RESUMEN En el artículo, a partir del análisis lógico histórico, se exponen algunas consideraciones sobre el proceso de socialización del campesino en Cuba, y se precisa su lugar en la actualidad. El trabajo repasa algunos momentos de la socialización agraria, en general, y analiza algunas de las contradicciones que ha supuesto este proceso. Se acerca a los diferentes tipos socioeconómicos que han participado en la socialización del campesino, entre estos, las formas cooperativas y la usufructuaria libre de la tierra. Allega algunas ideas a tener en consideración para el desarrollo de una posible política agraria nacional. Por último, precisa el lugar de la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios, el desarrollo de la economía familiar, cooperativa y comunal.

ABSTRACT In the article, based on historical logical analysis, some considerations are presented about the process of socialization of the peasant in Cuba, specifying its place today. The work reviews some moments of the process of agrarian socialization in general and analyzes some of the contradictions that the process has entailed. It approaches the different socioeconomic types that have participated in the process of socialization of the peasant, the cooperatives and the free usufructuary of the land. It contains some ideas to take into consideration for the development of a possible national agrarian policy. Finally, it specifies the possible place of the Credit and Services Cooperative, the development of the family, cooperative and communal economy.

Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

ABSTRACT The proper disposal of fruit and vegetable waste is essential to promote environmental sustainability, reduce the carbon footprint, improve soil quality, and contribute to the transition to a circular economy. This study examined the impact of incorporating dairy cattle wastewater (DCWW) into anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable residues and utilization of the resulting biofertilizer as a diluent in the anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues (recycle). The specific biogas and methane production and the agronomic quality of the biofertilizer were evaluated in a semi-continuous trial. Two startup strategies were employed: initially, the reactors were entirely fed with inoculum (biofertilizer derived from DCWW), and fruit and vegetable residue feedstock was gradually introduced. Anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues with DCWW yielded the highest specific production of biogas and methane at 720 and 436 L kg-1 of volatile solids (VS), respectively. The addition of DCWW increases fruit and vegetable residue alkalinity by 249% and reduces the volatile acidity by 83.4%. Anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues enhances macronutrient recovery in the biofertilizer through recycle. Logistically, directing fruit and vegetable residues to rural areas for anaerobic co-digestion with DCWW promotes agricultural biofertilizer use. sustainability footprint economy (DCWW codigestion co digestion monodigestion mono recycle . (recycle) semicontinuous semi continuous trial employed initially DCWW, , DCWW) introduced 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- VS, VS (VS) respectively 249 834 83 4 83.4% Logistically use (recycle 7 (VS 24 8 83.4 2 83.

RESUMO A destinação adequada dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais é fundamental para promover a sustentabilidade ambiental, reduzir a pegada de carbono, melhorar a qualidade do solo e contribuir para a transição para uma economia circular. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de água residuária da bovinocultura de leite em codigestão anaeróbia com resíduos de frutas e vegetais e o uso do biofertilizante como diluente na monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais (reciclo). A produção específica de biogás e metano, bem como a qualidade agronômica do biofertilizante em um estudo semicontínuo, foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias para partida dos reatores: o abastecimento inicial dos reatores totalmente com inóculo (biofertilizante proveniente da digestão anaeróbia da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite) e a progressão de carga para os resíduos de frutas e vegetais. A maior produção específica de biogás e metano foi atingida pela codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos de frutas e vegetais com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite, 720 e 436 L kg-1 de sólidos voláteis (SV), respectivamente. A adição da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite aumentou em 249% a alcalinidade dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais e diminuiu em 83,4% sua acidez volátil. A recuperação de macronutrientes no biofertilizante é favorecida pela monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais em função do uso do reciclo. Entretanto, visando a destinação destes ao meio rural, a codigestão anaeróbia com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite favorece o uso agrícola do biofertilizante. ambiental carbono circular reciclo . (reciclo) semicontínuo 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- SV, SV , (SV) respectivamente 249 834 83 4 83,4 volátil Entretanto rural (reciclo 7 (SV 24 8 83, 2

