Abstract The technique of bending wood by vaporization presents itself as a viable option for curvilinear structural projects, such as gridshells. Coniferous woods are often used in roof structures because, in addition to the desired relationship between mechanical strength and density, they allow the complete treatment of the cross-section of the piece. However, characteristics such as the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects are variables that affect structural performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bending limit of Acrocarpus laxinifloius (Indian cedar) veneers with a bending radius of 21 cm at different thicknesses. The impact of the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects on the bending strength was also investigated. The literature indicates that plastic flexibilization by steam occurs at 100°C, with 2.4 minutes for each millimeter of lamella thickness, which were the parameters considered in this study. The statistical analysis indicated a thickness limit of 8 mm for the lamellae to bend and the greater presence of sapwood or heartwood, as well as wood defects, did not significantly affect the bending force. projects gridshells because density crosssection cross section piece However performance Indian cedar 2 thicknesses investigated 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2. force 10 1

Resumo Atécnica de vergamento da madeira por vaporização se apresenta como opção viável para projetos de estruturas curvilíneas, como as gridshells. Madeiras coníferas são comumente adotadas em estruturas de cobertura, pois além da desejada relação entre resistência mecânica e densidade, permitem o completo tratamento da seção transversal da peça. Entretanto, características como a predominância de alburno ou de cerne e a presença de defeitos são variáveis que afetam o desempenho estrutural. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o limite de vergamento de lamelas de Acrocarpus flaxinifloius (cedro indiano) com raio de curvatura de 21 cm em diferentes espessuras. Também se investigou o impacto da predominância de alburno ou cerne e da presença de defeitos na força de vergamento. A literatura indica que a flexibilização plástica por vapor ocorre a 100°C, com 2,4 minutos para cada milímetro de espessura da lamela, parâmetros estes considerados neste estudo. A análise estatística indicou o limite de 8 mm de espessura para o vergamento das lamelas e a maior presença de alburno ou de cerne, bem como os defeitos da madeira, não afetou significativamente a força de vergamento. curvilíneas gridshells cobertura densidade peça Entretanto estrutural cedro indiano 2 espessuras 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2, lamela 10 1

Abstract: Hydraulic testing of isolated sapwood from mature tree trunks is time-consuming and prone to errors, whereas the measurement of compression strength is a standardized and rapid wood technological application. In this study, we aimed to analyze if compression stress perpendicular to the grain relates to hydraulic vulnerability of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trunk wood with an expected narrow vulnerability range. The sample-set comprised 52 specimens originating from 34 trees harvested in Sweden. Before mechanical testing, the P 50, i.e., the water potential resulting in 50 % of hydraulic conductivity loss, was estimated on small sapwood beams employing the air injection method. Compression strength perpendicular to the grain was defined as the first peak of a stress-strain curve (peak stress) when the wood is subjected to radial compression. Peak stress ranged between 1,65 MPa and 5,07 MPa, P 50 between -2,98 MPa and -1,98 MPa. We found a good correlation between the peak stress and P 50 (r = 0,80; P < 0,0001). This provides further evidence that peak stress in radial compression and P 50 are both extremely dependent on the characteristics of the “weakest” wood part, i.e., the highly conductive earlywood. We conclude that the radial compression strength is a good proxy for P 50 of mature Norway spruce trunk wood.

