ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: There have always been employers, managers and/or co-workers with less correct and disruptive behaviors, with possible consequences in terms of physical and emotional health, in addition to direct intervention in work parameters (such as performance, satisfaction, productivity and profit). Within this dimension there is a very wide variation between more subtle and possibly less serious situations, to the opposite. The aim of this review is to address the softer part of this spectrum and, possibly, more discreet and frequent, in order to provide Occupational Health and Safety Professionals with more weapons, to better guide the situation. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Civility can be defined as tolerance, respect and concern for others; with the possibility of sharing and disagreeing in a polite and cooperative way, based on treating with dignity; which can mitigate the effects of workload on employees’ mental health. Incivility occurs when an individual violates respect for others by being rude and/or condescending, leading to disrespect, conflict and anxiety. In other words, it is a deviant behavior that is not very intense, violating the rules of good work conduct. This review also mentions data relating to possible classifications of Incivility, elements that can commit it, factors that increase or mitigate the risk of being a target of this phenomenon, professional areas most affected, some international statistics; as well as personal and work consequences and ways to mitigate the problem. Discussion and Conclusions: Addressing and drawing attention to Workplace Incivility will certainly make everyone involved more aware and capable of mitigating or eliminating it, contributing to the construction of healthier cultures and work environments (physically and emotionally); creating more competitive and profitable institutions. It would be interesting to see if, at a national level, there are employers who have already studied the topic inside (or intend to do so in the future), summarizing the respective incidences/prevalence of the different subtypes of uncivilized behavior, socio-demographic-professional characteristics of the aggressors and attacked workers, measures taken and their effectiveness, publishing this in a specialized magazine.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: Desde sempre que existiram empregadores, chefias e/ou colegas de trabalho com comportamentos menos corretos e perturbadores, com eventuais consequências a nível da saúde física e emocional, para além da interação com parâmetros laborais (como desempenho, satisfação, produtividade e lucro). Dentro desta dimensão existe uma variação muito ampla entre situações mais subtis e eventualmente menos graves, até o oposto. Pretende-se com esta revisão abordar a parte mais suave deste espetro e, eventualmente, mais discreta e frequente, de forma a dotar os Profissionais da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais de mais armas, para melhor orientarem a situação. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Civilidade pode ser definida como tolerância, respeito e preocupação pelos outros; com possibilidade de partilhar e discordar de uma forma educada, cooperando, baseada no trato com dignidade; podendo atenuar os efeitos da carga de trabalho na saúde mental dos funcionários. Incivilidade ocorre quando um indivíduo viola o respeito por terceiros, sendo rude e/ou condescendente, levando a um ambiente de conflito e ansiedade. Ou seja, é um comportamento desviante não muito intenso, mas violando as normas/condutas de trabalho. Nesta revisão são ainda mencionados dados relativos a eventuais classificações de Incivilidade, elementos que a podem cometer, fatores que potenciam ou atenuam o risco de ser alvo deste fenómeno, áreas profissionais mais atingidas e algumas estatísticas internacionais, consequências pessoais e laborais e forma de atenuar o problema. Discussão e Conclusões: Abordar e chamar a atenção para a Incivilidade Laboral certamente conseguirá que todos os envolvidos ficam mais atentos e capazes de a atenuar ou eliminar, contribuindo para a construção de culturas e ambientes de trabalho mais saudáveis (física e emocionalmente); criando instituições mais competitivas e lucrativas. Seria curioso perceber se a nível nacional existem empregadores que já tenham estudado o tema dentro de suas portas (ou pretendam fazê-lo futuramente), resumindo as respetivas incidências/prevalências dos diversos subtipos de comportamentos incivilizados, caraterísticas socio-demográfico-profissionais dos agressores e agredidos, medidas tomadas e eficácia das mesmas, divulgando tal em revista especializada.

