores valores. Todas as biomassas avaliadas possuem potencial energético, porém, com base nas variáveis, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, a serragem e o cavaco de eucalipto tendem a apresentar maior combustibilidade. poluentes energéticos derivados energia disso físicas energéticas análise utilizouse utilizou Pernambuco elas canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar açúcar, açúcar Recife 18.405 18405 18 405 (18.40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg 18.115 18115 115 (18.11 18.024 18024 024 (18.02 calorífico elementar enxofre carbono IVC 6,16 616 6 16 (6,1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectivamente 5,91 591 5 91 (5,9 3286 32 86 32,86 respectivamente, porém variáveis combustibilidade 18.40 1840 1 40 (18.4 18.11 1811 11 (18.1 18.02 1802 02 (18.0 6,1 61 (6, 30 5,9 59 9 (5, 328 3 8 32,8 18.4 184 4 (18. 18.1 181 18.0 180 0 6, (6 5, (5 32, 18. (18 ( (1

ABSTRACT The search for sustainable and less polluting alternatives has intensified, such as the use of biomass residues for energy purposes, replacing fossil fuels and derivatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of agricultural and forestry biomasses for energy generation, as well as to, determine their physical, chemical and energetic properties. To carry out this analysis five agricultural and forestry biomasses from productive processes in the state of Pernambuco were used, namely: sugarcane bagasse, eucalyptus bark, eucalyptus chips, wood sawdust and pruning of urban trees in the municipality of Recife. Sugarcane bagasse (18,405 KJ/Kg), followed by sawdust (18,115 KJ/Kg), and eucalyptus chips (18,024 KJ/Kg), had the highest calorific value. As for elemental chemistry, the hydrogen content was the only one that did not show a significant difference between the biomasses, and the sugarcane bagasse presented the best values of oxygen and sulfur, in addition to high carbon content. Regarding energy density and IVC, eucalyptus chips (6.16 GJ/m³ and 307, respectively), and sawdust (5.91 GJ/m³ and 32, 86, respectively), presented the highest values. All evaluated biomasses have energy potential, however, based on the variables, sugarcane bagasse, sawdust and eucalyptus chips, tend to have greater combustibility. intensified purposes derivatives generation physical properties used namely bark Recife 18,405 18405 18 405 (18,40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg KJ/Kg) 18,115 18115 115 (18,11 18,024 18024 024 (18,02 value chemistry sulfur IVC 6.16 616 6 16 (6.1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectively, respectively respectively) 5.91 591 5 91 (5.9 32 86 however variables combustibility 18,40 1840 1 40 (18,4 18,11 1811 11 (18,1 18,02 1802 02 (18,0 6.1 61 (6. 30 5.9 59 9 (5. 3 8 18,4 184 4 (18, 18,1 181 18,0 180 0 6. (6 5. (5 18, (18 ( (1

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar atributos produtivos e nutricionais da forragem hidropônica de milho, em diferentes estágios, cultivada em substratos de capim-elefante e serragem de madeira. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos (T), com diferentes substratos: T1 - capim-elefante picado e desidratado e T2 - serragem de madeira. No 13º e 20º dias após a semeadura, amostras da forragem foram coletadas para avaliação do desenvolvimento das plântulas, produção de biomassa e composição nutricional. O substrato capim-elefante promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das plântulas, maior produção de biomassa e concentração de matéria mineral, aos 13 dias, quando a serragem de madeira promoveu maior concentração de matéria seca, proteína bruta, lignina e carboidrato não fibrosos (P<0,05). O substrato capim-elefante resultou em maior altura de plântula, produção de biomassa verde, concentração de matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo, aos 20 dias, quando a serragem de madeira promoveu maior comprimento de raíz, maior concentração de matéria seca, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina (P<0,05). O substrato capim-elefante e a coleta aos 13 dias promoveram melhor resultado para a produção de forragem hidropônica, bem como para a sua composição nutricional. milho estágios capimelefante capim elefante T, T , (T) º semeadura plântulas nutricional mineral 1 seca P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 . 0 05 (P<0,05) plântula verde etéreo 2 raíz (T P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 P<0 (P<0, P< (P<0 (P< (P

