Abstract Introduction: Urban development and expansion have led to the loss and transformation of Andean ecosystems. However, remnant forests that maintain biodiversity still exist around Colombia’s major cities, but these forests are threatened by the road infrastructure. Road ecology in the Neotropics has been focused specifically in documenting the effects of roadkill from a taxonomic point of view, mainly in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate ecologically and spatially, the collision of fauna on roads located in areas of urban expansion in the Northern Colombian Andes. Methods: We assessed vertebrate mortality rate and identified the critical areas of roadkill by taxonomic and functional groups. This was achieved through spatial ecology analysis, specifically Kernel density analysis and hotspot spatial statistical analysis. Additionally, we identified landscape features associated with road mortality and assessed the role of roads as resistance and permeability factors. Results: A total of 279 roadkilled animals belonging to 64 species were found, accounting for 28 % of the 273 vertebrate species recorded in the reserve near the studied roads. The average mortality rate for vertebrates was estimated from 42 to 170 individuals annually. Differential patterns were detected in roadkill density across taxonomic and functional groups, where nocturnal species and the trophic guilds are the most vulnerable. Likewise, it was found that the sections of the roads close to the forest have a greater roadkill species richness with greater ecological requirements. These sections constitute an important resistance to species movement in the area. Conclusions: Road mortality in the study area exhibits heterogeneous spatial patterns not only at a taxonomic but also at a functional level, suggesting the deterioration of protected ecosystems in adjacent peri-urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo y expansión urbana han generado la pérdida y transformación de los ecosistemas andinos. Sin embargo, alrededor de las grandes ciudades colombianas aún se encuentran relictos boscosos que mantienen gran riqueza de biodiversidad, la cual es amenazada por la infraestructura vial. El énfasis de los trabajos de Ecología de Carreteras en el Neotrópico ha estado centrado en el efecto del atropellamiento de fauna desde el punto de vista taxonómico. Objetivo: Evaluar, ecológica y espacialmente, el atropellamiento de la fauna en carreteras ubicadas en zonas de interés para la expansión urbana del norte de los Andes colombianos. Métodos: Se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados, las zonas críticas de atropellamientos por grupo taxonómico y grupos funcionales. Esto se realizó por medio de análisis de ecología espacial, específicamente análisis de densidad de Kernel y análisis de estadística espacial de puntos calientes. Adicionalmente, se identificó las características del paisaje asociadas al atropellamiento y se evaluó el papel de las vías como factor de resistencia y permeabilidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 279 animales atropellados de 64 especies que representan el 28 % de las 273 especies vertebradas presentes en las áreas protegidas en inmediaciones de las carreteras estudiadas. Se estimó una tasa promedio entre 42 y 170 individuos atropellados por año. Se detectaron patrones diferenciales en la densidad de atropellamiento por grupos taxonómicos y funcionales, donde las especies nocturnas y el tipo de gremio trófico son los más vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los tramos de las vías en cercanía a coberturas boscosas presentan mayor riqueza de especies atropelladas y con mayores requerimientos ecológicos. Estos tramos representan una resistencia importante al movimiento de las especies de la zona. Conclusiones: El atropellamiento presenta patrones espaciales heterogéneos, no solo a nivel taxonómico, sino también a nivel funcional, lo cual representa un deterioro para los ecosistemas protegidos en zonas periurbanas.

Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Resumen La provincia de Entre Ríos se encuentra en un espacio con características insulares dentro del territorio argentino, y en su interior contiene cientos de arroyos y bosque nativo. El transporte vial en ese contexto estuvo marcado por la necesidad de la construcción de puentes y caminos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las políticas públicas provinciales en infraestructura vial en Entre Ríos durante el periodo radical, de 1914 a 1943. Con ese fin se trabajó con los Mensajes de los Gobernadores, los cuales consistían en informes que describían las obras del año anterior y proyectaban lo planificado para el año entrante. También se analizaron las Memorias de Gobierno y Obra pública. Finalmente, se complejizó la mirada con los Diarios de Sesiones de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia de Entre Ríos.