Abstract: Christening records were used to determine the levels, evolution and differences between social groups defined by their status in relation to procreation practices outside marriage, as well as the phenomenon of the abandonment of newborns within an urban space: the city of Puebla, during two widely separated decades in the 18th century. The rate of illegitimacy decreased across all social strata over time, with variations according to their position on the social scale. Whether in a more intense urban or peri-urban settings, Spaniards and mestizos had the highest whereas Indigenous people had the lowest rates. The case of Afro-descendants is unique because, despite being a group with more lax customs, they were the least likely to flout the rules at the end of the century. This research contributes to expanding the meaning of illegitimacy and provides comparative elements across time and space in New Spain.

Resumen: En este artículo, con base en el registro de bautismos, se dilucidan los niveles, evolución y diferencias entre los grupos sociales definidos por su calidad en relación con las prácticas de procreación fuera del matrimonio, así como el fenómeno del abandono de recién nacidos dentro de un espacio urbano: la ciudad de Puebla, durante dos décadas distanciadas en el siglo XVIII. Todos los estratos sociales disminuyeron el grado de ilegitimidad en el tiempo, con variaciones de acuerdo con su posición en la escala social. Sea en un hábitat urbano, más intenso, o periurbano, los españoles y mestizos ostentaban las tasas más elevadas, mientras que los indios se ubicaron por abajo. El caso de los afrodescendientes fue singular, pues siendo un conjunto más laxo, fue el menos desafiante de las reglas al concluir la centuria. Esta investigación contribuye a ampliar el significado de la ilegitimidad y provee elementos comparativos en el tiempo y espacio novohispanos.

ABSTRACT. The essay addresses the contemporary problem of the sources of obligation in light of the development of law that has given rise to obligations of protection-subspecie of obligations in the classical sense-. In particular, the article 1173 of the Italian Civil Code, by providing that sources of obligations can also be facts or acts capable of producing them in accordance with the legal system, opens itself to a progressive typicality: the judge, although he cannot create atypical obligations in the strict sense, can recognize new ones by applying general principles and rules of the legal system. From this perspective, pre-contractual liability based on the obligation of good faith and other provisions of the civil code establish a principle of protection of reliance, especially when it comes to professional activities. Hence an important innovation that adds to contracts and illicit acts the reliance arising from qualified social contacts, as sources of a liability that can be called relational.

