Abstract With the reformation of the Código Orgánico Integral Penal in the year 2021, an exclusive system of modifying circumstances of the crime namely, mitigating and aggravating circumstances within the criminal liability of legal persons was implemented. Not foreseeing an exclusive mechanism of application for this new tool, it was remitted into the general rule of increase or reduction of sentences by thirds. Within this context, the investigation addresses the relationship that exists between the modular and the non-modular sentences of the juridical person and the principles of proportionality and determination of said sentence. Finding that most foreseen sentences for juridical persons are of non-modular structure, which prevents its increase or reduction, directly violating the mentioned principles.

Resumen Con la reforma del año 2021, el COIP implementó un sistema exclusivo de circunstancias modificativas de la responsabilidad, es decir, circunstancias atenuantes y agravantes dentro de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas. Pero al no existir un mecanismo específico de aplicación para esta nueva herramienta, se remitió a la regla general de aumento o reducción de las penas por tercios. En este contexto, la investigación aborda la relación que existe entre las penas modulables e inmodulables de las personas jurídicas y los principios de proporcionalidad y determinación de la pena. De esta manera, se encontró que la mayoría de las penas previstas para las personas jurídicas son de carácter inmodulable, lo cual impide su aumento o reducción conforme la regla general, violentando directamente la proporcionalidad.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries cause significant morbidity and mortality, with prevalence in developing countries such as South Africa. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and referral patterns of burn injuries. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a single emergency centre, Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital, from 01 January 2021 to 31 December 2021. The study included patients < 13 years with burn injuries. RESULTS: A total of 266 patients were identified. Males (n = 144, 54.1%) had a higher prevalence of incurring burn injuries. The majority of injuries were secondary to scald burns (n = 237, 89.1%). A total of 208 (78.2%) patients had a percentage of total body surface area (%TBSA) of < 10%, and 257 (96.6%) had superficial partial-thickness burns. Only 77 (28.9%) cases were from referral centres and there was no relationship between referral pattern and %TBSA. Majority (n = 248, 93.2%) received no pre-hospital wound care. Only 108 (40.6%) patients were admitted and the median length of hospital stay (interquartile range [IQR]) was 7 days (2 to 9). There was a significant relationship between the length of hospital stay and %TBSA burns (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The pattern of burn injuries in patients is similar to previous studies carried out predominantly in townships in South Africa. Most referrals were found to be appropriate and complied with institutional burn injury admission protocol, although pre-hospital wound care was inadequate. CONTRIBUTION: Primary burn injury care is vital to reduce morbidity and mortality, and development of programmes for public awareness of burn injuries remains crucial.

This article examines the effect of democratic attitudes on voting in 2022. Our hypothesis is that the rising prominence of the topic of democracy in politics and in the public debate, starting in 2013 and becoming more pronounced after 2018, resulted in a division of the electorate into two camps based on their varying degrees of support for democratic principles — something not observed in earlier elections. To test this hypothesis, we utilized two surveys: the 2010 AmericasBarometer and the 2023 Clivagens Políticas no Brasil. The overall result shows that democratic attitudes — such as support for voting as a method for selecting who governs, the separation of powers, political participation, the rule of law, and minority rights — played a more significant role in explaining the vote for president in 2022 than they did in 2010. More than that, we identified a dominant pattern: except for political participation, there is a positive relationship between democratic attitudes and the vote for Lula.

Abstract What is the role of the Electoral Justice in Brazil? This question has guided several studies on the current democratic period. However, there is almost no knowledge about the initial phase of the Electoral Justice. This article is a preliminary attempt to elucidate the “first steps” of the Electoral Justice in the conduct of the 1933 election. Based on an analytical framework centered on four aspects - organization of the election, impartiality, independence and rule-making - and through a survey of unpublished data from newspapers and official sources, the study shows that at the time the Electoral Justice was highly committed to organizational aspects, even though it acted in conditions of relative partiality, especially at the local administrative level. I conclude by proposing a research agenda for the coming years in which the role of the Electoral Justice in the conduct of elections is considered as a central axis for problematizing democratization in Brazil beyond the classic dimensions (suffrage, secret ballot, political competition) discussed in the literature. period However first steps 193 election impartiality rulemaking rule making sources partiality level suffrage, suffrage (suffrage ballot competition literature 19 1

