EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha−1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ApH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - iµo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ApH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed. PHYSICAL OXISOL content (LSW Oxisols Oxisol s Cerrado 0, 0 (0 50 150 450 60 ha−1 ha1 ha 1 00.20 0020 0.20 20 0-0.2 replicates 30day day 30 mineralogical CDW, CDW , CDW) sodium SAR CEC V%, V V% V%) pH HO H O KCl ApH PZSE iµo EC analyses Ca K Mg Na dose ψo ( 5 15 45 6 ha− 00 00.2 002 020 0.2 2 0-0. 3 4 00. 02 0. 0-0 0-

Abstract In order to widen the application fields of thermosetting composites, this research aims to identify the bioresins and biofibers more resistant to weathering, enabling their use outdoors. Data were collected from experimental research on composites made from synthetic or plant-derived matrix with plant or hybrid fibers, and using various molding processes, reinforcement geometries, alignment and treatment of fibers and fiber/matrix fractions. The investigation searched for researches that studied the composites tensile and flexural strengths; their water absorption in 24 hours of immersion and until saturation; and their retention of mechanical strength after aging. The effect of matrix and fiber types and their fractions on these properties was studied. Results indicate that composites with plant-derived matrix absorb less water in 24h, and that composites with flax, sisal or hemp have the lowest water absorption at saturation and the greater retention of tensile strength after aging. In other words, apparently these composites are less prone to weathering and thus have potential for outdoor use. However, regardless of the fiber type, as its content increases, the retention of flexural strength of composites decreases, limiting their usage in some applications. outdoors plantderived derived processes geometries fibermatrix strengths 2 aging 24h h flax words However type increases decreases applications

Resumo Buscando ampliar a aplicação dos compósitos termorrígidos, esta pesquisa objetiva identificar as bioresinas e biofibras mais resistentes às intempéries, contribuindopara seu uso externo. Foram levantadas pesquisas experimentais sobre compósitos com matriz sintética ou vegetal e fibras vegetais ou híbridas, com diferentes processos de moldagem, geometrias de reforço, alinhamento e tratamento das fibras e frações fibras/matriz. Buscou-se trabalhos que estudaram as resistências à tração e à flexão; a absorção de água dos compósitos em 24h de imersão e até a saturação; e sua retenção da resistência mecânica após envelhecimento. Investigou-se a influência do tipo de matriz e de fibra e de suas frações nessas propriedades. Resultados indicam que compósitos de matriz vegetal absorvem menos água em 24h, e que compósitos com linho, sisal ou cânhamo possuem a menor absorção de água na saturação e maior retenção da resistência à tração após o envelhecimento. Isto é, aparentemente esses compósitos sofrem menos danos devido às intempéries, possuindo maior potencial para uso externo. Mas, independentemente da fibra, conforme sua quantidade aumenta, diminui a retenção da resistência à flexão dos compósitos, limitando sua aplicação. termorrígidos intempéries externo híbridas moldagem reforço fibrasmatriz fibras/matriz Buscouse Buscou se h envelhecimento Investigouse Investigou propriedades linho é Mas aumenta

Resumen Introducción. La formación de plántulas en condiciones controladas es fundamental para cultivar especies como la fresa. Dado que la tecnología de iluminación artificial LED ha permitido un mayor control de la luz, la variación de componentes como la longitud de onda y la intensidad pueden ser manipulados para generar plántulas con diferentes características. Sin embargo, es necesario generar información para el desarrollo de prácticas precisas y eficientes en el control de la luz. Objetivo. Evaluar la formación de plántulas de fresa en diferentes intensidades de luz LED violeta, azul y roja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante 2020 en el Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México. Se recuperaron semillas de frutos de la variedad San Andreas y se sembraron plántulas en luz LED violeta, azul y roja a intensidades alta, media y baja. Se realizaron determinaciones de color del área del cotiledón, índice de saturación de color y ángulo Hue. Además, se midieron variables fisiotécnicas, químicas y actividad antioxidante. Resultados. Los tratamientos más adecuados fueron luz violeta de intensidades altas y medias; así como luz azul de alta intensidad, debido a que el porcentaje de germinación superó el 60 %. Las plántulas no se alargaron ni adelgazaron, presentaron las mayores áreas de cotiledones y concentraciones de clorofila. Además, estos tratamientos de luz consumieron en promedio 31,2 % menos energía eléctrica. Conclusiones. Además de la luz blanca, los tratamientos más adecuados para la formación de plántulas de fresa fueron la luz violeta a alta y media intensidad, así como la luz azul a alta intensidad. Se sugiere evaluar los tratamientos de luz violeta y azul en otros cultivares para confirmar el efecto positivo en las plántulas de fresa. La luz roja limitó la germinación y mostró mayor actividad antioxidante.

