Abstract: The homogeneity of wood growth ring width is associated with greater rigidity and mechanical strength of the material. Therefore, understanding ring width homogeneity would be useful for visually grading sawn wood for structural applications. However, the effect of homogeneity on mechanical performance of wood has not been quantified. In this study, the dispersion of the ring width was analyzed to assess its predictive value for elasticity and axial bending strength in Quercus robur (european oak) wood beams. To carry out the study, 26 adult oak trees were felled in Galicia (northwestern Spain). The stems obtained were cut and sawn to produce planks, which were air-dried and subsequently planned to produce beams with target dimensions 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. For a sample of 52 of these beams, we measured the axial bending strength, the elastic modulus in axial bending, the wood density and moisture content, as well as the percentage of sapwood and the width of each growth ring in the cross section. The descriptive variables of the ring homogeneity, calculated using data from all rings in each beam (standard deviation, variance, interquartile range), were more closely related to mechanical properties. Beams with more homogeneous rings exhibited significantly higher elastic modulus and axial bending strength, with the strongest correlation observed between ring width variance and axial bending elastic modulus (R = -0,41**). However, the correlations observed do not justify developing a predictive model for elasticity or mechanical strength based solely on ring width homogeneity, although mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by ring homogeneity. Consequently, this characteristic could be incorporated into visual strength grading standards for oak wood.

Resumen: La homogeneidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento de la madera se asocia a una mayor rigidez y resistencia mecánica del material. Por ello, conocer la homogeneidad de la anchura de los anillos sería útil en la clasificación visual de la madera aserrada con fines resistentes. Sin embargo, no está cuantificada la influencia de la homogeneidad en el comportamiento resistente de la madera. En este trabajo se analizó la dispersión de la variable anchura de anillos para determinar su valor predictivo sobre la resistencia y la elasticidad a flexión axial en vigas de madera de Quercus robur (roble europeo). Para realizar el estudio se talaron 26 robles adultos en Galicia (noroeste de España). Los fustes obtenidos fueron aserrados para obtener tablones, que fueron secados al aire y posteriormente fueron cepillados hasta obtener vigas de dimensiones nominales 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. En una muestra de 52 de dichas vigas se obtuvo el módulo resistente a flexión axial, el módulo elástico a flexión axial, la densidad y la humedad de la madera, así como el porcentaje de albura y la anchura de cada anillo de crecimiento en la sección transversal de cada viga. Las variables descriptivas de la homogeneidad de anillos en cuyo cálculo intervienen los datos de todos los anillos de la viga (desviación típica, varianza, rango intercuartílico) estaban más relacionadas con las propiedades mecánicas. Las piezas con anillos homogéneos presentaban un módulo elástico y una resistencia a flexión estática significativamente mayores, siendo la correlación más destacada la existente entre la varianza de la anchura de anillos y el módulo elástico a flexión (R = -0,41**). No obstante, el valor de las correlaciones obtenidas no justifica la construcción de un modelo predictivo de la elasticidad o de la resistencia mecánica usando solo la homogeneidad de la anchura de anillos como variable predictora. Sin embargo, dado que el comportamiento mecánico se ve significativamente influenciado por la homogeneidad de los anillos, esta característica podría incorporarse en las normas de clasificación visual de la madera de roble con fines resistentes.

Resumo Atécnica de vergamento da madeira por vaporização se apresenta como opção viável para projetos de estruturas curvilíneas, como as gridshells. Madeiras coníferas são comumente adotadas em estruturas de cobertura, pois além da desejada relação entre resistência mecânica e densidade, permitem o completo tratamento da seção transversal da peça. Entretanto, características como a predominância de alburno ou de cerne e a presença de defeitos são variáveis que afetam o desempenho estrutural. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o limite de vergamento de lamelas de Acrocarpus flaxinifloius (cedro indiano) com raio de curvatura de 21 cm em diferentes espessuras. Também se investigou o impacto da predominância de alburno ou cerne e da presença de defeitos na força de vergamento. A literatura indica que a flexibilização plástica por vapor ocorre a 100°C, com 2,4 minutos para cada milímetro de espessura da lamela, parâmetros estes considerados neste estudo. A análise estatística indicou o limite de 8 mm de espessura para o vergamento das lamelas e a maior presença de alburno ou de cerne, bem como os defeitos da madeira, não afetou significativamente a força de vergamento. curvilíneas gridshells cobertura densidade peça Entretanto estrutural cedro indiano 2 espessuras 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2, lamela 10 1

