ABSTRACT Introduction: Water pollution by hydrocarbons is a worldwide concern due to its environmental and economic impact. Several highly effective synthetic sorbent materials have been developed to control oil spills, but the additional storage or disposal costs are high. Objective: To evaluate agro-industrial wastes (sugar cane bagasse and pine sawdust) and their mixtures, as biosorbent materials for the removal of hydrocarbons in water. Materials and Methods: Natural bagasse (NB) and pine sawdust (PS) were sieved to obtain a uniform biomass. The studies are carried out with granulometries (+1 -2 mm) and (+0.315 - 1 mm) for NB and PS for the mass percentages and homogeneity of the fractions. Humidity, real density, apparent density, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to EDX were determined for the selected material. To determine the maximum sorption capacity (Ca) of NB and PS, diesel (32.7 ºAPI) was used. An experimental design 22 was carried out. Statgraphics Centurion XV.II software was used for statistical analysis. Results and discussion: The results obtained show that the highest (Ca) was reached with (+0.315 -1 mm) and 80%NB/20%PS and 50%NB/50%PS mixtures. The results obtained show that the most influential variable on (Ca) is the biosorbent concentration. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is possible to use agricultural waste (NB and PS) and their mixtures as biosorbent materials, in non-conventional and sustainable treatments for the removal of hydrocarbons in water.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación de las aguas por hidrocarburos es una preocupación mundial debido a su impacto ambiental y económico. Se han desarrollado varios materiales sorbentes sintéticos muy efectivos para controlar los derrames de hidrocarburos, pero los costos adicionales de almacenamiento o disposición final son elevados. Objetivo: Evaluar residuos agroindustriales (bagazo de caña de azúcar y aserrín de pino) y sus mezclas, como materiales biosorbentes para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua. Materiales y Métodos: El bagazo natural (BN) y el aserrín de pino (AP) fueron tamizados para obtener una biomasa uniforme. Los estudios se realizan con granulometrías (+1 -2 mm) y (+ 0,315 - 1 mm) para el BN y el AP por los porcentajes másicos y la homogeneidad de las fracciones. Al material seleccionado se le determinó: humedad, densidad real, densidad aparente, porosidad y Microscopía Electrónica de Barredura (SEM) acoplada a EDX. Para la determinación de la máxima capacidad de sorción (Ca) de BN y AP, se utilizó diésel (32,7 ºAPI). Se realizó un diseño experimental 22. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurión XV.II. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor (Ca) se alcanzó con (+0,315 -1 mm) y mezclas 80%BN/20%AP y 50%BN/50%AP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variable más influyente en la (Ca) es la concentración de biosorbente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que es posible la utilizar de residuos agrícolas (BN y AP) y sus mezclas como materiales biosorbentes, en tratamientos no convencionales y sostenibles para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua.

Resumen La secadera o mal de almácigo causada por Fusarium circinatum es un problema importante en la producción de planta en viveros forestales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar a Trichoderma harzianum como alternativa para controlar de manera preventiva a F. circinatum con el método de aplicación y la utilización de dos mezclas de sustratos: (1) turba de musgo, agrolita y vermiculita, y (2) aserrín, corteza de pino y turba de musgo. Se utilizaron tres formas de aplicación de T. harzianum: al sustrato, a la semilla y sin el hongo; lo que dio un total de 12 tratamientos con arreglo factorial completamente al azar (2×3×2). Se evaluó el efecto del sustrato, la forma de aplicación de T. harzianum y su interacción sobre la patogenicidad e incidencia de F. circinatum y las propiedades morfológicas de las plántulas. Los resultados indicaron que las características morfológicas en el crecimiento de la cepa coinciden con los descritos para F. circinatum y resultó ser patogénica, ya que causó enfermedad. La patogenicidad de F. circinatum disminuyó en aquellos tratamientos en los que se adicionó T. harzianum al sustrato, y presentó una respuesta positiva en la mezcla a base de aserrín con lo cual se aseguró una mejor calidad de planta. La aplicación de T. harzianum al sustrato y el uso de la mezcla a base de aserrín pueden servir como una alternativa para el control de F. circinatum, además de proveer mejores índices de calidad de planta.