Résumé Quel est le rôle de la Justice Électorale au Brésil ? Cette question a guidé de nombreux travaux sur la période démocratique actuelle. Cependant, la connaissance de la phase initiale de la Justice Électorale est presque inexistante. Cet article constitue une tentative préliminaire visant à élucider les “premiers pas” de la Justice Électorale dans la conduite de l’élection de 1933. En partant d’un cadre analytique centré sur quatre aspects - l’organisation de l’élection, l’impartialité, l’indépendance et l’élaboration des règles -, et grâce à une collecte de données inédites dans les journaux et les sources officielles, l’étude montre qu’à l’époque, la Justice Électorale présentait 1) un fort engagement dans les aspects organisationnels, bien qu’elle agissait dans des conditions de 2) partialité relative, surtout au niveau administratif local. Je conclus en proposant un programme de recherche pour les années à venir dans lequel le rôle de la Justice Électorale dans la conduite des élections est considéré comme l’axe central pour problématiser la démocratisation au Brésil au-delà des dimensions classiques (suffrage, vote secret, compétition politique) discutées dans la littérature. actuelle Cependant inexistante premiers pas lélection l élection 1933 dun d lorganisation organisation lélection, élection, limpartialité, limpartialité impartialité, impartialité l’impartialité lindépendance indépendance lélaboration élaboration , officielles létude étude quà qu lépoque, lépoque époque, époque l’époque 1 organisationnels quelle elle 2 relative local laxe axe audelà delà suffrage, suffrage (suffrage secret politique littérature 193 19

Resumo Qual o papel da Justiça Eleitoral na condução das eleições? Esta pergunta orientou vários trabalhos sobre o período democrático atual. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre a fase inicial da Justiça Eleitoral é quase que inexistente. Este artigo constitui uma tentativa preliminar de elucidar os “primeiros passos” da Justiça Eleitoral na condução da eleição de 1933. Partindo de um arcabouço analítico centrado em quatro aspectos – organização da eleição, imparcialidade, independência e rule-making –, e por meio de um levantamento de dados inéditos em jornais e fontes oficiais, o estudo revela que em 1932 a Justiça Eleitoral apresentava 1) um elevado comprometimento nos aspectos organizacionais, ainda que atuasse em condições de 2) relativa parcialidade, sobretudo no âmbito administrativo local. O artigo conclui propondo que o tema da democratização no Brasil deva ir além das dimensões clássicas discutidas pela literatura (sufrágio, voto secreto, competição política) e passe a incorporar o papel da Justiça Eleitoral, contribuindo para a construção de uma agenda de pesquisa em torno deste ramo especializado do Poder Judiciário. eleições atual Entretanto inexistente primeiros passos 1933 imparcialidade rulemaking rule making oficiais 193 1 organizacionais 2 parcialidade local sufrágio, sufrágio (sufrágio secreto política Judiciário 19

Resumen ¿Cuál es el papel de la Justicia Electoral en Brasil? Esta cuestión ha guiado varios trabajos sobre el actual periodo democrático. Sin embargo, los conocimientos sobre la fase inicial de la justicia electoral son casi inexistentes. Este artículo es un intento preliminar de dilucidar los “primeros pasos” de la Justicia Electoral en la conducción de las elecciones de 1933. A partir de un marco analítico centrado en cuatro aspectos – organización de la elección, imparcialidad, independencia y elaboración de normas – y mediante un estudio de datos inéditos procedentes de periódicos y fuentes oficiales, el estudio demuestra que en aquella época la Justicia Electoral estaba 1) muy comprometida con sus aspectos organizativos, aunque actuaba en condiciones de 2) relativa parcialidad, especialmente en el ámbito administrativo local. Concluyo proponiendo una agenda de investigación para los próximos años en la que sea considerado el papel de la Justicia Electoral en la conducción de las elecciones como un eje central para problematizar la democratización en Brasil más allá de las dimensiones clásicas (sufragio, voto secreto, competencia política) discutidas en la literatura. Cuál democrático embargo inexistentes primeros pasos 1933 elección imparcialidad oficiales 1 organizativos 2 parcialidad local sufragio, sufragio (sufragio secreto política literatura 193 19