Abstract Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is crucial for cultivating species like strawberry. With LED artificial lighting technology allowing greater control over light, variations in components such as wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to generate seedlings with different characteristics. However, there is a need to generate information for the development of precise and efficient light control practices. Objective. The evaluate strawberry seedling formation under different intensities of violet, blue, and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds from San Andreas variety fruits were collected, and seedlings were grown under violet, blue, and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determinations of cotyledon area, Chroma saturation index, and Hue angle were performed. Additionally, physio-technical, chemical, and antioxidant activity variables were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light, with germination range exceeding 60 %. Seedlings did not elongate or thin out and exhibited the largest cotyledons areas and chlorophyll concentrations. Furthermore, these light treatments consumed, on average, 31.2 % less electrical energy. Conclusions. In addition to white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light. It is suggested to evaluate violet and blue light treatments in other cultivars to confirm their positive effect on strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and showing higher antioxidant activity.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos promueve la gestión eficiente del agua en las empresas agropecuarias, sobre la base de aplicar resultados de investigaciones científicas. A pesar de la inversión realizada en la Empresa Agropecuaria Laguna Blanca, aún persisten dificultades para hacer sostenible las producciones agrícolas, debido a la baja agroproductividad de los suelos y el descenso de la eficiencia en el uso del agua de riego, por ello se infiere la necesidad de actualizar, desde el diseño de las instalaciones, los parámetros de explotación de los sistemas de riego con máquinas de Pivote Central y Enrolladores. Se aborda, a partir de la solución de dos casos de estudios reales, los efectos negativos de la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo, sobre el rendimiento de los cultivos y en la sostenibilidad de las fuentes de abasto implicadas en la actividad del riego. Se empleó el método hipotético - deductivo, para validar la conveniencia de considerar en la etapa de diseño, la salinidad en el extracto de saturación del suelo. Como resultado se identificó el caudal medio de bombeo, como el parámetro de diseño que influye significativamente en la explotación de estas máquinas de riego; el incremento de este parámetro infiere la necesidad de establecer sistemas de drenaje parcelario para disminuir los efectos de la saturación de los suelos y la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo.

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Water Resources promotes efficient water management in agricultural enterprises, based on the application of scientific research results. In spite of the investment made in the Laguna Blanca Agricultural Enterprise, there are still difficulties in making agricultural production sustainable, due to the low agro-productivity of the soils and the decrease in the efficiency of irrigation water use. For this reason, it is necessary to update, from the design of the installations, the operating parameters of the irrigation systems with centre pivot and reel machines. Based on the solution of two real case studies, the negative effects of the presence of salts in the soil solution on crop yields and on the sustainability of the supply sources involved in the irrigation activity are addressed. The hypothetical-deductive method was used to validate the convenience of considering salinity in the soil saturation extract at the design stage. As a result, the average pumping flow rate was identified as the design parameter that significantly influences the operation of these irrigation machines; the increase of this parameter infers the need to establish plot drainage systems to reduce the effects of soil saturation and the presence of salts in the soil solution.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone, increased costs from non-organic inputs and transportation render substrates more expensive, prompting the use of decomposed biomass from native palm stem for seedlig production. The study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the decomposed biomass of babassu palms (BDB), carnauba (BDC), and buriti (BBU) compared to the commercial substrate (SC) via multivariate analysis. This study employed a database comprising 90 substrates, obtained from Maranhão, Brazil farms. These samples underwent physicochemical characterization following the Brazilian protocol for seedling substrates. The substrates based on BDB and BDC have pH and nutrient contents at acceptable values, in addition to lower potential acidity and high base saturation compared to BBU and SC substrates. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed similarities between BDB, BDC and SC. Biomass decomposed from the stems of babassu and carnauba palms is recommended as an alternative substrate for seedling producers in the in the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone. AmazonCerrado Amazon Cerrado ecotone nonorganic non organic expensive production , (BDB) BDC, (BDC) (BBU (SC 9 Maranhão farms values (BDB (BDC