RESUMEN. El ensayo aborda el problema contemporáneo de las fuentes de la obligación a la luz del desarrollo del derecho que ha hecho emerger las obligaciones de protección -subespecie de obligaciones en el sentido clásico-. En particular, el artículo 1173 del Código Civil italiano, al prever como fuentes de las obligaciones los hechos o actos capaces de producirlas de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, se abre a una tipicidad progresiva: el juez, aunque no pueda crear obligaciones atípicas en sentido estricto, puede reconocer otras nuevas aplicando principios y normas generales del ordenamiento jurídico. Desde esta perspectiva, la responsabilidad precontractual basada en la obligación de buena fe y otras disposiciones del código civil establecen un principio de protección de la confianza especialmente cuando se trata de actividades profesionales. De ahí una importante innovación que suma a los contratos y hechos ilícitos la confianza surgida de contactos sociales calificados, como fuentes de una responsabilidad que puede denominarse relacional.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de la implementación de un diseño instruccional de enseñanza de la derivada para estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de Ingeniería Comercial en Chile. (Metodología) Las personas participantes del estudio son noventa estudiantes de la asignatura de Cálculo Aplicado a los Negocios de una universidad chilena. El diseño metodológico, basado en las herramientas del Enfoque Ontosemiótico del Conocimiento e Instrucción Matemáticos, considera diversas configuraciones epistémicas en las situaciones-problemas sobre tangentes, el cálculo de derivadas a partir de reglas de derivación, aplicaciones de la derivada para el cálculo de máximos y mínimos y análisis de gráficas de funciones. Además, integra las TIC en las diversas tareas. (Resultados) Los resultados indican que la propuesta instruccional de enseñanza de la derivada supera algunas de las dificultades de aprendizaje de los y las estudiantes, evidenciadas en diversas investigaciones. En particular, las dificultades del estudiantado de Ingeniería Comercial en torno a la concepción euclidiana de la recta tangente; la interpretación de la función “derivada” y su representación geométrica, la optimización de funciones económicas y la aplicación de la derivada a funciones marginales. (Conclusiones) Se concluye que el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje es eficaz, en el sentido de que se consigue el aprendizaje del alumnado de una carrera de ingeniería específica mediante la incorporación, en la instrucción, de diferentes configuraciones epistémicas de la derivada interconectadas, sus diferentes campos de problemas y las aplicaciones contextuales en su profesión, junto al uso de recursos TIC.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados da implementação de um desenho instrucional para o ensino da derivada para alunos de graduação em Engenharia de Negócios no Chile. (Metodologia) Os participantes do estudo são noventa alunos da disciplina de Cálculo Empresarial Aplicado de uma universidade chilena. O desenho metodológico, baseado nas ferramentas da Abordagem Ontossemiótica do Conhecimento e Instrução Matemática, considera diversas configurações epistêmicas nas situações-problemas sobre tangentes, cálculo de derivadas a partir de regras de derivadas, aplicações da derivada para o cálculo de máximos e mínimos e análise de gráficos de funções. Além disso, integra as TIC nas diversas tarefas. (Resultados) Os resultados indicam que a proposta instrucional para o ensino da derivada supera algumas das dificuldades de aprendizagem dos alunos, conforme evidenciado em várias pesquisa. Em particular, as dificuldades dos alunos de Engenharia de Negócios sobre a concepção euclidiana da reta tangente; sobre a interpretação da função “derivada” e sua representação geométrica, sobre a otimização de funções econômicas e a aplicação da derivada a funções marginais. (Conclusões) Conclui-se que o processo de ensino e aprendizagem é eficaz, no sentido de que a aprendizagem dos alunos em um curso de engenharia específico, é alcançada por meio da incorporação, na instrução, de diferentes configurações epistêmicas da derivada interconectadas, dos diferentes campos de problemas e das aplicações contextuais em sua profissão, juntamente ao uso de recursos de TIC.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this article is to present the results of the implementation of an instructional design for the teaching of the derivative for undergraduate students of Business Engineering in Chile. (Methodology) The participants in the study were ninety students of Applied Business Calculus at a Chilean university. The methodological design, based on the tools of the Ontosemiotic Approach to Mathematical Cognition and Instruction, consider various epistemic configurations in situations-problems concerning tangents, the calculation of derivatives from the rules for derivation, applications of the derivative for the calculation of maxima and minima, and analysis of graphs of functions. In addition, it integrates ICT into various activities. (Results) The results indicate that the instructional proposal for teaching the derivative overcomes some of students’ learning difficulties, as shown in various research studies. In particular, these include the difficulties that Business Engineering students have with the Euclidean conception of the tangent line, the interpretation of the derivative function and its geometric representation, the optimization of economic functions, and the application of the derivative to marginal functions. (Conclusions) It is concluded that the teaching and learning process is effective, in the sense that student learning for a specific engineering career is achieved by instruction that incorporates different interconnected epistemic configurations of the derivative, its different fields of problems, and contextual applications in their profession, together with the use of ICT resources.

Resumen: El hormigón es el material principal utilizado en la construcción en Ecuador. Para su diseño, se consideran dos características: la resistencia a la compresión y el módulo de elasticidad. El módulo de elasticidad se calcula convencionalmente en relación con la resistencia a la compresión, mediante ecuaciones establecidas en códigos de diseño. Sin embargo, investigaciones han demostrado que estas ecuaciones no reflejan con precisión la realidad en Ecuador, ya que el módulo de elasticidad no solo depende de la resistencia a la compresión, sino también de otras variables como el origen del agregado, el tipo de cemento, el proceso de producción, entre otros. En este estudio, se desarrolla un modelo que utiliza la teoría de lógica difusa para estimar el módulo de elasticidad. Se emplea un sistema de inferencia lógica ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems), utilizando datos previos de ensayos de laboratorio como conocimiento previo para crear funciones de membresía (FMs) y reglas difusas del tipo condicional (If-Then) para estimar nuevos datos del módulo de elasticidad. Además de la resistencia a la compresión, se consideran otras variables importantes en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad. Los resultados son favorables, con un coeficiente de correlación R2=0.988 y una desviación estándar S=0.097, lo que indica que el sistema de inferencia lógica (SIL) es capaz de desarrollar un modelo único que permite considerar todas las variables que influyen en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad y proporcionar valores confiables.

