ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the response of the melon accessions MR1 and C14 to gamma radiation in terms of germination and morphology.The melon accessions came from the germplasm collection of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region, and were submitted to five doses of gamma radiation (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 Gy) in four replications, each comprising 25 seeds, at the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture of the University of São Paulo. The seeds were grown in a greenhouse at UFERSA employing a completely randomised design. The germination potential, rate and index were evaluated during the first stage of the trial. During the second stage, the germinated plants were transplanted into eight-litre buckets containing substrate and sand, in four replications of 15 plants each. The inflorescence, leaf blade and fruit were evaluated. The IMAGE J image analysis software was used to obtain the leaf and fruit data. The germination potential varied for the gamma-ray doses being tested, while the germination rate and index were not affected; phenotypic variations were seen in the leaves. The gamma-ray doses had no effect on the germination process. MR C C1 morphologyThe morphology Semiarid Semi arid Region 0, 0 (0 100 200 300 40 Gy 2 Paulo design trial eightlitre eight litre sand 1 inflorescence data gammaray ray tested affected leaves process ( 10 20 30 4 3

ABSTRACT The spatial variability of soil attributes in terraced areas is poorly studied in the semi-arid region. Considering that multivariate analysis enhances the diagnosis of spatial variability from geostatistics, soil attributes were studied in different zones between terrace channels in semi-arid region, more precisely in a retention terrace area in Canindé (Ceará, Brazil). Soil samples (n = 100) were collected at depths of 0.0 - 0.1 and 0.1 - 0.2 m for descriptive and geostatistical analysis. For multivariate analysis, samples from three zones relative to the terrace channel (Upper, Middle, and Lower) in the 0.0 - 0.2 m layer were considered, with 30 replicates. There was spatial dependence of soil attributes in the two layers studied. Near the channel, in the respective layers, there was higher clay content (13.7% and 14.7%) and higher degree of flocculation (61.3% and 71.7%) compared to the other zones. Water-dispersible clay was higher in the Upper zone (6.5% and 7.7% in the respective layers), while the Middle zone showed higher potential acidity in the evaluated layers (4.8 and 4.5 cmolc dm-3, respectively) compared to the other zones. In the multivariate analysis, there were highlights for the higher sum of bases in the Upper zone (18.9 ± 0.8 cmolc dm-3), higher sand content in the Middle zone (72.6 ± 0.6%), lower potential acidity (2.1 ± 0.2 cmolc dm-3) and higher phosphorus content (12.8 ± 3.0 mg kg-1) in the Low zone. The zone above the terrace channel loses mainly clay and requires practices to increase water and nutrient retention. semiarid semi arid region geostatistics Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) n 100 00 0 0. 01 1 02 2 Upper, (Upper Lower considered 3 replicates 13.7% 137 13 7 (13.7 14.7% 147 14 61.3% 613 61 (61.3 71.7% 717 71 Waterdispersible Water dispersible 6.5% 65 6 5 (6.5 77 7.7 , layers) 4.8 48 4 8 (4. 45 4. dm3, dm3 dm 3, dm-3 respectively 18.9 189 18 9 (18. 08 72.6 726 72 (72. 0.6%, 06 0.6% 0.6%) 2.1 21 (2. 12.8 128 12 (12. 3. kg1 kg kg-1 10 13.7 (13. 14.7 61.3 (61. 71.7 6.5 (6. 7. (4 dm- 18. (18 72. (72 0.6 2. (2 12. (12 kg- 13. (13 14. 61. (61 71. 6. (6 ( (1 (7

ABSTRACT Beans are a vital component of the human diet, being able to supply a large part of the daily protein requirements of individuals, in addition to containing considerable amounts of iron, calcium, vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber, and lysine. Controlled germination is an accessible and effective technique that aims to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of seeds intended for food consumption. This study aimed to characterize fresh and germinated beans of Phaseolus vulgaris (carioca, branco, preto, gordo varieties) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). The germination process was conducted in trays containing the sand substrate (350 g) in the environmental conditions of the laboratory. The fresh and germinated beans were evaluated for physicochemical variables in triplicate. The germination process increased moisture content, water activity, ash, pH, soluble alcohol acidity, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the content of lipids, starch, and total sugars in bean seeds. With the increase in bioactive compounds, it was found that the germination process is an excellent method for increasing the nutritional quality of beans. diet individuals iron calcium vitamins carbohydrates fiber lysine functional consumption carioca, carioca (carioca branco preto varieties cowpea. cowpea . (cowpea) 350 (35 g laboratory triplicate activity ash pH acidity proteins acid phenols tannins flavonoids anthocyanins carotenoids hand lipids starch compounds (cowpea 35 (3 3 (