RESUMO No ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado, o aumento dos custos com insumos não orgânicos e transporte torna os substratos mais caros, estimulando o uso da biomassa decomposta do caule da palmeira nativa para a produção de mudas. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas da biomassa decomposta de babaçu (BDB), carnaúba (BDC) e buriti (BBU) comparado ao substrato comercial (SC) via estatística multivariada. O estudo utilizou um banco de dados composto por 90 substratos, obtidos em fazendas do Maranhão, Brasil. Essas amostras passaram por caracterização físico-química seguindo o protocolo brasileiro para substratos de mudas. Os substratos à base de BDB e BDC apresentam pH e teores de nutrientes em valores aceitáveis, além de menor acidez potencial e elevada saturação por bases em comparação aos substratos BBU e SC. A análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico revelou similaridades entre BDB, BDC e SC. A biomassa decomposta dos caules das palmeiras babaçu e carnaúba é recomendada como substrato alternativo para produtores de mudas no ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado. AmazôniaCerrado, AmazôniaCerrado Amazônia Cerrado, Cerrado Amazônia-Cerrado caros físicoquímicas físico químicas , (BDB) (BDC (BBU SC (SC multivariada 9 Maranhão Brasil físicoquímica química aceitáveis AmazôniaCerrado. Cerrado. (BDB

ABSTRACT Benzodiazepines, the most prescribed medications in the world, are extremely useful in managing conditions related to the central nervous system, however, their prescription is not always related to a pathology. This study sought to identify the factors influencing the prescription of benzodiazepines in Primary Care of the Unified Health System and their consequences, in a region with high social vulnerability. The principles of a qualitative study with intentional sampling of prescribing physicians were used, constructed with the help of Key Informants and with a size (N=10) defined by the principle of theoretical saturation. Collection took place through semi-structured interviews in the basic units where the professionals worked. The themes identified regarding the reasons for prescription were Patient-related (patient demand; social problems); Relating to medication (dependence); Relative to the prescriber (irrational use). The prescription of benzodiazepine was due to the low social conditions of users in this region and the consequences of this situation (social vulnerability, distressing problems with difficult resolution). Continuous education for professionals, interprofessional actions, and comprehensive care were demands of the professionals. The problem goes beyond the doctor’s scope of action, and public policies that guarantee such populations access to health, work, and education are suggested. Benzodiazepines world system however pathology vulnerability used N=10 N10 N 10 (N=10 saturation semistructured semi structured worked Patientrelated Patient patient demand problems) dependence (dependence) irrational use. use . use) resolution. resolution resolution) actions doctors doctor s action health work suggested N=1 N1 1 (N=1 (dependence N= (N= (N

RESUMO Os benzodiazepínicos, medicamentos mais prescritos no mundo, são extremamente úteis no manejo de patologias relativas ao sistema nervoso central, porém, nem sempre sua prescrição está relacionada com uma patologia. Este estudo buscou identificar os fatores influenciadores na prescrição de benzodiazepínicos na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde e suas consequências, em uma região com alta vulnerabilidade social. Foram utilizados os princípios de um estudo qualitativo com amostra intencional de médicos prescritores construída com a ajuda dos Informantes-Chave e com tamanho (n = 10) definido pelo princípio da saturação teórica. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas nas unidades básicas onde os profissionais atuavam. Os temas identificados relativos aos motivos da prescrição foram: relativos ao paciente (demanda do paciente; problemas sociais); relativos ao medicamento (dependência); relativos ao prescritor (uso irracional). A prescrição do benzodiazepínico deu-se devido às baixas condições sociais dos usuários nessa região e as consequências dessa conjuntura (vulnerabilidade social, problemas angustiantes de difícil resolução). Educação permanente para profissionais, ações interprofissionais e integralidade do cuidado foram demandas dos profissionais. O problema extrapola a ação do médico, e são sugeridas políticas públicas que garantam, às populações com essas características, acesso a saúde, trabalho e educação. mundo central porém patologia social InformantesChave Informantes Chave n 10 teórica atuavam demanda sociais) dependência (dependência) uso irracional. irracional . irracional) deuse deu se resolução. resolução resolução) médico garantam características saúde educação 1 (dependência