Abstract: Concrete is the most frequently used construction material in Ecuador. Two characteristics considered for its design are compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The latter is conventionally calculated in relation to the former using equations established in design codes. However, research has shown that these equations do not accurately reflect the reality in Ecuador, as the modulus of elasticity depends not only on compressive strength but also on other variables such as aggregate origin, type of cement, production process, among others. In this study, a model using fuzzy logic is developed to estimate the modulus of elasticity by applying an ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems) logical inference system. Previous laboratory test data are used as prior knowledge to create membership functions (MFs) and fuzzy conditional rules (If-Then) to estimate new modulus of elasticity. In addition to compressive strength, other important variables are considered in the determination of the modulus of elasticity. The results are favorable, with a correlation coefficient R2=0.988 and a standard deviation S=0.097, indicating that the logical inference system (LIS) is capable of developing a unique model that allows considering all variables that influence the determination of the modulus of elasticity and providing reliable results.

Abstract: This research study aims to assess the strengthening of the production of academic texts in undergraduate students by implementing an academic writing course on the Moodle educational platform applying active learning strategies. The methodology applies a mixed-phenomenological approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques and instruments. The population of this study includes first and fifth semester students enrolled in the bachelor of primary education program at the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. The results show significant improvements in students’ text internal coherence, connector use, intentionality, source citation, and the application of some rules such as progression and non-repetition. However, difficulties still prevail in the use of some linguistic resources. In conclusion, the didactic intervention applied provides the needed response to strengthening the levels of text production in student academic writing.

Resumen: El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar el fortalecimiento de la producción de textos académicos en estudiantes de una licenciatura a través de la implementación de un curso de redacción académica mediante la plataforma educativa Moodle, aplicando estrategias de aprendizaje activo. La metodología tiene un enfoque fenomenológico-mixto, combinando técnicas e instrumentos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos. La población objeto de estudio comprende estudiantes de primero y quinto semestres de la licenciatura en educación básica primaria de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes mejoraron significativamente la coherencia interna del texto, el empleo de conectores, la intencionalidad, la citación de fuentes y la aplicación de algunas reglas como la progresión y la no repetición. Sin embargo, aún prevalecen dificultades en el uso de algunos recursos lingüísticos. En conclusión, la intervención didáctica aplicada dio respuesta a la necesidad de fortalecer los niveles de producción textual de los textos académicos de los estudiantes.

Studies offering curriculum framework for institutional internalisation of criminology and forensics studies and Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) are scarce. This article gives a scoping review of these concepts, which are currently presented separately, as they are from distant study fields. As a result, the objective of this article is to establish the current link between criminology and forensic studies to enhance the South African CJS and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) curriculum frameworks, while integrating theory and practice. This qualitative scoping review was supported by the adapted version of methodology framework by Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa of 2005 to search for approximately 9 031 relevant studies from fundamental databases and 139 000 internet sources focusing on South African context and other international countries. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for data analysis, coupled with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). This article confirmed that combining forensic criminology features could transform the South African CJS and HEIs offerings. For recommendations, the Qualifications Board should expedite the registration of forensic criminology as a profession consisting of professional qualification, guided by ethical and disciplinary rules. Overall, limited prioritisations, slow registration process to a "Scientific Board" and advancement of this discipline negatively affect immediate responses to achieve the WIL. The knowledge, attitudes, skills and values gained during participating in the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023 offered contributions to the field of professorship thereof.

