Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

RESUMEN En el artículo, a partir del análisis lógico histórico, se exponen algunas consideraciones sobre el proceso de socialización del campesino en Cuba, y se precisa su lugar en la actualidad. El trabajo repasa algunos momentos de la socialización agraria, en general, y analiza algunas de las contradicciones que ha supuesto este proceso. Se acerca a los diferentes tipos socioeconómicos que han participado en la socialización del campesino, entre estos, las formas cooperativas y la usufructuaria libre de la tierra. Allega algunas ideas a tener en consideración para el desarrollo de una posible política agraria nacional. Por último, precisa el lugar de la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios, el desarrollo de la economía familiar, cooperativa y comunal.

ABSTRACT In the article, based on historical logical analysis, some considerations are presented about the process of socialization of the peasant in Cuba, specifying its place today. The work reviews some moments of the process of agrarian socialization in general and analyzes some of the contradictions that the process has entailed. It approaches the different socioeconomic types that have participated in the process of socialization of the peasant, the cooperatives and the free usufructuary of the land. It contains some ideas to take into consideration for the development of a possible national agrarian policy. Finally, it specifies the possible place of the Credit and Services Cooperative, the development of the family, cooperative and communal economy.

ABSTRACT The proper disposal of fruit and vegetable waste is essential to promote environmental sustainability, reduce the carbon footprint, improve soil quality, and contribute to the transition to a circular economy. This study examined the impact of incorporating dairy cattle wastewater (DCWW) into anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable residues and utilization of the resulting biofertilizer as a diluent in the anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues (recycle). The specific biogas and methane production and the agronomic quality of the biofertilizer were evaluated in a semi-continuous trial. Two startup strategies were employed: initially, the reactors were entirely fed with inoculum (biofertilizer derived from DCWW), and fruit and vegetable residue feedstock was gradually introduced. Anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues with DCWW yielded the highest specific production of biogas and methane at 720 and 436 L kg-1 of volatile solids (VS), respectively. The addition of DCWW increases fruit and vegetable residue alkalinity by 249% and reduces the volatile acidity by 83.4%. Anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues enhances macronutrient recovery in the biofertilizer through recycle. Logistically, directing fruit and vegetable residues to rural areas for anaerobic co-digestion with DCWW promotes agricultural biofertilizer use. sustainability footprint economy (DCWW codigestion co digestion monodigestion mono recycle . (recycle) semicontinuous semi continuous trial employed initially DCWW, , DCWW) introduced 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- VS, VS (VS) respectively 249 834 83 4 83.4% Logistically use (recycle 7 (VS 24 8 83.4 2 83.

RESUMO A destinação adequada dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais é fundamental para promover a sustentabilidade ambiental, reduzir a pegada de carbono, melhorar a qualidade do solo e contribuir para a transição para uma economia circular. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de água residuária da bovinocultura de leite em codigestão anaeróbia com resíduos de frutas e vegetais e o uso do biofertilizante como diluente na monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais (reciclo). A produção específica de biogás e metano, bem como a qualidade agronômica do biofertilizante em um estudo semicontínuo, foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias para partida dos reatores: o abastecimento inicial dos reatores totalmente com inóculo (biofertilizante proveniente da digestão anaeróbia da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite) e a progressão de carga para os resíduos de frutas e vegetais. A maior produção específica de biogás e metano foi atingida pela codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos de frutas e vegetais com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite, 720 e 436 L kg-1 de sólidos voláteis (SV), respectivamente. A adição da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite aumentou em 249% a alcalinidade dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais e diminuiu em 83,4% sua acidez volátil. A recuperação de macronutrientes no biofertilizante é favorecida pela monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais em função do uso do reciclo. Entretanto, visando a destinação destes ao meio rural, a codigestão anaeróbia com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite favorece o uso agrícola do biofertilizante. ambiental carbono circular reciclo . (reciclo) semicontínuo 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- SV, SV , (SV) respectivamente 249 834 83 4 83,4 volátil Entretanto rural (reciclo 7 (SV 24 8 83, 2