RESUMO O feijão é um importante componente da dieta humana, sendo capaz de suprir grande parte das necessidades proteicas diárias dos indivíduos, além de conter quantidades consideráveis de ferro, cálcio, vitaminas, carboidratos, fibras e lisina. A germinação controlada é uma técnica acessível e eficaz que visa melhorar as qualidades nutricionais, funcionais e sensoriais de sementes destinadas ao consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar feijão Phaseolus vulgaris das variedades carioca, branco, preto, gordo e feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) in natura e germinado. O processo de germinação foi realizado em bandejas contendo substrato areia (350 g), em condições ambientais de laboratório. Em seguida, os grãos in natura e germinados foram avaliados quanto às variáveis físico-químicas em triplicata. A germinação do feijão aumentou o teor de umidade, atividade de água, cinzas, pH, acidez álcool solúvel, proteínas, ácido ascórbico, fenóis, taninos, flavonóides, antocianinas e carotenóides. Por outro lado, houve redução no teor de lipídios, amido e açúcares totais nas sementes de feijão. Com o aumento dos compostos bioativos, constatou-se que o processo de germinação é um excelente método para aumentar a qualidade nutricional do feijão. humana indivíduos ferro cálcio vitaminas carboidratos lisina nutricionais alimentar carioca branco preto feijãocaupi caupi Vigna unguiculata germinado 350 (35 g, g , g) laboratório seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas triplicata umidade água cinzas pH solúvel proteínas ascórbico fenóis taninos flavonóides carotenóides lado lipídios bioativos constatouse constatou se 35 (3 3 (

Abstract Textile reinforced concrete emerges as an alternative for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures. However, as a relatively new material, there is still no regulatory body or standardization that standardizes the manufacturing and application processes of the material, which generates significant differences regarding its characteristics and properties. From this perspective, this study seeks to experimentally evaluate the mechanical performance of textile reinforced concrete when applied as reinforcement of reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending tests, using the alkali-resistant fiberglass textile produced in Brazil, TEXIGLASS AR-360-RA-04. As an exploratory study, the experimental program consists of fourteen reinforced beams and one rectangular cross-section reference beam (120 mm wide, 200 mm high, and 1500 mm long), totaling fifteen beams. As variables, the bond strength at the textile-matrix interface is investigated based on (a) the type of matrix (industrialized polymer mortar or self-compacting mortar) and (b) the surface treatment of the textile in four configurations: uncoated textile (UT), coated with epoxy (E), fully coated with epoxy and sand (ES) or fully coated with epoxy and partial sand (EPS). From the results, it was mainly found that: all reinforced beams showed increases in (a) load-carrying capacity, (b) ductility and (c) toughness. Despite the great variability of results, the coating technique in the EPS textile specimens proved promising. structures However material properties perspective fourpoint point tests alkaliresistant alkali resistant Brazil AR360RA04. AR360RA04 ARRA AR 360 RA 04. 04 AR-360-RA-04 crosssection cross section 120 (12 wide 20 high 150 long, long , long) variables textilematrix (a industrialized selfcompacting self compacting b (b configurations UT, UT (UT) E, E (E) ES (ES EPS. . (EPS) results loadcarrying load carrying capacity c (c toughness promising AR360RA0 36 0 AR-360-RA-0 12 (1 2 15 (UT (E (EPS AR360RA 3 AR-360-RA- 1 ( AR-360-RA

Resumo O concreto têxtil surge como uma alternativa para o reforço de estruturas de concreto armado. Porém, por ser um material relativamente novo, inexiste ainda um órgão ou norma regulamentadora que uniformize os processos de fabricação e de aplicação do material, o que gera diferenças significativas quanto às suas características e propriedades. Sob esta perspectiva, este estudo busca avaliar experimentalmente o desempenho mecânico do concreto têxtil ao ser aplicado como reforço de vigas em concreto armado submetidas ao ensaio de flexão a quatro pontos, utilizando o têxtil de fibra de vidro álcali-resistente de produção brasileira TEXIGLASS AR-360-RA-04. De caráter exploratório, o programa experimental é composto por quatorze vigas reforçadas e uma viga testemunho de seção retangular (120 mm de largura, 200 mm de altura e 1500 mm de comprimento), totalizando quinze vigas. Como variáveis, investigam-se a resistência de ligação na interface têxtil-matriz a partir do (a) tipo de matriz (argamassa polimérica industrializada ou argamassa autoadensável) e do (b) tratamento superficial do têxtil em quatro configurações: têxtil sem revestimento (SR), revestido com epóxi (E), totalmente revestido com epóxi e areia (EA) ou totalmente revestido com epóxi, mas com areia somente nas extremidades (EAP). A partir dos resultados, verificou-se principalmente que: todas as vigas reforçadas apresentaram aumentos da (a) capacidade resistente, (b) ductilidade e (c) tenacidade. Apesar da grande variabilidade de resultados, a técnica de revestimento nos exemplares dos têxteis EAP se mostrou promissora. Porém novo propriedades perspectiva pontos álcaliresistente álcali resistente AR360RA04. AR360RA04 ARRA AR 360 RA 04. 04 AR-360-RA-04 exploratório 120 (12 largura 20 150 comprimento, comprimento , comprimento) variáveis investigamse investigam têxtilmatriz (a autoadensável b (b configurações SR, SR (SR) E, E (E) EA (EA EAP. . (EAP) resultados verificouse verificou c (c tenacidade promissora AR360RA0 36 0 AR-360-RA-0 12 (1 2 15 (SR (E (EAP AR360RA 3 AR-360-RA- 1 ( AR-360-RA

