Abstract Introduction: Urban development and expansion have led to the loss and transformation of Andean ecosystems. However, remnant forests that maintain biodiversity still exist around Colombia’s major cities, but these forests are threatened by the road infrastructure. Road ecology in the Neotropics has been focused specifically in documenting the effects of roadkill from a taxonomic point of view, mainly in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate ecologically and spatially, the collision of fauna on roads located in areas of urban expansion in the Northern Colombian Andes. Methods: We assessed vertebrate mortality rate and identified the critical areas of roadkill by taxonomic and functional groups. This was achieved through spatial ecology analysis, specifically Kernel density analysis and hotspot spatial statistical analysis. Additionally, we identified landscape features associated with road mortality and assessed the role of roads as resistance and permeability factors. Results: A total of 279 roadkilled animals belonging to 64 species were found, accounting for 28 % of the 273 vertebrate species recorded in the reserve near the studied roads. The average mortality rate for vertebrates was estimated from 42 to 170 individuals annually. Differential patterns were detected in roadkill density across taxonomic and functional groups, where nocturnal species and the trophic guilds are the most vulnerable. Likewise, it was found that the sections of the roads close to the forest have a greater roadkill species richness with greater ecological requirements. These sections constitute an important resistance to species movement in the area. Conclusions: Road mortality in the study area exhibits heterogeneous spatial patterns not only at a taxonomic but also at a functional level, suggesting the deterioration of protected ecosystems in adjacent peri-urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo y expansión urbana han generado la pérdida y transformación de los ecosistemas andinos. Sin embargo, alrededor de las grandes ciudades colombianas aún se encuentran relictos boscosos que mantienen gran riqueza de biodiversidad, la cual es amenazada por la infraestructura vial. El énfasis de los trabajos de Ecología de Carreteras en el Neotrópico ha estado centrado en el efecto del atropellamiento de fauna desde el punto de vista taxonómico. Objetivo: Evaluar, ecológica y espacialmente, el atropellamiento de la fauna en carreteras ubicadas en zonas de interés para la expansión urbana del norte de los Andes colombianos. Métodos: Se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados, las zonas críticas de atropellamientos por grupo taxonómico y grupos funcionales. Esto se realizó por medio de análisis de ecología espacial, específicamente análisis de densidad de Kernel y análisis de estadística espacial de puntos calientes. Adicionalmente, se identificó las características del paisaje asociadas al atropellamiento y se evaluó el papel de las vías como factor de resistencia y permeabilidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 279 animales atropellados de 64 especies que representan el 28 % de las 273 especies vertebradas presentes en las áreas protegidas en inmediaciones de las carreteras estudiadas. Se estimó una tasa promedio entre 42 y 170 individuos atropellados por año. Se detectaron patrones diferenciales en la densidad de atropellamiento por grupos taxonómicos y funcionales, donde las especies nocturnas y el tipo de gremio trófico son los más vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los tramos de las vías en cercanía a coberturas boscosas presentan mayor riqueza de especies atropelladas y con mayores requerimientos ecológicos. Estos tramos representan una resistencia importante al movimiento de las especies de la zona. Conclusiones: El atropellamiento presenta patrones espaciales heterogéneos, no solo a nivel taxonómico, sino también a nivel funcional, lo cual representa un deterioro para los ecosistemas protegidos en zonas periurbanas.

Abstract Objective: To describe the characteristics and epidemiological profile of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Mexico during the period 2010-2019. Materials and methods: The study is descriptive and retrospective. As secondary sources were analyzed the database "Road Accidents", “Vehicle fleet” and “Mortality” of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). In addition, a descriptive analysis was added using chi square. Results: In the period studied, there were 3,808,981 RTAs, 19.8% of these occurred in Nuevo León. Cars and trucks are the types of vehicle most often involved in these accidents. The recklessness of the driver is the main cause of traffic accidents. The most common type of accident is a collision with a motor vehicle (67.7%). RTAs have caused 52,387 deaths at the accident site and 1,126,709 injured in Mexico in the period. Conclusions: RAs are a public health problem in Mexico. There is a downward trend in the mortality and morbidity figures from RA in the period studied. Although vehicle occupants are the main victims of fatal and non-fatal accidents, pedestrians are the most vulnerable group in terms of mortality. The study adds to the Mexican literature on road safety, seeking to serve in the decision-making of the institutions involved.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir las características del perfil epidemiológico de los accidentes de tránsito (AT) en México, en el periodo 2010 - 2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, se analizaron como fuentes secundarias las bases de datos Accidentes del tránsito, parque vehicular y Mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Además, se agregó un análisis descriptivo utilizando chi-cuadrada. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado se produjeron 3,808,981 AT, el 19.8% de éstos sucedieron en Nuevo León. Los automóviles y las camionetas representan los tipos de vehículo más veces involucrados en estos accidentes. La imprudencia del conductor es la principal causa de siniestralidad. El tipo de accidente más común es la colisión con vehículo automotor (67.6%). Los AT han provocado 52,387 muertos en el lugar del accidente y 1,126,709 lesionados en México en la década estudiada. Conclusiones: Los AT son un problema de salud pública en México. Se registra una tendencia a la baja en las cifras de fallecimientos y heridos, así como en la tasa de mortalidad y morbilidad por AT, pero no así en la tasa de letalidad por AT en el periodo estudiado. Aunque los ocupantes de vehículos son las principales víctimas de accidentes fatales y no fatales, los peatones figuran como el grupo más vulnerable en mortalidad. El estudio abona a la literatura mexicana en materia de seguridad vial buscando servir en la toma de decisiones de las instituciones involucradas.