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal mostrar un análisis sobre los actores sociales que pueden tener un rol clave para promover la bioeconomía como alternativa para la diversificación productiva y la agregación de valor en el medio rural. Se parte de la revisión al binomio economía-biología, los cuales dieron origen al concepto de Bioeconomía buscando una mejor comprensión sobre su relevancia en la transición hacia una economía sostenible. El método de investigación empleado fue no experimental porque se partió de situaciones ya existentes en torno a los actores sociales y sus facultades organizacionales, a partir de las cuales se identificó qué rol participante podrían desempeñar a favor de la Bioeconomía circular. Destacan como resultados del análisis y evaluación las directrices para una propuesta de política pública que reconozca que la bioeconomía otorga valor tanto a los recursos biológicos como al conocimiento, la investigación, la innovación y a la gestión, para el desarrollo de productos, procesos y servicios bajo el principio de sostenibilidad, donde las universidades públicas tienen un papel central en la promoción y ejecución de dicha política.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to show an analysis of the social actors that can play a key role in promoting the Bioeconomy as an alternative for productive diversification and value addition in rural areas. The starting point is the review of the economy-biology binomial, which gave rise to the concept of Bioeconomy, seeking a better understanding of its relevance in the transition towards a sustainable economy. The research method used was non-experimental because it was based on already existing situations surrounding social actors and their organizational powers, from which it was identified which role participants could play in favor of the Bioeconomy. The results of the analysis and evaluation highlight the guidelines for a public policy proposal that recognizes that the bioeconomy gives value to both biological resources and knowledge, research, innovation and management, for the development of products, processes and services under the principle of sustainability, where public universities have a central role in the promotion and execution of said policy.

RESUMEN En el sector rural, la dimensión de género es importante y emerge como un eje de análisis para interpretar la nueva ruralidad. El género aborda tanto a los varones como a las mujeres, y estos se desenvuelven sobre el actual contexto de cambio climático con variación global del clima de la tierra. Las mujeres y los varones en las zonas rurales de Bolivia tienen muchos roles y oportun idades diferentes en el contexto del desarrollo rural, que no están distribuidos por igual. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue recopilar y analizar información referente a la participación de la mujer en el proceso de desarrollo rural, así como en su perspectiva de género. Se aplicó una metodología que consistió en la recopilación de información secundaria proveniente de artículos científicos, de investigación, de análisis provenientes de revistas científicas indexadas en repositorios internacionales, así como información proveniente de instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales cuyas áreas de acción son inherentes al ámbito agropecuario. De acuerdo con los resultados, a pesar de la incorporación de políticas públicas, normas, leyes, aún se continúa con brechas de género que muestran desigualdad en los Andes de Bolivia, esto principalmente a causa de las costumbres arraigadas que limitan la participación activa de las mujeres rurales.

ABSTRACT In the rural sector, the gender dimension is important and emerges as an axis of analysis to interpret the new rurality. Gender addresses both men and women, and they evolve in the current context of climate change with global variation of the earth's climate. Women and men in rural Bolivia have many different roles and opportunities in the context of rural development, which are not equally distributed. The purpose of this study was to compile and analyze information on women's participation in the rural development process and its gender perspective. A methodological approach was applied that consisted of compiling secondary information from scientific articles, research articles, analyses from scientific journals indexed in international repositories, as well as information from governmental and non-governmental institutions whose areas of action are inherent to the agricultural sector. The results show that despite the incorporation of public policies, norms and laws, there are still gender gaps that show inequality in the Bolivian Andes, mainly due to ingrained customs that limit the active participation of rural women.

Abstract The role of women is particularly relevant for the economic and social development in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of eleven women entrepreneurs living in rural areas in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco, with the hope of promoting the entrepreneurship in these regions. For this purpose, two case studies were carried out using different qualitative techniques for data collection: documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The socio-demographic profile, the family situation, the level of education, the strategies for reconciling family and work, the characteristics of the production and/or business, the needs they had as women entrepreneurs, and the skills they had for such work, were the main variables analyzed by a data triangulation. The results show that, despite their poor educational level and low involvement in the labor market, rural women in Southern Jalisco acquired entrepreneurial abilities through observation and family experience. However, they lack other factors necessary to engage in the labor market. They themselves gave the keys to fostering rural women’s entrepreneurship in the community.