Abstract The province of Entre Ríos is located in a space with insular characteristics within the Argentine territory, and in its interior, it contains hundreds of streams and native forests. Road transport in this context was marked by the need for the construction of bridges and roads. The aim of this article is to analyze provincial public policies on road infrastructure in Entre Ríos during the radical period, from 1914 to 1943. To this end, we worked with the Governors' Messages, which consisted of reports describing the previous year's works and projecting what was planned for the coming year. The Government and Public Works Reports were also analyzed. Finally, a more complex look was taken at the Session Journals of the Honorable Chamber of Deputies of the Province of Entre Ríos.

Resumen: En la actualidad, existen materiales provenientes de la industria, que bajo ciertas condiciones físicas pueden aportar al mejoramiento de las propiedades de mecánicas de un suelo. Materiales como el polvo de ladrillo (BD) y las cenizas de carbón (FA) tienen contenidos altos de SiO2 y Al3O2, que denotan actividad puzolánica. Además, se ha comprobado que dichos materiales pueden activarse al combinarse con cal. Esto genera procesos internos de cementación cuando el tamaño de grano es de 75 micras. Las vías rurales en Colombia presentan uno de los porcentajes más altos de toda la red vial y solo un 7% aproximadamente se encuentra en buen estado. Las difíciles condiciones de acceso, la susceptibilidad de los suelos, la imposibilidad financiera de intervenir toda esta red y la necesidad de implementar procesos de economía circular hace que estos materiales sean atractivos en temas de estabilización para mejorar las condiciones de tránsito. El BD y FA fueron aplicadas en dosificaciones del 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% y 24% en suelos finogranulares (limo y arcilla) y suelos arenosos, se evaluó la compactación y se realizó un diseño experimental factorial para evaluar la influencia del material en la variable resistencia a la compresión inconfinada, por medio de un análisis ANOVA. Para evaluar el desempeño del BD y las FA, se realizó una pista de prueba sobre una vía de bajo volumen de tráfico en el norte de Colombia, la cual tenía un suelo arenoso. BD y FA fueron adicionados al 12% y activados con cal, en celdas de 30 m de longitud. Para establecer un patrón comparativo se hicieron otras celdas en las mismas condiciones geométricas con materiales que usualmente se usan en este tipo de aplicaciones como el cemento. Estas celdas fueron evaluadas en periodo de 16 meses. Características como el módulo resiliente, El índice de internacional de rugosidad IRI y el coeficiente de resistencia al deslizamiento fueron medidos en ese período. Los resultados indican que cuando se adicionan estos materiales en suelos finogranulares (limos y arcillas), la resistencia a la compresión inconfinada aumenta un 150% respecto al suelo sin estabilizar, mientras que para suelos arenosos la resistencia aumenta desde un 70% hasta un 125%. Durante el período de evaluación, el BD y las FA lograron presentar aumentos por encima del 50% en el módulo resiliente respecto al suelo sin estabilizar. Sin embargo, las FA presentaron resultados comparables respecto al tramo estabilizado con cemento. Adicionalmente, sin bien, los tramos se fueron deteriorando en el tiempo, mantuvieron su indicen de rugosidad dentro de los rangos admisibles indicativos de buen índice de serviciabilidad.

Abstract: Currently, there are materials from industry that, under certain physical conditions, can contribute to the improvement of soils mechanical properties. Materials such as brick dust (BD) and fly ash (FA) have high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, which denote pozzolanic activity. In addition, it has been shown that these materials can be activated when combined with lime. This generates internal cementation processes when the particle size is 0.075 mm. Rural roads in Colombia have one of the highest percentages of the entire road infrastructure, and only about 7% are in good condition. Difficult access conditions, soil susceptibility, the financial impossibility of intervening in this entire network and the need to implement circular economy processes, make these materials attractive in terms of stabilization to improve traffic conditions. BD and FA were applied in dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 24% in finogranular soils (silt and clay) and sandy soils, compaction was evaluated, and a factorial experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the material on the variable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through an ANOVA analysis. To evaluate the performance of BD and FA, a test track was made on a low traffic volume road in northern Colombia, which had a sandy soil. BD and FA were added at 12% and activated with lime, in 30 m long cells. To establish a comparative pattern, other cells were made in the same geometric conditions with materials that are usually used in this type of application, such as cement. These cells were evaluated over a period of 16 months. Characteristics such as resilient modulus, international roughness index (IRI) and slip resistance coefficient were measured during this period. The results indicate that when these materials are added to finogranular soils (silts and clays), the UCS increases by 150% with respect to the unstabilized soil, while for sandy soils the strength increases from 70% to 125%. During the evaluation period, the BD and the FA were able to increases of over 50% in the resilient modulus with respect to the unstabilized soil. However, the FA showed comparable results with respect to the cement-stabilized cell. In addition, although the sections deteriorated over time, they maintained their roughness index within the admissible ranges indicative of a good serviceability index.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to suggest practical strategies for Mexico's economic development through the trend of nearshoring. It involved identifying, analyzing, and organizing the causes of the conflict between China and the USA over international trade and exploring the opportunities that nearshoring to Mexico can offer. Qualitative research methods were applied, and documentary research techniques were used based on two study objects: a) the Sino-American dispute over international trade and b) nearshoring to Mexico. Nearshoring to Mexico is driven by various factors, including tariff benefits from Free Trade Agreements, low labor costs in manufacturing companies, and a stable exchange rate. Therefore, Mexico needs to encourage the development of industrial parks, implement an effective Public Security Policy, offer tax incentives to attract Foreign Direct Investment and improve port, road, and air infrastructure to take full advantage of this trend.