Abstract The concept of Good Living plays a crucial role in relation to the community and becomes an opportunity to improve the quality of life. This article systematizes the entrepreneurship experience with peasant women from the rural area of Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, as a contribution to human flourishing. This research followed the guidelines of the Alforja Network, which proposes a systematization framed within dialectical, systemic, and holistic approaches to popular education. The results are presented in three phases: characterization of the families, the environment, and the entrepreneurship production; interdisciplinary accompaniment and sustainability through the structuring of networks and alliances. The experience reflects the ability of women for the Good Living of themselves and their families, collective organization, and innovation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the role of the State in strengthening local development through the production chain, preserving its rural identity in the context of equitable processes.

Resumen El concepto del Buen Vivir desempeña un papel crucial en la relación con la comunidad y se convierte en una oportunidad para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este artículo sistematiza la experiencia de emprendimiento con mujeres campesinas del área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, como una contribución al florecimiento humano. Esta investigación siguió los lineamientos de la Red Alforja, la cual propone una sistematización enmarcada en enfoques dialécticos, sistémicos y holísticos de la educación popular. Los resultados son presentados en tres fases: caracterización de las familias, el entorno y la producción del emprendimiento; acompañamiento interdisciplinario y sustentabilidad a través de la estructuración de redes y alianzas. La experiencia refleja la capacidad de las mujeres para el Buen Vivir de ellas y sus familias, la organización colectiva y la innovación. Además, resalta la importancia del rol del Estado en el fortalecimiento del desarrollo local mediante la cadena de producción, preservando su identidad rural en el contexto de procesos equitativos.

Resumen O conceito do Bom Viver desempenha um papel crucial na relação com a comunidade e converte-se em uma oportunidade para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este artigo sistematiza a experiência de emprendimento com mulheres campesinas da área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colômbia, como uma contribuindo ao florecimento humano. Esta investigação continuou os linhamentos da Red Alforja, a qual propõe uma sistematização enmarcada em enfoques dialéticos, sistêmicos e holísticos da educação popular. Os resultados são apresentados em três fases: caracterização das famílias, o entorno e a produção do emprendimento; acompanhamento interdisciplinário e sustentabilidade através da estructuração de redes e alianças. A experiência reflete a capacidade das mulheres para o Bom Viver delas e suas famílias, a organização coletiva e a inovação. Além disso, ressalta a importância do role do Estado no fortalecimento do desenvolvimento local mediante a cadeia de produção, preservando sua identidade rural no contexto de processos equitativos.

Abstract The traditional Mexican mezcal socio-ecosystem has extensive biocultural and economic wealth presence in rural communities. However, in recent years an intense demand has been experienced in global markets generating processes of agro-industrialization of diverse traditional practices and thereby negatively impacting the sustainability of the system. Regarding this matter the research aims to characterize and typify the existing relationships between producers and their socio-environmental contexts, contributing elements to the construction of greater degrees of local sustainability within rural contexts, using the Queréndaro region, in the central north of Michoacán state, as a case study. Our results show that the sustainability of the analysis units varies between and intra diversed categories, while sustainability is not a characteristic of the type of mezcal, but of the producers. It is their traditional cultural relationships, their history and their association with nature the criteria which make this element to be created.

Resumen El socioecosistema mezcalero tradicional mexicano posee amplia riqueza biocultural y económica, presentes en las comunidades rurales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se está experimentando una atractiva articulación en los mercados globales, generándose procesos de agroindustrialización de las prácticas tradicionales diversas y con ello impactando negativamente a la sustentabilidad del sistema. Así, esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar y tipificar las relaciones existentes entre los productores y sus contextos socioambientales, aportando elementos a la construcción de mayores grados de sustentabilidad local dentro de los contextos rurales, usando como caso de estudio la región Queréndaro, en el estado de Michoacán, México. Detectamos que la sustentabilidad de las unidades de análisis varía entre e intra diversas categorías, en tanto la sustentabilidad no es una característica del tipo de mezcal, sino de los productores, pues son sus relaciones culturales tradicionales, su historia y su relación con la naturaleza los criterios que hacen que este elemento se construya.