This article explores the paradox between the classical doctrine of divine aseity and the notion of divine self-limitation. Drawing from biblical narratives and theological concepts such as divine accommodation and kenosis, the article shows that God's choice to enter into a temporal and relational interaction with creation affects God in such a way that God would not have been affected without the creation. Given the foregoing, open and relational theists conceptualised the notion of divine self-limitation in which, as a result of the creation and human libertarian freedom, God cannot maximally exemplify his great-making properties upheld in traditional theism. I argued in this article that although God seems to become vulnerable because of the act of creation, He nevertheless remains a se because He is not only the source of his existence, but the creation of significant others could not cause God to lose his essential attribute of independence. Therefore, God is still omnipotent, omniscient, eternal, immutable and the like because the possession of these divine attributes does not rule out the possibility that God can enter into a temporal relationship with the creatures. Divine self-limitation predicates real limitations of God contrary to the negating language of the Scripture and, therefore, undermines God's Almightiness. CONTRIBUTION: It is argued in this article that although it may be possible to speak about God's vulnerability because of his act of creation, which seems like a hard choice because He is omniscient, a weaker version of divine aseity that ascribes real limitations to God is not viable.

Diverse perspectives, be it, theoretical or theological, of the parable of the Good Samaritan, have shaped the mainstream thinking and practices of the global community (that is, global and local churches and communities). Many relief and developmental programmes were shaped, influenced and motivated by Jesus's parable of the Good Samaritan. The double-sided question about attaining God's Kingdom and who my neighbour is remains the relational challenge of loving God and loving others, respectively - the whole mark of law and life. Loving God and loving others is a missional call, which should be expressed in handling the issue of neighbourliness. To do so, the question is: what the motive of Jesus's parable of the Good Samaritans is? This article is set to discuss the selfless love versus the self-righteous love uncovered in the parable of the Good Samaritans using the three main schools of thought, which represent the three Rules that govern human relationships namely, the Iron Rule, the Silver Rule and the Golden Rule. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The article is adding a voice to the ongoing debate about the main message, motive and missional call behind the parable of the Good Samaritans. The selfless love as opposed to self-centred and selfish love is not only in demand in the socio-economic and political policies and practices but also should find its concrete expression in handling the issue of neighbourliness among those who are marginalised and underprivileged in South Africa and beyond

The study of atomic spectroscopy has a profound relationship with quantum mechanics and its comprehension. Since Bohr’s success with a theory for the atom, it has been established that spectrum lines originate from transitions between different states. Moreover, the analysis of complex spectra reveals that there are groups of spectral lines that compose what is called a multiplet. To rationalize the multiplet structure, we need models to characterize and label the quantum states. The characterization of the atomic states is a common subject in classes of physical chemistry and inorganic chemistry, and there are basically two approaches to infer and label the energy states: (i) the LS coupling scheme and (ii) the jj coupling scheme. Usually, only the LS coupling is presented, and this ends up omitting its underlying assumptions. Here, we present a survey of both approaches, highlighting their premises and their adequacy towards different groups of the periodic table, ions, and excited states configurations. We show that by using benchmark data together with the Landé interval rule, the appropriate use of the jj coupling to understand the atomic spectra of heavier atoms is easily conveyed. comprehension Bohrs Bohr s atom Moreover structure i (i ii (ii Usually presented assumptions Here table ions configurations rule conveyed

Resumo O desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias (HC) é uma estratégia para facilitar a implementação de dietas saudáveis e sustentáveis. Este estudo analisa a abordagem das HC nos documentos brasileiros de ação para promoção de alimentação adequada e saudável, em consonância ao contexto político, epidemiológico e social dos períodos de publicação, a partir da primeira edição da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN). Foram pesquisados documentos de ação pública incluídos nas bibliotecas virtuais das Secretarias de Atenção Primária à Saúde e do Desenvolvimento Social, partindo da data da publicação da primeira edição PNAN (1999) até 2022. Foram identificados 25 documentos e 4 temas foram gerados e analisados. Houve uma evolução da abordagem das habilidades culinárias nos documentos, expandindo-se o foco em aspectos biológico-nutricionais e higiênico-sanitários da culinária para uma abordagem que leva em consideração fatores biopsicossocioculturais e ambientais, especialmente após a publicação da segunda edição do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, que evidencia a expansão da perspectiva sobre culinária e a consolida em sua regra de ouro para alimentação adequada e saudável.