RESUMEN Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo sugerir estrategias prácticas para el desarrollo económico de México a través de la tendencia del nearshoring. Implicó identificar, analizar y organizar las causas del conflicto entre China y Estados Unidos sobre el comercio internacional y explorar las oportunidades que puede ofrecer el nearshoring a México. Se aplicaron métodos de investigación cualitativos y se utilizaron técnicas de investigación documental basadas en dos objetos de estudio: a) la disputa chino-estadounidense sobre el comercio internacional y b) el nearshoring a México. El nearshoring a México está impulsado por varios factores, incluidos los beneficios arancelarios de los Tratados de Libre Comercio, los bajos costos laborales en las empresas manufactureras y un tipo de cambio estable. Por lo tanto, México necesita fomentar el desarrollo de parques industriales, implementar una Política de Seguridad Pública efectiva, ofrecer incentivos fiscales para atraer Inversión Extranjera Directa y mejorar la infraestructura portuaria, vial y aérea para aprovechar al máximo esta tendencia.

Abstract: This study presents a methodology to assess the feasibility of turning a conventional road infrastructure for the circulation of motorized vehicles into a sustainable mobility system through the incorporation of bicycle lane. The methodology includes five stages developed in two key moments: the collection and definition of parameters based on a literature review and, the analysis of selected road axes according to the study parameters: roadway section, bicycle lane slope and potentially benefited population. The assessment of the road infrastructure is based on six categories ranging from 1 to 0, where 1 represents the ideal situation and 0 the limit situation. The study will be carried out on the roads connecting the peri-urban sub-centers with the urban center, with the objective of promoting the safe use of bicycles as a means of transportation in an intermediate city in the Andes of Latin America, Cuenca in Ecuador. The study of the four proposed road axes indicates which road presents the optimal conditions for the incorporation of a bicycle lane in its current conditions.

Resumen: Este estudio presenta una metodología innovadora para evaluar la viabilidad de transformar la infraestructura vial convencional en Cuenca, Ecuador, en un sistema de movilidad sostenible mediante la inclusión de carriles para bicicletas. La metodología se compone de cinco etapas distribuidas en dos momentos clave: la recopilación y definición de parámetros, basados en una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, y el análisis de ejes viales seleccionados de acuerdo con los parámetros de estudio: sección de la calzada, pendiente de ciclovía y población potencialmente beneficiada. La valoración de la infraestructura vial se basa en una escala de seis categorías dende 1 representa la situación ideal y 0 la situación límite. Esta investigación se centra en las vías que conectan los subcentros periurbanos con el centro urbano, con el objetivo de fomentar el uso seguro de la bicicleta como medio de transporte en una ciudad intermedia de los Andes de América Latina, Cuenca en Ecuador. El análisis de los cuatro ejes viales propuestos revela la vía con las condiciones óptimas para la incorporación de una ciclovía en su estado actual.