My enrolment at university was a significant milestone in my life. During my first three days as a student with autism spectrum disorder, I experienced both positive and negative situations at different campuses, including overcrowded lecture halls, residences, faculty houses, and interacting with other students. My literature review and theoretical interpretation are guided by historical institutionalism and Bakhtin's concept of "outsideness". These frameworks address how historical events shape the social, political, and economic behaviour of institutions in a system that treats new students who must adapt to the university's rules, regulations, and traditions as outsiders. The frameworks mentioned above were used to understand what I experienced during my first three days at university, which set the tone for the rest of my undergraduate education, punctuated by ableness, whiteness, masculinity, and fluctuating forms of support.

Como os congressistas manipulam as ferramentas legislativas para reverter reformas anticorrupção? Este trabalho descreve como algumas votações recentes pelos legisladores do Congresso Nacional Brasileiro contribuem para reverter os avanços na luta contra a corrupção. Essas votações são realizadas por meio de acordos entre políticos de todos os espectros ideológicos e tornam a legislação voltada para o combate à corrupção vaga. Para tanto foram coletados e analisados documentos das casas legislativas e da imprensa. As evidências sustentam a hipótese de que as regras criadas para proteger a democracia, promover a responsabilidade e garantir a integridade pública são, na verdade, usadas pelos políticos brasileiros para proteger transações corruptas, reverter os resultados alcançados pelas reformas anticorrupção e garantir a estrutura de poder político. Por meio da análise do caso brasileiro, destacamos a importância das reformas anticorrupção para melhorar a supervisão sobre os partidos políticos. Também enfatizamos que, sem uma supervisão adequada, os partidos políticos podem desempenhar um papel crítico em permitir a corrupção política sistêmica, que ameaça especialmente os países do Sul Global.

How Congressmen Manipulate Legislative Tools to Reverse Anti-Corruption Reforms? This paper describes how some recent votes by legislators in the Brazilian National Congress contribute to reversing advances in the fight against corruption. These votes are made through agreements among politicians from all ideological spectrums, rendering the legislation aimed at combating corruption vague. Documents from legislative houses and the press were collected and analyzed for this purpose. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the rules created to protect democracy, promote accountability, and ensure public integrity are actually used by Brazilian politicians to shield corrupt transactions, reverse the results achieved by anti-corruption reforms, and maintain the political power structure. Through the analysis of the Brazilian case, we highlight the importance of anti-corruption reforms in improving oversight over political parties. We also emphasize that, without adequate oversight, political parties can play a critical role in enabling systemic political corruption, which particularly threatens countries in the Global South.

This technical note presents a comparative analysis between the heavy rainfall that occurred in Rio Grande do Sul, between April and May 2024, with the heaviest rainfall events ever observed in Brazil, between 1961 and 2022. The comparative analysis was performed using the Depth Area Duration technique, suitable for the analysis of heavy rainfall on a large spatial and temporal scale. We concluded that following our analysis, the rainfall that occurred in Rio Grande do Sul largely exceeded the most intense large-scale precipitation events historically observed in Brazil, from 1961 to 2022, at least for areas from 2,000 to 100,000 km2 and rainfall durations of 3 to 14 days. In some cases (3-day rainfall in 10,000 km2) the 2024 rainfall was 47% higher than the previous record rainfall. Considering that we cannot rule out that similar events occur in any other basin, at least in South Brazil, it may be necessary to review the original design and operation rules of high-risk hydraulic structures and flood defense systems throughout the Southern region of the country.

Esta nota técnica apresenta uma análise comparativa entre as chuvas intensas ocorridas no Rio Grande do Sul, entre abril e maio de 2024, com os maiores eventos de chuva já observados no Brasil, entre 1961 e 2022. A análise comparativa foi realizada utilizando a técnica Depth Area Duration, que é adequada para a análise de chuvas intensas em grande escala espacial e temporal. Concluímos que as chuvas ocorridas no Rio Grande do Sul superaram amplamente os eventos de precipitação de larga escala mais intensos historicamente observados no Brasil, de 1961 a 2022, pelo menos para áreas de 2.000 a 100.000 km2 e durações de chuva de 3 a 14 dias. Em alguns casos (chuva de 3 dias em 10.000 km2), a precipitação de 2024 foi 47% maior que o recorde anterior de precipitação. Considerando que não podemos descartar que eventos semelhantes ocorram em nenhuma outra bacia, pelo menos no Sul do Brasil, pode ser necessário rever as regras originais de projeto e operação de estruturas hidráulicas de alto risco e sistemas de defesa contra inundações em toda a região Sul do país.