Abstract The technique of bending wood by vaporization presents itself as a viable option for curvilinear structural projects, such as gridshells. Coniferous woods are often used in roof structures because, in addition to the desired relationship between mechanical strength and density, they allow the complete treatment of the cross-section of the piece. However, characteristics such as the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects are variables that affect structural performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bending limit of Acrocarpus laxinifloius (Indian cedar) veneers with a bending radius of 21 cm at different thicknesses. The impact of the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects on the bending strength was also investigated. The literature indicates that plastic flexibilization by steam occurs at 100°C, with 2.4 minutes for each millimeter of lamella thickness, which were the parameters considered in this study. The statistical analysis indicated a thickness limit of 8 mm for the lamellae to bend and the greater presence of sapwood or heartwood, as well as wood defects, did not significantly affect the bending force. projects gridshells because density crosssection cross section piece However performance Indian cedar 2 thicknesses investigated 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2. force 10 1

SUMMARY Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus dombeyi are endemic species of the Andean-Patagonian forest, which grow in pure or mixed forests. Both have an important ecological role in the region and a great productive potential. However, knowledge about how humidity and radiation influence their early development is limited. In this study, we examined the combined effects of different light (95, 46 y 9 %) and soil moisture levels (100 - 80, 50 - 70 y 20 - 40 %) on survival and growth of N. dombeyi and A. chilensis over two growing seasons under nursery conditions. We also measured the effects of these factors on the following functional traits: leaf thickness and tensile strength, specific leaf area, total leaf area, leaf area / sapwood area to collar ratio, dry weight of the different compartments (leaves, branches, and roots), and internode length. Both species showed similar responses to the factors studied in survival and initial development, although N. dombeyi showed, in general terms, greater growth and lower survival than A. chilensis. The intermediate and high radiation level favored the growth of both species. The humidity levels did not have significant effects on growth, but they did show effects on some of the functional traits, generally interacting with radiation. Also, the lower level of humidity combined with the greater radiation, decreased N. dombeyi survival. It is concluded that the best performance of both species occurs in radiation conditions close to 50 %, which would correspond to forests of these species with 8-10 m2 ha-1 of basal area.

RESUMEN El ciprés y el coihue son especies del bosque Andino-Patagónico, que crecen en formaciones puras o mixtas. Ambas poseen un importante rol ecológico en la región y potencial productivo. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre cómo la humedad y la radiación condicionan su desarrollo temprano es limitado. En este estudio se determinó, la respuesta de ciprés y coihue ante el efecto conjunto de diferentes niveles de radiación (95, 46 y 9 %) y humedad edáfica (100 - 80, 50 - 70 y 20 - 40 %) en supervivencia y crecimiento, bajo condiciones de vivero durante dos temporadas de crecimiento. También se midieron los efectos de estos factores en los siguientes caracteres funcionales: espesor y fuerza tensil foliar, área foliar específica, área foliar total, razón área foliar / área de albura al cuello, peso seco de los distintos compartimentos (hojas, ramas y raíces), y longitud de entrenudos. Ambas especies mostraron respuestas similares en supervivencia y desarrollo inicial, aunque coihue mostró en términos generales, mayor crecimiento y menor supervivencia que ciprés. El nivel de radiación intermedia y alta favorecieron el crecimiento de ambas especies. Los niveles de humedad no tuvieron efectos significativos en el crecimiento, pero si mostraron efectos en algunos de los caracteres funcionales, en general interaccionando con la radiación. También, el menor nivel de humedad combinado con la mayor radiación, disminuyó la supervivencia de coihue. Se concluye que el mejor desempeño temprano de ambas especies ocurre en condiciones de radiación cercanas a 50 %, que se corresponderían con bosques de estas especies de 8-10 m2 ha-1 de área basal.

Abstract: The generation of new genetic materials to meet the diverse demands of the wood market requires a continual evaluation of their technological properties. In the present study, heartwood and sapwood relative content at three stem heights (0,10 m, 2,80 m and 5,50 m) as well also the variation of density in the axial and radial direction of pure Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) and hybrid (Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum) and Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) x Eucalyptus tereticornis (red irongum)) clones of 11-years-old were evaluated. Pure clones showed 10 % more heartwood than the hybrids. The hybrid material reached the highest average value of densities, being more homogeneous in the radial and axial profile. In general, the density presented an increasing pattern in the radial direction. No significant differences were found in the density for the heights studied in the hybrid clones, while the pure clones showed significantly higher density values at 0,10 m. Sapwood density was greater than heartwood density for all three stem heights in all genetic materials. As a result, the hybrid clones could be suitable for the production of cellulose pulp due to the lower proportion of heartwood, which facilitates the bleaching process, as well as for their use as sawn wood or structural plywood due to their high density and homogeneity in height.