Resumen El desarrollo de habilidades culinarias (HC) es una estrategia para facilitar la implementación de dietas saludables y sostenibles. Este estudio analiza el enfoque de las HC en los documentos de acción brasileños para promover una alimentación adecuada y saludable, en línea con el contexto político, epidemiológico y social de los períodos de publicación, a partir de la primera edición de la Política Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (PNAN). Se investigaron documentos de acción pública incluidos en las bibliotecas virtuales de las Secretarías de Atención Primaria en Salud y Desarrollo Social, desde la fecha de publicación de la primera edición del PNAN (1999) hasta el año 2022. Se identificaron 25 documentos y se generaron y analizaron 4 temas. Se produjo una evolución en el abordaje de las habilidades culinarias en los documentos, ampliando el foco en los aspectos biológico-nutricionales e higiénico-sanitarios de la cocina hacia un enfoque que tenga en cuenta factores biopsicosocial-culturales y ambientales, especialmente tras la publicación de la segunda edición de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña, que destaca la ampliada perspectiva sobre la cocina y consolida su regla de oro para una alimentación adecuada y saludable.

Abstract The development of cooking skills (CS) is a strategy to facilitate the implementation of healthy and sustainable diets. This study aims to analyze the approach to CS in Brazilian documents to promote adequate and healthy eating, in line with the political, epidemiological and social context of their publication periods, starting from the first edition of the National Food and Nutrition Policy (PNAN). Public documents included in the virtual libraries of the Secretariats of Primary Health Care and Social Development were searched, starting from the date of publication of the first PNAN edition (1999) until 2022. It was identified 25 documents; 4 themes were generated and analyzed. There was an evolution of the CS approach, expanding the focus on biological-nutritional and hygienic-sanitary aspects of cooking to an approach that takes biopsychosocial-cultural and environmental factors into account, especially after the publication of the second edition of the Brazilian Food Guidelines, which highlights the expansion of the perspective on cooking and consolidates it as a golden rule for adequate and healthy food.

In Etienne van Heerden se roman Die wêreld van Charlie Oeng (2017) beeld die outeur verskillende karakters se worsteling met God asook met goed en kwaad uit. Met behulp van Van Heerden se karakterisering van byvoorbeeld Charlie Oeng, die moordpligtige Sjinese man, en die blinde vrou, Ouma Ogies, asook ander karakters, word die vraag na menslike verantwoordelikheid en God se bestiering in die goeie en die kwade op die voorgrond gestel. Hierdie vraagstuk word in dié artikel vanuit 'n teologiese beoordeling benader omdat religieuse elemente en die vraag na goed en kwaad 'n beslissende rol in Van Heerden se roman speel. Die metodologie wat gevolg word is om bepaalde aspekte te oorweeg en met aspekte van goed en kwaad asook God se bestiering in dié roman in gesprek te tree. As 'n magies-realistiese roman, eie aan Van Heerden se oeuvre, word die grense tussen realiteit en die eteriese in hierdie verhaal dikwels vaag; soos in sy ander werke bied Van Heerden die geleentheid om die diep psigologiese aspekte van geweld te herbesoek. Om só 'n roman te analiseer lê nie slegs algemene persepsies rakende goed en kwaad bloot nie, maar stel 'n mens ook in staat om die interaksie/kruising tussen literatuur en teologie, en die belang daarvan, te ondersoek. Alhoewel die roman nie 'n klinkklare oplossing bied nie is die vraagstukke rakende die mens se worsteling met God, met goed en kwaad, met hul eie verantwoordelikheid, en die rol van God se bestiering, altyd relevant.