Abstract The drying or seedbed evil caused by Fusarium circinatum is a problem of importance in plant production in forest nurseries. The aim of this study was to assess Trichoderma harzianum as an alternative to prevent F. circinatum with the method of application and the use of two mixtures of substrates: (1) Peat moss, agrolite and vermiculite, and (2) Sawdust, pine bark and peat moss. Three forms of application of T. harzianum were made: to the substrate, to the seed and without the fungus, which gave a total of 12 treatments with completely at random factorial arrangement (2×3×2). The effect of the substrate was evaluated, the form of application of T. harzianum and its interaction on the pathogenicity and incidence of F. circinatum and the morphological properties of the seedlings. The results indicate that the morphological characteristics in the growth of the strain coincide with those described for F. circinatum and turned out to be pathogenic when causing disease. The pathogenicity of F. circinatum decreased in those treatments where T. harzianum was applied to the substrate, showing a positive response in the sawdust-based mixture and ensuring a better plant quality. The application of T. harzianum to the substrate and the use of sawdust-based mixture can serve as an option for the F. circinatum fungus, providing better plant quality indexes.

ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste. use However process compostenhancing compost enhancing Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colombia 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 discovered 2 Ashes husks sawdust bagasse substitutes phosphorus processes C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais. agrícola entanto multicritério Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colômbia caso 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 publicações 2 Cinzas arroz serragem canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar cana açúcar, açúcar cana-de-açúcar emendas financeiro aditivo hierárquicos C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract: In mushroom cultivation, it is important to be aware of the impact of the growing substrate. This study investigated the cultivation of various oyster mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Pleurotus djamor, on different types of wood sawdust. Total phenolic content, condensed tannins, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, protein and sensory evaluations were performed in cultivated oyster mushrooms. Wood sawdust of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut), and Juglans regia (walnut) were used as substrate for studied mushroom type, separately. Because champignon (Agaricus bisporus) was the most consumed mushroom, it was used as control sample. Methanolic extracts of dried mushrooms were used to measure bioactive characteristics. Pleurotus ostreatus samples cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate had the highest antioxidant activity. The lowest antioxidant activity values were found in Pleurotus djamor cultivated in Juglans regia (walnut) wood sawdust substrate. The highest protein content was measured in Agaricus bisporus as 13,84 %. The other highest protein concentration was found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate, at 13,75 %. The lowest protein concentration belonged to Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated in Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) sawdust substrate as 9,86 %. While Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus had the highest overall appreciation score, Pleurotus citrinopileatus had the lowest. It has been observed that the substrate content has an important impact on chemical and sensory properties of the oyster mushrooms. This study provides knowledge on the chemical and sensory characteristics of three different Pleurotus mushroom species cultivated on different composts.

ABSTRACT The composition and dynamics of plant communities are determined by the survival, dispersal and persistence of seeds in the soil, some of the fundamental aspects for understanding plant biology, among which seed dormancy is of particular importance. The aim of this work was to find out whether seed dormancy is affected by certain substrates in order to improve the production of Tabernaemontana heterophylla seedlings. Treatments were carried out with different substrates (T1. Sand, T2. Vegetable clay, T3. Vegetable clay + sand (1:1 ratio), T4. Vermiculite, T5. Cattle manure, T6. Sawdust and T7. Organic compost) in 7 x 4 factorial schemes, the results of which were subjected to an analysis of variance and a comparison of means with the Tukey test at a probability of 5%. The seeds with visible germination structure (hypocotyl) showed an apical meristem in a dormant stage. The number of normal seedlings did not exceed 25% of the germinated seeds in all treatments, with a high proportion of nonviable seeds observed. In the absence of technical information on overcome dormancy, it is important to use strategies that stimulate germination and subsequent seedling growth. The slow germination combined with the presence of dormancy in the hypocotyledon were factors that negatively affected the propagation of the species studied. survival soil biology importance T1. T1 T (T1 Sand T2 T3 11 1 (1: ratio, ratio , ratio) T4 Vermiculite T5 manure T6 T7 compost schemes 5 5% hypocotyl (hypocotyl stage 25 treatments observed growth studied (T (1 2 (