ABSTRACT Population growth and the high demand for the use of wood already consolidated on the market have caused a high demand for forestry resources. This factor motivated the search for other species with properties that satisfy everyday needs in industrial applications. The research aims to characterize the physical-mechanical properties of Anthocleista grandiflora wood. Samples were taken to determine the properties of the three trunks’ base, middle, and top regions at 38, 43, and 47-year-old. Physical (density, moisture content, and volumetric increase) and mechanical tests (flexural strength, elasticity resistance, shear strength, and Janka hardness) were used to characterize the material. The results confirmed that the lowest average moisture content was presented at the base of 38-year-old trees, with values varying from 12.2 to 13.3% in the heartwood and sapwood regions. For density, the base of 47-year-old trees obtained the highest values, with a variation of 434.3–477.3 kg m–3 in the heartwood and sapwood regions. Mechanical flexural strength tests demonstrated that the highest value for the modulus of rupture was 63 MPa, indicated by samples taken from the heartwood of 43-year-old trees. The results show that A. Grandiflora wood can be used for various value-added purposes (construction, furniture, and other equipment). resources applications physicalmechanical physical trunks middle 38 43 47yearold. 47yearold yearold 47 year old. old density (density increase resistance hardness material 38yearold 122 12 2 12. 133 13 3 13.3 43434773 434 477 434.3–477. m3 m m– 6 MPa 43yearold A valueadded added construction, construction (construction furniture equipment. equipment . equipment) 4 1 13. 4343477 434.3–477 434347 434.3–47 43434 434.3–4 4343 434.3– 434.3 434.

Abstract Introduction: Gmelina arborea Roxb. is planted in reforestation programs with clones to improve productivity. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate wood properties and determine the heritability of 14 clones of G. melina to establish a genetic ranking for selection. Materials and methods: The trial was established with a randomized complete block design (six blocks of six individuals of each clone of 36 months of age). Basal area and volume, tree morphological properties (diameter, bark, sapwood and heartwood) and wood physical properties (specific gravity, green density and moisture content) were estimated for each individual. Results and discussion: Growth parameters were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the 14 clones. Clone had no significant effect on specific weight and moisture content in the genetic analysis, while tree stem height had a significant impact on all variables. The clone*height interaction was not significant for the variables studied. As for genetic control, high individual heritability values were determined only for heartwood percentage. The ranking analysis evidenced that the best clones were 1, 7, 12 and 13, positioning themselves in category 1. Conclusions: Four clones were higher regarding growth and some wood properties, showing potential for further genetic improvement of G. arborea in reforestation programs.

Resumen Introducción: Gmelina arborea Roxb. es plantada en los programas de reforestación con clones para mejorar la productividad. Objetivos: Evaluar las propiedades de la madera y determinar la heredabilidad de 14 clones de G. melina para establecer un ranking genético de selección. Materiales y métodos: El ensayo se estableció con un diseño de bloques completos al azar (seis bloques de seis individuos de cada clon de 36 meses de edad). El volumen y área basal, las propiedades morfológicas del árbol (diámetro, corteza, albura y duramen) y físicas de la madera (peso específico, densidad verde y humedad) se determinaron en cada individuo. Resultados y discusión: Los parámetros de crecimiento no variaron significativamente (P > 0.05) entre los 14 clones. En el análisis genético, el clon no tuvo efecto significativo sobre el peso específico ni el contenido de humedad, mientras que la altura del fuste del árbol sí influyó significativamente sobre todas las variables. La interacción clon*altura no fue significativa en las variables estudiadas. En cuanto al control genético, se determinaron valores altos de heredabilidad individual solo para el porcentaje de duramen. El análisis de ranking evidenció que los mejores clones fueron el 1, 7, 12 y 13, posicionándose en la categoría 1. Conclusiones: Cuatro clones fueron superiores considerando el crecimiento y algunas propiedades de la madera, los cuales presentan potencial para seguir mejorando genéticamente a G. arborea en los programas de reforestación.

Abstract: Cryptomeria fortunei has been widely planted in many cities in southern China. Eventually some of this material may be utilized for timber, but there are relatively few studies of durability of this resource. There is also some question as to whether Cryptomeria fortunei is a synonym for Cryptomeria japonica or Japanese cedar (Sugi). Evaluating the durability of the Chinese resource will help ensure that the decay resistance of this urban plantation resource is properly categorized. The decay resistance of Cryptomeria fortunei wood was assessed in soil block and agar block tests against Trametes versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta. Hot water and ethanol extractive contents of the heartwood were determined on sections from various distances above ground and then FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the wood before and after fungal exposure. Weight losses in sapwood were consistent with the minimal decay resistance of this portion of the wood. Inner and outer heartwood weight losses were more variable suggesting that the heartwood of this species would be considered to be only moderately durable. Extractives were weakly correlated with decay resistance. FTIR results were more variable, although they suggested heavier attack of lignin components by the brown rot fungi. The results suggest that Cryptomeria fortunei would need to be protected from the weather unless supplemental preservative treatments were applied.