Abstract Currently, Costa Rica does not count with a rigorous methodology that considers the proper variables required to assess the structural health condition of bridges. Some institutions use different criteria in order to assign a rating to the evaluation of a structure and this generates different results when prioritizing interventions. The prioritization of road infrastructure projects is key to invest resources in the most efficient way possible. In this context, this article presents a proposal that seeks to standardize an index for the structural health condition of bridges, which allows prioritizing and allocating resources objectively. For this index, the evaluation of the structural condition of critical elements is used, as well as risk matrices related to seismic and hydrometeorological hazards. As a result, the design of this index involves the analysis of a large number of variables through technical and statistical criteria.

Resumen Actualmente, Costa Rica no cuenta con una metodología rigurosa que considere las variables requeridas para calificar la condición de la salud estructural de un puente o estructura de paso. Algunas instituciones utilizan criterios diversos para asignar una calificación a la evaluación de una estructura y esto genera que se obtengan resultados diferentes al priorizar intervenciones. La priorización de los proyectos de infraestructura vial es clave para invertir los recursos de la forma más eficiente posible. En este contexto, este artículo presenta una propuesta que busca estandarizar un índice de la condición de la salud estructural de un puente, que permita priorizar y asignar recursos de forma objetiva. Para este índice se utiliza la evaluación de la condición estructural de elementos críticos, así como matrices de riesgo relacionadas con amenazas sísmicas e hidrometeorológicas. Como resultado, el diseño de este índice involucra el análisis de una gran cantidad de variables mediante criterios técnicos y estadísticos.

Abstract: A road constitutes a material mediation between local communities and the State. The constitution of this nexus entails a swarm of possibilities whose realization results from the type of relationship established between the actors involved. This article highlights the complex web of actions that underlie the construction, use, maintenance, and repair of marginal routes that link, in this case, Pewenche communities with their regional environment. Through ethnographic observation, we accompanied them on their journey while interviewing users and officials of the Q 699 route. The results allow us to visualize the road as something alive, whose changing condition is consistent with the processes experienced locally. The analysis highlights that the parties the State and the Pewenche communities manage to preserve their purposes in terms of maintaining levels of relative autonomy and a spasmodic presence. However, it is concluded that the environment assumes the cost of increasing environmental degradation a growing degradation caused by companies that turn out to be made invisible by arrhythmic governance.

Resumen: El camino constituye una mediación material entre las comunidades locales y el Estado. La constitución de este nexo entraña un enjambre de posibilidades cuya realización es el fruto del tipo de relación que se establece entre los actores involucrados. Este artículo procura poner de relieve la compleja trama de acciones que subyace a la construcción, el uso, la mantención y la reparación de rutas marginales que vinculan, en este caso, a comunidades Pewenche con su entorno regional. Para ello, mediante la observación etnográfica, se acompaña en su desplazamiento a residentes locales y se entrevista a usuarios y funcionarios de la ruta Q 699. Los resultados permiten visualizar el camino como algo vivo, cuya condición cambiante se condice con los procesos vividos localmente. El análisis pone de relieve que las partes -el Estado y las comunidades Pewenchelogran preservar sus propósitos en términos de mantener niveles de relativa autonomía y de una presencia espasmódica. No obstante, se concluye que el costo de tales adecuaciones lo asume el entorno en términos de una creciente degradación provocada por empresas que resultan ser invisibilizadas por una gobernanza arrítmica.

Abstract: Decision-making for interventions in urban road networks is often carried out reactively, addressing roads in the worst condition first, which reduces the length of intervention in the entire urban road network under an assigned budget. The objective of this work was to establish a methodology to prioritize the intervention of asphalt pavements on urban roads through a multi-criteria matrix that allows optimizing the management of pavements in the network. The criteria were previously adjusted and validated by road infrastructure experts using the Likert scale. Subsequently a large group of experts completed the multi-criteria matrix to qualify and weigh each of the criteria and intervention alternatives considered to address each of the established problems; the goal is to preserve the urban road network in good condition. With the support of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools, each criterion was represented by a vector shapefile format, each of them was transformed into raster format and reclassified to assign a specific score. The attributes of the raster format used information from the road network of the city of Itagüí (Colombia). The final result was the weighted overlay of maps that allowed establishing the prioritization of the roads to intervene according to the score obtained in each road segment, which allows the administrator to make efficient decisions in an urban network.