Resumen El papel de la mujer es especialmente relevante para el desarrollo económico y social del medio rural. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la situación de las mujeres emprendedoras de dos comunidades rurales de la zona sur del estado de Jalisco con la esperanza de fomentar el emprendimiento en el medio rural. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios de caso a través del uso de diferentes técnicas de naturaleza cualitativa para la recogida de los datos: análisis documental, entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. Mediante la triangulación de los datos obtenidos, las variables analizadas fueron principalmente el perfil sociodemográfico, la situación familiar, el nivel educativo, las estrategias de conciliación familiar y laboral, las características de la producción y/o empresa, las necesidades que tenían como mujeres emprendedoras y las habilidades que presentaban para tal labor. Los datos obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su bajo nivel educativo y su baja participación en el mercado laboral, las mujeres rurales del sur de Jalisco presentan habilidades emprendedoras adquiridas a través de la observación y la experiencia familiar, pero carecen de otros factores necesarios para emprender. Ellas mismas dieron las claves para fomentar el emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales de la comunidad.

ABSTRACT One of the components with the greatest effect on the development of a venture is that which refers to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. The objective of the research work was to survey the age group of agricultural entrepreneurs in Paraguay. First, a documentary bibliographic review was carried out, taking official data regarding the age composition of the country. In the field stage, a quantitative approach has been taken, with an exploratory scope, applying the data collection instrument to a total of 51 owners of agricultural enterprises. Its design is non-experimental quantitative. Of the farms studied, 96% are within the dimensions established to be considered in the range of Peasant Family Agriculture. All ventures have less than 10 people involved. 96% run a family-type business. The academic training with the highest percentage among these is primary and secondary. 35% of those surveyed belong to Generation It is the older generations that prevail on the country's agricultural farms. Generation X is the one with the highest participation in the sample, occupying just over a third. This could be expected to be the preeminent generation in terms of the direction of agricultural enterprises in the future decade.

RESUMEN Uno de los componentes con mayor efecto en el desarrollo de un emprendimiento es el que respecta a las características del emprendedor. El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo sondear el grupo etario de los emprendedores agropecuarios en el Paraguay. Primeramente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica documental tomando datos oficiales con respecto a la composición etaria del país. En la etapa de campo, se ha tenido un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance exploratorio, aplicando el instrumento de levantamiento de datos a un total de 51 propietarios de emprendimientos agropecuarios. El diseño del mismo es no experimental cuantitativa. De las fincas estudiadas el 96% se encuentra dentro de las dimensiones establecidas para ser consideradas en el rango de la Agricultura Familiar Campesina. Todos los emprendimientos cuentan con menos de 10 personas involucradas. En un 96% dirigen un emprendimiento de tipo familiar. La formación académica con mayor porcentaje entre estos es la primaria y secundaria. El 35% de los encuestados pertenece a la Generación X, 26% Millennial, 27% Baby Boomers y 12% a la Generación Z. Si bien la generación Millennial es la Generación predominante a nivel laboral en la actualidad, los resultados prueban que son aun las Generaciones de más edad las que prevalecen en las fincas agropecuarias del país. La Generación X es la de mayor participación en el caso de la muestra ocupando poco más de la tercera parte. Se podría esperar que esta sea la generación preeminente en cuanto a la dirección de los emprendimientos agropecuarias en la futura década.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, the Vilcanota River sub-basin (Cusco, Peru) has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures typical of the economic model. In a context of pandemic and ecological crisis, addressing the complexity of the value of water becomes pertinent in order to overcome the exclusive use of mechanisms to calculate monetary value or sustain environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of the study was to analyze water consumption rates in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate management with a vision from ecological economics. To do this, the dynamic factors, impacts and responses of water governance were analyzed, and the problem of value was addressed through the analysis of hydrological flows with the ecological economy approach. A high consumption of the household sector was found (urban: 265151.71 m3/h, rural: 163087.50 m3/h), mainly due to urban expansion, change in land use and other local problems in a mainly agricultural area. where an analysis of the social metabolism in the Vilcanota River sub-basin and the inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy is necessary.

RESUMEN: En la última década, la subcuenca del río Vilcanota (Cusco, Perú) ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas propias del modelo económico. En un contexto de crisis pandémica y ecológica, abordar la complejidad del valor del agua se hace pertinente a fin de superar el uso exclusivo de mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario o sostener una gobernanza ambiental basada en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las tasas de consumo de agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrar la gestión con una visión desde la economía ecológica. Para ello se analizaron los factores dinámicos, impactos y respuestas de la gobernanza hídrica, y se abordó el problema del valor mediante el análisis de los flujos hidrológicos con el enfoque de la economía ecológica. Se encontró un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h), principalmente debido a la expansión urbana, cambio de uso de suelo y otras problemáticas locales sobre una zona principalmente agrícola, donde se hace necesario un análisis del metabolismo social en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota y la inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.