ABSTRACT Economic instability scenarios and reduction in charcoal consumption, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2016, affect production and result in the maintenance of eucalyptus forests and an increase in the rotation age. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of wood from four Eucalyptus clones (clones 1, 2, 3, and 4) at the ages of 108 and 120 months and the charcoal produced in a rectangular kiln. We evaluated the heart/sapwood ratio, basic density, dry mass per hectare.year, and chemical composition . The carbonizations were performed in a rectangular kiln (210 m³ of wood). We determined the gravimetric yield and the charcoal properties: density, particle size and percentage of fines, friability index, proximate analysis, and mass of charcoal produced per hectare.year. We verified the significant effect of clones on basic density and dry mass, whose variations were from 494 to 589 kg m-3 and 12.47 to 23.34 ton.ha-1, respectively. The charcoal yield did not differ among clones (34.1%), while the yield of semicarbonized wood varied from 3.2% (clone 4) to 10.7% (clone 3). The particle size of 65% of the charcoal volume of clones 1 and 3 was greater than 30 mm, and 49.5% of clones 2 and 4. We found medium mechanical resistance for charcoal from all four clones. The apparent density ranged from 356 to 458 kg.m-3, with the highest average value for clone 3. We found the highest charcoal production for clones 1 and 2, 7.5 tons per hectare.year. The fixed carbon did not vary among clones (76.92%). The wood properties of the Eucalyptus clones at ages 108 and 120 months are suitable for charcoal production for metallurgical use. Clones 1 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. grandis) and 3 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) stood out from the others. consumption 200 2016 age 4 10 12 heartsapwood heart sapwood ratio hectareyear hectare year hectare.year 210 (21 m wood. wood) fines index analysis 49 58 m3 m- 1247 47 12.4 2334 23 34 23.3 ton.ha1, tonha1 tonha ton.ha ton ha ton.ha-1 respectively 34.1%, 341 34.1% , (34.1%) 32 3.2 107 7 10.7 3) 65 mm 495 5 49.5 35 45 kg.m3, kgm3 kgm kg.m kg.m-3 75 7. 76.92%. 7692 76.92% 76 92 (76.92%) use E grandis camaldulensis others 20 201 21 (2 124 12. 233 23. ha1 ton.ha1 ton.ha- 34.1 (34.1% 10. 6 49. kg.m3 kg.m- 769 76.92 9 (76.92% ( 34. (34.1 76.9 (76.92 (34. 76. (76.9 (34 (76. (3 (76 (7