ABSTRACT Unsustainable reclamation activities (URAs) have been increasingly conducted to respond to the rising global food demand, leading to severe repercussions on land environments. A total of 120 soil samples representing 12 sites were randomly selected in the three distinct land types (PMFs, PALs, and BHLs) to a depth of 60 cm. The impacts of URAs on soil properties and functions (SPFs) across the Nghe An mountainous province, Vietnam were assessed using the SPSS software (version 26.0) through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated the distinct differences in soil particle size (SPS) among different land types (DLTs). Pristine and mixed forests (PMFs) exhibited the lowest sand ratios, ranging from 31.4 to 35.2%, while bare hills and lands (BHLs) recorded the highest sand ratios, ranging from 49.7 to 55.1%. High bulk density (BD) was observed in BHLs (1.36 ± 0.07 kg dm-3) and PMFs (0.89 ± 0.02 to 1.13 ± 0.03 kg dm-3) while perennial and annual lands (PALs) varied from 1.17 ± 0.04 to 1.25 ± 0.08 kg dm-3. PMFs showed low values for total soil porosity (TSP), and soil water content (SWC) with respective ranges of 32.97-36.18% and 4.72-6.15% while PALs and BHLs exhibited high values for TSP (39.25-43.19%; 43.97-49.62%), and SWC (7.39-10.07%; 9.98-12.74%). Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ were recorded higher in PALs compared to PMFs and PALs while total organic contents (TOCs) detected little variation among DLTs. Overall, the URAs enhanced the adverse effects on the SPFs across the study area. (URAs demand environments 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 cm (SPFs province version 26.0 260 26 0 oneway one way ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) ratios 314 31 4 31. 352 35 2 35.2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49. 551 55 55.1% BD (BD 1.36 136 36 (1.3 007 07 0.0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0.89 089 89 (0.8 002 02 113 13 1.1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1.2 008 08 dm3. 3. TSP, , (TSP) (SWC 32.9736.18% 32973618 32.97 36.18% 32 97 18 32.97-36.18 4.726.15% 472615 4.72 6.15% 72 15 4.72-6.15 39.2543.19% 39254319 39.25 43.19% 39 43 19 (39.25-43.19% 43.9749.62%, 43974962 43.97 49.62% 62 43.97-49.62%) 7.3910.07% 7391007 7.39 10.07% 10 (7.39-10.07% 9.9812.74%. 9981274 9.98 12.74% 9 98 74 9.98-12.74%) CEC, CEC (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K K+ Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs Overall area 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35.2 5 55.1 1.3 (1. 00 0. dm- 0.8 8 (0. 11 1. (TSP 9736 32.9736.18 3297361 3297 32.9 3618 36.18 32.97-36.1 726 4.726.15 47261 472 4.7 615 6.15 4.72-6.1 2543 39.2543.19 3925431 3925 39.2 4319 43.19 (39.25-43.19 9749 43.9749.62% 4397496 4397 43.9 4962 49.62 43.97-49.62% 3910 7.3910.07 739100 739 7.3 1007 10.07 (7.39-10.07 9812 9.9812.74% 998127 998 9.9 1274 12.74 9.98-12.74% (CEC 35. 55. (1 (0 973 32.9736.1 329736 329 32. 361 36.1 32.97-36. 4.726.1 4726 47 4. 61 6.1 4.72-6. 254 39.2543.1 392543 392 39. 431 43.1 (39.25-43.1 974 43.9749.62 439749 439 43. 496 49.6 43.97-49.62 391 7.3910.0 73910 73 7. 100 10.0 (7.39-10.0 981 9.9812.74 99812 99 9. 127 12.7 9.98-12.74 ( 32.9736. 32973 36. 32.97-36 4.726. 6. 4.72-6 39.2543. 39254 (39.25-43. 43.9749.6 43974 43.97-49.6 7.3910. 7391 10. (7.39-10. 9.9812.7 9981 12. 9.98-12.7 32.9736 32.97-3 4.726 4.72- 39.2543 (39.25-43 43.9749. 43.97-49. 7.3910 (7.39-10 9.9812. 9.98-12. 32.973 32.97- 39.254 (39.25-4 43.9749 43.97-49 7.391 (7.39-1 9.9812 9.98-12 (39.25- 43.974 43.97-4 (7.39- 9.981 9.98-1 (39.25 43.97- (7.39 9.98- (39.2 (7.3 (39. (7. (39 (7 (3