Abstract: The milpa landscape is a territory where there is a close relationship between the Mayan populations and the forest manifested in agroecosystem management strategies such as: the milpa, the home garden and the secondary vegetation. The milpa landscape faces multiple socio-environmental pressures that require transdisciplinary analytical frameworks that allow its comprehensive understanding. The objective of this work is to analyze through variables that allow us to deepen into the socioecological relationships established by the human and biophysical components of southern Yucatán. The framework of socio-ecological systems was used, for its operationalization secondary information was reviewed and 257 surveys were applied in two municipalities. The results show that socioecological relationships are influenced by aspects of governance and land tenure. The milpa system prevails in livelihoods, but coexists with factors such as the loss of the Mayan language, the low generational change, the market economy, the high prevalence of agrochemicals and weather patterns. It is proposed that efforts based on the revaluation of the milpa, the participatory integration of knowledge and the development of adaptive governance schemes could have positive repercussions on sustainability if this biocultural landscape. Abstract vegetation socioenvironmental socio environmental understanding Yucatán ecological used 25 municipalities tenure livelihoods language change economy patterns 2

Resumen: El paisaje milpa es un territorio con una marcada relación entre las poblaciones mayas y las selvas que se manifiestan en estrategias de manejo de los agroecosistemas locales: la milpa, el huerto familiar y la vegetación secundaria. El paisaje milpa enfrenta múltiples presiones socioambientales que requieren de marcos analíticos transdiciplinarios que permitan su comprensión integral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar en las interacciones que establecen los componentes humanos y biofísicos. Se utilizó el marco de sistemas socioecológicos, para su operacionalización se revisó información secundaria y se aplicaron 257 encuestas en dos municipios. Los resultados muestran que las relaciones socioecológicas son influenciadas por aspectos de gobernanza y la tenencia de la tierra. El sistema milpa prevalece en los medios de vida, pero coexistiendo con factores que amenazan su estabilidad como la pérdida de la lengua maya, el bajo relevo generacional, la economía de mercado, el alto empleo de agroquímicos y los patrones climáticos. Se concluye que esfuerzos basados en la revalorización de la milpa, la integración participativa de conocimientos y el desarrollo de esquemas de gobernanza adaptativa podrían repercutir positivamente en la sostenibilidad de este paisaje cultural. Resumen locales integral biofísicos socioecológicos 25 municipios tierra vida maya generacional mercado climáticos cultural 2

Abstract: The Covid19 disease, resulting from contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, impacted on the economy, especially in the agricultural sector, which has become more susceptible to these impacts through the rise in costs that are not easily perceived. This study aims to analyze the impact on input acquisition costs, caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, in small family farms, from the perspective of the Total Cost Ownership (TCO) methodology. The methodology used in this research was a case study in 12 family farms, located in the southern region of Brazil, with data collected from April 2017 to March 2020. Four inputs common to all properties were analyzed. The results showed that there was an increase of 39.47% in the acquisition costs of inputs and a weighted average increase of 34.7%, which had a negative impact on the monetary result of family properties. It was concluded that the properties were affected by the effects of the pandemic with regard to the purchase of inputs, mainly with an increase in acquisition costs, due to the shortage of essential supplies for the basic operations of small rural properties. Abstract Covid Covid1 disease SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- virus economy sector perceived 19 Covid-1 farms TCO (TCO 1 Brazil 201 2020 analyzed 3947 39 47 39.47 347 34 7 34.7% SARS-CoV Covid- 20 202 394 3 4 39.4 34.7 39. 34.