Resumo O socio-ecossistema mezcalero tradicional mexicano possui amplia riqueza biocultural e econômica, presentes nas comunidades rurais. Mas nos últimos anos está experimentando-se uma atrativa articulação nos mercados globais, gerando-se processos de agroindustrialização das práticas tradicionais diversas e com isso impactando negativamente à sustentabilidade do sistema. En este sentido, esta investigação tem como objetivo caraterizar e tipificar as relações existentes entre os produtores e seus contextos socioambientais, aportando elementos à construção de graus maiores de sustentabilidade local, dentro dos contextos rurais, usando como caso de estudo a região Queréndaro, no estado de Michoacán, México. Detectamos que a sustentabilidade das unidades de análise varia entre e intra diversas categorias, enquanto a sustentabilidade não é uma característica do tipo de mezcal, mas sim dos productores, pois são suas relações culturais tradicionais, sua história e sua relação com a natureza os critérios que fazem que este elemento seja construido.

Resumen: En la actualidad, existen materiales provenientes de la industria, que bajo ciertas condiciones físicas pueden aportar al mejoramiento de las propiedades de mecánicas de un suelo. Materiales como el polvo de ladrillo (BD) y las cenizas de carbón (FA) tienen contenidos altos de SiO2 y Al3O2, que denotan actividad puzolánica. Además, se ha comprobado que dichos materiales pueden activarse al combinarse con cal. Esto genera procesos internos de cementación cuando el tamaño de grano es de 75 micras. Las vías rurales en Colombia presentan uno de los porcentajes más altos de toda la red vial y solo un 7% aproximadamente se encuentra en buen estado. Las difíciles condiciones de acceso, la susceptibilidad de los suelos, la imposibilidad financiera de intervenir toda esta red y la necesidad de implementar procesos de economía circular hace que estos materiales sean atractivos en temas de estabilización para mejorar las condiciones de tránsito. El BD y FA fueron aplicadas en dosificaciones del 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% y 24% en suelos finogranulares (limo y arcilla) y suelos arenosos, se evaluó la compactación y se realizó un diseño experimental factorial para evaluar la influencia del material en la variable resistencia a la compresión inconfinada, por medio de un análisis ANOVA. Para evaluar el desempeño del BD y las FA, se realizó una pista de prueba sobre una vía de bajo volumen de tráfico en el norte de Colombia, la cual tenía un suelo arenoso. BD y FA fueron adicionados al 12% y activados con cal, en celdas de 30 m de longitud. Para establecer un patrón comparativo se hicieron otras celdas en las mismas condiciones geométricas con materiales que usualmente se usan en este tipo de aplicaciones como el cemento. Estas celdas fueron evaluadas en periodo de 16 meses. Características como el módulo resiliente, El índice de internacional de rugosidad IRI y el coeficiente de resistencia al deslizamiento fueron medidos en ese período. Los resultados indican que cuando se adicionan estos materiales en suelos finogranulares (limos y arcillas), la resistencia a la compresión inconfinada aumenta un 150% respecto al suelo sin estabilizar, mientras que para suelos arenosos la resistencia aumenta desde un 70% hasta un 125%. Durante el período de evaluación, el BD y las FA lograron presentar aumentos por encima del 50% en el módulo resiliente respecto al suelo sin estabilizar. Sin embargo, las FA presentaron resultados comparables respecto al tramo estabilizado con cemento. Adicionalmente, sin bien, los tramos se fueron deteriorando en el tiempo, mantuvieron su indicen de rugosidad dentro de los rangos admisibles indicativos de buen índice de serviciabilidad.