RESUMO A composição e a dinâmica das comunidades vegetais são determinadas pela sobrevivência, dispersão e persistência das sementes no solo, alguns dos aspectos fundamentais para a compreensão da biologia vegetal, entre os quais se destaca a dormência das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dormência das sementes é afetada por determinados substratos, a fim de melhorar a produção de mudas de Tabernaemontana heterophylla. Os tratamentos foram realizados com diferentes substratos (T1. Areia, T2. Argila vegetal, T3. Argila vegetal + areia (proporção 1:1), T4. Vermiculita, T5. Estrume de gado, T6. Serragem e T7. Composto orgânico) em esquemas fatoriais 7 x 4, cujos resultados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e a uma comparação de médias com o teste de Tukey a uma probabilidade de 5%. As sementes com estrutura germinativa visível (hipocótilo) apresentaram meristema apical em estado de dormência. O número de plântulas normais não ultrapassou 25% das sementes germinadas em todos os tratamentos, tendo sido observada uma elevada proporção de sementes inviáveis. Na ausência de informações técnicas sobre a superação da dormência, é importante utilizar estratégias que estimulem a germinação e o posterior crescimento das plântulas. A lenta germinação aliada à presença de dormência no hipocótilo foram fatores que afetaram negativamente a propagação da espécie estudada. sobrevivência solo heterophylla T1. T1 T (T1 Areia T2 T3 11, 11 1 , 1:1) T4 Vermiculita T5 gado T6 T7 orgânico 4 5 5% (hipocótilo 25 inviáveis estudada (T 1:1 2 1:

Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the use of the peach palm by-products - PPBs (shell and sheaths) as substrate to Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation, evaluate its composition, and the antioxidant properties. The cultivation conditions were defined varying the C:N ratio and moisture content, using as substrate PPBs, and for comparison, a control medium of sawdust was used. P. ostreatus produced in these substrates and a commercial sample were evaluated as composition and antioxidant properties; in these last analyzes it was previous defined how to extract the highest content of phenolic compounds (TPC). The highest yield of P. ostreatus (24.47% wet basis, w.b.) was obtained using the PPB with C:N of 69.14 and moisture of 86.2% (w w-1); yield higher than that found in the control medium (17.15% w.b.). The protein content of commercial mushroom (28 g 100 g-1, dry basis - d.b.) was higher than the cultivated samples (16 g 100 g-1, d.b). In the mushroom samples the contents of ashes, lipids and dietary fibers ranged between 6.09 and 6.92 g 100g-1, d.b, 1.22 to 1.72 g 100g-1, d.b and 39.46 and 43.24 g 100g-1, d.b, respectively. The best condition for TPC extraction was: 38.8 min, using 29.4% (v v-1) of ethanol. P. ostreatus cultivated in PPBs showed the highest contents of TPC, phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, trans-cinnamic, ferulic and coumaric), and antioxidant activity. Therefore, PPB is a low-cost alternative to mushrooms cultivation with high nutritional value, avoiding environmental problems of its incorrect disposal. byproducts by products shell sheaths properties CN C N comparison used P TPC. . (TPC) 24.47% 2447 24 47 (24.47 w.b. wb w b 6914 69 14 69.1 862 86 2 86.2 w1 1 w-1) 17.15% 1715 17 15 (17.15 w.b.. 28 (2 10 g1, g1 1, g-1 d.b. db d 16 (1 d.b) ashes 609 6 09 6.0 692 92 6.9 100g1, 100g1 100g 100g-1 122 22 1.2 172 72 1.7 3946 39 46 39.4 4324 43 43.2 respectively 388 38 8 38. min 294 29 4 29.4 v v1 v-1 ethanol gallic, gallic (gallic vanillic transcinnamic, transcinnamic trans cinnamic, cinnamic trans-cinnamic coumaric, coumaric , coumaric) activity Therefore lowcost low cost value disposal (TPC 24.47 244 (24.4 w.b 691 69. 86. w-1 17.15 171 (17.1 ( g- 60 0 6. 9 100g- 12 1. 7 394 3 39. 432 43. 29. v- 24.4 (24. w- 17.1 (17. 24. (24 17. (17