RESUMO Cenários de instabilidade econômica e redução do consumo de carvão vegetal, como as ocorridas em 2009 e 2016, afetam a produção deste insumo, resultando na manutenção das florestas de eucalipto e aumento da idade de corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira de quatro clones de Eucalyptus (clones 1, 2, 3 e 4) com idades entre 108 e 120 meses e do carvão vegetal produzido em forno retangular. Para caracterização da madeira, foram avaliadas a relação cerne/alburno, densidade básica, massa seca por hectare.ano e composição química. As carbonizações foram realizadas em forno retangular, com capacidade de 210 m³ de madeira, e determinaram-se o rendimento gravimétrico e as propriedades do carvão vegetal: densidade do carvão vegetal, granulometria e porcentagem de finos, índice de friabilidade, análise imediata, além da massa de carvão produzida por hectare.ano. Verificou-se efeito significativo dos clones na densidade básica e massa seca, com valores de 494 a 589 kg m-3 e 12,47 a 23,34 ton.ha-1, respectivamente. O rendimento médio em carvão vegetal não diferiu entre os clones e foi igual a 34,1%, enquanto o rendimento em atiço variou de 3,2% para o clone 4 a 10,7% para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 3 apresentaram em média 65% do volume de carvão vegetal na maior faixa granulométrica (>30 mm), enquanto os clones 2 e 4 tiveram 49,5% nessa granulometria. O carvão vegetal dos quatro clones foi de média resistência e a densidade aparente variou de 356 a 458 kg.m-3, com maior valor para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 2 apresentaram a maior produção de carvão vegetal, 7,5 toneladas por hectare.ano. O carbono fixo não variou entre os clones, apresentando média igual a 76,92%. Os clones de Eucalyptus nas idades de 108 e 120 meses apresentam propriedades da madeira adequadas para a produção de carvão vegetal, alcançando rendimento gravimétrico e qualidade satisfatórios para uso metalúrgico, destacando-se os clones 1 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. grandis) e 3 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis). 200 2016 insumo corte 10 12 retangular cernealburno cerne alburno cerne/alburno hectareano hectare ano química 21 m determinaramse determinaram se finos friabilidade imediata Verificouse Verificou 49 58 m3 m- 1247 47 12,4 2334 23 34 23,3 ton.ha1, tonha1 tonha ton.ha ton ha ton.ha-1 respectivamente 341 34,1% 32 3,2 107 7 10,7 65 >30 30 (>3 mm, mm , mm) 495 5 49,5 35 45 kg.m3, kgm3 kgm kg.m 3, kg.m-3 75 7, 7692 76 92 76,92% metalúrgico destacandose destacando híbrido E grandis camaldulensis. camaldulensis . camaldulensis) 20 201 124 12, 233 23, ha1 ton.ha1 ton.ha- 34,1 10, 6 >3 (> 49, kg.m3 kg.m- 769 9 76,92 34, > ( 76,9 76,

ABSTRACT: The growing worldwide demand in the pulp market has fostered research that evaluates alternative fiber sources with specific characteristics that attend the needs of the consumer market, with a view to add value to the final product and reduce production costs. Acacia mearnsii De Wild wood is a by-product of the extraction of tannin from the trunk bark, used for firewood, charcoal and pellets. However, its wood is still poorly studied, especially its anatomical characteristics, which can provide important information about its industrial potential. This study evaluated the anatomical characteristics of Acacia mearnsii wood for the production of pulp and paper. Ten trees at approximately seven years old were cut down, five from the seed production area (SPA) and five from the clonal population area (CPA). From each tree, one trunk disc was sectioned at the diameter at breast height (DBH), resulting in 10 (ten) wood samples. From each disc, a sapwood specimen was made oriented in the tangential longitudinal, radial longitudinal and transversal planes, for later obtaining the anatomical cuts and the macerates. The anatomical description of the wood followed the recommendations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists-IAWA. From the dimensions of the fibers, their quality evaluation ratios for the production of pulp and paper were calculated. Results obtained from the anatomical characterization allowed to conclude that the Acacia mearnsii woods from SPA and CPA are indicated as a source of raw material for the pulp and paper production. ABSTRACT costs byproduct by bark firewood pellets However studied potential down (SPA CPA. . (CPA) tree DBH, DBH , (DBH) 1 ten (ten samples planes macerates AnatomistsIAWA. AnatomistsIAWA Anatomists IAWA. IAWA Anatomists-IAWA fibers calculated (CPA (DBH

RESUMO: A crescente demanda mundial do mercado de polpa celulósica tem fomentado pesquisas que avaliem fontes de fibras alternativas com características específicas que atendam às necessidades do mercado consumidor, visando agregar valor ao produto final e reduzir os custos de produção. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, o lenho de Acacia mearnsii De Wild é considerado um subproduto da extração de tanino da casca do tronco, utilizada como lenha, carvão e pellets. No entanto, ainda é pouco estudado, em especial suas características anatômicas, as quais podem fornecer informações importantes sobre suas potencialidades industriais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características anatômicas do lenho de Acacia mearnsii para a produção de celulose e papel. Foram coletadas dez árvores com aproximadamente sete anos de idade, sendo cinco provenientes da área de produção de sementes (APS) e cinco da área de povoamento clonal (APC). De cada árvore, foi seccionado um disco do tronco na altura do DAP, resultando em dez amostras de lenho. De cada disco, foi confeccionado um corpo de prova do alburno, orientado nos planos longitudinal tangencial, longitudinal radial e transversal, para posterior obtenção dos cortes anatômicos e dos macerados. A descrição anatômica do lenho seguiu as recomendações da Associação Internacional de Anatomistas da Madeira-IAWA. A partir das dimensões das fibras, foram calculados os seus índices de avaliação da qualidade para a produção de celulose e papel. Os resultados obtidos da caracterização anatômica permitiram concluir que os lenhos de Acacia mearnsii provenientes de APS e APC são indicados como matérias-primas para a produção de celulose e papel. RESUMO consumidor Sul Brasil lenha pellets entanto estudado industriais papel idade (APS APC. . (APC) árvore DAP alburno tangencial transversal macerados MadeiraIAWA. MadeiraIAWA Madeira IAWA. IAWA Madeira-IAWA matériasprimas matérias primas (APC