The question of good and evil and human responsibility is a central theme in the novel Die wêreld van Charlie Oeng (The World of Charlie Oeng) by Etienne van Heerden (2017). The eponymous protagonist in the novel commits various murders, ostensibly due to his circumstances. The author confronts the reader with the question: could Charlie Oeng have done anything to avoid his crimes? To address this question, I firstly engage the genre of the novel itself. The novel is regarded as a magical-realistic novel, a genre within which the line between reality and the magical is often blurred. Many challenging aspects of life in this magical reality are discussed in this novel. Charlie Oeng remains a challenging character who embodies evil. He can be described as a human being who struggles to come to grips with his humanity and is often misled to commit murders. As Charlie Oeng is increasingly led astray and drawn into a life of evil, the theme of being misled becomes more prevalent. As such, the author's question becomes more urgent: could Oeng have rejected this life of his own accord or was he preconditioned to accept it? Are his deeds a result of the eternal struggle between good and evil or his own (lack of) responsibility? Linked to the theme of being misled and choice vs. predestination is the character of Ouma Ogies, the blind woman, who enters into dialogue with God. Due to her unfortunate fate and God's rule, she challenges God during this dialogue and also wants to challenge God in court because of her unfortunate circumstances. She was also, in her opinion, misled by God. Various challenging questions are raised by this character as well as several other characters. The novel recounts the overarching question of God's rule and how humans react to it by investigating the issue through the experiences and narrations of various characters. Tian, the character through whose eyes the story is told, grapples with understanding how evil is possible when his parents are murdered. Cor van Gogh, who carries with him a painting of Vincent van Gogh, is a red headed Dutchman ill-suited to life in South Africa. His anger leads to murder. This novel speaks to commonalities in Van Heerden's oeuvre and his earlier works. Aspects of good and evil and the rule of God play an important role in, for example, his novels Toorberg (1986), Die swye van Mario Salviati (2000), 30 nagte in Amsterdam (2008), and the recent Gebeente (2023). The author also engages Etienne Leroux 's novels, such as Sewe dae by die Silbersteins (1964). In this regard, the deep psychological aspects of violence are revisited. An analysis of novels such as these allows one access to general views on good and evil while also enabling an investigation of the significance of the interaction/intersection between theology and literature. Such interactions/intersections are often significant and can lead to deeper insights into literature and theology. The question of good and evil in reality has been discussed in theology and philosophy. Augustine, Calvin, Paul, and other theologians and philosophers such as Aristotle, Derrida, Hegel, and Kant have written extensively on this matter. The classical Christian view is that God's creation of the world was good, but that human beings fell into sin and needed redemption through Christ. Evil is then the result of sin and human beings should be held accountable in this regard. There are, however, many other views, such as that evil is part of this reality and that it was part and parcel of evolutionary development. The question of human responsibility is crucial and it is clear that the different characters in this particular novel by Etienne van Heerden under consideration struggle with the question of good and evil and human responsibility. Ultimately, this narrative also symbolises a struggle with God. The novel leaves one with many questions regarding good and evil and human responsibility, as well as the theological implications thereof. Although no clear solution is given at the end of the novel, the questions posed by the author remain salient.

Game-Based Learning (GBL) is increasingly recognised for its ability to enhance educational outcomes through interactive and immersive experiences. However, there is limited empirical data on its effectiveness in promoting historical thinking and Self-Directed Learning (SDL), particularly in history education. This study examines the impact of the Dogs of War (DoW) card game on historical thinking skills and SDL among history student teachers. It also explores the potential of GBL to enhance history teaching by fostering critical analysis skills. A qualitative research approach was employed, analysing playtest sessions with 15 history education students who played DoW. An open survey collected participants' experiences, focusing on the game's complexity, rule clarity, engagement level, effectiveness in conveying historical content, and stimulating interest in World War II history. The DoW game effectively increased players' interest in historical subjects and promoted strategic thinking and problem-solving skills. While responses varied regarding the game's complexity and rule clarity, the study identified a need for modifications to maximise educational benefits. Participants reported heightened motivation to explore World War II history further due to the game. This study highlights the importance of GBL in history education, demonstrating its potential to improve historical thinking and SDL. Balancing challenge and clarity in game rules is crucial. Further research is needed to enhance game design and implementation for better educational outcomes in history and other fields.

RESUMEN. La Ley 1258 de 2008 consagra los abusos de voto de mayoría, paridad y minoría, permitiendo demandar la nulidad de decisiones sociales y solicitar perjuicios. Esta norma ha generado una amplia jurisprudencia. Con todo, las victorias de los accionistas oprimidos han sido pírricas, ya que, si bien obtienen la nulidad de ciertas decisiones sociales y una condena monetaria a favor, siguen presos en la compañía e inermes frente a nuevas conductas abusivas. Para que la acción por abuso del derecho al voto sea eficaz, se propone suspender votos del accionista que abusa de ellos u otorgarlos a su víctima.

ABSTRACT. Article 43 of Law 1258, 2008 refers to the abuse of the rights of majority, parity, and minority, allowing to sue requesting both the nullification of corporate decisions and damages. Such a rule has triggered a voluminous case law. Nonetheless, such success has been pyrrhic, since while claimants obtain a judgment annulling some decisions and granting damages, they continue as prisoners in the company and defenseless against new oppressions. For the action for abuse of voting rights to be effective, this text proposes suspending some voting rights of the abusing shareholder or granting them to the shareholder suffering the oppression.