RESUMEN El conocimiento del tiempo de drenaje del maíz y del material vegetativo menos susceptible a la inundación son elementos importantes al momento de diseñar la infraestructura de desagüe en los campos agrícolas. Ante esto, este ensayo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de tres tiempos de saturación hídrica del suelo en tres híbridos de maíz, dentro de la etapa de floración. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, bajo un esquema factorial de 36 unidades experimentales y con distancia de siembra de 0,90 m x 0,25 m. Se emplearon los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313 (niveles del Factor A); los mismos que en etapa plena de floración se inundaron durante 24, 48 y 72 horas, con un tratamiento testigo (0 horas) (niveles del factor B). Se valoró el tamaño y peso de mazorcas, índice grano/tusa, peso de 100 granos y el rendimiento de granos. Se aplicaron modelos de análisis de varianza con esquemas bi-factoriales, se realizó la prueba de Tukey en la comparación de medias para los híbridos, y ajustes de regresión por polinomios ortogonales para verificar tendencias en cuanto a los tiempos de inundación. Se establecieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en todas las variables de acuerdo a los tiempos de inundación, con reducciones en el rendimiento de 36,80%, 18,42% y 18,73% para los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313, respectivamente, a las 72 horas de inundación. Predominó la tendencia lineal en las variables y se determinó un tiempo de drenaje entre 29 y 48 horas para una pérdida máxima del 10%, según el híbrido evaluado.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the drainage time of corn and the vegetative material less susceptible to flooding are important elements when designing drainage infrastructure in agricultural fields. Given this, this trial aimed to evaluate the effect of three times of soil water saturation in three corn hybrids, within the flowering stage. A complete randomized block design was used, under a factorial scheme of 36 experimental units and with a planting distance of 0.90 m x 0.25 m. The hybrids DK-7508, EMBLEMA and ADV9313 were used (Factor A levels); the same ones that in the full flowering stage were flooded for 24, 48 and 72 hours, also evaluating a control treatment (0 hours) (factor B levels). The size and weight of ears, grain/cob index, weight of 100 grains and yield were evaluated. Analysis of variance models with bi-factor schemes, Tukey test in the comparison of means for the hybrids and regression adjustments by orthogonal polynomials were applied to verify trends in terms of flooding times. Significant differences (p<0.05) were established in all variables according to flooding times, with reductions in yield of 36.80%, 18.42% and 18.73% for the DK-7508 hybrids. EMBLEMA and ADV9313, respectively, at 72 hours of flooding. The linear trend predominated in the variables and a drainage time was determined between 29 and 48 hours for a maximum loss of 10%, depending on the hybrid evaluated.

Abstract: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare genetic condition affecting the autonomic nervous system and respiratory center due to mutations in the PHOX2B gene, and it is associated with alveolar hypoventilation during sleep and sudden death. It requires early invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Objective: To report a neonatal case successfully treated with non-invasive ventilatory support (NVS), avoiding tracheostomy. Clinical Case: Full-term newborn, whose mother uses nocturnal NVS due to CCHS. During the transition period, she presented desaturations associated with hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis, without pulmonary involvement. She developed severe hypoventilation during sleep, with no respiratory effort, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 80%, plus respiratory acidosis. While awake, she had good respiratory effort and normal SpO2 without assistance. Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen therapy worsened her condition while sleeping. Complete NVS with nasal interface and bi-level airway positive pressure, inspiratory/expiratory pressure 14-16/4 cm H2O, normalized SpO2 during sleep, and arterial blood gases while awake. Sequencing of the PHOX2B gene confirmed the presence of a heterozygous pathogenic variant with the 20/26 genotype. At 2 months of age, she was discharged maintaining NVS with nasal interface and 0 PEEP, achieving adequate neurodevelopment. Conclusion: We highlight the importance of genetic diagnosis of CCHS in neonates with clinical presentation of early alveolar hypoventilation, especially if there is a family history. We are not aware of other reports of neonatal onset in which NVS prevents IMV, in this potentially lethal pathology.