Abstract: This article deals with how Searle neglects sociology in his social ontology. I analyse this neglecting in terms of the problem of institutions, and their collective recognition. In the first section, I provide a contextualization of Searle’s base external realism, whose aim is to criticize Berger and Luckmann and their constructivist theory. In the second section, I explain how Searle’s concepts of “collective intentionality,” “constitutive rules”, and “cooperation” are interlinked. In the third section, I argue that the collective recognition of institutions is still an open to debate philosophical problem. In the fourth section, I show how “critical mass”, a concept from sociology, allows how Serlean institutions can be elucidated. In the fifth section, I emphasize the sociological importance of contexts C, and how Searle underestimates their crucial role. In the sixth and final section, I offer a paradigmatic example of an institution, money, to show how sociology is and has been decisive in Searle’s social ontology.

Resumen: En este artículo trato con cómo Searle descuida la sociología en su ontología social. En particular, analizo dicho descuido mediante el problema de las instituciones y su reconocimiento colectivo. En la primera sección, contextualizo la aproximación serleana realista de base al estudio de la civilización humana con el objetivo de mostrar los supuestos antirrealistas constructivistas de Berger y Luckmann. En la segunda, explico cómo se vinculan los conceptos de “intencionalidad colectiva”, “reglas constitutivas” y “cooperación”. En la tercera, argumento que el reconocimiento colectivo de las instituciones todavía es un problema filosófico abierto. En la cuarta, muestro de qué forma un concepto sociológico, el de “masa crítica”, permite explicar el reconocimiento de las instituciones serleanas. En la quinta, enfatizo la dinámica sociológica de los contextos C y cómo la teoría serleana subestima su rol fundamental. Finalmente, en la sexta sección, presento el ejemplo paradigmático de una institución, la del dinero, pues esta refrenda cómo la sociología ha aportado y puede seguir aportando a la ontología social serleana.

Abstract The IMF´s practices affect the lives of millions of persons all around the world. Recently, institutional actors of the United Nations have defined the rules that it should follow to promote the respect and effectiveness of Human Rights. However, the Fund acts as if such rules do not in fact exist. The article aims to analyze the juridical nexus that ties the IMF to Human Rights, problematizing the «argumentative strategies» through which it legitimizes its position on the field. This way of approaching to the debate allows the paper to: 1) prove the IMF's juridical link to these Rights and, at the same time, show the benefits and limits of the critics that are directed to said link; 2) introduce in a single coherent narrative the developments on this subject that the specialized literature exhibits in a fragmented manner; 3) show how the newest trends that inform the doctrine of Human Rights are translated into official juridical documents. It is argued that the Fund has the international obligation of respecting and enforcing Human Rights from its own mandate and considering the rules of institutional actors on this regard, under penalty of incurring in responsibility for their violation. IMFs s world Recently However exist argumentative strategies field 1 time 2 manner 3 documents regard violation

Resumen Con sus prácticas, el FMI afecta la vida de millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Recientemente, la ONU ha definido las pautas que los agentes del campo financiero deben seguir para promover el respeto y la efectividad de los Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Sin embargo, el Fondo actúa como si de hecho tales pautas no existiesen. Este trabajo procura analizar el nexo jurídico que ata al FMI a los DDHH, problematizando las «estrategias argumentativas» a través de las cuales él legitima su posición al respecto. Esta manera de ingresar al debate permite: 1) sustentar jurídicamente la ligazón del Fondo a estos derechos y, al mismo tiempo, mostrar las bondades y límites de las críticas que se le endilgan a dicha ligazón; 2) presentar en un único relato coherente los desarrollos sobre esta temática que la literatura especializada exhibe de manera fragmentada; 3) dar cuenta de cómo las últimas tendencias que informan la doctrina de los DDHH se traducen en documentos jurídicos oficiales. Se argumenta que el FMI tiene la obligación internacional de respetar y efectivizar los DDHH desde su propio mandato y considerando las pautas de los actores institucionales al respecto, so pena de incurrir en responsabilidad por su violación. prácticas mundo Recientemente DDHH. . (DDHH) embargo existiesen estrategias argumentativas respecto permite 1 tiempo 2 fragmentada 3 oficiales violación (DDHH