Resumen: La generación de nuevos materiales genéticos para atender las diversas demandas del mercado de la madera requiere una constante evaluación de sus propiedades tecnológicas. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el contenido relativo de duramen y albura a tres alturas de fuste (0,10 m, 2,80 m y 5,50 m) así como la variación de densidad en dirección axial y radial de clones puros Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) e híbridos (Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum) y Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum) x Eucalyptus tereticornis (red irongum)) de 11 años de edad. Los clones puros mostraron un 10 % más de duramen que los híbridos. El material híbrido alcanzó el mayor valor medio de densidades, siendo más homogéneo en el perfil radial y axial. En general, la densidad presentó un patrón creciente en la dirección radial. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad para las alturas estudiadas en los clones híbridos, mientras que los clones puros presentaron valores de densidad significativamente mayores a 0,10 m. La densidad de la albura fue mayor que la del duramen para las tres alturas de fuste en todos los materiales genéticos. El análisis de los resultados indica que los clones híbridos podrían ser aptos para la producción de pulpa de celulosa debido a la menor proporción de duramen, lo cual facilita el proceso de blanqueo, así como para su uso como madera aserrada o contrachapado estructural por su mayor densidad y homogeneidad en altura.

Abstract: Hydraulic testing of isolated sapwood from mature tree trunks is time-consuming and prone to errors, whereas the measurement of compression strength is a standardized and rapid wood technological application. In this study, we aimed to analyze if compression stress perpendicular to the grain relates to hydraulic vulnerability of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trunk wood with an expected narrow vulnerability range. The sample-set comprised 52 specimens originating from 34 trees harvested in Sweden. Before mechanical testing, the P 50, i.e., the water potential resulting in 50 % of hydraulic conductivity loss, was estimated on small sapwood beams employing the air injection method. Compression strength perpendicular to the grain was defined as the first peak of a stress-strain curve (peak stress) when the wood is subjected to radial compression. Peak stress ranged between 1,65 MPa and 5,07 MPa, P 50 between -2,98 MPa and -1,98 MPa. We found a good correlation between the peak stress and P 50 (r = 0,80; P < 0,0001). This provides further evidence that peak stress in radial compression and P 50 are both extremely dependent on the characteristics of the “weakest” wood part, i.e., the highly conductive earlywood. We conclude that the radial compression strength is a good proxy for P 50 of mature Norway spruce trunk wood.

Resumo O câncer de pulmão de não-pequenas células (CPNPC) é um dos tumores malignos mais comuns. Produtos químicos e terapia direcionada têm sido usados para tratar esse tumor, mas o desenvolvimento de resistência tem dificultado o tratamento dos pacientes. Assim, muitos pesquisadores buscam novos compostos que sejam capazes de reverter a resistência. Plantas da Amazônia brasileira, como Apuleia leiocarpa, representam uma fonte alternativa de novos compostos com potencial para tratar o câncer de pulmão. Concentrações crescentes de extratos de A. leiocarpa (25, 50 e 100 µg/ml) de caule, alburno, raiz e casca foram testadas contra a linhagem celular NSCLC (H460) por 48 h. Os extratos diclorometano - caule (ALE3) e etanólico - casca (ALE5) inibiram a viabilidade celular e foram posteriormente avaliados quanto a apoptose, perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial (MMP) e expressão de proteínas pertencentes à via apoptótica e autofágica. Os resultados mostraram que ALE3 e ALE5 foram capazes de induzir apoptose dependente da dose e perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial, e enquanto ALE3 induziu a expressão de marcadores apoptóticos como p53 e caspase 3 ativa, ALE5 induziu a expressão de marcadores de autofagia, como Beclin-1, ATG12 e LC3II. Este estudo mostra pela primeira vez que Apuleia leiocarpa possui um significativo potencial antitumoral contra o câncer de pulmão. nãopequenas não pequenas CPNPC (CPNPC comuns tumor pacientes Assim brasileira A 25, 25 (25 5 10 µg/ml µgml µg ml alburno H460 H (H460 4 h ALE (ALE3 (ALE5 MMP (MMP autofágica p p5 ativa autofagia Beclin1, Beclin1 Beclin 1, 1 Beclin-1 ATG ATG1 LC3II LCII LC II 2 (2 H46 (H46 (ALE Beclin- ( H4 (H4 (H

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Chemicals and target-directed therapy have been used to treat these tumors, but the development of resistance has hampered patient treatment. Thus, many researchers are seeking new compounds that are capable of reversing resistance. Plants from the Brazilian Amazon, such as Apuleia leiocarpa, represent an alternative source of new compounds with the potential to treat lung cancer. Increasing concentrations of A. leiocarpa extracts (25, 50 and 100 µg/ml) from stem, sapwood, root, and stem bark were tested against an NSCLC cell line (H460) for 48 h. The dichloromethane-stem (ALE3) and ethanolic-stem bark (ALE5) extracts inhibited cell viability and were further evaluated for apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and expression of proteins belonging to the apoptotic and autophagic pathway. The results indicated that ALE3 and ALE5 induced dose-dependent apoptosis and loss of MMP, and while ALE3 induced the expression of apoptotic markers p53 and active caspase 3, ALE5 induced the expression of autophagy markers Beclin-1, ATG12 and LC3II. This study demonstrates for the first time that Apuleia leiocarpa possess significant antitumoral potential to fight lung cancer. Nonsmall Non small (NSCLC tumors targetdirected target directed treatment Thus Amazon A 25, 25 (25 5 10 µg/ml µgml µg ml sapwood root H460 H (H460 4 h dichloromethanestem dichloromethane ALE (ALE3 ethanolicstem ethanolic (ALE5 MMP , (MMP) pathway dosedependent dose dependent p p5 3 Beclin1, Beclin1 Beclin 1, 1 Beclin-1 ATG ATG1 LC3II LCII LC II 2 (2 H46 (H46 (ALE (MMP Beclin- ( H4 (H4 (H