Resumo: A doença Covid19, resultante da contaminação pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, causou efeitos na economia, sobretudo no setor agrícola, que se tornou mais suscetível à elevação de custos não percebidos facilmente. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o impacto nos custos de aquisição de insumos, ocasionados pela pandemia do Covid-19, em pequenas propriedades rurais familiares, sob a ótica da metodologia Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). A metodologia empregada nesta investigação foi a do estudo de caso genérico em 12 propriedades rurais familiares, situadas na Região Sul do Brasil, com dados coletados entre abril de 2017 e março de 2020. Foram analisados quatro insumos comuns a todas as propriedades. Os resultados demonstraram que houve um acréscimo de 39,47% nos custos de aquisição dos insumos, equivalente a um aumento médio ponderado de 34,7%, o que impactou negativamente no resultado monetário das propriedades familiares. Concluiu-se que as propriedades foram afetadas pelos efeitos da pandemia no que se refere à compra de insumos, principalmente com o aumento dos custos de aquisição, em decorrência do desabastecimento dos suprimentos essenciais para as operações básicas das pequenas propriedades rurais. Resumo Covid19 Covid SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 economia agrícola facilmente 19, 19 Covid-19 familiares TCO. TCO . (TCO) 1 Brasil 201 2020 3947 39 47 39,47 347 34 7 34,7% Concluiuse Concluiu Covid1 SARS-CoV- Covid-1 (TCO 20 202 394 3 4 39,4 34,7 SARS-CoV Covid- 39, 34,

ABSTRACT: Pork price fluctuations are closely related to the national economy and people’s livelihoods in China. Based on the monthly pork price fluctuations in China from January 2011 to August 2022, this study uses ARCH family models to assess the characteristics and laws of these fluctuations in China. The pork price fluctuations show obvious clustering, with external shock information from the previous month affecting the pork price in the following period; the pork market price is characterized by risk compensation, with the high risk of pork supply driving the pork price up. In addition, the pork price fluctuations are characterized by asymmetry, with a greater impact of good than of bad news on the pork price. Due to the pork industry’ low entry threshold and the existence of sunk costs, positive information on the pork market has a stronger impact on price fluctuations than negative information. To guide pork supply, we recommend improving monitoring and early-warning mechanisms in the pork market to identify the pork price volatility threshold and measure the price volatility. In addition, price index insurance products should be constantly strengthened, with different types of insurance products being offered to meeting the insurance demand of various sectors in the pig meat supply chain. ABSTRACT peoples people s 201 2022 clustering period compensation up addition asymmetry industry costs earlywarning early warning strengthened chain 20 202 2

RESUMO: As flutuações do preço da carne suína estão intimamente relacionadas à economia nacional e à subsistência das pessoas. Com base na flutuação mensal do preço da carne suína na China de a janeiro de 2011 a agosto de 2022, este estudo usa os modelos da família ARCH para avaliar as características e as leis das flutuações do preço da carne suína na China. Nossos estudos mostraram que as flutuações do preço da carne suína apresentam agrupamento óbvio, e as informações de choque externo do mês anterior irão interferir no preço da carne suína no período seguinte. O preço de mercado da carne suína tem as características de “risco de recompensa”, e o “alto risco” do preço da carne suína. Observa-se uma tendência de alta, mostrando que as oscilações do preço da carne suína são caracterizadas por assimetria. Devido ao baixo limiar de entrada da indústria de suínos e à existência de “sinking cost”, as informações positivas sobre o mercado de suínos têm um impacto mais forte nas flutuações de preços do que as informações negativas. Recomenda-se melhorar o monitoramento do mercado de carne suína e o mecanismo de alerta precoce, esclarecer e identificar o limite de volatilidade do preço da carne suína e melhorar o sistema de seguro financeiro da indústria suína. RESUMO pessoas 201 2022 óbvio seguinte risco recompensa, recompensa , recompensa” alto Observase Observa se alta assimetria sinking cost, cost cost” negativas Recomendase Recomenda precoce 20 202 2