RESUMO As atividades de recuperação insustentáveis (URAs) têm sido cada vez mais realizadas para responder à crescente procura global de alimentos, levando a graves repercussões nos ambientes terrestres. Um total de 120 amostras de solo representando 12 locais foram selecionadas aleatoriamente nos três tipos distintos de terra (PMFs, PALs e BHLs) a uma profundidade de 60 cm para avaliar os impactos das URAs na província de Nghe An Mountain, no Vietnã. A análise estatística dos parâmetros do solo foi realizada no software SPSS (versão 26.0) por meio de análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA). As descobertas indicam diferenças distintas no tamanho das partículas do solo (SPS) entre os diferentes tipos de terreno (DLTs). Florestas virgens e mistas (PMFs) exibiram as menores proporções de areia, variando de 31,4 a 35,2%, enquanto colinas e terras nuas (BHLs) registraram as maiores proporções de areia, variando de 49,7 a 55,1%. Elevado densidade global (BD) foi observado em BHLs (1,36 ± 0,07 kg dm-3) e PMFs (0,89 ± 0,02 a 1,13 ± 0,03 kg dm-3) enquanto terras perenes e anuais (PALs) variaram de 1,17 ± 0,04 a 1,25 ± 0,08 kg dm-3. Os PMFs apresentaram baixos valores de porosidade total do solo (TSP) e teor de água do solo (SWC) com respectivas faixas de 32,97-36,18% e 4,72-6,15% enquanto PALs e BHLs exibiram valores elevados para TSP (39,25-43,19%; 43,97-49,62%). e SWC (7,39-10,07%; 9,98-12,74%). A capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC), Ca2+, K+ e Mg2+ registrou altos valores nos PALs em comparação aos PMFs e PALs, enquanto o conteúdo orgânico total (TOCs) detectou pouca variação entre os DLTs. No geral, as URAs aumentaram os efeitos adversos nas propriedades e funções do solo (SPFs) em toda a área de estudo. (URAs alimentos terrestres 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 Mountain Vietnã versão 26.0 260 26 0 ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) areia 314 31 4 31, 352 35 2 35,2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49, 551 55 55,1% BD (BD 1,36 136 36 (1,3 007 07 0,0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0,89 089 89 (0,8 002 02 113 13 1,1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1,2 008 08 dm3. 3. (TSP (SWC 32,9736,18% 32973618 32,97 36,18% 32 97 18 32,97-36,18 4,726,15% 472615 4,72 6,15% 72 15 4,72-6,15 39,2543,19% 39254319 39,25 43,19% 39 43 19 (39,25-43,19% 43,9749,62%. 43974962 43,97 49,62% 62 43,97-49,62%) 7,3910,07% 7391007 7,39 10,07% 10 (7,39-10,07% 9,9812,74%. 9981274 9,98 12,74% 9 98 74 9,98-12,74%) CEC, CEC , (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs geral SPFs (SPFs estudo 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35,2 5 55,1 1,3 (1, 00 0, dm- 0,8 8 (0, 11 1, 9736 32,9736,18 3297361 3297 32,9 3618 36,18 32,97-36,1 726 4,726,15 47261 472 4,7 615 6,15 4,72-6,1 2543 39,2543,19 3925431 3925 39,2 4319 43,19 (39,25-43,19 9749 43,9749,62% 4397496 4397 43,9 4962 49,62 43,97-49,62% 3910 7,3910,07 739100 739 7,3 1007 10,07 (7,39-10,07 9812 9,9812,74% 998127 998 9,9 1274 12,74 9,98-12,74% (CEC 35, 55, (1 (0 973 32,9736,1 329736 329 32, 361 36,1 32,97-36, 4,726,1 4726 47 4, 61 6,1 4,72-6, 254 39,2543,1 392543 392 39, 431 43,1 (39,25-43,1 974 43,9749,62 439749 439 43, 496 49,6 43,97-49,62 391 7,3910,0 73910 73 7, 100 10,0 (7,39-10,0 981 9,9812,74 99812 99 9, 127 12,7 9,98-12,74 ( 32,9736, 32973 36, 32,97-36 4,726, 6, 4,72-6 39,2543, 39254 (39,25-43, 43,9749,6 43974 43,97-49,6 7,3910, 7391 10, (7,39-10, 9,9812,7 9981 12, 9,98-12,7 32,9736 32,97-3 4,726 4,72- 39,2543 (39,25-43 43,9749, 43,97-49, 7,3910 (7,39-10 9,9812, 9,98-12, 32,973 32,97- 39,254 (39,25-4 43,9749 43,97-49 7,391 (7,39-1 9,9812 9,98-12 (39,25- 43,974 43,97-4 (7,39- 9,981 9,98-1 (39,25 43,97- (7,39 9,98- (39,2 (7,3 (39, (7, (39 (7 (3

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a incorporação de finos de rocha granítica (GRP) e areia artificial (MS) em argamassas auto-adensáveis (SCM), visando adequação das características reológicas. Foram analisadas SCMs com relações água/cimento de 0,42, 0,46 e 0,63, teores de GRP de 17%, 20% e 40%, respetivamente, e substituição volumétrica de 50% da areia natural por MS. Para avaliar o desempenho das SCMs, foram realizados ensaios de mini V-Funnel e mini Slump, além da caraterização físico-mecânica. A distância de separação interpartículas e a espessura máxima da pasta também foram analisadas e concluiu-se que o teor de GRP é o parâmetro de maior influência no consumo de superplastificante e no tempo de escoamento das misturas. Com a incorporação de GRP, a viscosidade da argamassa foi ajustada sem a necessidade de adição de agentes modificadores de viscosidade, aumentando o tempo de escoamento, enquanto a substituição parcial de NS por MS resultou numa diminuição deste parâmetro. Além disso, a incorporação simultânea de GRP e MS aumentou a densidade das misturas, promovendo aumento da resistência à compressão em até 29% e da resistência à tração na flexão em até 19%, apesar da redução de cerca de 40% do volume de cimento. (GRP (MS autoadensáveis auto adensáveis SCM, SCM , (SCM) reológicas águacimento água cimento 042 0 42 0,42 046 46 0,4 063 63 0,63 17 17% 20 40 respetivamente 50 VFunnel V Funnel Slump físicomecânica. físicomecânica físico mecânica. mecânica físico-mecânica concluiuse concluiu se misturas disso 29 19 19% (SCM 04 4 0, 06 6 0,6 1 2 5