Abstract: An optimum adhesive penetration is needed to provide satisfactory bonding strength at the veneer-veneer interface. The effect of veneer density and glue spreading rate on the phenol formaldehyde adhesive penetration plot profile was determined. An X-ray apparatus was used to visualize the adhesive penetration of the plywood. The heartwood and sapwood veneer of Cryptomeria japonica with low, medium, and high veneer densities were made into plywood. The glue spreading rate was applied from 75 g/m2 to 225 g/m2 for the heartwood plywood and up to 300 g/m2 for the sapwood plywood (plus 75 g/m2 at every level of glue spreading rate). An X-ray apparatus with a low tube voltage successfully visualized the adhesive penetration plot profile. Based on the half-width calculation, the adhesive penetration depth ranged from 0,3 - 0,9 mm. The mean half-width was 0,5 mm. The adhesive concentration increased with increasing glue spreading rate. In contrast, it also showed that using different veneer densities and increasing glue spreading rates does not affect the half-width value as the adhesive penetrates deeper.

Resumen Se realizó un análisis para determinar los principales componentes químicos de la madera de tres cabezas de vigas de pino procedentes del área de archivo del edificio histórico conocido como La Mitra, de la ciudad de Morelia, en Michoacán, México. Este análisis es complementario a uno previamente realizado, por medio de ultrasonido y con fines de conservación y restauración de estructuras de carácter histórico. Las vigas que aquí se analizaron forman parte del grupo que se estudió en esa primera fase; seleccionadas de forma aleatoria de un grupo de 40 y con dimensiones de 25 cm × 17 cm × 60 cm. Se tomaron muestras de albura y de duramen en dos secciones distintas (zona de empotramiento deteriorada y sana). Para cada viga se determinaron valores de pH, cenizas, análisis de las cenizas, sustancias extraíbles, holocelulosa y lignina. Los resultados encontrados fueron: pH de 3.20 a 4.67, cenizas 0.25% a 1.36%, con mayor concentración de oxígeno (3.36% a 6.64%), calcio (1.80% a 3.46%), carbono (1.18% a 3.45%), potasio (0.20% a 0.84%), aluminio (0.17% a 0.31%), silicio (0.15% a 0.59%) y magnesio (0.15% a 0.56%); solubilidad en sosa de (9.83% a 27.78%), extraíbles totales, en la extracción secuencial, la mayor solubilidad se obtuvo con acetona, (2.92% a 6.96%), seguido de agua caliente (0.25% a 7.49%), metanol (2.03% a 6.22%) y ciclohexano (0.98% a 2.66%); holocelulosa (68.22% a 84.01%) y lignina (24.19% a 31.83%). El pH, la solubilidad en sosa, la holocelulosa y la lignina presentaron una variación estadística significativa (P < 0,05) entre albura y duramen de las zonas sanas y deterioradas.