Abstract Being a significant global biodiversity hotspot, the Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced by human activities. Among the anthropic activities that most affect the biodiversity of this biome is the construction and operation of roads and highways. Between harmful effects of these infrastructures, wildlife roadkill is currently considered one of the biggest causes of mortality of wild vertebrates. This study evaluated patterns of vertebrates’ roadkill on two roads in the coastal region of the largest continuous remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For twelve months, we carry out weekly samples with a motor vehicle at a constant speed of 40 km/h to search for carcasses along the roads. All carcasses found were georeferenced and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Then, using Siriema v.2.0 software, we analyzed roadkill aggregation and the spatial distribution of hotspots of wildlife roadkill. In 43 sampling days, 209 road-killed animals were registered (average roadkill rate of 0.105 and 0.111 animals/kilometer/day for PR-407 e PR-508, respectively). Extrapolating the rates found, we estimate that about 1,773 animals can be roadkill every year on these roads. The most affected groups were birds (33.01%) and amphibians (30.62%), followed by reptiles (19.13%) and mammals (17.33%). Warmer months had the highest roadkill rates. We found two critical roadkill hotspots for the PR-407 (kilometer 11.7 to 12.5 and kilometer 14.7 to 16.7). For the PR-508, we found a critical point of 5.2 km (kilometer 5 to 10.2). As a short-term measure, we recommend installing speed reducers in the identified stretches and implementing environmental education campaigns with residents and tourists, especially during the summer months, aiming to mitigate the roadkill on both roads. However, due to the importance and environmental fragility of the area, we emphasize the need for running periodic road ecology and local wildlife population viability studies in the medium and long term. hotspot highways infrastructures vertebrates 4 kmh h level Then v20 v 2 0 v.2. software days 20 roadkilled killed average 0105 105 0.10 0111 111 0.11 animalskilometerday day PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508, PR508 508, 508 PR-508 respectively. respectively . respectively) 1773 1 773 1,77 33.01% 3301 33 01 (33.01% 30.62%, 3062 30.62% , 30 62 (30.62%) 19.13% 1913 19 13 (19.13% 17.33%. 1733 17.33% 17 (17.33%) 117 11 7 11. 125 12 12. 147 14 14. 16.7. 167 16.7 16 16.7) 52 5. 10.2. 102 10.2 10 10.2) shortterm short term measure tourists However area v2 v.2 010 0.1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-50 177 77 1,7 33.01 330 3 (33.01 306 30.62 6 (30.62% 19.13 191 (19.13 173 17.33 (17.33% 16. 10. v. 0. PR4 PR- PR5 PR-5 1, 33.0 (33.0 30.6 (30.62 19.1 (19.1 17.3 (17.33 33. (33. 30. (30.6 19. (19. 17. (17.3 (33 (30. (19 (17. (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Resumo Sendo um importante hotspot de biodiversidade global, a Mata Atlântica tem sido drasticamente reduzida pelas atividades humanas. Entre as atividades antrópicas que mais afetam a biodiversidade desse ecossistema está a construção e operação de estradas e rodovias. Considerado um dos efeitos mais nocivos desses empreendimentos, o atropelamento de animais silvestres é atualmente uma das maiores causas de mortalidade de vertebrados silvestres. Neste estudo, avaliamos os padrões de atropelamentos de pequenos vertebrados em duas estradas na região litorânea do maior remanescente contínuo de Mata Atlântica brasileira. Durante doze meses realizamos coletas semanais com um veículo motorizado a uma velocidade constante de 40 km/h para busca de carcaças ao longo das estradas. Todas as carcaças encontradas foram georreferenciadas e identificadas até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Em seguida, usando o software Siriema v.2.0, analisamos a distribuição e os padrões espaciais dos eventos para identificar pontos de atropelamento de animais selvagens. Em um total de 43 dias de amostragem, foram registrados 209 animais atropelados (taxa média de atropelamentos de 0,105 e 0,111 animais/quilômetro/dia para PR-407 e PR-508 respectivamente). Extrapolando os índices encontrados, podemos estimar que cerca de 1.773 animais podem ser atropelados todos os anos nessas estradas. Os grupos mais afetados foram aves (33,01%) e anfíbios (30,62%), seguidos de répteis (19,13%) e mamíferos (17,33%). Os meses mais quentes tiveram as maiores taxas de atropelamentos. Durante o período encontramos dois pontos críticos de atropelamentos para a rodovia PR-407 (quilômetro 11,7 a 12,5 e quilômetro 14,7 a 16,7). Para a rodovia PR-508, encontramos um ponto crítico de 5,2 km (quilômetro 5 a 10,2). Como medida de curto prazo, recomendamos a instalação de redutores de velocidade nos trechos identificados e a implementação de campanhas de educação ambiental com moradores e turistas, principalmente nos meses de verão, visando mitigar o atropelamento em ambas as vias. No entanto, devido à importância e fragilidade ambiental da área, ressaltamos a necessidade de estudos de ecologia viária e de viabilidade populacional da fauna local a médio e longo prazo. global humanas rodovias empreendimentos estudo brasileira 4 kmh h possível seguida v20 v 2 0 v.2.0 selvagens amostragem 20 taxa 0105 105 0,10 0111 111 0,11 animaisquilômetrodia dia PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508 508 PR-50 respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) encontrados 1773 1 773 1.77 33,01% 3301 33 01 (33,01% 30,62%, 3062 30,62% , 30 62 (30,62%) 19,13% 1913 19 13 (19,13% 17,33%. 1733 17,33% 17 (17,33%) 117 11 7 11, 125 12 12, 147 14 14, 16,7. 167 16,7 16 16,7) PR508, 508, 52 5, 10,2. 102 10,2 10 10,2) prazo turistas verão vias entanto área v2 v.2. 010 0,1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-5 177 77 1.7 33,01 330 3 (33,01 306 30,62 6 (30,62% 19,13 191 (19,13 173 17,33 (17,33% 16, 10, v.2 0, PR4 PR- PR5 1. 33,0 (33,0 30,6 (30,62 19,1 (19,1 17,3 (17,33 v. 33, (33, 30, (30,6 19, (19, 17, (17,3 (33 (30, (19 (17, (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Abstract The construction of highways is responsible for access to previously protected areas, resulting in changes in landscape and dynamics of the animal populations that live in these areas. These enterprises are the major responsible for the mortality of wild animals, surpassing hunting and even the trafficking of animals. The objective of this study was to make a list that reflects the diversity of amphibians and reptile’s road-killed along the BR-040, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in Southeastern region of Brazil, including the use of microhabitats, lifestyle, activity pattern, reproductive cycles, and possible rare or endangered species. The study area consists of 180,4 km of highways. Monitoring began in 2006 and continues to the present day. A total of 1,410 individuals from 60 species were recorded in this study. The reptiles were more frequent in number of individuals and species. The commonest species recorded were Crotalus durissus and Dipsas mikanii. We have registered a single endangered species: Ranacephala hogei. The highest rates of road-kill were recorded during the wet season. Road-kills of fauna is a major threat to species, studies are of great importance to define plans that seek to mitigate the effects generated by these enterprises. areas animals reptile s roadkilled road killed BR040, BR040 BR 040, 040 BR-040 Brazil microhabitats lifestyle pattern cycles 1804 180 4 180, 200 day 1410 1 410 1,41 6 mikanii hogei roadkill kill season Roadkills Road kills BR04 04 BR-04 18 20 141 41 1,4 BR0 0 BR-0 2 14 1, BR-