ABSTRACT Population growth and the high demand for the use of wood already consolidated on the market have caused a high demand for forestry resources. This factor motivated the search for other species with properties that satisfy everyday needs in industrial applications. The research aims to characterize the physical-mechanical properties of Anthocleista grandiflora wood. Samples were taken to determine the properties of the three trunks’ base, middle, and top regions at 38, 43, and 47-year-old. Physical (density, moisture content, and volumetric increase) and mechanical tests (flexural strength, elasticity resistance, shear strength, and Janka hardness) were used to characterize the material. The results confirmed that the lowest average moisture content was presented at the base of 38-year-old trees, with values varying from 12.2 to 13.3% in the heartwood and sapwood regions. For density, the base of 47-year-old trees obtained the highest values, with a variation of 434.3–477.3 kg m–3 in the heartwood and sapwood regions. Mechanical flexural strength tests demonstrated that the highest value for the modulus of rupture was 63 MPa, indicated by samples taken from the heartwood of 43-year-old trees. The results show that A. Grandiflora wood can be used for various value-added purposes (construction, furniture, and other equipment). resources applications physicalmechanical physical trunks middle 38 43 47yearold. 47yearold yearold 47 year old. old density (density increase resistance hardness material 38yearold 122 12 2 12. 133 13 3 13.3 43434773 434 477 434.3–477. m3 m m– 6 MPa 43yearold A valueadded added construction, construction (construction furniture equipment. equipment . equipment) 4 1 13. 4343477 434.3–477 434347 434.3–47 43434 434.3–4 4343 434.3– 434.3 434.

Resumen Introducción: Gmelina arborea Roxb. es plantada en los programas de reforestación con clones para mejorar la productividad. Objetivos: Evaluar las propiedades de la madera y determinar la heredabilidad de 14 clones de G. melina para establecer un ranking genético de selección. Materiales y métodos: El ensayo se estableció con un diseño de bloques completos al azar (seis bloques de seis individuos de cada clon de 36 meses de edad). El volumen y área basal, las propiedades morfológicas del árbol (diámetro, corteza, albura y duramen) y físicas de la madera (peso específico, densidad verde y humedad) se determinaron en cada individuo. Resultados y discusión: Los parámetros de crecimiento no variaron significativamente (P > 0.05) entre los 14 clones. En el análisis genético, el clon no tuvo efecto significativo sobre el peso específico ni el contenido de humedad, mientras que la altura del fuste del árbol sí influyó significativamente sobre todas las variables. La interacción clon*altura no fue significativa en las variables estudiadas. En cuanto al control genético, se determinaron valores altos de heredabilidad individual solo para el porcentaje de duramen. El análisis de ranking evidenció que los mejores clones fueron el 1, 7, 12 y 13, posicionándose en la categoría 1. Conclusiones: Cuatro clones fueron superiores considerando el crecimiento y algunas propiedades de la madera, los cuales presentan potencial para seguir mejorando genéticamente a G. arborea en los programas de reforestación.

Abstract Introduction: Gmelina arborea Roxb. is planted in reforestation programs with clones to improve productivity. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate wood properties and determine the heritability of 14 clones of G. melina to establish a genetic ranking for selection. Materials and methods: The trial was established with a randomized complete block design (six blocks of six individuals of each clone of 36 months of age). Basal area and volume, tree morphological properties (diameter, bark, sapwood and heartwood) and wood physical properties (specific gravity, green density and moisture content) were estimated for each individual. Results and discussion: Growth parameters were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the 14 clones. Clone had no significant effect on specific weight and moisture content in the genetic analysis, while tree stem height had a significant impact on all variables. The clone*height interaction was not significant for the variables studied. As for genetic control, high individual heritability values were determined only for heartwood percentage. The ranking analysis evidenced that the best clones were 1, 7, 12 and 13, positioning themselves in category 1. Conclusions: Four clones were higher regarding growth and some wood properties, showing potential for further genetic improvement of G. arborea in reforestation programs.