Abstract The study assessed the use of granitic rock powder (GRP) and manufactured sand (MS) in self-compacting mortars (SCM) to achieve desired rheological properties. Different water/cement ratios of 0.42, 0.46, and 0.63 were used with partial replacement of cement volume by GRP at levels of 17%, 20%, and 40%. Additionally, a volumetric replacement of 50% natural sand with MS was studied. The performance of SCMs was evaluated using mini V-Funnel and mini Slump Tests, as well as physical-mechanical characterization. It was found that GRP content significantly influenced superplasticizer consumption and flow time without requiring additional viscosity modifiers while incorporating MS decreased flow time parameter. Furthermore, simultaneous incorporation of GRP and MS increased mixture density by up to 14% improved compressive strength by up to 29%, and flexural tensile strength by up to19%. (GRP (MS selfcompacting self compacting SCM (SCM properties watercement water 042 0 42 0.42 046 46 0.46 063 63 0.6 17 17% 20 20% 40 40% Additionally 50 studied VFunnel V Funnel Tests physicalmechanical physical mechanical characterization parameter Furthermore 14 29 29% to19 to19% 04 4 0.4 06 6 0. 1 2 5 to1

Abstract Introduction. Climate change adaptation measures require informed decision-making. However, small-scale agriculture shows low rates of technology adoption due to cost and lack of connectivity. Objective. To evaluate three low-cost prototypes of small-scale agriculture devices for soil moisture measurement in different soil textures, as well as to determine the respective calibration equations, and the effects of electrical conductivity and temperature on moisture measurement. Materials and methods. Three measurement and recording prototypes for soil moisture were evaluated in soils with variations in clay/sand content and electrical conductivity in productive plots at Zamorano University in Honduras and a demonstration farm in Popayán, Colombia during the first quarter of 2022. Commercial sensors were used as a reference to compare the performance of the prototypes through regression analysis of hourly sensor readings over 90 days. Electrical conductivity (dS/m) and temperature variables were collected to determine their influence on moisture reading accuracy. Results. The soil moisture measurement devices showed better performance in soils with lower sand content. The measurement from the devices overestimated moisture readings by 0.19 to 0.52 percentage points for each additional degree of soil temperature. Additionally, for each additional dS/m of electrical conductivity, the reading needed adjustment by 8 to 55 percentage points. Conclusions. Prototype A was the most accurate device, while prototype B was the most precise compared to commercial sensors. Soil moisture devices performed best in soils with lower sand content. The three models evaluated performed best in loam soil with a medium clay content.

Resumen Introducción. Las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático requieren de la toma de decisiones informadas. Sin embargo, la agricultura de pequeña escala muestra bajas tasas de adopción de tecnologías por su costo y falta de conectividad. Objetivo. Evaluar tres prototipos de dispositivos para agricultura de pequeña escala y de bajo costo para medir humedad de suelo en diferentes texturas, así como determinar las respectivas ecuaciones de calibración y los efectos de conductividad eléctrica y temperatura en la medida de humedad. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron tres prototipos de dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad de suelo, en suelos con diferencial en contenido de arcilla/arena y conductividad eléctrica en parcelas productivas de la Universidad Zamorano, en Honduras; y Finca demostrativa en Popayán, Colombia, durante el primer trimestre del 2022. Se tomaron como referencia sensores comerciales para la comparación del desempeño de los prototipos, mediante análisis de regresión de las lecturas por hora de los sensores durante 90 días. Se recolectaron las variables de conductividad eléctrica (dS/m) y temperatura para determinar la influencia en la precisión de la lectura de humedad. Resultados. Los dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. La medición de los dispositivos sobrestimó entre 0,19 y 0,52 puntos porcentuales la lectura de humedad por cada grado adicional de temperatura del suelo, y que por cada dS/m adicional de conductividad eléctrica la lectura se debe ajustar entre 8 y 55 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones. El prototipo A fue el dispositivo más exacto, mientras que el prototipo B fue el más preciso, con respecto a los sensores comerciales. Los dispositivos de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. Los tres modelos evaluados obtuvieron el mejor desempeño en suelo franco con contenido medio de arcilla.

Summary: In recent decades, water scarcity has increased considerably in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua - the most important apple-growing region of Mexico. Thus, the objective of this research is focused on evaluating growth and development responses in apple rootstocks graf ted with Golden Delicious subjected to four drought cycles, comparing them with the continuous irrigation treatment. Ten rootstocks were evaluated (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 and MM.109) used in the commercial apple orchards in the area, where all the rootstocks were obtained during the 2020 growing season. The planting was carried out in 20-L pots in March 2020 and a substrate composed of compost, soil and sand was used in a ratio of 1:1:1. The recorded variables measured were moisture percentage in the soil, the leading branch growth, leaf water potential, total biomass, and ef ficient water use. The rootstocks B.9 and M.9 Nic29 showed good results in most of the variables studied. Rootstocks with good recovery of leaf water potential af ter recovery irrigation were found. These rootstocks were; B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 and G.210. The total biomass was statistically the same in G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 and B.9. In conclusion, rootstocks tolerate a certain degree of drought and can contribute to improving water use, highlighting B.9.

Resumen: La escasez de agua en la región manzanera más importante de México; Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de esta investigación se concentró en evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento y desarrollo de portainjertos de manzano injertados con Golden Delicious, sometidos a cuatro ciclos de sequía, comparándolos con el tratamiento de riego continuo. Se evaluaron 10 portainjertos (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 y MM.109), los cuales son utilizados en las huertas comerciales de manzano de la zona de Cuauhtémoc. Todos los portainjertos se obtuvieron de viveros comerciales durante la estación de crecimiento 2019. La plantación se realizó en macetas de 20 L en el mes de marzo de 2020 y se utilizó un sustrato compuesto por composta, suelo y arena en proporción 1:1:1. Las variables registradas fueron; porcentaje de humedad en el suelo, crecimiento de la rama líder, potencial hídrico de la hoja, biomasa total, y uso eficiente del agua. Los portainjertos B.9 y M.9Nic29 mostraron buenos resultados en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas. Los portainjertos B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 y G.210 mostraron buena recuperación del potencial hídrico de la hoja después del riego de recuperación. La biomasa total fue estadísticamente igual en G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 y B.9. Se concluye que existen portainjertos que toleran cierto grado de sequía y que pueden contribuir a mejorar el uso del agua, destacando B.9.