Resumen El presente artículo acude a los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la historia ambiental y de la historia de los animales. Tiene como objetivo describir y analizar el mundo socioambiental en el que la República de Colombia fraguó su proceso de invención (1814-1819) en la región natural de los Llanos de la Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) y Venezuela. Para ello se estudiarán las relaciones establecidas entre humanos, medio ambiente y animales que les sirvieron a andinos y llaneros a posicionarse con más fuerza tanto en la conducción de las tropas patriotas como en la construcción de la República de Colombia. Las fuentes primarias consultadas fueron: memorias de los combatientes extranjeros en la guerra de Independencia, correspondencia de los militares realistas y correspondencia de militares patriotas. La principal conclusión es que el dominio de la monarquía católica en Nueva Granada y en Venezuela colapsó, en buena parte, gracias al uso más eficiente de los recursos del “reino animal” de la región de los Llanos y del Orinoco por parte de los independentistas. Los animales, tanto salvajes como domésticos, fueron protagonistas claves de este proceso.

Abstract This article is inspired by the theoretical and methodological contributions of environmental history and the history of animals. It aims to describe and analyze the socio-environmental world in which the Republic of Colombia forged its invention process (1814-1819) in the natural region of the Llanos of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) and Venezuela. To do this, the relationships established between humans, the environment, and animals will be studied, natural to the native llaneros and quickly acquired by some Andean patriots, which served both groups to position themselves more strongly in the leadership of the patriotic troops and in the building of the Republic of Colombia. The primary sources consulted were memoirs of foreign combatants in the war of Independence, correspondence of royalist soldiers, and correspondence of patriotic soldiers. The main conclusion reached is that, to a large extent, the rule of the Catholic Monarchy in Nueva Granada and Venezuela collapsed thanks to a better use of resources and the “Animal Kingdom” of the Llanos and Orinoco by the independence fighters. Animals, both wild and domestic, were key protagonists in this process.

Resumo Este artigo lança mão das contribuições teóricas e metodológicas da história ambiental e da história dos animais. O objetivo é descrever e analisar o mundo socioambiental em que a República da Colômbia forjou seu processo de invenção (1814-1819) na região natural dos Llanos da Nueva Granada (atual Colômbia) e da Venezuela. Para tanto, serão estudadas as relações estabelecidas entre os humanos, o meio ambiente e os animais que ajudaram os andinos e os llaneros a se posicionarem mais fortemente tanto na liderança das tropas patrióticas quanto na construção da República da Colômbia. As fontes primárias consultadas foram memórias de combatentes estrangeiros na guerra da Independência, correspondência de soldados monarquistas e correspondência de soldados patrióticos. A principal conclusão é que a dominação da monarquia católica na Nueva Granada e na Venezuela entrou em colapso, em larga medida, graças ao uso mais eficiente dos recursos do “reino animal” da região dos Llanos e do Orinoco por parte dos independentistas. Os animais, tanto selvagens quanto domésticos, foram protagonistas essenciais nesse processo.

RESUMEN La endocarditis bacteriana por Streptococcus gallolyticus representa el 6% de los casos y se describe una asociación entre la bacteriemia a este germen y patologías colónicas, siendo el riesgo de portar una neoplasia de colón en pacientes con bacteriemia a este germen cinco veces mayor. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 35 años, cardiópata y portadora de prótesis valvular aortica mecánica, anticoagulada, acude por un cuadro de 8 días de evolución de tos seca, pérdida de apetito y palidez de piel. 3 días antes del ingreso se agrega fiebre de 38,5° sin predominio de horario, acompañado de escalofríos que cedía parcialmente con antipiréticos y medios físicos. Acompaña al cuadro debilidad generalizada y dificultad respiratoria a moderados esfuerzos. Refiere cuadro similar hace 17 meses, con diagnóstico de endocarditis bacteriana aórtica a Streptococcus gallolyticus spp, que requirió reemplazo valvular aórtica con prótesis mecánica Se realiza una videocolonoscopia donde se observa un tumor vegetante a nivel del colon ascendente y cuya anatomía patológica informa un adenoma velloso con focos de adenocarcinoma intramucoso con márgenes libres. Conclusión: ante un caso de endocarditis a Streptococcus gallolyticus se sugiere realizar una colonoscopía a fin de descartar patología colónica por la asociación existente, y para los costos en salud por neoplasia colónica.