Resumen Eurysthea sordida (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) es un coleóptero de distribución tropical en Sudamérica que ocasiona daño de importancia económica en Alnus acuminata Kunth en el valle del Mantaro, región de Junín, Perú. En la región, no hay un estudio completo como el ciclo de vida y el daño que ocasiona a Alnus acuminata. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la morfología de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida recolectados en A. acuminata, así como caracterizar su daño. Para esto, se midió la longitud total (L) y el ancho (A) de huevos, larvas, pupas y adultos de E. sordida, así como el diámetro de las perforaciones en corteza y albura de A. acuminata. Adicionalmente, se realizó la descripción morfológica completa de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida para confirmar su identificación taxonómica y la descripción morfológica completa de los estados de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto de E. sordida. Se observaron seis estadios larvales con los siguientes parámetros, I (2,518 ± 0,421 mm), II (6,228 ± 1,858 mm), III (15,961 ± 2,752 mm), IV (23,048 ± 1,581 mm), V (28,301 ± 1,170 mm) y VI (33,055 ± 1,412 mm). Todos los ejemplares de A. acuminata evaluados resultaron atacados por individuos de E. sordida, mostrando daños leves hasta muy severos desde la base hasta el fuste medio, en la corteza, el cámbium y la albura. Esta investigación es el primer reporte de los estadios biológicos de E. sordida y sobre los daños a la corteza y la albura de A. acuminata para el valle del Mantaro.

Abstract Eurysthea sordida (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a coleopteran of tropical distribution in South America that causes damage of economic importance on Alnus acuminata Kunth in the Mantaro Valley, Junín region, Peru. In the region, there is no complete study of its life cycle and the damage it causes to Alnus acuminata. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the morphology of the biological stages of E. sordida on A. acuminata, as well as to characterize the damage caused by E sordida. For this, the total length (L) and width (W) of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of E. sordida were measured, as well as the diameter of the perforations in the bark and sapwood of A. acuminata. Additionally, a complete morphological description of the biological stages of E. sordida to confirm its taxonomic identification was performed. A complete morphological description of the egg, larval and adult pupal stages of E. sordida was carried out and its taxonomic identity was confirmed. Six larval stages were observed with the following parameters, I (2.518 ± 0.421 mm), II (6.228 ± 1.858 mm), III (15.961 ± 2.752 mm), IV (23.048 ± 1.581 mm), V (28.301 ± 1.170 mm), and VI (33.055 ± 1.412 mm). All the specimens of A. acuminata evaluated were attacked by E. sordida individuals, showing slight to very severe damage from the base to the mid-shaft, in the bark, cambium and sapwood. This research is the first report on the biological stages of E. sordida and on the damage to the bark and sapwood of A. acuminata for the Mantaro Valley.

RESUMO Cenários de instabilidade econômica e redução do consumo de carvão vegetal, como as ocorridas em 2009 e 2016, afetam a produção deste insumo, resultando na manutenção das florestas de eucalipto e aumento da idade de corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira de quatro clones de Eucalyptus (clones 1, 2, 3 e 4) com idades entre 108 e 120 meses e do carvão vegetal produzido em forno retangular. Para caracterização da madeira, foram avaliadas a relação cerne/alburno, densidade básica, massa seca por hectare.ano e composição química. As carbonizações foram realizadas em forno retangular, com capacidade de 210 m³ de madeira, e determinaram-se o rendimento gravimétrico e as propriedades do carvão vegetal: densidade do carvão vegetal, granulometria e porcentagem de finos, índice de friabilidade, análise imediata, além da massa de carvão produzida por hectare.ano. Verificou-se efeito significativo dos clones na densidade básica e massa seca, com valores de 494 a 589 kg m-3 e 12,47 a 23,34 ton.ha-1, respectivamente. O rendimento médio em carvão vegetal não diferiu entre os clones e foi igual a 34,1%, enquanto o rendimento em atiço variou de 3,2% para o clone 4 a 10,7% para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 3 apresentaram em média 65% do volume de carvão vegetal na maior faixa granulométrica (>30 mm), enquanto os clones 2 e 4 tiveram 49,5% nessa granulometria. O carvão vegetal dos quatro clones foi de média resistência e a densidade aparente variou de 356 a 458 kg.m-3, com maior valor para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 2 apresentaram a maior produção de carvão vegetal, 7,5 toneladas por hectare.ano. O carbono fixo não variou entre os clones, apresentando média igual a 76,92%. Os clones de Eucalyptus nas idades de 108 e 120 meses apresentam propriedades da madeira adequadas para a produção de carvão vegetal, alcançando rendimento gravimétrico e qualidade satisfatórios para uso metalúrgico, destacando-se os clones 1 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. grandis) e 3 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis). 200 2016 insumo corte 10 12 retangular cernealburno cerne alburno cerne/alburno hectareano hectare ano química 21 m determinaramse determinaram se finos friabilidade imediata Verificouse Verificou 49 58 m3 m- 1247 47 12,4 2334 23 34 23,3 ton.ha1, tonha1 tonha ton.ha ton ha ton.ha-1 respectivamente 341 34,1% 32 3,2 107 7 10,7 65 >30 30 (>3 mm, mm , mm) 495 5 49,5 35 45 kg.m3, kgm3 kgm kg.m 3, kg.m-3 75 7, 7692 76 92 76,92% metalúrgico destacandose destacando híbrido E grandis camaldulensis. camaldulensis . camaldulensis) 20 201 124 12, 233 23, ha1 ton.ha1 ton.ha- 34,1 10, 6 >3 (> 49, kg.m3 kg.m- 769 9 76,92 34, > ( 76,9 76,