Abstract Introduction: Mining is one of the main drivers of deforestation of tropical forests. This activity affects the storage of aboveground biomass of these ecosystems; therefore, their ability to contribute to the mitigation of global climate change. Objective: To assess the influence of soil properties on the aboveground biomass storage of post-mining forests in the Colombian Pacific. Methods: Plots were established in areas post-mining and with different successional ages (12-15 years, 30-35 years, and mature forest). The aboveground biomass and physicochemical parameters of the soil were measured. Results: An aboveground biomass of 15.58 t ha-1, 35.17 t ha-1, and 178.32 t ha-1 was recorded at 12-15 years, 30-35 years, and mature forests, respectively. The species with the highest biomass content in post-mining forests were Cespedesia spathulata and Clidemia septuplinervia. The aboveground biomass was positively correlated with organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), CICE, total nitrogen (N), and silt. In contrast, the relationship was negative with sand, aluminum (Al), and potassium (K) content. It was evidenced that the relationship between aboveground biomass and soils differed in each successional age. When evaluating the changes of aboveground biomass and soils in the succession, it was observed that the aboveground biomass and total N increased with the recovery time. At the same time, the P and K decreased with succession. On the other hand, the contents of OM, Mg, Al, Ca, and CICE showed curvilinear tendencies since they increased in the first stages and then decreased in the advanced successional stages. Conclusions: Aboveground biomass increases with forest recovery time in the study area. This increase is influenced by the presence of two dominant species shared among the investigated ecosystems and by the soil’s N, P, and K content.

Resumen Introducción: La minería es una de las principales causas de deforestación de los bosques tropicales. Esta actividad afecta el almacenamiento de biomasa aérea de estos ecosistemas; y, por tanto, su capacidad para contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático global. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de las propiedades del suelo en el almacenamiento de la biomasa aérea de bosques post-minería del Pacífico colombiano. Métodos: Se establecieron parcelas en áreas post-minería con diferentes edades de sucesión (12-15 años, 30-35 años y bosque maduro). Se midió la biomasa aérea y parámetros fisicoquímicos del suelo. Resultados: Se registró una biomasa aérea de 15.58 t ha-1, 35.17 t ha-1 y 178.32 t ha-1 en 12-15 años, 30-35 años y bosque maduro, respectivamente. Las especies con mayor contenido de biomasa en los bosques post-minería fueron Cespedesia spathulata y Clidemia septuplinervia. La biomasa aérea se correlacionó positivamente con la materia orgánica (MO), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), CICE, nitrógeno total (N) y limo. Por el contrario, la relación fue negativa con el contenido de arena, aluminio (Al) y potasio (K). Se evidenció que la relación entre la biomasa aérea y los suelos difería en cada edad sucesional. Al evaluar los cambios de la biomasa aérea y los suelos en la sucesión, se observó que la biomasa aérea y el N total aumentaron con el tiempo de recuperación. Al mismo tiempo, el P y el K disminuyeron con la sucesión. Por otro lado, los contenidos de OM, Mg, Al, Ca, y CICE mostraron tendencias curvilíneas ya que aumentaron en los primeros estadios y luego disminuyeron en los estadios sucesionales avanzados. Conclusiones: la biomasa aérea aumenta con el tiempo de recuperación del bosque en el área de estudio. Este incremento está influenciado por la presencia de dos especies dominantes compartidas entre los ecosistemas investigados y por el contenido de N, P y K del suelo.