ABSTRACT Background: Paulownia tomentosa wood has chemical properties that satisfy the requirements for good raw material to obtain cellulose-based products, such as nanocellulose. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are derived from naturally occurring cellulosic fibers, constituted of cellulose chains with an organizational setting that results in rigid rod-shaped crystals. This study assessed the wood wastes from Paulownia tomentosa Steud. as raw material for producing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using alkaline and delignification treatments, followed by a hydrolysis process with sulfuric acid at the 52% and 58% concentrations. The isolation of CNC from Paulownia tomentosa wood wastes was confirmed through different spectroscopic analyses. Results: The suspensions of nanocrystalline cellulose CNC-52 and CNC-58 showed yields of 8.34% and 7.62%, respectively. The particle size distribution of the suspensions, determined by the AFM technique, presented an average of L = 180.01 nm and W = 20.46 nm in CNC-52 and L = 128.06 nm and W = 10.18 nm in CNC-58. Moreover, the FTIR and XRD results demonstrated that there was no difference in the structure of the crystalline network and the chemical composition between cellulose (Kiri-CB) and the CNC. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study allowed to conclude that it is possible to employ the Paulownia tomentosa wood waste as a source of cellulose for extracting CNC by hydrolysis, adjusting the sulfuric acid concentration to 58% and maintaining it at 45 °C for 60 min. Background cellulosebased based products nanocellulose (CNC fibers rodshaped rod shaped crystals Steud treatments 52 58 concentrations analyses Results CNC52 CNC-5 CNC58 834 8 34 8.34 762 7 62 7.62% respectively technique 18001 180 01 180.0 2046 20 46 20.4 12806 128 06 128.0 1018 10 18 10.1 CNC58. 58. Moreover KiriCB Kiri CB (Kiri-CB Conclusion 4 C 6 min 5 CNC5 CNC- 83 3 8.3 76 7.62 1800 0 180. 204 2 20. 1280 12 128. 101 1 10. 8. 7.6 7.

RESUMO Tem se intensificado a busca por alternativas sustentáveis e menos poluentes, como o aproveitamento de resíduos de biomassa para fins energéticos, substituindo os combustíveis fósseis e derivados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial energético de biomassas agrícolas e florestais para geração de energia. Além disso, determinar suas propriedades físicas, químicas e energéticas. Para realizar esta análise, utilizou-se cinco biomassas agrícolas e florestais de processos produtivos no estado de Pernambuco, são elas: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de eucalipto, cavaco de eucalipto, serragem de madeira e poda da arborização urbana do município de Recife. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (18.405 KJ/Kg), seguido pela serragem (18.115 KJ/Kg) e cavaco de eucalipto (18.024 KJ/Kg), obtiveram maior poder calorífico. Quanto à química elementar, o teor de hidrogênio foi o único que não apresentou diferença significativa entre as biomassas e o bagaço de cana apresentou os melhores valores de oxigênio e enxofre, além de alto teor de carbono. Em relação à densidade energética e ao IVC, o cavaco de eucalipto (6,16 GJ/m³ e 307, respectivamente) e a serragem (5,91 GJ/m³ e 32,86, respectivamente), apresentaram os maiores valores. Todas as biomassas avaliadas possuem potencial energético, porém, com base nas variáveis, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, a serragem e o cavaco de eucalipto tendem a apresentar maior combustibilidade. poluentes energéticos derivados energia disso físicas energéticas análise utilizouse utilizou Pernambuco elas canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar açúcar, açúcar Recife 18.405 18405 18 405 (18.40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg 18.115 18115 115 (18.11 18.024 18024 024 (18.02 calorífico elementar enxofre carbono IVC 6,16 616 6 16 (6,1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectivamente 5,91 591 5 91 (5,9 3286 32 86 32,86 respectivamente, porém variáveis combustibilidade 18.40 1840 1 40 (18.4 18.11 1811 11 (18.1 18.02 1802 02 (18.0 6,1 61 (6, 30 5,9 59 9 (5, 328 3 8 32,8 18.4 184 4 (18. 18.1 181 18.0 180 0 6, (6 5, (5 32, 18. (18 ( (1