ABSTRACT Economic instability scenarios and reduction in charcoal consumption, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2016, affect production and result in the maintenance of eucalyptus forests and an increase in the rotation age. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of wood from four Eucalyptus clones (clones 1, 2, 3, and 4) at the ages of 108 and 120 months and the charcoal produced in a rectangular kiln. We evaluated the heart/sapwood ratio, basic density, dry mass per hectare.year, and chemical composition . The carbonizations were performed in a rectangular kiln (210 m³ of wood). We determined the gravimetric yield and the charcoal properties: density, particle size and percentage of fines, friability index, proximate analysis, and mass of charcoal produced per hectare.year. We verified the significant effect of clones on basic density and dry mass, whose variations were from 494 to 589 kg m-3 and 12.47 to 23.34 ton.ha-1, respectively. The charcoal yield did not differ among clones (34.1%), while the yield of semicarbonized wood varied from 3.2% (clone 4) to 10.7% (clone 3). The particle size of 65% of the charcoal volume of clones 1 and 3 was greater than 30 mm, and 49.5% of clones 2 and 4. We found medium mechanical resistance for charcoal from all four clones. The apparent density ranged from 356 to 458 kg.m-3, with the highest average value for clone 3. We found the highest charcoal production for clones 1 and 2, 7.5 tons per hectare.year. The fixed carbon did not vary among clones (76.92%). The wood properties of the Eucalyptus clones at ages 108 and 120 months are suitable for charcoal production for metallurgical use. Clones 1 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. grandis) and 3 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) stood out from the others. consumption 200 2016 age 4 10 12 heartsapwood heart sapwood ratio hectareyear hectare year hectare.year 210 (21 m wood. wood) fines index analysis 49 58 m3 m- 1247 47 12.4 2334 23 34 23.3 ton.ha1, tonha1 tonha ton.ha ton ha ton.ha-1 respectively 34.1%, 341 34.1% , (34.1%) 32 3.2 107 7 10.7 3) 65 mm 495 5 49.5 35 45 kg.m3, kgm3 kgm kg.m kg.m-3 75 7. 76.92%. 7692 76.92% 76 92 (76.92%) use E grandis camaldulensis others 20 201 21 (2 124 12. 233 23. ha1 ton.ha1 ton.ha- 34.1 (34.1% 10. 6 49. kg.m3 kg.m- 769 76.92 9 (76.92% ( 34. (34.1 76.9 (76.92 (34. 76. (76.9 (34 (76. (3 (76 (7

RESUMO: A crescente demanda mundial do mercado de polpa celulósica tem fomentado pesquisas que avaliem fontes de fibras alternativas com características específicas que atendam às necessidades do mercado consumidor, visando agregar valor ao produto final e reduzir os custos de produção. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, o lenho de Acacia mearnsii De Wild é considerado um subproduto da extração de tanino da casca do tronco, utilizada como lenha, carvão e pellets. No entanto, ainda é pouco estudado, em especial suas características anatômicas, as quais podem fornecer informações importantes sobre suas potencialidades industriais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características anatômicas do lenho de Acacia mearnsii para a produção de celulose e papel. Foram coletadas dez árvores com aproximadamente sete anos de idade, sendo cinco provenientes da área de produção de sementes (APS) e cinco da área de povoamento clonal (APC). De cada árvore, foi seccionado um disco do tronco na altura do DAP, resultando em dez amostras de lenho. De cada disco, foi confeccionado um corpo de prova do alburno, orientado nos planos longitudinal tangencial, longitudinal radial e transversal, para posterior obtenção dos cortes anatômicos e dos macerados. A descrição anatômica do lenho seguiu as recomendações da Associação Internacional de Anatomistas da Madeira-IAWA. A partir das dimensões das fibras, foram calculados os seus índices de avaliação da qualidade para a produção de celulose e papel. Os resultados obtidos da caracterização anatômica permitiram concluir que os lenhos de Acacia mearnsii provenientes de APS e APC são indicados como matérias-primas para a produção de celulose e papel. RESUMO consumidor Sul Brasil lenha pellets entanto estudado industriais papel idade (APS APC. . (APC) árvore DAP alburno tangencial transversal macerados MadeiraIAWA. MadeiraIAWA Madeira IAWA. IAWA Madeira-IAWA matériasprimas matérias primas (APC