Resumo A construção de rodovias é responsável pelo acesso a áreas anteriormente protegidas, resultando em alterações na paisagem e na dinâmica das populações animais que vivem nessas áreas. Esses empreendimentos são os maiores responsáveis pela mortalidade de animais silvestres, superando a caça e até mesmo o tráfico de animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma lista que reflita a diversidade de anfíbios e répteis atropelados ao longo da BR-040, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica na região Sudeste do Brasil, incluindo o uso de microhabitats, estilo de vida, padrão de atividade, ciclos reprodutivos, e possíveis espécies raras ou ameaçadas. A área de estudo é constituída por 180,4 km de rodovias. O monitoramento começou em 2006 e segue até os dias atuais. Ao todo 1.410 indivíduos de 60 espécies foram registrados nesse estudo. Os répteis foram mais frequentes, em número de indivíduos e espécies. As espécies mais comumente registradas foram Crotalus durissus e Dipsas mikanii. Registramos uma espécie ameaçada de extinção: Ranacephala hogei. A maior taxa de atropelamento foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa. O atropelamento de fauna é uma grande ameaça as espécies, sendo de grande importância estudos para definição de planos que busquem mitigar os efeitos gerados por esses empreendimentos. protegidas silvestres BR040, BR040 BR 040, 040 BR-040 Brasil microhabitats vida atividade reprodutivos ameaçadas 1804 180 4 180, 200 atuais 1410 1 410 1.41 6 frequentes mikanii extinção hogei chuvosa BR04 04 BR-04 18 20 141 41 1.4 BR0 0 BR-0 2 14 1. BR-