Abstract Considering the reduced Brazilian participation in the world production of organic food and its potential in the traditional farming, we used cross-section data (based on organic producers, registered in January/2022) to analyses which local characteristics would explain the number of organic producers in Brazilian’s municipalities. The OLS, Poisson and Negative Binomial estimators, including “zero inflated” and endogeneity corrections (via instruments), were considered. It was found that organic producers would rather be in cities that are near from state capital, which are populous, rich, with a stable climate, slightly rainy, mild temperatures, better education, predominantly rural population, whose rural producers are between 25-55 years old, and which have organic producers in the neighborhood. Furthermore, they prefer places with more rural properties between 5-50 hectares, with their own irrigation, family-labor activity and that usually avoid pesticides. Alternatively, cities with strong agricultural production and high public expenditures in this area, whose properties have their own storage systems and receive more technical assistance, would be neglected. Finally, it was found a substitution relationship between traditional and organic foods and a more favorable environment to this segment in South and Northeast regions, with an indicative of barrier to organic’s entry in the Midwest. farming crosssection cross section based January/2022 January2022 January 2022 Brazilians s municipalities OLS estimators zero inflated via instruments, instruments , instruments) considered capital populous rich climate rainy temperatures education population 2555 25 55 25-5 old neighborhood Furthermore 550 5 50 5-5 hectares irrigation familylabor family labor pesticides Alternatively area assistance neglected Finally regions organics Midwest January/202 January202 202 255 2 25- 5- January/20 January20 20 January/2 January2 January/

Resumo Dada a reduzida participação brasileira na produção mundial de alimentos orgânicos e seu potencial no ramo alimentício, avaliou-se, via dados cross-section (baseados nos produtores orgânicos, cadastrados em janeiro/2022), quais características locais explicariam o número de empreendimentos orgânicos nos municípios brasileiros. Para tanto, consideraram-se os estimadores de MQO, Poisson e Binomial Negativo, inclusive “zero inflated”, com correções (via instrumentos) para variável endógena. Verificou-se que os produtores orgânicos seriam atraídos para os municípios mais próximos à capital estadual, populosos, ricos, de clima estável, levemente chuvosos, de temperatura amena, com melhor educação, população predominantemente rural, cujos produtores rurais têm entre 25-55 anos e que possuem produtores orgânicos na vizinhança. Ademais, eles parecem preferir locais com mais propriedades rurais entre 5-50 hectares, com irrigação própria, mão-de-obra familiar e que evitam agrotóxicos. Alternativamente, cidades com forte produção agropecuária, elevados gastos públicos nesta área e em transportes, cujas propriedades possuem sistemas próprios de armazenagem e recebem mais assistência técnica, seriam preteridos. Por fim, verificou-se que os alimentos convencionais e orgânicos seriam bens substitutos, que as regiões Sul e Nordeste são mais propícias a este ramo e que o Centro-Oeste quase não possui cidades promissoras, sugerindo que os produtores (convencionais) locais impõem barreiras à entrada de orgânicos. alimentício avaliouse, avaliouse avaliou se, se avaliou-se crosssection cross section baseados janeiro/2022, janeiro2022 janeiro janeiro/2022 , 2022 janeiro/2022) brasileiros tanto consideraramse consideraram MQO Negativo zero inflated, inflated inflated” instrumentos endógena Verificouse Verificou estadual populosos ricos estável chuvosos amena educação rural 2555 25 55 25-5 vizinhança Ademais 550 5 50 5-5 hectares própria mãodeobra mão obra agrotóxicos Alternativamente agropecuária transportes técnica preteridos fim verificouse verificou substitutos CentroOeste Centro Oeste promissoras (convencionais janeiro202 janeiro/202 202 255 2 25- 5- janeiro20 janeiro/20 20 janeiro2 janeiro/2 janeiro/

Resumo O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão.

Abstract Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.

The study's main objective was to investigate the challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers and informal food traders in the agri-food value chain in Gauteng province. A sample of 32 smallholder crop farmers and 32 informal food traders was gathered using questionnaire surveys. The different challenges identified have negatively influenced the progress and development of these actors. For example, COVID-19 lockdown regulations have destroyed the trading jobs of informal food traders, directly affecting smallholder crop farmers' income. This was because informal food traders were identified as the major customers for smallholder crop farmers, as indicated by the study data. Other challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers included a small amount of arable land, lack of grower schemes, regulatory barriers, lack of agricultural management skills and extension services, and lack of credit facilities and resources. As part of the recommendations for the smallholder crop farmers, it was proposed that the Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development should improve policies on the reaction and management of shocks like COVID-19 in the economy to protect the vulnerable groups in society. Additional recommendations included addressing gender disparity in the smallholder crop farming sector as males dominated the agricultural sector; introducing easy eligibility criteria for micro-loan applications by DFIs to enable smallholder crop farmers to access loans; and the proposal for extensive arable land to aid smallholder crop farmers to expand and grow in their business trajectory. For the informal food traders, it was recommended that the municipal authority improve the by-laws that govern how informal food traders are treated.