ABSTRACT: The growing worldwide demand in the pulp market has fostered research that evaluates alternative fiber sources with specific characteristics that attend the needs of the consumer market, with a view to add value to the final product and reduce production costs. Acacia mearnsii De Wild wood is a by-product of the extraction of tannin from the trunk bark, used for firewood, charcoal and pellets. However, its wood is still poorly studied, especially its anatomical characteristics, which can provide important information about its industrial potential. This study evaluated the anatomical characteristics of Acacia mearnsii wood for the production of pulp and paper. Ten trees at approximately seven years old were cut down, five from the seed production area (SPA) and five from the clonal population area (CPA). From each tree, one trunk disc was sectioned at the diameter at breast height (DBH), resulting in 10 (ten) wood samples. From each disc, a sapwood specimen was made oriented in the tangential longitudinal, radial longitudinal and transversal planes, for later obtaining the anatomical cuts and the macerates. The anatomical description of the wood followed the recommendations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists-IAWA. From the dimensions of the fibers, their quality evaluation ratios for the production of pulp and paper were calculated. Results obtained from the anatomical characterization allowed to conclude that the Acacia mearnsii woods from SPA and CPA are indicated as a source of raw material for the pulp and paper production. ABSTRACT costs byproduct by bark firewood pellets However studied potential down (SPA CPA. . (CPA) tree DBH, DBH , (DBH) 1 ten (ten samples planes macerates AnatomistsIAWA. AnatomistsIAWA Anatomists IAWA. IAWA Anatomists-IAWA fibers calculated (CPA (DBH

Resumen Se realizó un análisis para determinar los principales componentes químicos de la madera de tres cabezas de vigas de pino procedentes del área de archivo del edificio histórico conocido como La Mitra, de la ciudad de Morelia, en Michoacán, México. Este análisis es complementario a uno previamente realizado, por medio de ultrasonido y con fines de conservación y restauración de estructuras de carácter histórico. Las vigas que aquí se analizaron forman parte del grupo que se estudió en esa primera fase; seleccionadas de forma aleatoria de un grupo de 40 y con dimensiones de 25 cm × 17 cm × 60 cm. Se tomaron muestras de albura y de duramen en dos secciones distintas (zona de empotramiento deteriorada y sana). Para cada viga se determinaron valores de pH, cenizas, análisis de las cenizas, sustancias extraíbles, holocelulosa y lignina. Los resultados encontrados fueron: pH de 3.20 a 4.67, cenizas 0.25% a 1.36%, con mayor concentración de oxígeno (3.36% a 6.64%), calcio (1.80% a 3.46%), carbono (1.18% a 3.45%), potasio (0.20% a 0.84%), aluminio (0.17% a 0.31%), silicio (0.15% a 0.59%) y magnesio (0.15% a 0.56%); solubilidad en sosa de (9.83% a 27.78%), extraíbles totales, en la extracción secuencial, la mayor solubilidad se obtuvo con acetona, (2.92% a 6.96%), seguido de agua caliente (0.25% a 7.49%), metanol (2.03% a 6.22%) y ciclohexano (0.98% a 2.66%); holocelulosa (68.22% a 84.01%) y lignina (24.19% a 31.83%). El pH, la solubilidad en sosa, la holocelulosa y la lignina presentaron una variación estadística significativa (P < 0,05) entre albura y duramen de las zonas sanas y deterioradas.

Abstract An analysis was carried out to determine the main chemical components of the wood of three pieces of pine beams from the archive area of the historic building known as La Mitra, in the city of Morelia, in Michoacán, Mexico. This analysis is complementary to one previously carried out, by means of ultrasound and for the purpose of conservation and restoration of historical structures. The beams that were analyzed here are part of the group that was studied in that first phase, randomly selected from a group of 40 and with dimensions of 25 cm × 17 cm × 60 cm. Sapwood and heartwood samples were taken in two different sections (decayed and healthy embedment area). For each beam, pH, ashes, ash analysis, extractable substances, holocellulose and lignin values were determined. The results found were: pH from 3.20 to 4.67, ashes 0.25% to 1.36%, with a higher concentration of oxygen (3.36% to 6.64%), calcium (1.80% to 3.46%), carbon (1.18% to 3.45%), potassium (0.20% to 0.84%), aluminum (0.17% to 0.31%), silicon (0.15% to 0.59%), and magnesium (0.15% to 0.56%); solubility in soda (9.83% to 27.78%), total extractables, in the sequential extraction, the highest solubility was obtained with acetone, (2.92% to 6.96%), followed by hot water (0.25% to 7.49%), methanol ( 2.03% to 6.22%) and cyclohexane (0.98% to 2.66%); holocellulose (68.22% to 84.01%) and lignin (24.19% to 31.83%). The pH, solubility in soda, holocellulose and lignin presented a statistically significant variation (P < 0.05) between sapwood and heartwood in healthy and deteriorated areas.