ABSTRACT The search for sustainable and less polluting alternatives has intensified, such as the use of biomass residues for energy purposes, replacing fossil fuels and derivatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of agricultural and forestry biomasses for energy generation, as well as to, determine their physical, chemical and energetic properties. To carry out this analysis five agricultural and forestry biomasses from productive processes in the state of Pernambuco were used, namely: sugarcane bagasse, eucalyptus bark, eucalyptus chips, wood sawdust and pruning of urban trees in the municipality of Recife. Sugarcane bagasse (18,405 KJ/Kg), followed by sawdust (18,115 KJ/Kg), and eucalyptus chips (18,024 KJ/Kg), had the highest calorific value. As for elemental chemistry, the hydrogen content was the only one that did not show a significant difference between the biomasses, and the sugarcane bagasse presented the best values of oxygen and sulfur, in addition to high carbon content. Regarding energy density and IVC, eucalyptus chips (6.16 GJ/m³ and 307, respectively), and sawdust (5.91 GJ/m³ and 32, 86, respectively), presented the highest values. All evaluated biomasses have energy potential, however, based on the variables, sugarcane bagasse, sawdust and eucalyptus chips, tend to have greater combustibility. intensified purposes derivatives generation physical properties used namely bark Recife 18,405 18405 18 405 (18,40 KJ/Kg, KJKg KJ/Kg , KJ Kg KJ/Kg) 18,115 18115 115 (18,11 18,024 18024 024 (18,02 value chemistry sulfur IVC 6.16 616 6 16 (6.1 GJm³ GJm GJ m³ m GJ/m 307 respectively, respectively respectively) 5.91 591 5 91 (5.9 32 86 however variables combustibility 18,40 1840 1 40 (18,4 18,11 1811 11 (18,1 18,02 1802 02 (18,0 6.1 61 (6. 30 5.9 59 9 (5. 3 8 18,4 184 4 (18, 18,1 181 18,0 180 0 6. (6 5. (5 18, (18 ( (1

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar atributos produtivos e nutricionais da forragem hidropônica de milho, em diferentes estágios, cultivada em substratos de capim-elefante e serragem de madeira. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos (T), com diferentes substratos: T1 - capim-elefante picado e desidratado e T2 - serragem de madeira. No 13º e 20º dias após a semeadura, amostras da forragem foram coletadas para avaliação do desenvolvimento das plântulas, produção de biomassa e composição nutricional. O substrato capim-elefante promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das plântulas, maior produção de biomassa e concentração de matéria mineral, aos 13 dias, quando a serragem de madeira promoveu maior concentração de matéria seca, proteína bruta, lignina e carboidrato não fibrosos (P<0,05). O substrato capim-elefante resultou em maior altura de plântula, produção de biomassa verde, concentração de matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo, aos 20 dias, quando a serragem de madeira promoveu maior comprimento de raíz, maior concentração de matéria seca, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina (P<0,05). O substrato capim-elefante e a coleta aos 13 dias promoveram melhor resultado para a produção de forragem hidropônica, bem como para a sua composição nutricional. milho estágios capimelefante capim elefante T, T , (T) º semeadura plântulas nutricional mineral 1 seca P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 . 0 05 (P<0,05) plântula verde etéreo 2 raíz (T P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 P<0 (P<0, P< (P<0 (P< (P