ABSTRACT Bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus accounts for 6% of cases and an association between bacteremia due to this germ and colonic pathologies is described, with the risk of carrying a colonic neoplasia in patients with bacteremia due to this germ being five times higher. We present the case of a 35-year-old woman, with heart disease and a mechanical aortic valve prosthesis, on anticoagulation, who presented with a dry cough, loss of appetite and pale skin for 8 days. Three days before admission, a fever of 38.5° was added, with no predominance of time, accompanied by chills that partially subsided with antipyretics and physical means. The condition was accompanied by generalized weakness and respiratory difficulty with moderate efforts. She reported a similar condition 17 months ago, with a diagnosis of aortic bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus spp, which required aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis. A videocolonoscopy was performed, where a vegetative tumor was observed at the level of the ascending colon and whose pathology reports a villous adenoma with foci of intramucosal adenocarcinoma with free margins. Conclusion: in the case of endocarditis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus, a colonoscopy is suggested to rule out colonic pathology due to the association that exists, and for the health costs of colonic neoplasia.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to examine samples of Super fuel from selected gas stations in the province of Guayas. The purpose is to obtain a characterization of this fuel to determine which is the best for motorcycles, thus seeking to improve its performance. The methodology used is quantitative, based on the collection and analysis of numerical data to answer research questions, since three samples were collected from the selected gas stations: Gómez Rendon, Portete and via Durán Tambo. These samples were sent to certified laboratories for evaluation according to the study parameters. The results obtained showed that the Portete gas station provides the best fuel quality. However, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility of outliers that may affect the validity of the study. Therefore, it is decided to apply Dixon's theorem to rule out any outlier data. Before that, a check is performed to determine whether the data set follows a normal distribution using the Minitab program. The results of the analysis conclude that none of the values obtained can be considered outliers. In conclusion, this project focuses on the evaluation of Super fuel samples from different gas stations to determine which one offers the best quality. This study provides valuable information to improve the performance of the fuel.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar muestras de combustible Super de gasolineras seleccionadas en la provincia de Guayas. El propósito es obtener una caracterización de dicho combustible para determinar cuál es el mejor para motocicletas, buscando así mejorar su rendimiento. La metodología que se usa es la cuantitativa que se basa en la recopilación y análisis de datos numéricos para responder preguntas de investigación ya que se recolectaron tres muestras de las gasolineras seleccionadas: Gómez Rendón, Portete y vía Durán Tambo. Estas muestras fueron enviadas a laboratorios certificados para que realicen la evaluación de acuerdo con los parámetros del estudio. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron determinar que la gasolinera Portete provee la mejor calidad de combustible. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar la posibilidad de que existan datos atípicos que puedan afectar la validez del estudio. Por lo tanto, se decide aplicar el teorema de Dixon para descartar cualquier dato atípico. Antes de eso, se realiza una verificación para determinar si el conjunto de datos sigue una distribución normal utilizando el programa Minitab. Los resultados del análisis concluyen que ninguno de los valores obtenidos puede ser considerado como dato atípico. En conclusión, este proyecto se enfoca en la evaluación de muestras de combustible Super de diferentes gasolineras para determinar cuál ofrece la mejor calidad. Este estudio proporciona información importante para mejorar el rendimiento de motocicletas al seleccionar el combustible adecuado.

Abstract Until the 20th century, the legal principle (regula iuris) “the accused had the right not testify against himself” was applied in a criminal trial (ius criminale) in the West countries. This is merely a corollary of the presumption iuris tantum of the accused’s innocence until proven guilty. In the 21st century, French and Spanish law as introduced “the right of the accused to lie” -the same “jurisprudence”, with Manichaeism, excludes the witness-. This violates the rule of law of ius naturale: mentiri non licet agendo = it is not licit to lie in litigations.

Resumen Hasta el siglo XX se aplicó en Occidente el principio (regula iuris) de que en un juicio criminal (ius criminale) el acusado tiene derecho a no declarar contra sí mismo. Este no es más que corolario de la presunción iuris tantum de la inocencia (hasta que se demuestra lo contario) del acusado. En el siglo XXI, con la jurisprudencia francesa y española, se introduce “el derecho a mentir del acusado” -con maniqueísmo excluye al testigo-. Se viola así la regula iuris de ius naturale: mentiri non licet agendo (no es lícito mentir litigando).