Abstract: Currently, there are materials from industry that, under certain physical conditions, can contribute to the improvement of soils mechanical properties. Materials such as brick dust (BD) and fly ash (FA) have high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, which denote pozzolanic activity. In addition, it has been shown that these materials can be activated when combined with lime. This generates internal cementation processes when the particle size is 0.075 mm. Rural roads in Colombia have one of the highest percentages of the entire road infrastructure, and only about 7% are in good condition. Difficult access conditions, soil susceptibility, the financial impossibility of intervening in this entire network and the need to implement circular economy processes, make these materials attractive in terms of stabilization to improve traffic conditions. BD and FA were applied in dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 24% in finogranular soils (silt and clay) and sandy soils, compaction was evaluated, and a factorial experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the material on the variable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through an ANOVA analysis. To evaluate the performance of BD and FA, a test track was made on a low traffic volume road in northern Colombia, which had a sandy soil. BD and FA were added at 12% and activated with lime, in 30 m long cells. To establish a comparative pattern, other cells were made in the same geometric conditions with materials that are usually used in this type of application, such as cement. These cells were evaluated over a period of 16 months. Characteristics such as resilient modulus, international roughness index (IRI) and slip resistance coefficient were measured during this period. The results indicate that when these materials are added to finogranular soils (silts and clays), the UCS increases by 150% with respect to the unstabilized soil, while for sandy soils the strength increases from 70% to 125%. During the evaluation period, the BD and the FA were able to increases of over 50% in the resilient modulus with respect to the unstabilized soil. However, the FA showed comparable results with respect to the cement-stabilized cell. In addition, although the sections deteriorated over time, they maintained their roughness index within the admissible ranges indicative of a good serviceability index.

Abstract The role of women is particularly relevant for the economic and social development in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of eleven women entrepreneurs living in rural areas in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco, with the hope of promoting the entrepreneurship in these regions. For this purpose, two case studies were carried out using different qualitative techniques for data collection: documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The socio-demographic profile, the family situation, the level of education, the strategies for reconciling family and work, the characteristics of the production and/or business, the needs they had as women entrepreneurs, and the skills they had for such work, were the main variables analyzed by a data triangulation. The results show that, despite their poor educational level and low involvement in the labor market, rural women in Southern Jalisco acquired entrepreneurial abilities through observation and family experience. However, they lack other factors necessary to engage in the labor market. They themselves gave the keys to fostering rural women’s entrepreneurship in the community.

Resumen El papel de la mujer es especialmente relevante para el desarrollo económico y social del medio rural. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la situación de las mujeres emprendedoras de dos comunidades rurales de la zona sur del estado de Jalisco con la esperanza de fomentar el emprendimiento en el medio rural. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios de caso a través del uso de diferentes técnicas de naturaleza cualitativa para la recogida de los datos: análisis documental, entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. Mediante la triangulación de los datos obtenidos, las variables analizadas fueron principalmente el perfil sociodemográfico, la situación familiar, el nivel educativo, las estrategias de conciliación familiar y laboral, las características de la producción y/o empresa, las necesidades que tenían como mujeres emprendedoras y las habilidades que presentaban para tal labor. Los datos obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su bajo nivel educativo y su baja participación en el mercado laboral, las mujeres rurales del sur de Jalisco presentan habilidades emprendedoras adquiridas a través de la observación y la experiencia familiar, pero carecen de otros factores necesarios para emprender. Ellas mismas dieron las claves para fomentar el emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales de la comunidad.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal mostrar un análisis sobre los actores sociales que pueden tener un rol clave para promover la bioeconomía como alternativa para la diversificación productiva y la agregación de valor en el medio rural. Se parte de la revisión al binomio economía-biología, los cuales dieron origen al concepto de Bioeconomía buscando una mejor comprensión sobre su relevancia en la transición hacia una economía sostenible. El método de investigación empleado fue no experimental porque se partió de situaciones ya existentes en torno a los actores sociales y sus facultades organizacionales, a partir de las cuales se identificó qué rol participante podrían desempeñar a favor de la Bioeconomía circular. Destacan como resultados del análisis y evaluación las directrices para una propuesta de política pública que reconozca que la bioeconomía otorga valor tanto a los recursos biológicos como al conocimiento, la investigación, la innovación y a la gestión, para el desarrollo de productos, procesos y servicios bajo el principio de sostenibilidad, donde las universidades públicas tienen un papel central en la promoción y ejecución de dicha política.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to show an analysis of the social actors that can play a key role in promoting the Bioeconomy as an alternative for productive diversification and value addition in rural areas. The starting point is the review of the economy-biology binomial, which gave rise to the concept of Bioeconomy, seeking a better understanding of its relevance in the transition towards a sustainable economy. The research method used was non-experimental because it was based on already existing situations surrounding social actors and their organizational powers, from which it was identified which role participants could play in favor of the Bioeconomy. The results of the analysis and evaluation highlight the guidelines for a public policy proposal that recognizes that the bioeconomy gives value to both biological resources and knowledge, research, innovation and management, for the development of products, processes and services under the principle of sustainability, where public universities have a central role in the promotion and execution of said policy.