Resumen: La toma de decisiones para las intervenciones de las redes viales urbanas se realiza a menudo de forma reactiva, atendiendo primero las vías en peores condiciones, situación que reduce la longitud de intervención en la totalidad de la red vial urbana bajo un presupuesto asignado. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en establecer una metodología para realizar la priorización de intervención de pavimentos asfalticos en vías urbanas por medio de una matriz multicriterio que permita optimizar la gestión de pavimentos de la red. Los criterios fueron previamente ajustados y validados por un grupo de expertos en infraestructura vial empleando la escala de Likert; posteriormente un grupo amplio de expertos diligenciaron la matriz multicriterio que permitió ponderar y calificar cada uno de los criterios y Alternatives de intervención que se consideran para atender cada uno de los problemas establecidos, con el objetivo de conservar la red vial urbana en buenas condiciones. Con el apoyo de herramientas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica SIG, cada criterio se representó por un archivo vectorial formato shapefile, cada uno de ellos fue transformado en formato ráster y reclasificado para asignar un puntaje determinado. Los atributos del formato ráster utilizaron la información de la red vial de la ciudad de Itagüí (Colombia). El resultado final fue la superposición ponderada de mapas que permitió establecer la priorización de las vías a intervenir de acuerdo con el puntaje obtenido en cada segmento vial, lo que permite al administrador la toma eficiente de decisiones en una red urbana.

Resumen Dentro de las estructuras de retención o contención, usadas ampliamente en la infraestructura vial, existe una gama amplia de posibilidades, como son las estructuras de gravedad convencionales (gaviones, criba, etc.), reforzadas, embebidas, anclajes, suelo estabilizado mecánicamente, entre otras. Dentro de ellas también, se encuentran las bolsas gigantes de geotextil, las cuales funcionan por gravedad usando material de relleno del sitio y demostrando un buen rendimiento ante la protección contra la erosión fluvial, marítima y en obras de protección o de contención para vías. Este artículo presenta la versatilidad de las bolsas gigantes de geotextil en la infraestructura vial, en la estabilización de terraplenes, taludes; y control de erosión fluvial y costera. Se presenta como estudio de caso a la zona de Bengala (kilómetro 21 de la vía Garzón - Neiva) y Túnel de Crespo (Cartagena - Colombia). La metodología utilizada para evaluar la evolución de la mejora con la intervención de bolsas gigantes de geotextil se realiza mediante el reporte de diseño, ejecución, seguimiento y control de la geometría del sitio de estudio. Las zonas intervenidas con bolsas de geotextil gigante presentan un comportamiento efectivo en la estabilidad del terreno, en el control de erosión y en la recuperación geométrica. A nivel cualitativo se logra evidenciar el proceso de restauración y estabilización de la costa y talud afectados, gracias a la intervención con bolsas de geotextil gigantes. A nivel cuantitativo se aprecia la estabilidad a largo plazo y la recuperación geométrica de las zonas intervenidas.

Abstract Between retaining structures, widely used in road infrastructure, there is a wide range of possibilities: conventional gravity structures (gabions, screens, etc.), reinforced, embedded, anchors, mechanically stabilized soil, among others. Among them, there is also the giant geotextile bags, which work by gravity using fill material from the site and demonstrating good performance against fluvial and maritime erosion, and road protection or containment. This article presents the versatility of giant geotextile bags in road infrastructure, embankment or slope stabilization; and river and coastal erosion control. As a case study, the Bengala (kilometer 21 of the Garzón - Neiva road) and Crespo Tunnel (Cartagena - Colombia) are presented. The methodology used to evaluate the evolution of the improvement with the intervention of giant geotextile bags is done through the report of design, execution, follow-up and control of the geometry of the intervened site. The areas intervened with giant geotextile bags show an effective behavior in soil stability, erosion control and geometric recovery. At a qualitative level, the process of restoration and stabilization of the affected coast and slope is evident, thanks to the intervention with giant geotextile bags. At a quantitative level, the long-term stability and geometric recovery of the intervened areas can be appreciated.