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and nutritional attributes of hydroponic corn forage grown on elephant grass and wood sawdust substrates at different stages. Two treatments (T) with different substrates were established: T1 - chopped and dehydrated elephant grass and T2 - wood sawdust. Forage samples were collected 13 and 20 days after sowing to evaluate seedling development, biomass production, and nutritional composition. The elephant grass substrate promoted better seedling development and greater biomass production and concentration of mineral matter at 13 days, whereas wood sawdust promoted a greater concentration of dry matter, crude protein, lignin, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P < 0.05). The elephant grass substrates resulted in greater seedling height, production of green biomass, and concentrations of mineral matter, crude protein, and ether extract at 20 days, while wood sawdust promoted greater root length and greater concentrations of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and lignin (P < 0.05). Elephant grass substrate and collection for 13 days promoted better production of hydroponic forage and its nutritional composition. stages T (T established 1 2 composition protein nonfibrous non fibrous P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) height fiber 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT Background: Paulownia tomentosa wood has chemical properties that satisfy the requirements for good raw material to obtain cellulose-based products, such as nanocellulose. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are derived from naturally occurring cellulosic fibers, constituted of cellulose chains with an organizational setting that results in rigid rod-shaped crystals. This study assessed the wood wastes from Paulownia tomentosa Steud. as raw material for producing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using alkaline and delignification treatments, followed by a hydrolysis process with sulfuric acid at the 52% and 58% concentrations. The isolation of CNC from Paulownia tomentosa wood wastes was confirmed through different spectroscopic analyses. Results: The suspensions of nanocrystalline cellulose CNC-52 and CNC-58 showed yields of 8.34% and 7.62%, respectively. The particle size distribution of the suspensions, determined by the AFM technique, presented an average of L = 180.01 nm and W = 20.46 nm in CNC-52 and L = 128.06 nm and W = 10.18 nm in CNC-58. Moreover, the FTIR and XRD results demonstrated that there was no difference in the structure of the crystalline network and the chemical composition between cellulose (Kiri-CB) and the CNC. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study allowed to conclude that it is possible to employ the Paulownia tomentosa wood waste as a source of cellulose for extracting CNC by hydrolysis, adjusting the sulfuric acid concentration to 58% and maintaining it at 45 °C for 60 min. Background cellulosebased based products nanocellulose (CNC fibers rodshaped rod shaped crystals Steud treatments 52 58 concentrations analyses Results CNC52 CNC-5 CNC58 834 8 34 8.34 762 7 62 7.62% respectively technique 18001 180 01 180.0 2046 20 46 20.4 12806 128 06 128.0 1018 10 18 10.1 CNC58. 58. Moreover KiriCB Kiri CB (Kiri-CB Conclusion 4 C 6 min 5 CNC5 CNC- 83 3 8.3 76 7.62 1800 0 180. 204 2 20. 1280 12 128. 101 1 10. 8. 7.6 7.

Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the use of the peach palm by-products - PPBs (shell and sheaths) as substrate to Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation, evaluate its composition, and the antioxidant properties. The cultivation conditions were defined varying the C:N ratio and moisture content, using as substrate PPBs, and for comparison, a control medium of sawdust was used. P. ostreatus produced in these substrates and a commercial sample were evaluated as composition and antioxidant properties; in these last analyzes it was previous defined how to extract the highest content of phenolic compounds (TPC). The highest yield of P. ostreatus (24.47% wet basis, w.b.) was obtained using the PPB with C:N of 69.14 and moisture of 86.2% (w w-1); yield higher than that found in the control medium (17.15% w.b.). The protein content of commercial mushroom (28 g 100 g-1, dry basis - d.b.) was higher than the cultivated samples (16 g 100 g-1, d.b). In the mushroom samples the contents of ashes, lipids and dietary fibers ranged between 6.09 and 6.92 g 100g-1, d.b, 1.22 to 1.72 g 100g-1, d.b and 39.46 and 43.24 g 100g-1, d.b, respectively. The best condition for TPC extraction was: 38.8 min, using 29.4% (v v-1) of ethanol. P. ostreatus cultivated in PPBs showed the highest contents of TPC, phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, trans-cinnamic, ferulic and coumaric), and antioxidant activity. Therefore, PPB is a low-cost alternative to mushrooms cultivation with high nutritional value, avoiding environmental problems of its incorrect disposal. byproducts by products shell sheaths properties CN C N comparison used P TPC. . (TPC) 24.47% 2447 24 47 (24.47 w.b. wb w b 6914 69 14 69.1 862 86 2 86.2 w1 1 w-1) 17.15% 1715 17 15 (17.15 w.b.. 28 (2 10 g1, g1 1, g-1 d.b. db d 16 (1 d.b) ashes 609 6 09 6.0 692 92 6.9 100g1, 100g1 100g 100g-1 122 22 1.2 172 72 1.7 3946 39 46 39.4 4324 43 43.2 respectively 388 38 8 38. min 294 29 4 29.4 v v1 v-1 ethanol gallic, gallic (gallic vanillic transcinnamic, transcinnamic trans cinnamic, cinnamic trans-cinnamic coumaric, coumaric , coumaric) activity Therefore lowcost low cost value disposal (TPC 24.47 244 (24.4 w.b 691 69. 86. w-1 17.15 171 (17.1 ( g- 60 0 6. 9 100g- 12 1. 7 394 3 39. 432 43. 29. v- 24.4 (24. w- 17.1 (17. 24. (24 17. (17