Abstract: An optimum adhesive penetration is needed to provide satisfactory bonding strength at the veneer-veneer interface. The effect of veneer density and glue spreading rate on the phenol formaldehyde adhesive penetration plot profile was determined. An X-ray apparatus was used to visualize the adhesive penetration of the plywood. The heartwood and sapwood veneer of Cryptomeria japonica with low, medium, and high veneer densities were made into plywood. The glue spreading rate was applied from 75 g/m2 to 225 g/m2 for the heartwood plywood and up to 300 g/m2 for the sapwood plywood (plus 75 g/m2 at every level of glue spreading rate). An X-ray apparatus with a low tube voltage successfully visualized the adhesive penetration plot profile. Based on the half-width calculation, the adhesive penetration depth ranged from 0,3 - 0,9 mm. The mean half-width was 0,5 mm. The adhesive concentration increased with increasing glue spreading rate. In contrast, it also showed that using different veneer densities and increasing glue spreading rates does not affect the half-width value as the adhesive penetrates deeper.

Abstract: Cryptomeria fortunei has been widely planted in many cities in southern China. Eventually some of this material may be utilized for timber, but there are relatively few studies of durability of this resource. There is also some question as to whether Cryptomeria fortunei is a synonym for Cryptomeria japonica or Japanese cedar (Sugi). Evaluating the durability of the Chinese resource will help ensure that the decay resistance of this urban plantation resource is properly categorized. The decay resistance of Cryptomeria fortunei wood was assessed in soil block and agar block tests against Trametes versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta. Hot water and ethanol extractive contents of the heartwood were determined on sections from various distances above ground and then FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the wood before and after fungal exposure. Weight losses in sapwood were consistent with the minimal decay resistance of this portion of the wood. Inner and outer heartwood weight losses were more variable suggesting that the heartwood of this species would be considered to be only moderately durable. Extractives were weakly correlated with decay resistance. FTIR results were more variable, although they suggested heavier attack of lignin components by the brown rot fungi. The results suggest that Cryptomeria fortunei would need to be protected from the weather unless supplemental preservative treatments were applied.

RESUMO A madeira de Dipteryx panamensis é usada no reflorestamento na Costa Rica, tendo um programa de melhoramento genético iniciado recentemente no país. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da altura do tronco das árvores na variação de casca, alburno, cerne, densidade verde (GD), densidade básica (SG) e teor de umidade na condição verde (MC-G) em uma coleção de procedências/progênies aos 8 anos de idade, plantados na vila de Florencia no município de San Carlos na região nordeste da Costa Rica. De cada uma das 17 famílias, a madeira foi investigada em três progênies e as propriedades foram avaliadas em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 % da altura comercial. Os resultados mostraram que o diâmetro das árvores e a espessura da casca não apresentaram valores com diferenças estatísticas nas diferentes alturas da árvore. Houve diferenças significativas em diâmetro e porcentagem de cerne e alburno entre procedências e famílias. A espessura e porcentagem de alburno, espessura e porcentagem de casca, diâmetro, porcentagem e porcentagem de excentricidade da medula não registraram diferenças significativas entre as famílias. Nas propriedades físicas da madeira, determinou-se que o SG e o MC-G apresentaram uma variação significativa entre procedências em todas as alturas das árvores. Enquanto o GD registrou diferenças ao 25 %. A variação nas propriedades físicas, especialmente a SG, entre famílias dentro de cada proveniência, mostra o potencial de seleção para melhoramento genético, com ênfase na seleção com base na parte mais basal do tronco das árvores.

ABSTRACT Dipteryx panamensis is used in reforestation in Costa Rica and a genetic improvement program has been recently started in the country. The objective of the present study was to study the effect of tree trunk height on the variation of bark, sapwood, heartwood, green density (GD), specific gravity (SG) and green moisture content in green condition (MC-G), in a collection of 8-year-old provenances/progenies planted in the town of Florencia in San Carlos in the northern region of Costa Rica The wood of each of 17 families were studied based on 3 of their progenies, evaluating the properties relative to 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the commercial height. According to the results, tree diameter and bark thickness showed no statistical differences in their values across trunk. Significant differences were found in diameter and percentage of heartwood and sapwood between provenances and families. The thickness and percentage of sapwood, thickness and percentage of bark, diameter, pith percentage and percentage of pith eccentricity, showed no significant differences between families. SG and the MC-G presented significant variation between provenances, while GD registered differences at above 25 % commercial height. The variation of physical properties, especially SG, between families within each provenance, shows selection potential for genetic improvement, focusing particularly on the bottom section of the tree.