Road fatalities were labelled a pandemic as early as 1973 (BMJ 1973). The number of road fatalities reached 1.35 million in 2016. Currently over 3 500 people perish every day on the world's roads. South Africa has one of the highest road fatality rates in the world, with a fatality rate of 25.9 deaths per 100 000 population (WHO 2018). In order to understand and improve the road safety situation of a region, effective road safety assessments must be carried out. This paper presents a comparison of four different road safety assessment approaches, both traditional and novel, and serves as a proof of concept for the 'road safety desert' methodology, a new technique adapted from the 'transit desert' concept. This new approach to road safety assessment explores the possibility of geo-coded supply and demand comparisons to identify 'road safety deserts' - areas that have a comparatively higher road safety risk. This paper shows that there are several unique and effective ways to assess road safety, and that each approach incorporates different characteristics within their methodologies. It is recommended that road safety analysis is conducted using a multitude of methods, so as to improve understanding and intervention selection.

ABSTRACT: The road system is the main mode used for the transportation of agricultural cargo, and in some cases, it is the only option for handling this type of product. This dependence means that the implementation of tools to support the management of logistical costs can reduce the financial impact with the transport felt by the economic agents operating in the soybean chain. This study contributed to a better understanding of the variables that make up the cost of road freight, generating a system of road freight prediction from a multiple linear regression model using the selection of variables Stepwise, Forward, and Backward elimination. This being said, this research intends to evaluate whether the behavior of soybean road freight is influenced by the variables that make up the productive, economic, and infrastructure dimensions in price formation. The regression models had an explanatory power of 87.20%. In the infrastructure dimension, the most impact variable in soybean road freight was the distance traveled; in the economic dimension, the variables of inflation and fuel price stood out; while in the productive dimension, the main contribution was the volume of production. A more assertive predictability of logistical costs and better understanding of the dynamics of freight price formation helps industry agents in planning and decision-making. Another contribution of this study is that it can be used as a practical tool for predicting soybean road freight on several transportation routes. ABSTRACT cargo cases product chain Stepwise Forward elimination said 8720 87 20 87.20% dimension traveled out production decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making routes 872 8 2 87.20 87.2 87.

RESUMO: O sistema rodoviário é o principal modal utilizado para o transporte de cargas agrícolas, e em alguns casos, é a única opção para movimentação desse tipo de produto. Esta dependência faz com que a implementação de ferramentas para apoiar a gestão dos custos logísticos possa reduzir o impacto financeiro com o transporte sentido pelos agentes econômicos que atuam na cadeia da soja. O presente trabalho visa contribuir para um melhor entendimento das variáveis que compõem o custo dos fretes rodoviários, gerando um sistema de previsão de fretes rodoviários a partir de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla usando a seleção de variáveis Stepwise, Forward e a eliminação Backward. Isto posto, a pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar se o comportamento do frete rodoviário da soja é influenciado pelas variáveis que compõem as dimensões produtivas, econômicas e de infraestrutura na formação do preço. Os modelos de regressão tiveram um poder explicativo de 87,20%. Na dimensão infraestrutura o destaque foi a variável distância percorrida como a mais impactante no frete rodoviário da soja, na dimensão econômica as variáveis inflação e preço do combustível, enquanto que na dimensão produtiva a principal contribuição foi o volume de produção. A previsibilidade mais assertiva dos custos logísticos e melhor compreensão da dinâmica de formação do preço do frete auxilia os agentes do setor no planejamento e na tomada de decisão. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é que pode ser usado como uma ferramenta prática para a predição de fretes rodoviários da soja em diversas rotas de transporte. RESUMO agrícolas casos produto Stepwise Backward posto produtivas 8720 87 20 87,20% combustível produção decisão 872 8 2 87,20 87,2 87,

Resumo Tendo como base a proposta para o Dossiê III: O Papel da Unirila nos Desafios da Integração na Rota Bioceânica (Brasil, Paraguai, Argentina E Chile), este artigo tem como objetivo conceituar, identificar e analisar a importância do Patrimônio Cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul- MS e sua relevância no contexto da Rota bioceânica já que o corredor rodoviário cruzará parte deste território, ligando o Porto de Santos, no Brasil, com portos chilenos, passando pelo Paraguai e Argentina. Esta implantação certamente abrirá possibilidades econômicas em vários aspectos na região ao passo que considerar e identificar a cultura local poderá agregar valor e incorporar à temática cultural nas ações de turismo, desenvolvimento local, bem como nas políticas públicas. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia por meio de pesquisas documentais e bibliográficas e buscas de informações sobre o patrimônio cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul- MS, junto aos órgãos competentes na identificação e preservação da cultura de MS. Com isso, espera-se que este artigo contribua com informações para estas ações de planejamento e desenvolvimento regionais, na mesma medida em que também possa fortalecer a conscientização da comunidade local, a partir da valorização de suas práticas. III Brasil (Brasil Chile, Chile , Chile) conceituar Sul território Santos chilenos turismo públicas isso esperase espera se regionais práticas