Resumen: El Síndrome de Hipoventilación Central Congénito (SHCC) es una condición genética infrecuente que afecta el sistema nervioso autónomo y centro respiratorio por mutaciones en el gen PHOX2B, se asocia a hipoventilación alveolar durante el sueño y muerte súbita. Requiere tempranamente de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Objetivo: Reportar un caso neonatal tratado exitosamente con soporte ventilatorio no invasivo (SVNI), evitando la traqueostomía. Caso Clínico: Recién nacido de término, cuya madre utiliza SVNI nocturno por SHCC. Durante el periodo de transición presentó desaturaciones asociadas a hipercapnia y acidosis respiratoria, sin compromiso pulmonar. Evolucionó con hipoventilación severa durante el sueño, sin esfuerzo respiratorio, saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2) < 80%, más acidosis respiratoria. En vigilia presentaba buen esfuerzo respiratorio y SpO2 normales sin asistencia. La presión positiva continua no invasiva en la vía aérea y la oxigenoterapia empeoraban su condición al dormir. El SVNI completo con interfaz nasal y presión positiva en 2 niveles, presión inspiratoria/espiratoria 14-16/4 cm H2O, normalizaron la SpO2 durante el sueño y los gases en sangre arterial en vigilia. La secuenciación del gen PHOX2B confirmó la presencia de una variante patogénica heterocigota con el genotipo 20/26. A los 2 meses de vida egresó manteniendo SVNI con interfaz nasal y PEEP 0, logrando neurodesarrollo adecuado. Conclusión: Resaltamos la importancia del diagnóstico genético del SHCC, en neonatos con presentación clínica de hipoventilación alveolar temprana, particularmente si existe el antecedente familiar. No conocemos otros reportes de debut neonatal en que el SVNI evite la VMI, en esta patología potencialmente letal.

Abstract The use of chemical inputs has led to the loss of microbial diversity involved in the N cycle, such as diazotrophic bacteria, which are inhibited by saturation of the receptors responsible for activating nitrogenase. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in forage grasses can be used as an ecosystem service. The aim of this review was to analyze the contribution of forage grasses to BNF and their response to inoculation of non-symbiotic diazotrophs in order to find study opportunities. The analysis of the information was carried out using the prisma methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It should be noted that the main forage species that contribute to BNF are Brachiaria sp. and Pennisetum sp. The inoculation of Azospirillum sp. has generated a growth-promoting effect in grasses, but the response of the inoculated forage depends mainly on the synergy between plant and bacteria, showing neutral, antagonistic, and positive effects.

Resumen El uso de insumos de origen químico ha generado pérdida de la diversidad microbiana que interviene en el ciclo del N como bacterias diazótrofas, que son inhibidas por saturación de los receptores encargados de activar la nitrogenasa. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) en gramíneas forrajeras puede ser utilizada como servicio ecosistémico. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión fue analizar la contribución de gramíneas forrajeras a la FBN y su respuesta a la inoculación de diazótrofas no simbióticas para encontrar oportunidades de estudio. El análisis de la información se realizó a partir de la metodología prisma de revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis. Se destaca que las principales especies forrajeras que contribuyen con la FBN corresponden a Brachiaria sp. y Pennisetum sp. La inoculación de Azospirillum sp. ha generado efecto promotor de crecimiento en gramíneas, pero, la respuesta del forraje inoculado depende principalmente de la sinergia entre planta - bacteria presentándose efectos neutros, antagónicos y positivos.

Resumen (Introducción): La capacidad productiva de una plantación forestal depende principalmente de las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, así como del manejo silvicultural necesario para un óptimo desarrollo de los árboles. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación del efecto de la fertilización sobre plantaciones forestales clonales de Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., de tres años, en el Pacífico Norte y Sur de Costa Rica. (Metodología): El estudio se realizó en 2 ensayos experimentales del Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales ubicados en La Esperanza, Cóbano (ensayo 1) y en Rancho Quemado, Bahía Drake (ensayo 2). Se establecieron 5 bloques completos, al azar, con 4 tratamientos de fertilización con el abono 19-4-19-2-0,1(B)-1,8(S)-,1(Zn). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias de los incrementos medios anuales del DAP, la altura y el volumen total de los árboles utilizando la prueba de Tukey. (Resultados): Los resultados muestran que el sitio con mayor fertilidad natural presenta aumento en el crecimiento de los árboles; sin embargo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre todos los tratamientos aplicados. El sitio de menor fertilidad natural se ubica en Bahía Drake y presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos tratamientos en términos de volumen total. (Conclusiones): La fertilización continua tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento dasométrico en plantaciones de G. arborea que presenten bajos contenidos de calcio (< 4.5 cmol L-1), valores bajos en capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (< 7.8 cmol L-1) y alta saturación de acidez (> 19.4 %).