Abstract There are about 80 species of wild edible mushroom that certainly occur in Brazil and can be used as a natural source of food and medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro mycelial development in culture media at different temperatures and substrates for cultivation of the edible mushroom species Auricularia fuscosuccinea and Laetiporus gilbertsonii. Additionally, the cultivation and the nutritional composition of A. fuscosuccinea mushrooms were evaluated. The two best wild strains of each species were selected for the in vitro cultivation experiment in two different substrates. Furthermore, an axenic cultivation on sawdust was conduct and the basidiomata produced were evaluated on their nutritional composition. The temperatures that best favored the mycelial growth were 30 °C for A. fuscosuccinea and 25 °C and 30 °C for L. gilbertsonii. The mycelium of both species developed better in the sterile Eucalyptus sawdust substrate. Despite the success in cultivating the mycelium of L. gilbertsonii, it was not possible to obtain basidioma for this species. On the other hand, it was possible to produce basidiomata of the two tested wild strains of A. fuscosuccinea. 8 medicine gilbertsonii Additionally A Furthermore 3 C 2 L substrate hand

RESUMO A madeira de Paulownia tomentosa Steud. tem potencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos com alto valor agregado. A madeira é leve e macia, com excelentes propriedades de usinagem e acabamento, e por isso é usada para fabricação de materiais compósitos, chapas de madeira, móveis, papel e instrumentos musicais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físicas e químicas da madeira de P. tomentosa, a fim de recomendar seu uso para a obtenção e geração de bioprodutos. Cinco árvores, com treze anos de idade, foram abatidas para retirada de discos em diferentes alturas, os quais foram processados em cunhas e serragem. Para a determinação da densidade básica, foi empregada a metodologia descrita na norma NBR 11941. Os teores de extrativos totais, ligninas e holocelulose foram determinados segundo as normas da Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper industry - TAPPI. Análises de espectrometria no infravermelho, de química imediata (materiais voláteis, carbono fixo e cinzas) e termogravimétrica da madeira também foram realizadas. Os resultados obtidos para a madeira de P. tomentosa foram: densidade básica de 0,269 g/cm3, 17,3% de extrativos totais, 17,1% da lignina Klason, 1,15 de relação S/G e teores de holocelulose de 67,7%. A análise química imediata da madeira resultou em 86,5% de materiais voláteis, 12,9% de carbono fixo e 0,6 % de cinzas. A baixa densidade básica da madeira de P. tomentosa, bem como o baixo teor de lignina e de carbono fixo da madeira são características desfavoráveis do ponto de vista energético. Por outro lado, devido ao alto teor de holocelulose e baixo teor de lignina, a madeira de P. tomentosa se mostra promissora para a produção de bioprodutos de base celulósica, como a nanocelulose. Steud agregado macia acabamento compósitos móveis musicais Assim P árvores idade alturas serragem 11941 totais TAPPI infravermelho voláteis cinzas realizadas 0269 0 269 0,26 gcm3 gcm g cm3 cm g/cm3 173 17 3 17,3 171 1 17,1 Klason 115 15 1,1 SG S G 677 67 7 67,7% 865 86 5 86,5 129 12 9 12,9 06 6 0, energético lado celulósica nanocelulose 1194 026 26 0,2 g/cm 17, 11 1, 67,7 8 86, 12, 119 02 2 67,