ABSTRACT One of the components with the greatest effect on the development of a venture is that which refers to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. The objective of the research work was to survey the age group of agricultural entrepreneurs in Paraguay. First, a documentary bibliographic review was carried out, taking official data regarding the age composition of the country. In the field stage, a quantitative approach has been taken, with an exploratory scope, applying the data collection instrument to a total of 51 owners of agricultural enterprises. Its design is non-experimental quantitative. Of the farms studied, 96% are within the dimensions established to be considered in the range of Peasant Family Agriculture. All ventures have less than 10 people involved. 96% run a family-type business. The academic training with the highest percentage among these is primary and secondary. 35% of those surveyed belong to Generation It is the older generations that prevail on the country's agricultural farms. Generation X is the one with the highest participation in the sample, occupying just over a third. This could be expected to be the preeminent generation in terms of the direction of agricultural enterprises in the future decade.

RESUMEN Uno de los componentes con mayor efecto en el desarrollo de un emprendimiento es el que respecta a las características del emprendedor. El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo sondear el grupo etario de los emprendedores agropecuarios en el Paraguay. Primeramente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica documental tomando datos oficiales con respecto a la composición etaria del país. En la etapa de campo, se ha tenido un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance exploratorio, aplicando el instrumento de levantamiento de datos a un total de 51 propietarios de emprendimientos agropecuarios. El diseño del mismo es no experimental cuantitativa. De las fincas estudiadas el 96% se encuentra dentro de las dimensiones establecidas para ser consideradas en el rango de la Agricultura Familiar Campesina. Todos los emprendimientos cuentan con menos de 10 personas involucradas. En un 96% dirigen un emprendimiento de tipo familiar. La formación académica con mayor porcentaje entre estos es la primaria y secundaria. El 35% de los encuestados pertenece a la Generación X, 26% Millennial, 27% Baby Boomers y 12% a la Generación Z. Si bien la generación Millennial es la Generación predominante a nivel laboral en la actualidad, los resultados prueban que son aun las Generaciones de más edad las que prevalecen en las fincas agropecuarias del país. La Generación X es la de mayor participación en el caso de la muestra ocupando poco más de la tercera parte. Se podría esperar que esta sea la generación preeminente en cuanto a la dirección de los emprendimientos agropecuarias en la futura década.

RESUMEN En el sector rural, la dimensión de género es importante y emerge como un eje de análisis para interpretar la nueva ruralidad. El género aborda tanto a los varones como a las mujeres, y estos se desenvuelven sobre el actual contexto de cambio climático con variación global del clima de la tierra. Las mujeres y los varones en las zonas rurales de Bolivia tienen muchos roles y oportun idades diferentes en el contexto del desarrollo rural, que no están distribuidos por igual. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue recopilar y analizar información referente a la participación de la mujer en el proceso de desarrollo rural, así como en su perspectiva de género. Se aplicó una metodología que consistió en la recopilación de información secundaria proveniente de artículos científicos, de investigación, de análisis provenientes de revistas científicas indexadas en repositorios internacionales, así como información proveniente de instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales cuyas áreas de acción son inherentes al ámbito agropecuario. De acuerdo con los resultados, a pesar de la incorporación de políticas públicas, normas, leyes, aún se continúa con brechas de género que muestran desigualdad en los Andes de Bolivia, esto principalmente a causa de las costumbres arraigadas que limitan la participación activa de las mujeres rurales.