RESUMEN En la región Amazonas del Perú, los arándanos nativos se encuentran en zonas altoandinas, donde se asocian con pequeños arbustos y musgos. Estos arándanos prefieren suelos poco profundos con textura arcillo-arenosa y de baja fertilidad. Sin embargo, su población se ve amenazada por su limitada capacidad regenerativa y diversos factores antropogénicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del ácido indol butírico y del tipo de sustrato en la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo peruano (Vaccinium sp.) cultivado en microtúnel. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial; A: sustrato (arena 100%, arena + fibra de coco 1:1 v/v y fibra de coco 100%) y B: concentraciones de AIB (1, 2 y 3 g L-1) y un testigo (0 g L-1), dando 12 tratamientos, 3 repeticiones y 36 unidades experimentales. En el campo, se recolectaron brotes apicales de arándano con tallos semi-lignificados y vigorosos. En el laboratorio, fueron desinfectados con fungicida y cortados a un tamaño de 7 cm. Posteriormente, se trataron con AIB y se plantaron en sustratos preparados. Tras 120 días en el microtúnel, se observó que los esquejes de arándano mostraron una mayor supervivencia en arena + fibra de coco (94,7%), enraizamiento (73,8%), número de raíces (6,9) y crecimiento radicular (9,2). Las concentraciones de AIB a 2 y 3 g L-1 tuvieron un mayor efecto en el enraizamiento, con valores superiores al 60%. El uso de sustratos y concentraciones adecuadas de auxina favorece significativamente la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo. Esta técnica de propagación se postula como una alternativa prometedora para la propagación masiva de esta especie con fines de conservación y rehabilitación de ecosistemas degradados.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop an eco-friendly, recyclable, and cost-effective composite material for use in storage sheds and machine workshops. The new composite consists of stone dust and gravel bricks bonded by recycled polypropylene through heat treatment. The main focus of this study is to determine the effects of varying polymer proportions on the resistance and permeability properties of the studied composite, intending to achieve optimal properties, i.e., high resistance and low permeability. To do this, the 2² factorial arrangement was employed, comprising four treatments along with three central points, each replicated three times. The data was statistically analyzed at a 95% confidence level from an adapted methodology. This involved tests of compression strength, 3-point bending strength, Los Angeles abrasion, and water absorption by immersion, in which three percentages of polymer content (PC) - 15, 25, and 35% - and aggregates (fine sand, medium sand, and coarse sand - FS, MS, and CS) were used to prepare the composite. The developed composite was deemed suitable for use in storage warehouses and machine workshops, as it presented physical and mechanical appropriate characteristics, i.e., a low water absorption rate and high resistance to compression and abrasion, in addition to being an environmentally friendly composite. ecofriendly, ecofriendly eco friendly, eco-friendly recyclable costeffective cost effective workshops treatment ie i e i.e. 2 employed points times 95 methodology strength 3point point 3 abrasion immersion PC (PC 15 25 35 fine FS MS CS characteristics i.e 9 1

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um material compósito ecológico, reciclável e de baixo custo para uso em galpões de armazenamento e oficinas de máquinas. O novo compósito consiste em um bloco de pó de pedra e cascalho unidos por polipropileno reciclado através de tratamento térmico. O foco principal deste estudo é determinar os efeitos de variações nas proporções de polímeros nas propriedades de resistência e permeabilidade do compósito estudado, visando alcançar propriedades ótimas, ou seja, alta resistência e baixa permeabilidade. Para isso, utilizou-se o arranjo fatorial 2², composto por quatro tratamentos e três pontos centrais, cada um replicado três vezes. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com nível de confiança de 95% a partir de metodologia adaptada. Isso envolveu testes de resistência à compressão, resistência à flexão em 3 pontos, abrasão Los Angeles e absorção de água por imersão, nos quais três porcentagens de teor de polímero (PC) - 15, 25 e 35% - e agregados (areia fina, areia média, e areia grossa - FS, MS e CS) foram usadas para preparar o compósito. O compósito desenvolvido foi considerado adequado para utilização em armazéns e oficinas de máquinas, pois apresentou características físicas e mecânicas adequadas, ou seja, baixa taxa de absorção de água e alta resistência à compressão e abrasão, além de ser um compósito ecologicamente correto. ecológico máquinas térmico estudado ótimas seja isso utilizouse utilizou se 2² centrais vezes 95 adaptada imersão PC (PC 15 2 35 fina média FS CS adequadas correto 9 1

In Southern Africa, historic mining and mineral processing of base metal deposits have almost exclusively focussed on the extraction of major metals, leading to the loss of remaining valuable raw materials into tailings dumps and waste rock piles. At the Namib Pb-Zn mine (Erongo Region, Namibia), historic base metal tailings deposits are present as unreclaimed exposed waste piles. The tailings comprise silt- (fraction A: d50 = 25 to 48 μm) to sand-sized (fraction B: d50 = 86 to 185 μm; fraction C: d5o = 210 to 230 μm) material and contain major concentrations of base metals (Pb av. 1.15 mass%, Zn av. 3.20 mass%), S (av. 9.95 mass%), as well as lower values of other metals (Cu av. 490 μg/g, Cd av. 133 μg/g, Ag av. 22 μg/g), and critical elements like Sb (av. 14.7 μg/g) and In (14.3 μg/g). Former mineral processing only targeted the extraction of galena and sphalerite. As a consequence, qualitative mineralogical composition of the tailings is similar to that of the primary ore. Ca-Fe-Mg(-Mn) carbonates, quartz, micas, chlorite, minor graphite, magnetite, and rare parisite relate to the former host rock and gangue matrix, whereas Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, magnetite, pyrite with minor pyrrhotite, rare arsenopyrite, marcasite, cassiterite, and accessory scheelite are original constituents of the primary ore. Reprocessing of such a material would be challenging, but a mixed Pb-Zn concentrate enriched in Cd and Ag might be obtained. In future, possible reprocessing of Namib tailings and associated disposal of wastes into an appropriately designed repository would not only generate valuable metal commodities, but such activities would also eliminate a major metal pollution source from the local environment.