Abstract The article aims to contribute to the mapping of disputes around the regulation of remote work in contemporary Brazil, in a context in which the social distance caused by the Covid-19 pandemic gave rise to the adoption of this type of work to gain greater importance. We seek to understand what labor claims emerged as a result of the adoption of remote work, the changes promoted within the scope of Labor Law due to social distancing measures during the pandemic and, in particular, how new arrangements were implemented in collective bargaining regarding work remote in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. What normativity results from the heteronomous and autonomous rules adopted in the exceptional pandemic period? The research findings and the problematization of the rules arising from provisional measures and collective bargaining on remote work highlight the limits and trends of the regulation that emerges in the context of a health calamity. Brazil Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 importance particular Paulo period calamity Covid1 1 Covid-

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para o mapeamento das disputas em torno da regulação do trabalho remoto no Brasil contemporâneo, num contexto em que o distanciamento social provocado pela pandemia de Covid-19 deu ensejo a que a adoção desse tipo de trabalho ganhasse maior vulto. Buscamos compreender que demandas laborais surgiram em decorrência da adoção do trabalho remoto, as mudanças promovidas no âmbito do Direito do Trabalho em virtude das medidas de distanciamento social durante a pandemia e, em especial, como novos arranjos foram implementados nas negociações coletivas a respeito do trabalho remoto nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Que normatividade resulta das regras heterônomas e autônomas adotadas no período excepcional pandêmico? Os achados da pesquisa e a problematização das regras provenientes de medidas provisórias e de negociações coletivas sobre trabalho remoto evidenciam os limites e as tendências da normatização que emerge em contexto de calamidade sanitária. contemporâneo Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 vulto especial Paulo pandêmico sanitária Covid1 1 Covid-

ABSTRACT: Although other people’s assets cannot be part of the bankruptcy estate, there has been a tendency to solely redirect this issue to the exercise of the “actio reivindicatoria”. It is argued that this is a wrong interpretation of the law, or at least a partial one, where the claim is better resolved by a declaratory action, parallel to a third-party ownership claim, based on Article 2466 of the Chilean Civil Code. A study of the evolution of the applicable rules reveals that, beyond the revindication model historically provided in the Chilean insolvency law, said Article contains the separatio ex iure domini, detaching from the criticized construction of the “domain creditor” provided by the Spanish tradition, functioning as a right of the owner to have an asset recognized as his or her own, and therefore to be liberated of the effects of the attachment, without necessarily demanding its restitution.

RESUMEN: Aunque es claro que los bienes ajenos no pueden integrar la masa activa del concurso, se ha tendido a reconducir esta cuestión únicamente al ejercicio de la acción reivindicatoria. Se sostiene que esta es una lectura errada, o, a lo menos parcial, donde la pretensión queda mejor resuelta por una acción declarativa, paralela a la tercería de dominio, que tendría como sustento el artículo 2466 del Código Civil. Un estudio de la evolución normativa revela que, más allá del modelo reivindicatorio dispuesto históricamente en el derecho concursal chileno, el citado artículo contiene la separatio ex iure domini, alejándose de la criticada construcción del “acreedor de dominio” entregada por la tradición hispana, funcionando como un derecho del dueño para obtener el reconocimiento de que un determinado bien es de su propiedad, y, consecuentemente, debe quedar liberado de los efectos del desasimiento, sin necesariamente exigir su restitución.