Abstract An analysis was carried out to determine the main chemical components of the wood of three pieces of pine beams from the archive area of the historic building known as La Mitra, in the city of Morelia, in Michoacán, Mexico. This analysis is complementary to one previously carried out, by means of ultrasound and for the purpose of conservation and restoration of historical structures. The beams that were analyzed here are part of the group that was studied in that first phase, randomly selected from a group of 40 and with dimensions of 25 cm × 17 cm × 60 cm. Sapwood and heartwood samples were taken in two different sections (decayed and healthy embedment area). For each beam, pH, ashes, ash analysis, extractable substances, holocellulose and lignin values were determined. The results found were: pH from 3.20 to 4.67, ashes 0.25% to 1.36%, with a higher concentration of oxygen (3.36% to 6.64%), calcium (1.80% to 3.46%), carbon (1.18% to 3.45%), potassium (0.20% to 0.84%), aluminum (0.17% to 0.31%), silicon (0.15% to 0.59%), and magnesium (0.15% to 0.56%); solubility in soda (9.83% to 27.78%), total extractables, in the sequential extraction, the highest solubility was obtained with acetone, (2.92% to 6.96%), followed by hot water (0.25% to 7.49%), methanol ( 2.03% to 6.22%) and cyclohexane (0.98% to 2.66%); holocellulose (68.22% to 84.01%) and lignin (24.19% to 31.83%). The pH, solubility in soda, holocellulose and lignin presented a statistically significant variation (P < 0.05) between sapwood and heartwood in healthy and deteriorated areas.

RESUMO A madeira de Dipteryx panamensis é usada no reflorestamento na Costa Rica, tendo um programa de melhoramento genético iniciado recentemente no país. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da altura do tronco das árvores na variação de casca, alburno, cerne, densidade verde (GD), densidade básica (SG) e teor de umidade na condição verde (MC-G) em uma coleção de procedências/progênies aos 8 anos de idade, plantados na vila de Florencia no município de San Carlos na região nordeste da Costa Rica. De cada uma das 17 famílias, a madeira foi investigada em três progênies e as propriedades foram avaliadas em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 % da altura comercial. Os resultados mostraram que o diâmetro das árvores e a espessura da casca não apresentaram valores com diferenças estatísticas nas diferentes alturas da árvore. Houve diferenças significativas em diâmetro e porcentagem de cerne e alburno entre procedências e famílias. A espessura e porcentagem de alburno, espessura e porcentagem de casca, diâmetro, porcentagem e porcentagem de excentricidade da medula não registraram diferenças significativas entre as famílias. Nas propriedades físicas da madeira, determinou-se que o SG e o MC-G apresentaram uma variação significativa entre procedências em todas as alturas das árvores. Enquanto o GD registrou diferenças ao 25 %. A variação nas propriedades físicas, especialmente a SG, entre famílias dentro de cada proveniência, mostra o potencial de seleção para melhoramento genético, com ênfase na seleção com base na parte mais basal do tronco das árvores.

ABSTRACT Dipteryx panamensis is used in reforestation in Costa Rica and a genetic improvement program has been recently started in the country. The objective of the present study was to study the effect of tree trunk height on the variation of bark, sapwood, heartwood, green density (GD), specific gravity (SG) and green moisture content in green condition (MC-G), in a collection of 8-year-old provenances/progenies planted in the town of Florencia in San Carlos in the northern region of Costa Rica The wood of each of 17 families were studied based on 3 of their progenies, evaluating the properties relative to 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the commercial height. According to the results, tree diameter and bark thickness showed no statistical differences in their values across trunk. Significant differences were found in diameter and percentage of heartwood and sapwood between provenances and families. The thickness and percentage of sapwood, thickness and percentage of bark, diameter, pith percentage and percentage of pith eccentricity, showed no significant differences between families. SG and the MC-G presented significant variation between provenances, while GD registered differences at above 25 % commercial height. The variation of physical properties, especially SG, between families within each provenance, shows selection potential for genetic improvement, focusing particularly on the bottom section of the tree.