ABSTRACT Understanding the ecological impacts of roads on mammals requires periodic monitoring of roads, and identification of both temporal and spatial distribution of roadkills (i.e., roadkill hotspots). The main aim of the study was to identify the most roadkilled mammals and evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of roadkills in the RJ-122, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Between October 2017 and January 2020, an intense monitoring study was conducted, with the carcasses of the roadkilled mammals being collected three times a week. Overall, we recorded 295 roadkilled mammals belonging to 22 species, resulting in 11 roadkills per month for the RJ-122 highway. The black-eared opossum, Didelphis aurita (N=149, 51%) stood out as the most roadkilled mammal, followed by porcupine, Coendou spinosus (N= 24, 8%), crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous (N= 23, 8), nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (N= 23, 8%), and white-tufted marmoset, Callithrix jacchus (N= 20, 7%). Roadkills on the RJ-122 varied throughout the year, being more frequent in the rainy season (N=180) than in the dry season (N=115), and were concentrated in two hotspots, indicating some critical points with high roadkill frequency. Hotspots were associated with areas with dense natural vegetation, which can function as forest corridors in this fragmented landscape. Based on our results, several mitigation measures are recommended for the RJ-122 highway. i.e., ie i e (i.e. hotspots. hotspots . hotspots) RJ122, RJ122 RJ 122, 122 Janeiro Brazil 201 2020 conducted week Overall 29 2 species 1 RJ-12 blackeared black eared opossum N=149, N149 N 149 (N=149 51% 51 mammal porcupine N= (N 24 8%, 8 8% , 8%) crabeating crab eating fox 23 8, 8) ninebanded nine banded armadillo whitetufted white tufted marmoset 20 7%. 7 7% 7%) year N=180 N180 180 (N=180 N=115, N115 N=115 115 (N=115) frequency vegetation landscape results i.e. (i.e RJ12 12 202 RJ-1 N=149 N14 14 (N=14 5 N=18 N18 18 (N=18 N11 N=11 (N=115 i.e RJ1 RJ- N=14 N1 (N=1 N=1 (N=11

RESUMO Compreender os impactos ecológicos das estradas sobre a fauna de mamíferos requer o monitoramento periódico das estradas e a identificação da distribuição temporal e espacial dos atropelamentos (ou seja, hotspots de atropelamentos). O objetivo principal do estudo foi identificar os mamíferos mais atropelados e avaliar a distribuição temporal e espacial dos atropelamentos na RJ-122, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica de baixada no estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Entre outubro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020, foi realizado um intenso estudo de monitoramento, com a coleta três vezes por semana das carcaças dos mamíferos atropelados. Ao todo, registramos 295 mamíferos atropelados pertencentes a 22 espécies, resultando em 11 atropelamentos por mês para a rodovia RJ-122. O gambá-de-orelha-preta, Didelphis aurita (N=149, 51%) destacou-se como o mamífero mais atropelado, seguido pelo ouriço-cacheiro, Coendou spinosus (N= 24, 8%), cachorro-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous (N= 23, 8%), tatu-galinha, Dasypus novemcinctus (N= 23, 8%) e sagui-de-tufo-branco, Callithrix jacchus (N= 20, 7%). Os atropelamentos na RJ-122 variaram ao longo do ano, sendo mais frequentes na estação chuvosa (N=180) do que na estação seca (N=115), e se concentraram em duas áreas, indicando alguns pontos críticos com alta frequência de atropelamentos. Os hotspots foram associados a áreas com vegetação natural densa, que podem funcionar como corredores florestais nesta paisagem fragmentada. Com base em nossos resultados, várias medidas de mitigação são recomendadas para a rodovia RJ-122. ou seja . atropelamentos) RJ122, RJ122 RJ 122, 122 Janeiro Brasil 201 2020 todo 29 2 espécies 1 RJ122. 122. gambádeorelhapreta, gambádeorelhapreta gambá orelha preta, preta gambá-de-orelha-preta N=149, N149 N 149 (N=149 51% 51 destacouse destacou atropelado ouriçocacheiro, ouriçocacheiro ouriço cacheiro, cacheiro ouriço-cacheiro N= (N 24 8%, 8 8% , cachorrodomato, cachorrodomato cachorro mato, mato cachorro-do-mato 23 tatugalinha, tatugalinha tatu galinha, galinha tatu-galinha saguidetufobranco, saguidetufobranco sagui tufo branco, branco sagui-de-tufo-branco 20 7%. 7 7% 7%) RJ-12 ano N=180 N180 180 (N=180 N=115, N115 N=115 115 (N=115) densa fragmentada resultados RJ12 12 202 N=149 N14 14 (N=14 5 RJ-1 N=18 N18 18 (N=18 N11 N=11 (N=115 RJ1 N=14 N1 (N=1 RJ- N=1 (N=11

Abstract The interaction between animal movement and roads is pervasive, but little is known of the effects of the land-use patterns in roadside landscapes on roadkill events. Here, we compared wildlife roadkill along two road stretches that cross landscapes with different land-use patterns, including the presence of protected areas in Central Brazil. Sampling was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in two seasons (dry and rainy). We expected roadkill events to be more frequent bordering the protected area. Roadkill occurred more frequently in the rainy season in the unprotected landscape. Birds were most frequently recorded in the unprotected (44%, n = 76) than in the protected landscape (37%, n = 48). The least recorded group in the unprotected landscape was Squamata (11%, n = 18), while mammals were less detected in the protected landscape (14%, n = 18). Classes ‘agriculture’ and ‘savanna’ were related to amphibian roadkill numbers. For Squamata, we observed the effect of the presence of forests in the protected landscape. Bird roadkill was affected by protection level, while the presence of pasture and the level of protection explained mammal roadkill. Differences in roadkill patterns reinforce the need for long-term management of this source of mortality for the Cerrado fauna.