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and nutritional attributes of hydroponic corn forage grown on elephant grass and wood sawdust substrates at different stages. Two treatments (T) with different substrates were established: T1 - chopped and dehydrated elephant grass and T2 - wood sawdust. Forage samples were collected 13 and 20 days after sowing to evaluate seedling development, biomass production, and nutritional composition. The elephant grass substrate promoted better seedling development and greater biomass production and concentration of mineral matter at 13 days, whereas wood sawdust promoted a greater concentration of dry matter, crude protein, lignin, and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P < 0.05). The elephant grass substrates resulted in greater seedling height, production of green biomass, and concentrations of mineral matter, crude protein, and ether extract at 20 days, while wood sawdust promoted greater root length and greater concentrations of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and lignin (P < 0.05). Elephant grass substrate and collection for 13 days promoted better production of hydroponic forage and its nutritional composition. stages T (T established 1 2 composition protein nonfibrous non fibrous P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) height fiber 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT Bio-composite materials are gaining momentum as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic fiber-reinforced composites across various sectors. This study investigates how varying fine powder loads affect the tensile, transverse, and compressive properties of hybrid composites comprising Malabar Ironwood sawdust and COCO dust particles. A hybrid composite formulation was devised using a 1:1 ratio of sawdust and COCO dust particles as fillers. Different levels of reinforcement, ranging from 20% to 60%, were examined. ASTM testing was performed on the produced composites, revealing a notable influence of filler reinforcement on their mechanical characteristics. The elongation at fracture increased until 40% filler loading before declining, whereas tensile strength, transverse rupture strength, transverse modulus, and compressive strength consistently improved up to 50% filler loading. These results underscore the potential of composites integrating Malabar Ironwood, COCO dust, and epoxy for lightweight applications, thereby catering to diverse industries seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional materials. Ultimately, such initiatives contribute to solid waste management efforts, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional materials in diverse industries. Biocomposite Bio ecofriendly eco friendly fiberreinforced fiber reinforced sectors 11 1 1: fillers 20 60 60% examined characteristics 40 declining modulus 50 applications Ultimately efforts 2 6 4 5

ABSTRACT Areas impacted by the deposition of iron mining tailings present physical and chemical characteristics that can hinder root growth, and applying soil conditioners can help alleviate these limitations. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil conditioners in improving the environment for the growth of grass in soil affected by iron mining tailing. Four different experiments were conducted testing conditioner proportions (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% v/v), in a completely randomized design with four replications, using Cynodon spp. The conditioners were sand, vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost. Bulk density, macro- and microporosity, total pore volume (VTP), pH, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and dry mass of the aboveground, root, and total plant were evaluated. There were improvements in porosity and a reduction in density with the application of vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost; however, sand decreased the VTP. The pH was reduced with sawdust and increased with compost. Sawdust and compost increased OM. CEC increased with vermiculite and compost. The sand and vermiculite conditioners promoted the greatest growth of Cynodon spp., with emphasis on vermiculite, which provided the greatest increases in plant biomass production. The soil conditioners, overall, proved effective in improving porosity conditions, reducing density, increasing OM, and promoting plant growth, this makes this technology efficient for application in tailings. Due to its notable effect on increasing biomass and improving the environment for grass growth, vermiculite can be recommended for rehabilitation environments impacted by iron mining tailings or for post-mining revegetation. limitations tailing 0, 0 (0 5 10 25 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) replications spp macro microporosity VTP, VTP (VTP) OM (OM) CEC, (CEC) aboveground evaluated however production overall conditions postmining post revegetation ( 1 2 (VTP (OM (CEC

RESUMO Áreas impactadas pela deposição de rejeito de mineração de ferro possuem características físicas e químicas que podem dificultar o crescimento das raízes, e a aplicação de condicionadores pode ajudar a aliviar essas limitações. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de condicionadores de solo na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea em solo afetado por rejeitos de mineração de ferro. Foram realizados quatro experimentos testando proporções de condicionador (0, 5, 10, 25 e 50% v/v), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, utilizando Cynodon spp. Os condicionadores foram areia, vermiculita, serragem e composto orgânico. Foram avaliados densidade aparente, macro- e microporosidade, volume total de poros (VTP), pH, matéria orgânica (OM), capacidade de troca de cátions (CEC) e massa seca da parte aérea, raízes e total. Houve melhorias na porosidade e redução na densidade com a aplicação de vermiculita, serragem e composto; no entanto, a areia diminuiu o VTP. O pH foi reduzido com serragem e aumentou com composto. A serrage 6m e o composto aumentaram a OM. A CEC aumentou com vermiculita e composto. Os condicionadores de solo, de modo geral, mostraram-se eficazes na melhoria das condições de porosidade, redução da densidade, aumento de OM e promoção do crescimento das plantas, o que torna esta tecnologia eficiente para aplicação em rejeitos. Devido ao seu notável efeito no aumento da biomassa e na melhoria do ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea, a vermiculita pode ser recomendada para ambientes de reabilitação impactados por rejeitos de mineração de ferro ou revegetação pós-mineração. limitações 0, 0 (0 5 10 2 50 v/v, vv v/v , v v/v) repetições spp orgânico aparente macro microporosidade VTP, VTP (VTP) OM, (OM) (CEC aérea entanto m geral mostraramse mostraram se plantas pósmineração. pósmineração pós mineração. pós-mineração ( 1 (VTP (OM

Bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis have a highly promising potential as biofuels or sources of chemicals. The quantitative analysis of bio-oils is quite difficult and requires many standards. In this study, we developed a methodology using only 16 standards for determining the concentration of 49 compounds, representatives of the main chemical classes commons in bio-oils, using relative response factors (RRF) and analytical curves. Five Pinus sawdust bio-oils were analyzed using a GC-MS-DB-5 capillary column (60 m). SCAN mode (from 45 to 450 Daltons) and retention indices (LPTRI) were used for qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, SIM mode was preferred, and analytical curves were constructed from an initial solution at 400 mg g 1 of each of the 16 standards, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 150 mg g 1 added to the internal standard (methyl hexanoate) at 70 mg g 1. After the positive identification and quantification of 9 compounds (among the 16 standards used), the other compounds were quantified using the RRF obtained from a standard solution at 30 mg g 1, considering the similarities with those identified standards. 196 compounds were identified, while 49 compounds were quantified, highlighting the monoaromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, benzofurans, alkyl phenols, and catechols. Biooils Bio oils chemicals biooils bio study 4 biooils, oils, (RRF GCMSDB5 GCMSDB GC MS DB 5 GC-MS-DB- 60 (6 m. m . m) Daltons LPTRI (LPTRI preferred 40 15 methyl hexanoate 7 among used, , used) 3 19 hydrocarbons naphthalenes benzofurans phenols catechols GC-MS-DB 6 (

SUMMARY Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has allowed for controlled development and growth in different species. However, its effect on some tropical species such as Swietenia mahagoni has not been evaluated. This study evaluated the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni produced in substrates inoculated with AMF. Using a completely randomized design, the combinations of two factors were evaluated: substrate (cocoa husk + coconut fiber + composted pine sawdust in proportions 6:2:2 and 2:6:2, and a control composed of soil + cocoa husks in a 9:1 ratio) and mycorrhizal strains (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare and Funneliformis mosseae). From 30 to 120 days after the seed’s germination in the nursery, the leaf surface and the total dry mass were evaluated, and growth analysis was carried out using the relative growth rate and the net assimilation rate. At 120 days, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 concentration were evaluated. Significant interactions between the different factors were found for all the variables evaluated. The Glomus cubense and Rhizophagus intraradices strains, in the substrate made up of 20 % cocoa husk + 60 % coconut fiber + 20 % sawdust, produced significant increases in the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni. The importance of the mycorrhizal association is evident, as it provides S. mahagoni seedlings with more efficient photosynthetic mechanisms, improving their establishment in plantations.

RESUMEN La inoculación con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) ha permitido un desarrollo y crecimiento controlado en diferentes especies; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado su efecto en algunas especies tropicales como Swietenia mahagoni. El estudio evaluó el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni producida en sustratos inoculados con HMA. Con un diseño completamente al azar, se evaluaron las combinaciones de dos factores: sustrato (cascarilla de cacao + fibra de coco + aserrín de pino compostado en proporciones 6:2:2 y 2:6:2, y un testigo compuesto por suelo + cascarilla de cacao en proporción 9:1) y cepas micorrízicas (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare y Funneliformis mosseae). Desde los 30 hasta los 120 días después la germinación de la semilla en vivero, se evaluó la superficie foliar y la masa seca total, con las cuales se efectuó el análisis del crecimiento a través de la tasa relativa de crecimiento y la tasa de asimilación neta. A los 120 días se evaluó la tasa fotosintética, conductancia estomática, transpiración y concentración interna de CO2. Se encontraron interacciones significativas entre los factores para todas las variables evaluadas. Las cepas Glomus cubense y Rhizophagus intraradices, en el sustrato conformado por 20 % de cascarilla de cacao + 60 % de fibra de coco + 20 % de aserrín, propiciaron incrementos significativos en el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni. Es evidente la importancia de la asociación micorrízica para que las plántulas de S. mahagoni mantengan un mecanismo fotosintético más eficiente que les permita mejor establecimiento en plantaciones.