Abstract: This paper investigates the potential of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil (C-EO) as a wood protection system for use in cultural heritage conservation. The preventive and curative antifungal efficacy of C-EO was compared to a boron containing wood preservative (Diffusit S) in two laboratory tests on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris) mini-blocks. Non-sterile, air-infected wood samples were employed in the first test, while wood samples with active attack, as result of inoculation with three fungal strains isolated from cultural heritage sites, in the second test. Untreated controls and C-EO-treated wood blocks were incubated up to 150 days to monitor and quantify fungal growth. The experimental results showed antifungal efficacy of C-EO to be higher than that of the boron wood preservative at the concentrations used. Concentrations of C-EO 5 % - 10 % in ethyl alcohol prevented mould growth for at least 150 days, while a concentration of 10 % delayed or suppressed active attack by decay fungi. This effect, determined up to 90 days of incubation, was dependant on the type of fungus.

Abstract: Since the treatability of Oriental spruce wood (Picea orientalis) with preservative solutions is difficult and considered as a refractory wood species, this study was intended to bring its treatability class by a bioincising process to the level of sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a desirable wood species for the forest products industry. Bioincising process by Physisporinus vitreus fungus was applied to wood samples from sapwood and heartwood portions of spruce wood. The samples with two different weight loss groups (5-10 % and 10-15 %) in the bioincising process were used to detect changes in treatability with wood preservative solutions caused by the fungus. The bioincised and unincised control samples were treated with either micronized copper quat (MCQ) or alkaline copper quat type D (ACQ-D) wood preservative solutions by either dipping or vacuum methods. Following impregnation with the preservative solutions, the effects of the bioincising process on CuO (copper oxide) retention, and the leaching of Cu (copper) element were determined. The results showed that CuO retention levels increased after the bioincising process. Moreover, there was greater CuO retention in the spruce heartwood samples compared to the spruce and Scots pine sapwood samples. Amount of Cu element released from the Scots pine sapwood samples was found to be lower than that from the spruce sapwood and heartwood samples after the bioincising. process. The results suggest that the bioincising process by P. vitreus in refractory wood species might improve the treatability of wood by Cu-based wood preservatives.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana habita en México, formando relictos en el bosque mesófilo de montaña en la Sierra Madre Oriental; es un taxón endémico que actualmente se encuentra en peligro de extinción. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características anatómicas macroscópicas y microscópicas de la madera de Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana con el fin de contribuir a su conocimiento anatómico. Métodos: Las muestras de madera se obtuvieron mediante un método no destructivo que consistió en la extracción de núcleos del fuste de árboles vivos y trozos del tronco de un árbol derribado por el viento. La descripción anatómica de la madera se realizó en los planos tangencial, transversal y radial, a nivel macroscópico con tablillas (7×12×1 cm cortadas y pulidas) y microscópico con preparaciones fijas de cortes de los núcleos, de acuerdo con la terminología propuesta por la International Association of Wood Anatomists; también se estimaron los índices de vulnerabilidad (IV), agrupamiento de vasos (IVg) y mesomorfía (IM). Se empleó el programa RStudio para realizar las pruebas estadísticas y Excel para la estimación de los índices. Resultados clave: La madera de Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana es de color castaño claro, brillo medio a alto, veteado pronunciado, hilo recto y textura gruesa, posee porosidad difusa, placa de perforación simple y escalariforme (5-20 barras), punteaduras intervasculares opuestas, tílosis, traqueidas vasicéntricas, fibras libriformes, parénquima axial paratraqueal y apotraqueal difuso, radios heterocelulares uniseriados, biseriados, multiseriados y agregados, cristales prismáticos y cuerpos de sílice. Algunos rasgos anatómicos coinciden con los de otras especies del mismo género. Conclusiones: La descripción anatómica de la madera de F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana es la primera que se realiza para este taxón; además, contribuye a interrelacionar la información de sus características con las de otras especies de Fagus de importancia económica.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana inhabits Mexico, forming relict in the cloud forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental; it is an endemic taxon that is currently in danger of extinction. The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomical features of the wood of F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana to contribute to its anatomical knowledge. Methods: The wood samples were obtained by a non-destructive method consisting of the extraction of cores from the stem of live trees and pieces of the trunk of one tree that recently had been felled by the wind. The anatomical description of the wood was made in the tangential, across, and radial planes, at the macroscopic level with wooden boards (7×12×1 cm section and polished) and microscopically with fixed slides of core sections. The anatomic description was made following the terminology by the International Association of Wood Anatomists. The Vulnerability index (VI), vessel grouping index (VIg), and mesomorphic index (MI) were also estimated. The RStudio program was used to perform the statistical tests and Excel to estimate the index. Key results: The wood of Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana is light brown colored, medium to high gloss, veining pronounced, straight grained and coarse texture, with diffuse porosity, simple and scalariform perforation plates (with 5-20 bars), opposite intervascular pits, tylosis, vasicentric tracheids, libiform fibers, apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse and apotracheal parenchyma, heterogeneous rays, ray width uniseriate, biseriate, multiseriate and aggregate rays, prismatic crystals and silica bodies. Some anatomical features coincide with those of other species of the same genus. Conclusions: The description of the wood anatomy of F. grandifolia subsp. mexicana is the first for this taxon. Furthermore, it contributes to interrelating the information on its characteristics with that of other Fagus species of economic importance.