ABSTRACT: Cowpea is a food crop representing an important source of proteins and income, mainly for people living in the north and northeast of Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of two cowpea cultivars under four different ionic concentrations of the growth solution. Thus, a pot experiment was performed using the sand culture technique and set up in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, using four replications and one plant per plot. After the period of growth, the parameters such as length of the shoot, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of secondary branches, number of pods, fresh weight of the stem, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, and root/shoot ratio were obtained. The results pointed out that there was a significant interaction effect on parameters like stem diameter, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, and number of leaves. Both cultivars were strongly responsive to changes in ionic concentration, indicating a greater biomass production at ionic concentrations of 90% and 120%. A greater growth performance for BRS Rouxinol than BRS Itaim was observed, while the second cultivar indicated a high tolerance as exposed to the highest ionic concentrations. ABSTRACT income Brazil solution Thus scheme plot diameter leaves branches pods mass rootshoot root obtained concentration 90 120 120% observed 9 12 1

RESUMO: O feijão-caupi é um alimento que representa uma importante fonte de proteínas, e também de renda, sobretudo para os produtores rurais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de crescimento de duas cultivares de feijão caupi sob diferentes concentrações iônicas da solução nutritiva. Para tanto, um experimento em vasos foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramento casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, utilizando quatro repetições e um planta por parcela. Após o período de crescimento, os parâmetros tais como: comprimento do ramo principal, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, número de ramos secundários, número de vagens, peso fresco do caule, peso seco do caule, peso seco das folhas, peso seco da parte aérea e a relação raiz parte aérea foram obtidas. Os resultados apontaram que houve interação significativa dos fatores sobre o diâmetro do caule, peso seco das folhas, peso seco da parte aérea e o número de folhas. Ambas as cultivares foram responsivas a mudança na concentração iônica da soução, revelando maior rendimento de biomassa nas concentrações de 90% e 120%. Uma maior performance de crescimento foi constatada para BRS Rouxinol comparado a BRS Itaim, enquanto a segunda cultivar mostrou elevada tolerância às altas concentrações iônicas na solução. RESUMO feijãocaupi proteínas renda Brasil nutritiva tanto 4 parcela como principal caule folhas secundários vagens obtidas soução 90 120 120% Itaim 9 12 1

Abstract Hydrogels are materials that absorb large amounts of water and have been used for horticultural purposes. This work aimed to make a technical and economic assessment of the use of potassium acrylate (PA) hydrogel to reduce water consumption in tomato cultivation by using three doses of PA (0, 3 and 6 g L-1 substrate), two substrates (sand and mixture: 50% sand - 40% compost - 10% perlite) and two varieties (Aquiles and Moctezuma). The experimental work was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Laguna Unit, in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, during the spring-summer cycle of 2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, 12 treatments and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem thickness, polar and equatorial diameter of the fruit, pulp thickness, number of locules, degrees Brix, yield, and water footprint. The economic analysis was based on the partial budget methodology proposed by the International Maize and Wheat Center for the analysis of experiments. No statistical differences were found in fruit quality. Yield increased with PA and the water footprint decreased. Marginal income (MgI) exceeded marginal cost (MgC) in the two doses of PA analyzed. PA saved water (20.1% and 21.1%) when incorporated into the substrate mixture, increased yield (25.1 t ha-1), improved income (MgI>MgC) and maintained fruit quality.

Resumen Los hidrogeles son materiales que absorben grandes cantidades de agua y se han utilizado para fines hortícolas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una evaluación técnica y económica del uso del hidrogel acrilato de potasio (AP) para reducir el consumo de agua en el cultivo de tomate utilizando tres dosis de AP (0, 3 y 6 g L-1 de sustrato), dos sustratos (arena y la mezcla: 50% arena - 40% compost - 10% perlita) y dos variedades (Aquiles y Moctezuma). El trabajo experimental se llevó a cabo en uno de los invernaderos de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, en la ciudad de Torreón, Coahuila, México durante el ciclo primavera verano de 2020. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, 12 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, grosor del tallo, diámetro polar y ecuatorial del fruto, grosor de pulpa, número de lóculos, grados Brix, rendimiento y huella hídrica. El análisis económico se basó en la metodología de presupuesto parcial propuesta por el Centro Internacional de Maíz y Trigo para el análisis de experimentos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la calidad de fruto. El rendimiento se incrementó con AP y la huella hídrica se redujo. El ingreso marginal (Img) superó al costo marginal (Cmg) en las dos dosis de AP analizadas. El AP ahorró agua (20.1% y 21.1%) cuando se incorporó a mezcla de sustrato, aumentó el rendimiento (25.1 t ha-1), mejoró el ingreso (Img> Cmg) y mantuvo la calidad de los frutos.

Irrigation is required to supplement rainfall to enhance the productivity of chickpea in South Africa (SA). However, the dependence on irrigation can be problematic for SA and other countries with limited natural water resources and variable rainfall. Even though access to irrigation water has been identified as one of the challenges faced when planting chickpea in the winter season in SA, irrigation management strategies for chickpea grown on soils differing in texture have not gained considerable research attention. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of irrigation levels on dry matter production of chickpea grown on two soils differing in soil texture under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design, with 3 irrigation levels (25%, 50% and 75% of the water-holding capacity of soil (WHC)) and 2 soils differing in soil textural class (Loamy sand (LS) soil and sandy loam (SL) soil), replicated thrice. Irrigation level, soil texture and their interaction significantly affected shoot biomass (SBM) and total plant biomass (TBM). Generally, SBM, TBM and root biomass decreased correspondingly with the reduction in irrigation. The 25% WHC significantly reduced the SBM by up to 60% and TBM by up to 56% compared to the 50% and 75% WHC. The SBM and TBM were higher in SL soil than in LS soil. A significantly higher root/shoot ratio (0.45) in the LS soil than in the SL soil (0.16) indicated that the conditions of LS soil encouraged plants to allocate higher proportions of biomass into roots, possibly due to increased competition for soil resources. In conclusion, maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC ensures better chickpea dry matter production in SL soil.