Resumo O presente estudo buscou compreender os efeitos da velocidade e do tráfego de veículos na fauna atropelada em rodovias próximas a Unidades de Conservação (UC) do DF. Dados de atropelamentos em três segmentos rodoviários foram sobrepostos às informações sobre o volume de tráfego, registros de infrações e sinalização vertical. Os resultados evidenciam uma correlação positiva fraca entre atropelamentos e o volume de tráfego anual (ρ = 0,470; p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas significâncias estatísticas nos índices de correlação entre atropelamentos e infrações de excesso de velocidade e não há evidências de que a inserção da sinalização vertical (SV) surtiu efeito sobre os registros de atropelamentos a 200m (V=387; p > 0,3) ou a 500m (V=437.5; p > 0,5) da SV. A análise dos dados evidencia uma possível seleção da fauna habituada ao ambiente rodoviário nas CAV e a consequente intensificação do efeito de borda, da fragmentação e do isolamento de espécies nas UC adjacentes. Propõe-se: novos estudos que avaliem a inserção de estruturas capazes de reconectar as áreas afetadas; a continuidade de projetos de monitoramento; e, a melhoria no acesso aos dados de infrações de trânsito.

Abstract The present study sought to acknowledge the effects of velocity and vehicle traffic on animal roadkills on roads nearby Protected Areas (PA) in the Distrito Federal - Brazil. Data on roadkill events for three road segments were superimposed on information on traffic volume, records of speeding infractions, and installation of vertical signs (VSs). The results showed a weak positive correlation between roadkill events and the annual traffic volume (ρ = 0.470; p <0.05). No statistical significance was found in the correlation indices between roadkill events and speeding infractions, and there was no evidence that installing VSs had an effect on the records of roadkill within 200 m (V = 387; p> 0.3) or 500 m (V = 437.5; p> 0.5) of the VSs. The data analysis showed a possible correlation between the fauna that had become accustomed to the road environment that were in collisions between animals and vehicles (AVCs) and the consequent intensification of the edge effect, fragmentation, and isolation of these species in adjacent PAs. It is proposed that new studies evaluate the installation of structures capable of reconnecting the affected areas, the continuity of monitoring projects, and the provision of improved access to data on traffic violations.

Abstract: Roads and highways can work as barriers to the movement of many species, thereby preventing the individuals from accessing feeding and reproduction sites and the immediate risk of colliding wild species with vehicles. Identifying the impacts of roads on wildlife can contribute to the establishment of actions that promote conservation. In Brazil, data on collisions between bats and vehicles are scarce and underestimated in the literature. We described bat roadkill from 2008 to 2019 on a stretch of the BR-040 highway, which crosses an area of Atlantic Forest. Roadkill species were identified and the sites with high collision frequencies were characterized. A total of 923 individuals of 57 species and five families of chiropterans were identified. Frugivore bats showed the largest number of affected individuals, with Artibeus lituratus, a common species in the study region, with the highest number of roadkills. The diet and foraging behaviour were the most likely factors explaining most of the bats killed on the highway. The highest roadkill rate was documented in the fall, and the critical points located nearby the APA Petrópolis and REBIO of Tinguá, environmental protection areas. We reinforce the need to mitigate these roadkills, ensuring that road systems, which constitute municipal, state and federal highways, are built to prevent major disturbance of habitat and displacement routes of these species. We believe in the need for mitigations, and considering the various species involved, we suggest speed bumps construction reducing the speed limit, installing bridges, and signaling the presence of wildlife, before the stretches identified as hotspots.

Resumen: Los caminos y carreteras pueden funcionar como barreras para el movimiento de muchas especies, impidiendo así el acceso de los individuos a los sitios de alimentación y reproducción y el riesgo inmediato de colisión de especies silvestres con vehículos. Identificar los impactos de los caminos sobre la vida silvestre puede contribuir al establecimiento de acciones que promuevan la conservación. En Brasil, los datos sobre colisiones entre murciélagos y vehículos son escasos y subestimados en la literatura. Describimos murciélagos atropellados entre 2008 y 2019 en un tramo de la carretera BR-040, que atraviesa un área de Mata Atlántica. Se identificaron las especies de animales atropellados y se caracterizaron los sitios con alta frecuencia de colisión. Se identificaron un total de 923 individuos de 57 especies y cinco familias de quirópteros. Los murciélagos frugívoros mostraron el mayor número de individuos afectados, con Artibeus lituratus, una especie común en la región de estudio, con el mayor número de atropellamientos. La dieta y el comportamiento de búsqueda de alimento fueron los factores más probables que explicaron la mayoría de los murciélagos muertos en la carretera. La mayor tasa de atropellamientos se registró en otoño, y los puntos críticos se ubicaron en las cercanías de APA Petrópolis y REBIO de Tinguá, áreas de protección ambiental. Reforzamos la necesidad de mitigar estos atropellamientos, asegurando que los sistemas viales, que constituyen las carreteras municipales, estatales y federales, se construyan para evitar que se alteren el hábitat y las rutas de desplazamiento de estas especies. Creemos en la necesidad de mitigaciones y considerando las diversas especies involucradas. Sugerimos la construcción de topes para reducir el límite de velocidad, instalar puentes y señalizando la presencia de fauna, antes de los tramos identificados como hotspots.