Abstract (Introduction): The productive capacity of a forest plantation depends mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the necessary silvicultural management for optimal tree development. (Objective): The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of fertilization on clonal forest plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. 3 years old, in the North and South Pacific of Costa Rica. (Methodology): The study was carried out in 2 experimental trials of the Forestry Research and Services Institute located in La Esperanza, Cóbano (trial 1) and in Rancho Quemado, Drake Bay (trial 2). Five complete blocks were established at random with four fertilization treatments with the fertilizer 19-4-19-2-0.1(B)-1.8(S)-.1(Zn). An analysis of variance and comparison of means of the mean annual increments of DBH, height and total volume of the trees was carried out, using the Tukey test. (Results): The results show that the site with the highest natural fertility presents a greater growth of the trees, however, there are no statistically significant differences between all the treatments applied. The site with the lowest natural fertility is located in Bahía Drake and it did present statistically significant differences in some treatments in terms of total volume. (Conclusions): Continuous fertilization have a positive impact on the dasometric growth in G. arborea plantations that present low calcium contents (< 4.5 cmol L-1), low values of effective cation exchange capacity (<7.8 cmol L-1) and high acidity saturation (> 19.4 %).

Abstract Critical thinking is a fundamental competence in current educational approaches; however, it has been the subject of diverse definitions, requiring a comprehension from its epistemology, theorization, and praxis. The objective of this research was to analyze notions about critical thinking and pedagogical practices in a group of Latin American teachers. The qualitative-critical paradigm was used through the hermeneutic method. The selection of participants was carried out through theoretical saturation sampling, obtaining a group of eight teachers to whom in-depth non-directive interviews were applied. In the analysis of results, 5 categories emerged: 1) Notions about critical thinking, in which the tendency towards a cognitive and rational emphasis is evident; 2) Didactic praxis, expressing greater mastery of linguistic content subjects as appropriate to promote critical thinking; 3) Self-assessment and need for greater reflection and training on teaching praxis in the area, 4) Curriculum and educational policies, in which inconsistencies between curricula and classroom practice are exposed, and 5) Critical thinking and performance academic, which exposes a non-linear relationship between both concepts. It is concluded that it is essential to avoid determinisms based on skills that express critical thinking and instead promote complex approaches that allow including cultural, social and ethical experiences also inherent to the process.

Resumen El pensamiento crítico es una competencia fundamental en los actuales enfoques educativos, sin embargo, ha sido objeto de definiciones diversas, exigiendo un abordaje desde su epistemología, teorización y praxis. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las nociones sobre el pensamiento crítico y las prácticas pedagógicas aplicadas en el aula por docentes latinoamericanos. Se acudió al paradigma cualitativo-crítico a través del método hermenéutico. La selección de participantes se realizó mediante el muestreo por saturación teórica, obteniéndose un grupo de ocho docentes a quienes se aplicaron entrevistas no directivas a profundidad. En el análisis de resultados emergieron cinco categorías: 1) nociones sobre pensamiento crítico, en las cuales se evidencia la tendencia a un énfasis cognitivo y racional; 2) praxis didáctica, expresando mayor dominio de las asignaturas de contenido lingüístico como adecuadas para promover el pensamiento crítico; 3) autoevaluación y necesidad de mayor reflexión y capacitación sobre la praxis docente en el área; 4) currículo y políticas educativas, en la cual se exponen incongruencias entre los currículos y la práctica de aula; 5) pensamiento crítico y rendimiento académico, que expone una relación no lineal entre ambos conceptos. Se concluye que es fundamental evitar los determinismos basados en habilidades que expresan el pensamiento crítico y en su lugar promover aproximaciones complejas que permitan incluir experiencias culturales, sociales y éticas que son también inherentes al proceso.