ABSTRACT In the rural sector, the gender dimension is important and emerges as an axis of analysis to interpret the new rurality. Gender addresses both men and women, and they evolve in the current context of climate change with global variation of the earth's climate. Women and men in rural Bolivia have many different roles and opportunities in the context of rural development, which are not equally distributed. The purpose of this study was to compile and analyze information on women's participation in the rural development process and its gender perspective. A methodological approach was applied that consisted of compiling secondary information from scientific articles, research articles, analyses from scientific journals indexed in international repositories, as well as information from governmental and non-governmental institutions whose areas of action are inherent to the agricultural sector. The results show that despite the incorporation of public policies, norms and laws, there are still gender gaps that show inequality in the Bolivian Andes, mainly due to ingrained customs that limit the active participation of rural women.

Resumen Introducción: La autonomía municipal en la elaboración y ejecución de estrategias de desarrollo local es fundamental para reducir la dependencia del poder central y promover soluciones a problemáticas económicas, sociales y ambientales a nivel comunitario. En este sentido, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de gestión en cada municipio es crucial para impulsar iniciativas locales que aborden estas problemáticas de manera efectiva. Objetivo: Identificar, desde el vínculo universidad-empresa, modos de actuaciones para la ampliación de las capacidades de gestión del turismo rural como factor de desarrollo local en el ámbito municipal Metodología: Esta investigación se enmarca en un enfoque descriptivo de naturaleza cualitativa. Se emplearon métodos como el análisis documental, la observación científica y entrevistas para fundamentar la propuesta, basándose en experiencias de trabajo en los municipios avileños de Florencia, Chambas y Bolivia. Resultados: Se estructuraron varias acciones y talleres que, integralmente, y en el marco del vínculo universidad-empresa-municipio, aportan un conjunto de herramientas que potencian el aprendizaje y la generación de capacidades de gestión innovadoras en el aspecto municipal, en función del desarrollo local a partir de la actividad turística. Conclusiones: Las acciones y talleres propuestos representan una contribución significativa a la gestión del turismo rural en estos municipios, donde la creación de estructuras y sistemas de trabajo es crucial para impulsar la economía local y sistematizar el conocimiento en materia turística, promoviendo así un impacto directo en el desarrollo local.

Abstract Introduction: Municipal autonomy in crafting and executing local development strategies is pivotal for reducing reliance on central authority and fostering solutions to economic, social, and environmental challenges at the grassroots level. Strengthening management capacities within each municipality is therefore crucial for driving local initiatives that effectively address these issues. Objective: To identify, through university-industry collaboration, strategies for expanding management capacities for rural tourism as a catalyst for local development at the municipal level. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive, qualitative approach. Methods such as documentary analysis, scientific observation, and interviews were employed to underpin the proposal, drawing from experiences in the Avileño municipalities of Florencia, Chambas, and Bolivia. Results: Several integrated actions and workshops have been structured within the university-industry-municipality framework, offering a suite of tools that enhance learning and foster innovative management capacities at the municipal level, with a focus on leveraging tourism activity for local development. Conclusions: The proposed actions and workshops represent a significant stride in rural tourism management within these municipalities. Establishing structures and operational systems is crucial for driving the local economy and organizing knowledge in tourism, thus facilitating a direct impact on local development.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, the Vilcanota River sub-basin (Cusco, Peru) has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures typical of the economic model. In a context of pandemic and ecological crisis, addressing the complexity of the value of water becomes pertinent in order to overcome the exclusive use of mechanisms to calculate monetary value or sustain environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of the study was to analyze water consumption rates in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate management with a vision from ecological economics. To do this, the dynamic factors, impacts and responses of water governance were analyzed, and the problem of value was addressed through the analysis of hydrological flows with the ecological economy approach. A high consumption of the household sector was found (urban: 265151.71 m3/h, rural: 163087.50 m3/h), mainly due to urban expansion, change in land use and other local problems in a mainly agricultural area. where an analysis of the social metabolism in the Vilcanota River sub-basin and the inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy is necessary.