Abstract In this article, an effective solution has been presented to assist a driver in taking decisions for overtaking under adverse night time dark condition on a two-lane single carriageway road. Here, an awkward situation of the road where a vehicle is just in front of the test vehicle in the same direction and another vehicle coming from the opposite direction is considered. As the environmental condition is very dark, so only headlights and taillights of any vehicle are visible. Estimation of distance and speed with greater accuracy, especially at night where vehicles are not visible is really a challenging task. The proposed assistance system can estimate the actual and relative speed and the distance of the slow vehicle in front of the test vehicle and the vehicle coming from the opposite direction by observing taillights and headlights respectively. Subsequently, required gap, road condition level, speed and acceleration for safe overtaking are estimated. Finally, the overtaking decision is made in a such way that there should not be any collision between vehicles. Several real time experiments reveal that the estimation achieves a great accuracy with safe condition over the state-of-the-art techniques using a low-cost 2D camera.

Resumen Las carreteras generan impactos negativos sobre la biodiversidad, dentro de los cuales los atropellamientos configuran una de las causas directas más relevantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la distribución temporal y evaluar los patrones espaciales relacionados con el atropellamiento de vertebrados silvestres en las rutas Yopal-Quebradaseca y Yopal-variante Jagüeyes, en Casanare, Colombia. Entre 2017 y 2018 se realizaron 18 recorridos a 40 km/h en los que se registraron eventos de atropellamiento. Se determinaron tasas de atropellamiento, puntos calientes, así como variables del paisaje (humedales, vegetación nativa, construcciones) y de la vía (forma y presencia de señales de paso) relacionadas con este tensor. Se registraron 139 eventos de colisión, que incluyeron ocho especies de mamíferos, 13 de reptiles, 20 de aves y una de anfibio. Caiman crocodilus (n = 17), Rhinella marina (n = 13) y Tamandua tetradactyla (n = 13) fueron las especies más atropelladas. Myrmecophaga tridactyla fue la única especie amenazada reportada dentro de este grupo de vertebrados. La mayor tasa de atropellamiento en ambas vías fue encontrada para los reptiles. Para el total de datos, se identificaron 15 puntos calientes de atropellamiento. De forma general, los atropellamientos estuvieron asociados a tramos curvos de la vía, cercanos a humedales cercanos y en zonas sin infraestructura. El 64 % de los individuos atropellados se encontraron una distancia menor a 2 km a una señal de tránsito, lo que indica una baja efectividad de esta medida. Este es el primer reporte de atropellamiento de fauna para la sabana inundable y se espera que sea una herramienta de mitigación de esta amenaza en el departamento.

Abstract Road have impacted negatively the biodiversity and running-over the animals is one of the most relevant direct causes. This study aims to determine the time distribution and evaluate the spatial patterns related to running-over of wild vertebrates in the roads Yopal-Quebradaseca and Yopal-variante Jagüeyes, in Casanare (Colombia). between 2017 and 2018, running-over events were recorded in 18 trips at 40 km/h. Running-over rates and hotspots were determined as well as some landscape variables (wetlands, native vegetation, buildings) and road variables (shape and use of traffic signs) related to this issue. This way, 139 collision events were recorded including 8 mammal species, 13 reptiles, 20 birds and one amphibian. Caiman crocodilus (n = 17), Rhinella marina (n = 13) and Tamandua tetradactyla (n = 13) were the most run-over species. Myrmecophaga tridactyla was the only threatened species reported in this vertebrate group. Reptiles were the animals with higher running-over rates in both road directions. Based on the total data, 15 hotspots were identified. In general, running-over events were associated with going through curve sections, getting close to a wetland, and driving in areas without any infrastructure. In these events, 64% of the run-over animals were found at a distance lower than 2 km from traffic sign, which indicates a poor effectiveness of these signs. This is the first report of animal running-over in this flooded savanna and is expected to be used as a tool to mitigate the impact on this province.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze associations between road infrastructure and Work-Related traffic accidents, in Medellin 2010-2014 in freight and passenger drivers. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study to establish a possible association between road infrastructure and work-related traffic accidents with injuries for the driver in Medellín Colombia, using the Police traffic accident database, from January 2010 to July 2014. Results There were 102 602 records of traffic accidents. The multivariate analysis was conducted with 8516 records with complete information from March to July 2014. The factors associated with injury were: collision with another vehicle (PR 1,31 95CI 1,09-1,57); two-lane roads (PR: 1,21, 95% CI 1,14-1,33) and three-lane roads (PR: 1,39, 95CI 1,091,76); being a driver between 18 and 24 years old (PR 1.13 95 CI 1,02-1,26); and driving under the influence of alcohol (PR: 2,81 95% CI 2,42-3,26). In addition, through analysis of geographic information, critical points of work-related crashes were identified. Conclusion A growing trend of work-related traffic accidents was identified in Medellín. Special attention must be addressed to passenger and cargo transport due to its significant contribution to traffic accidents in the city. The monitoring of infrastructure and areas with the highest inci-dence can be useful in the design of prevention programs in transport companies.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar posibles relaciones entre infraestructura y ocurrencia de incidentes viales relacionados con el trabajo en transportadores de pasajeros y carga en Medellín entre el 2010 y el 2014. Métodos Estudio transversal de asociación entre infraestructura de incidentes viales durante el trabajo relacionados con lesiones de conductores, según la base de datos de informes policiales de accidentes de tránsito del 1.° de enero de 2010 al 31 de julio de 2014. Resultados Hubo 102 602 registros de incidentes viales relacionados con trabajo. El análisis multivariado fue posible con 8 516 registros con información completa entre marzo y julio de 2014. Los factores asociados al evento fueron: choque contra otro vehículo (RP 1,31 IC95 1,09-1,57); vías de dos carriles (RP 1,21 IC95 1,14-1,33) y de tres (RP 1,39 IC95 1,09-1,76); ser conductor de 18 a 24 años (RP 1,13 IC95 1,02-1,26); y conducir bajo efecto de alcohol (RP 2,81 IC95 2,42-3,26). Además, fueron identificados mediante análisis de información geográfica algunos puntos críticos de ocurrencia de incidentes viales relacionados con trabajo. Conclusiones Hay una tendencia creciente de incidentes viales relacionados con trabajo en Medellín. Se requiere especial atención al transporte de pasajeros y de carga por su representativo aporte al total de incidentes viales. El monitoreo de la infraestructura y de zonas de mayor incidencia puede ser útil en el diseño de programas de prevención en empresas de transporte.