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (guavira) is a native plant of the Cerrado and Pantanal, which has several medicinal activities and fruits with a unique flavor rich in vitamin C. The species does not have defined cultivation methods, requiring studies to increase biomass production. An alternative is the use of organic residues that can influence the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of soils and consequently increase plant production. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different organic residues and bokashi, on the biomass production of plants and on the levels of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of tea from the leaves of guavira. Five substrates were studied in pots and protected environment: soil; soil + rice husk chicken manure; soil + sawdust chicken manure; soil + castor bean cake; soil + Organosuper® with or without the use of Bokashi in a 5x2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block experimental design. It was observed that the rice husk chicken manure can be used to increase the initial growth and biomass production of guavira keeping the leaves antioxidant activity tea stable. The use of bokashi benefits the growth of guavira only when no other organic residue is added to soil. Cambess. Cambess (Cambess. O (guavira Pantanal C methods chemical Thus phenols environment cake Organosuper x 5x scheme design stable (Cambess

Resumen En algunos viveros forestales del centro y norte del país se utilizan sustratos en los cuales es común el uso de aserrín de pino y fertilizantes de liberación prolongada; los insumos regionales reducen los costos de producción y simplifican la nutrición de las plantas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de Swietenia macrophylla y Tabebuia donnell-smithii en dos sustratos: S1 (turba, perlita, vermiculita 3:1:1) y S2 (aserrín de pino, perlita, vermiculita 3:1:1) combinados con cuatro dosis de fertilizante (4, 6, 8, 10 g L-1) Multicote ® 18-6-12 con micronutrientes de cuatro meses de liberación. La planta se produjo en charolas de plástico rígido de 24 cavidades de 150 mL, durante un período de 3.5 meses. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2x4 (dos sustratos y cuatro dosis de fertilizante). A los 3.5 meses, se evaluaron las características morfológicas y el contenido de N, P, K en el follaje de las plantas. Ambas especies presentaron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) por el tipo de sustrato y dosis de fertilizante en el diámetro, altura, peso seco aéreo y de la raíz, así como en concentración de nutrientes. Las plantas producidas en S1 fueron superiores en la mayoría de las variables a las de S2, sin embargo, el sustrato a base de aserrín tiene potencial para la producción de los dos taxones, por lo que es una opción como sustrato viable por el costo para obtener plantas dentro de los intervalos de calidad media.

Abstract Some forest nurseries in central and northern Mexico use substrates where the use of pine sawdust and extended release fertilizers is common; regional inputs reduce production costs and simplify plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia donnell-smithii on two substrates: S1 (3:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite) and S2 (3:1:1 pine sawdust, perlite, vermiculite) combined with four doses (4, 6, 8, 10 g L-1) of Multicote® 18-6-12 fertilizer with four-month release micronutrients. The plant was grown in 24-cavity 150 mL rigid plastic trays for a period of 3.5 months. A completely randomized design with a 2×4 factorial arrangement (two substrates and four doses of fertilizer) was used. At 3.5 months, the morphological characteristics and N, P, and K content in plant foliage were evaluated. Both species showed significant differences (p≤0.05) by substrate type and fertilizer dose on diameter, height, aerial and root dry weight, as well as nutrient concentration. Plants produced in S1 were superior in most variables to those grown in S2. However, the sawdust-based substrate has the potential for the production of both taxa, which renders it a viable option as a substrate for obtaining plants within the medium-quality range.