Abstract Based on the proposal for the Dossier: The Role of Unirila in the Challenges of Integration in the Biooceanic Route (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile), this article aims to conceptualize, identify and analyze the importance of the Cultural Heritage of Mato Grosso do Sul-MS and its relevance in the context of the biooceanic route since this road corridor crosses part of this territory, causing socioeconomic and cultural impact. The biooceanic corridor is a project started in 2000 with the purpose of building a network of infrastructure works such as waterways, ports, energy and communications interconnections and road corridors to connect the Port of Santos, in Brazil, with Chilean ports, passing through Paraguay and Argentina. This event will certainly open economic possibilities in various aspects in the region and, considering and identifying the local culture can add value and incorporate the cultural theme in tourism actions, local development as well as in public policies. This work presents a methodology through documentary and bibliographical research and searches for information about the cultural heritage of Mato Grosso do Sul-MS, together with the competent bodies in the identification and preservation of the culture of MS. With this, it is expected that this article contributes with information for these developmental actions and to increase the self-esteem of the community that belongs to this place. Dossier Brazil (Brazil Chile, Chile , Chile) conceptualize SulMS Sul MS territory impact 200 waterways ports Santos policies SulMS, MS, selfesteem self esteem place 20 2

Resumen Basado en la propuesta del Dossier: El Papel de Unirila en los Desafíos de la Integración en la Ruta Biooceánica (Brasil, Paraguay, Argentina y Chile), este artículo tiene como objetivo conceptualizar, identificar y analizar la importancia del Patrimonio Cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul-MS y su relevancia en el contexto de la ruta biooceánica, ya que este corredor vial atraviesa parte de este territorio, causando impacto socioeconómico y cultural. El corredor biooceánico es un proyecto iniciado en el año 2000 con el propósito de construir una red de obras de infraestructura como hidrovías, puertos, interconexiones de energía y comunicaciones y corredores viales para conectar el Puerto de Santos, en Brasil, con puertos chilenos, pasando por Paraguay y Argentina. Este evento sin duda abrirá posibilidades económicas en varios aspectos de la región y, considerando e identificando la cultura local puede agregar valor e incorporar el tema cultural en acciones turísticas, desarrollo local y políticas públicas. Este trabajo presenta una metodología a través de la investigación documental y bibliográfica y busca información sobre el patrimonio cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul-MS, junto con los organismos competentes en la identificación y preservación de la cultura de la EM. Con esto, se espera que este artículo contribuya con información para estas acciones de desarrollo y para aumentar la autoestima de la comunidad que pertenece a este lugar. Dossier Brasil (Brasil Chile, Chile , Chile) conceptualizar SulMS Sul MS biooceánica territorio 200 hidrovías Santos chilenos turísticas públicas SulMS, MS, EM esto lugar 20 2