Abstract Objective To quantify the magnitude of the association between the type of vehicle and the probability of being responsible for a collision between two or more vehicles. Method From the registry of road crashes with victims maintained by the Spanish Traffic General Directorate (2014 and 2015), a matched case-control study was designed. Cases were offending drivers involved in the 27,630 collisions between two or more vehicles in which only one of the drivers had committed a driving mistake or offence. Each case was matched with the non-offending drivers of the vehicles involved in the same crash: in all, 31,219 controls were included. Apart from the commission of offences and the type of vehicle involved, we got information about other characteristics of the driver (age, sex, etc.) and about the vehicle (age). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated in order to quantify the association between each type of vehicle and the odds of being responsible for the collision, crude and adjusted (by conditioned logistic regression) by the rest of collected variables. Results In comparison with private cars, bicycles had a lower risk of causing a collision (adjusted OR: .30), and also mopeds (aOR: .52) and buses (aOR: .63). Vans (aOR: 1.19) and four-wheel vehicles (aOR: 1.33) increased the risk. Conclusion Two-wheeled vehicles and buses had a lower risk of causing collisions than private cars. This association is independent of some of the characteristics of the driver, as well as the age of the vehicle.

Resumen Objetivo Cuantificar la magnitud de la asociación entre el tipo de vehículo y la probabilidad de ser el responsable de una colisión entre dos o más vehículos. Método A partir del registro de accidentes de tráfico con víctimas de la Dirección General de Tráfico (2014 y 2015) se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles emparejado. Los casos fueron los conductores infractores implicados en las 27.630 colisiones entre dos o más vehículos, en las que solo uno de los conductores implicados había cometido algún error de conducción o infracción. Cada caso se emparejó con los conductores no infractores de los vehículos implicados en el mismo accidente; en total se dispuso de 31.219 controles. Aparte de la comisión de infracciones y del tipo de vehículo implicado, se obtuvo información para otras características del conductor (edad, sexo, etc.) y del vehículo (antigüedad). Se calcularon odds ratios (OR) para cuantificar la asociación entre cada tipo de vehículo y la odds de ser el causante de la colisión, crudas y ajustadas (ORa) (regresión logística condicionada) por el resto de las variables recogidas. Resultados En comparación con los turismos, se obtuvo un menor riesgo de provocar la colisión para bicicletas (ORa: 0,30), ciclomotores (ORa: 0,52) y autobuses (ORa: 0,63), y un mayor riesgo para furgonetas (ORa: 1,19) y vehículos todoterreno (ORa: 1,33). Conclusión Los vehículos de dos ruedas y los autobuses tienen un menor riesgo de provocar colisiones que los turismos. Esta asociación es independiente de algunas características del conductor, así como de la antigüedad del vehículo.

Abstract Objective To quantify the magnitude of the association between the type of vehicle and the probability of being responsible for a collision between two or more vehicles. Method From the registry of road crashes with victims maintained by the Spanish Traffic General Directorate (2014 and 2015), a matched case-control study was designed. Cases were offending drivers involved in the 27,630 collisions between two or more vehicles in which only one of the drivers had committed a driving mistake or offence. Each case was matched with the non-offending drivers of the vehicles involved in the same crash: in all, 31,219 controls were included. Apart from the commission of offences and the type of vehicle involved, we got information about other characteristics of the driver (age, sex, etc.) and about the vehicle (age). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated in order to quantify the association between each type of vehicle and the odds of being responsible for the collision, crude and adjusted (by conditioned logistic regression) by the rest of collected variables. Results In comparison with private cars, bicycles had a lower risk of causing a collision (adjusted OR: .30), and also mopeds (aOR: .52) and buses (aOR: .63). Vans (aOR: 1.19) and four-wheel vehicles (aOR: 1.33) increased the risk. Conclusion Two-wheeled vehicles and buses had a lower risk of causing collisions than private cars. This association is independent of some of the characteristics of the driver, as well as the age of the vehicle.