RESUMEN: En la última década, la subcuenca del río Vilcanota (Cusco, Perú) ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas propias del modelo económico. En un contexto de crisis pandémica y ecológica, abordar la complejidad del valor del agua se hace pertinente a fin de superar el uso exclusivo de mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario o sostener una gobernanza ambiental basada en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las tasas de consumo de agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrar la gestión con una visión desde la economía ecológica. Para ello se analizaron los factores dinámicos, impactos y respuestas de la gobernanza hídrica, y se abordó el problema del valor mediante el análisis de los flujos hidrológicos con el enfoque de la economía ecológica. Se encontró un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h), principalmente debido a la expansión urbana, cambio de uso de suelo y otras problemáticas locales sobre una zona principalmente agrícola, donde se hace necesario un análisis del metabolismo social en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota y la inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.

Resumo A agricultura é reconhecida como a força motriz do crescimento econômico, especialmente nas economias em desenvolvimento. Desempenha um papel crucial na economia do Irã, sobretudo durante as sanções econômicas, pois é uma fonte de renda para a população rural, segurança alimentar, criação de emprego e receitas em divisas. O presente estudo investiga o impacto dos gastos governamentais, da abertura comercial e dos termos de troca no crescimento agrícola no Irã, utilizando dados anuais do período de 1978 a 2021, por meio da aplicação do modelo de lag distribuído autorregressivo não linear (NARDL). Os resultados confirmaram a assimetria no impacto das três variáveis de interesse no crescimento agrícola. Em outras palavras, confirmou-se a superioridade da especificação não linear na explicação das relações entre variáveis. Para ser mais específico, um choque positivo e negativo nas despesas públicas afeta o crescimento do setor em 0,18 e -0,05%, respectivamente, no longo prazo. A mesma conclusão foi encontrada para a abertura comercial com coeficientes de impacto de 0,22 e -0,11 para choques positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Além disso, não conseguimos encontrar impacto significativo nos termos de troca. econômico desenvolvimento Irã econômicas rural alimentar divisas governamentais 197 2021 NARDL. NARDL . (NARDL) palavras confirmouse confirmou se específico 018 0 18 0,1 0,05%, 005 05 -0,05% respectivamente prazo 022 22 0,2 0,11 011 11 -0,1 negativos disso 19 202 (NARDL 01 1 0, 0,05% 00 -0,05 02 2 -0, 20 0,05 -0,0 -0 0,0 -

Abstract Agriculture is recognized as the driving force of economic growth, especially in developing economies. It plays a crucial role in Iran’s economy especially during economic sanctions as it is a source of income for rural people, food security, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. The present study investigates the impact of government spending, trade openness, and terms of trade on agricultural growth in Iran using annual data for the period 1978-2021 by application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL). The results confirmed asymmetry in the impact of all three variables of interest on agricultural growth. In other words, the superiority of the nonlinear specification in explaining the relationships between variables was confirmed. To be specific, a positive and negative shock to government spending affects sector growth by 0.18 and -0.05 percent, respectively in the long run. The same finding was found for trade openness with 0.22 and -0.11 impact coefficients for positive and negative shocks, respectively. Moreover, we could not find significant impact for terms of trade. economies Irans s people security creation earnings 19782021 1978 2021 1978-202 NARDL. NARDL . (NARDL) words specific 018 0 18 0.1 0.05 005 05 -0.0 percent run 022 22 0.2 0.11 011 11 -0.1 shocks Moreover 1978202 197 202 1978-20 (NARDL 01 1 0. 0.0 00 -0. 02 2 197820 19 20 1978-2 -0 19782 1978- -

Resumo O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão.

Abstract Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.