ABSTRACT The wood of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. has the potential to develop products with high-added value. The wood is lightweight and soft, with excellent machining and finishing properties, and is therefore used to produce composite materials, wood panels, furniture, paper, and musical instruments. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa wood in order to recommend its use for the production and generation of bioproducts. Five trees, thirteen years old, were harvested to obtain discs at different heights, which were then processed into wedges and sawdust. The methodology described in standard NBR 11941 was employed to determine the basic density. The total extractive, lignin, and holocellulose levels were determined according to the standards of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Infrared spectrometry, immediate chemistry analysis (volatile materials, fixed carbon content, and ash content), and thermogravimetric analysis of the wood were also performed. The results obtained for Paulownia tomentosa wood were as follows: a basic density of 0.269 g/cm3, 17.3% of total extractives, 17.1% of Klason lignin, an S/G ratio of 1.15, and holocellulose content of 67.7%. The immediate chemical analysis of the wood resulted in 86.5% of volatile matter, 12.9% of fixed carbon, and 0.6% of ash content. The low basic density of Paulownia tomentosa wood and the low lignin and fixed carbon content are unfavorable characteristics from an energetic point of view. Conversely, due to the high holocellulose and low lignin content, Paulownia tomentosa wood shows promise for producing cellulose-based bioproducts, such as nanocellulose. Steud highadded added value soft properties materials panels furniture paper instruments Thus bioproducts trees old heights sawdust 1194 extractive Industry spectrometry , content) performed follows 0269 0 269 0.26 gcm3 gcm g cm3 cm g/cm3 173 17 3 17.3 extractives 171 1 17.1 SG S G 115 15 1.15 677 67 7 67.7% 865 86 5 86.5 matter 129 12 9 12.9 06 6 0.6 view Conversely cellulosebased cellulose based nanocellulose 119 026 26 0.2 g/cm 17. 11 1.1 67.7 8 86. 12. 0. 02 2 1. 67.

RESUMO Lentinula edodes é um fungo decompositor primário de madeira que pode ser cultivado em toras de madeira ou em cultivo axênico em substrato à base de serragem suplementado com algum tipo de farelo. Atualmente, o sistema de cultivo axênico é preferido porque é favorável ao cultivo em escala industrial. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a viabilidade do uso de substratos compostados com duas formulações e diferentes períodos de compostagem para o cultivo de shiitake. Foi possível cultivar este cogumelo nos substratos compostados; no entanto, o sucesso do cultivo dependeu do uso de pasteurização severa. Os substratos compostados foram favoráveis ao crescimento micelial fúngico apenas quando uma temperatura de 80 °C foi usada para pasteurização. Além disso, a produtividade e a eficiência biológica do substrato compostado submetido à pasteurização severa foram semelhantes às obtidas para substratos não compostados. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com 6 dias de compostagem seguidos de pasteurização por 12 h a 80 °C ou compostagem por 4 dias e autoclavagem por 1 h. farelo Atualmente industrial trabalho shiitake entanto 8 C disso

ABSTRACT Lentinula edodes is a primary wood-decomposing fungus that can be cultivated on wood logs or via axenic culture on sawdust-based substrate supplemented with some type of bran. Currently, the axenic cultivation system is preferred because it is favorable for cultivation on an industrial scale. In this work, we evaluated the feasibility of using composted substrates with two formulations and different composting periods for shitake cultivation. It was possible to cultivate this mushroom in the composted substrates; however, the success of cultivation depended on the use of severe pasteurization. The composted substrates were favorable for fungal mycelial growth only when a temperature of 80 °C was used for pasteurization. Moreover, the productivity and biological efficiency of the composted substrate subjected to severe pasteurization were similar to those obtained for non composted substrates. The best results were obtained with 6 days composting followed by pasteurization for 12 h at 80 °C or composting for 4 days and autoclaving for 1 h. wooddecomposing decomposing sawdustbased sawdust based bran Currently scale work however 8 C Moreover