ABSTRACT Benzodiazepines, the most prescribed medications in the world, are extremely useful in managing conditions related to the central nervous system, however, their prescription is not always related to a pathology. This study sought to identify the factors influencing the prescription of benzodiazepines in Primary Care of the Unified Health System and their consequences, in a region with high social vulnerability. The principles of a qualitative study with intentional sampling of prescribing physicians were used, constructed with the help of Key Informants and with a size (N=10) defined by the principle of theoretical saturation. Collection took place through semi-structured interviews in the basic units where the professionals worked. The themes identified regarding the reasons for prescription were Patient-related (patient demand; social problems); Relating to medication (dependence); Relative to the prescriber (irrational use). The prescription of benzodiazepine was due to the low social conditions of users in this region and the consequences of this situation (social vulnerability, distressing problems with difficult resolution). Continuous education for professionals, interprofessional actions, and comprehensive care were demands of the professionals. The problem goes beyond the doctor’s scope of action, and public policies that guarantee such populations access to health, work, and education are suggested.

RESUMO Os benzodiazepínicos, medicamentos mais prescritos no mundo, são extremamente úteis no manejo de patologias relativas ao sistema nervoso central, porém, nem sempre sua prescrição está relacionada com uma patologia. Este estudo buscou identificar os fatores influenciadores na prescrição de benzodiazepínicos na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde e suas consequências, em uma região com alta vulnerabilidade social. Foram utilizados os princípios de um estudo qualitativo com amostra intencional de médicos prescritores construída com a ajuda dos Informantes-Chave e com tamanho (n = 10) definido pelo princípio da saturação teórica. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas nas unidades básicas onde os profissionais atuavam. Os temas identificados relativos aos motivos da prescrição foram: relativos ao paciente (demanda do paciente; problemas sociais); relativos ao medicamento (dependência); relativos ao prescritor (uso irracional). A prescrição do benzodiazepínico deu-se devido às baixas condições sociais dos usuários nessa região e as consequências dessa conjuntura (vulnerabilidade social, problemas angustiantes de difícil resolução). Educação permanente para profissionais, ações interprofissionais e integralidade do cuidado foram demandas dos profissionais. O problema extrapola a ação do médico, e são sugeridas políticas públicas que garantam, às populações com essas características, acesso a saúde, trabalho e educação.

Conflict is an integral part of school management and its existence must not be shunned as it stimulates creative and innovative ways of thinking which enhance organisational growth and performance. The purpose of the study reported on here was to investigate how education managers executed Thomas and Kilmann's model in managing and resolving conflicts in schools to avert chaos and anarchy with the ultimate intention of enhancing productivity. A constructivist, inductive grounded theory utilising a qualitative approach was employed. Qualitative data were generated using a semi-structured interview protocol from 4 information-rich education managers who were purposively selected. The inclusion criteria for the participants were age, experience, professional qualifications and the sample was determined by theoretical saturation. Data generated were thematically analysed. The study revealed that the conflict management and resolution model used by education managers in schools was contingent to their environment and perception. It also revealed that conflict was innovative and stimulated thought processes. As a result, schools must recruit education managers who are transformative, democratic and equipped with the appropriate strategies for managing and resolving conflict if teachers' morale is to be boosted and productivity enhanced.

FeCo alloys play an important role in soft magnetic materials with a wide range of technological applications due to their high saturation magnetization and Curie temperature. However, these alloys have low ductility at room temperature. The ductility can be improved by the ternary addition of elements such as V. A density functional theory supercell approach was used to generate B2 Fe50Co50-xVx (0 < x < 50) structures and the properties were evaluated at different atomic percentage compositions to determine the ductility at room temperature. The structures were fully optimized to obtain better equilibrium ground-state properties such as lattice parameters and thermodynamic properties for both binary and ternary systems. The stability of Fe50Co50-xVx was evaluated from the heats of formation, elastic properties, and phonon dispersion curves. Furthermore, magnetic strength was evaluated from magnetic moments. It was found that all structures are thermodynamically stable due to the negative heats of formation. The calculated Pugh's ratio and Poisson's ratio confirm that alloying with V effectively improved the ductility. It was also found that Fe50Co50-xVx showed a positive shear modulus for the entire concentration range investigated, in agreement with phonon dispersion curves. The ternary addition of V to the FeCo system resulted in reduced magnetic strength due to a decrease in magnetic moments. These findings reveal that B2 FeCo-V alloys can be used as components and actuators for the automotive industry.