Abstract: The effect of thermal treatment on the chemical components, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and shrinkage of teak juvenile wood was studied. Heartwood and sapwood samples were thermally-treated at 180 ºC and 200 ºC. Extractive, Klason lignin, holocellulose, and α-cellulose contents, as well as pH on untreated and thermally-treated woods, were determined. The EMC was reached at five relative humidity (RH) levels using saturated salt solutions: 86 % (KCl), 76 % (NaCl), 58 % (NaBr), 33 % (MgCl2), and 0 % (P2O5). Linear and volumetric shrinkages were calculated for all EMCs. The ratio of sorption (S), coefficient of shrinkage (h), and fiber saturation point (FSP) were also determined. Thermally-treated wood exhibited lower holocellulose and α-cellulose contents than untreated wood and increased acidity due to degradation of the hemicelluloses. The thermal treatment reduced the EMC of heartwood and sapwood. However, sapwood was more sensitive to RH variations than heartwood regardless of the treatment. Thermally-treated woods had higher hygroscopic and dimensional stabilities, and lower FSP than untreated wood. The thermal treatment did not affect radial shrinkage of the heartwood between 33 % and 86 % RH. Heartwood was more sensitive to the effect of the thermal treatment on shrinkage and degradation of cell wall polymers compared to sapwood.

Abstract: Breeding strategy of Acacia hybrid is being developed by Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Indonesia and has produced three superior clones in growth (Clone 16, 25, and 44). Understanding the extractives of the new clones might determine future development steps to improve its resistance to diseases especially heartrot. The objective of this study was to investigate the extractive content in three radial directions (SW = sapwood; OHW = outer heartwood; IHW = inner heartwood); total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol contents (colorimetric assay); and antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay). Extractions were done with three different solvents in successive (n-hexane = H; methanol = M; hot water = W), yielded 0,69 % - 1,70 %; 1,51 % - 10,86 %; and 0,51 % - 1,16 % of extractive contents, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) from TPC-H, TPC-M, and TPC-W ranged between 3,68 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g - 10,41 mg GAE/g; 76,83 mg GAE/g - 448,35 mg GAE/g; and 43,28 mg GAE/g - 198,92 mg GAE/g, respectively; the total flavonoid content (TFC) from TFC-H, TFC-M, and TFC-W between 4,23 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g - 41,51 mg QE/g; 29,55 mg QE/g - 133,71 mg QE/g; and 7,70 mg QE/g - 29,37 mg QE/g, respectively; total flavanol content (TVC) from TVC-H, TVC-M, and TVC-W ranged between 28,74 mg of catechin equivalent (CE)/g - 66,90 mg CE/g; 83,39 mg CE/g - 247,18 mg CE/g; and 7,08 mg CE/g - 29,21 mg CE/g, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was found to be significantly affected by the radial factor with the strongest activity exhibited by inner heartwood extract with an IC50 value of 255,77 μg/ml (gallic acid IC50 showed a value of 39,00 μg/ml). Among clones, clone 16 was determined to have the highest extractive, total flavonoid as well as flavanol contents. Thus, clone 16 was hypothesized to be more resistance against heart rot disease.