RESUMO Finalidade: O artigo visa analisar a caminhabilidade no bairro da Liberdade, Campina Grande, Paraíba, sob a perspectiva dos pedestres. Nesse sentido, buscou-se compreender as condições de deslocamento, incluindo qualidade da calçada, mobilidade, segurança pública, segurança viária, e ambiente, identificando áreas de melhoria para a tomada de decisões pelo poder público. Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem: A pesquisa é qualitativa, utilizando uma abordagem analítica e comparativa. A coleta de dados envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas presencialmente e online ao longo de oito dias. A amostra incluiu 15 participantes, predominantemente com ensino superior, residentes na Liberdade. O roteiro utilizado foi o instrumento adaptado de Medeiros e Vasconcelos (2021). Resultados: O estudo revelou condições inadequadas de caminhabilidade na Liberdade, destacando calçadas irregulares, falta de acessibilidade e segurança pública precária. A pesquisa enfatizou a necessidade de investimentos para melhorar a locomoção e criar um ambiente seguro. Destacou-se a perspectiva positiva dos pedestres em relação a atrações como parques. Limitações/Implicações da Pesquisa: Reconhecendo limitações nos resultados, a pesquisa concentrou-se na Liberdade, indicando a necessidade de mais estudos em outros bairros de Campina Grande. Implicações práticas incluem a necessidade de investimentos em infraestrutura e manutenção. Implicações Sociais: As descobertas evidenciam a importância da conscientização pública sobre a participação no planejamento urbano para melhorar as condições de deslocamento a pé nos espaços urbanos da cidade. Originalidade/Valor: Contribuindo para a gestão urbana e sustentabilidade, o estudo oferece insights sobre a expansão urbana e suas consequências. Destaca o papel democrático e participativo dos pedestres nas reflexões sobre a caminhabilidade urbana. Finalidade Liberdade Grande Paraíba sentido buscouse buscou se calçada mobilidade viária público Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem DesenhoMetodologiaAbordagem Desenho Metodologia Abordagem qualitativa comparativa bibliográfica semiestruturadas dias 1 participantes superior 2021. 2021 . (2021) Resultados irregulares precária seguro Destacouse Destacou parques LimitaçõesImplicações Limitações Pesquisa resultados concentrouse concentrou manutenção Sociais cidade Originalidade/Valor OriginalidadeValor Originalidade Valor sustentabilidade consequências 202 (2021 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: The article aims to analyze walkability conditions in the Liberdade neighborhood, Campina Grande, Paraíba, from the perspective of pedestrians. In this context, the goal is to understand the conditions of movement, including sidewalk quality, mobility, public safety, road safety, and the environment, identifying areas for improvement for decision-making by the municipal government. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is qualitative, using an analytical and comparative approach. Data collection involved bibliographic and documentary research and semi-structured interviews, conducted both in-person and online over eight days. The sample included 15 participants, predominantly with higher education, residing in Liberdade. Results: The study revealed inadequate walkability conditions in Liberdade, highlighting irregular sidewalks, a lack of accessibility, and precarious public safety. The research emphasized the need for investments to improve mobility and create a safe environment. The positive perspective of pedestrians regarding attractions such as parks was also emphasized. Limitations/Implications of the Research: Acknowledging limitations in the results, the research focused on Liberdade, indicating the need for further studies in other neighborhoods of Campina Grande. Practical implications include the need for investments in infrastructure and maintenance. Social Implications: The findings highlight the importance of public awareness regarding participation in urban planning to enhance pedestrian conditions in the city’s urban spaces. Originality/Value: Contributing to urban management and sustainability, the study provides insights into urban expansion and its consequences. It emphasizes the democratic and participatory role of pedestrians in reflections on urban walkability. Purpose neighborhood Grande Paraíba context movement quality safety environment decisionmaking decision making government Design/Methodology/Approach DesignMethodologyApproach Design Methodology Approach qualitative approach semistructured semi structured interviews inperson person days 1 participants education Results sidewalks accessibility LimitationsImplications Limitations Implications Research results maintenance citys city s spaces Originality/Value OriginalityValue Originality Value sustainability consequences

Abstract Effective freight transportation planning through different modes drives countries economic growth by ensuring the delivery of goods safely and sustainably. This article provides a systematic literature review focused on intermodal transport tactical planning, addressing logistical technical factors for efficient transportation modes management in cargo delivery. The methodology is based on the research questions definition, search process, and article selection criteria, exploring the network structures evolution to verify technical factors influencing network structures, including mode combinations, geographical distribution, and mathematical models’ decision variables and constraints. According to the research question proposed, the most relevant technical factors for intermodal planning network structures are flow cargo, transport modal activation, flow conservation, delivery time, and vehicle management, generally found in countries with extensive road infrastructure and a high modal integration capacity, as China, Europe, and USA. Considering the decision variables and constraints, flow conservation is a common element observed in intermodal transport mathematical models. Thus, a balance between transportation costs and transportation modes utilization was verified, and insights into the relation between technical logistics factors application and network structures for cargo delivery efficiency were revealed. Finally, the systematic literature review contributes to understanding the main intermodal transportation planning evolving landscape, offering valuable insights for future research and practical implementations. sustainably definition process criteria combinations distribution models constraints proposed activation time capacity China Europe USA Thus verified revealed Finally landscape implementations