Resumen Objetivo Cuantificar la magnitud de la asociación entre el tipo de vehículo y la probabilidad de ser el responsable de una colisión entre dos o más vehículos. Método A partir del registro de accidentes de tráfico con víctimas de la Dirección General de Tráfico (2014 y 2015) se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles emparejado. Los casos fueron los conductores infractores implicados en las 27.630 colisiones entre dos o más vehículos, en las que solo uno de los conductores implicados había cometido algún error de conducción o infracción. Cada caso se emparejó con los conductores no infractores de los vehículos implicados en el mismo accidente; en total se dispuso de 31.219 controles. Aparte de la comisión de infracciones y del tipo de vehículo implicado, se obtuvo información para otras características del conductor (edad, sexo, etc.) y del vehículo (antigüedad). Se calcularon odds ratios (OR) para cuantificar la asociación entre cada tipo de vehículo y la odds de ser el causante de la colisión, crudas y ajustadas (ORa) (regresión logística condicionada) por el resto de las variables recogidas. Resultados En comparación con los turismos, se obtuvo un menor riesgo de provocar la colisión para bicicletas (ORa: 0,30), ciclomotores (ORa: 0,52) y autobuses (ORa: 0,63), y un mayor riesgo para furgonetas (ORa: 1,19) y vehículos todoterreno (ORa: 1,33). Conclusión Los vehículos de dos ruedas y los autobuses tienen un menor riesgo de provocar colisiones que los turismos. Esta asociación es independiente de algunas características del conductor, así como de la antigüedad del vehículo.

Abstract Among the negative impacts on biodiversity caused by road works, such as road and highways, are the killed caused by collisions with vehicles. In this study, the mortality of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals by collision with vehicles is determined, on three roads that converge in the Tambogrande district (Piura in northern Peru), and the places with the highest incidence are established. Observations were between January and June of 2018 with a frequency of 24 trips once a week between the hours of 7.00 and 14.00. The trips were taken on a motorcycle at 25 km/h. Geographical coordinates of the point of collisions were recorded. The vertebrates mortality in transects lines was analyzed using the Kilometric Abundance Index (KAI). High incidence places were determined with a Kernel Density Analysis. 437 animals were found dead corresponding to 29 species. The animal group most affected was mammals followed by birds, reptiles and amphibians in that order. The mean KAI was 0.2 (95% CI 0.1 - 0.3) N° of incidences/km. We determinate 24 points of high incidence, they were close to each other. Based in our results, we propose to build eight animal crossing structures for vertebrates complemented with appropriate transit signals.

Resumen Entre los impactos negativos sobre la biodiversidad que causan las obras viales, como las carreteras, se tiene la mortandad de fauna por atropello. En el presente estudio se determina la mortandad de anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos por atropello, en tres carreteras que confluyen en el distrito de Tambogrande (Piura en el norte de Perú) y establecer los sitios de mayor incidencia. Los datos se colectaron entre enero y junio de 2018 en 24 recorridos una vez por semana entre las 7:00 y 14:00 horas. Los recorridos se realizaron sobre una moto lineal a 25 km/h, los datos registrados fueron coordenadas geográficas del punto de atropello principalmente. La mortandad de vertebrados en los transectos se analizó usando el Índice Kilométrico de Abundancia. Los sitios de alta incidencia de atropellos se determinaron con un análisis de densidad de Kernel. Se hallaron 437 animales atropellados pertenecientes a 29 especies. Los animales atropellados más abundantes fueron los mamíferos seguidos de aves, reptiles y anfibios. El IKA promedio fue de 0.2 (IC 95% 0.1 - 0.3) N° de atropellos/Km. Se presentaron 24 puntos de alta incidencia en el área de estudio cercanos entre sí. Utilizando la información de este trabajo se sugiere construir ocho pasos de fauna para vertebrados según estándares internacionales y complementados con señalética adecuada.

RESUMEN El atropellamiento de las especies silvestres es una de las principales causales de la mortalidad para estos animales, disminuyendo drásticamente su población. Se recibe una zarigüeya (Didelphis marsupialis) en la clínica veterinaria de la Universidad Remington de Medellín - Antioquia, con historial de politraumatismo reciente por atropellamiento con signos evidentes de dolor, múltiples lesiones lacerantes y abrasivas en la región craneal, torácica y coxal, el paciente inicia manejo médico farmacológico, fluidoterapia y es hospitalizado; debido a la gravedad de las lesiones el animal muere y se decide realizar un estudio radiológico ortogonal (vistas laterales y ventro dorsales de cráneo, tórax y abdomen, laterales de esqueleto apendicular) en el cual se observa fractura en tallo verde de la rama horizontal mandibular izquierda, en el ángulo mandibular izquierdo se evidencia fractura oblicua completa, en la porción del hueso maxilar izquierdo se observa una fractura longitudinal levemente desplazada.

ABSTRACT The death by vehicular collision is one of the main causes of death in wildlife, drastically affecting the population number of several species. A Zarigueya (didelphis marsupialis) is received in the veterinary clinic of the Remington University in Medellín - Antioquia, with a recent history of multiple trauma with obvious signs of pain, multiple laceration and abrasive lesions in the cranial, thoracic and coxal regions. The patient starts medical pharmacological management, fluid therapy and is hospitalized; past few hours the patient died due to the severity of the lesions. It is decided to perform an orthogonal radiological study (lateral and ventro - lateral views of the skull, thorax and abdomen, laterals of the appendicular skeleton) in which a fracture is observed in the green stem of the horizontal left mandibular branch, in the left mandibular angle a complete oblique fracture is observed and in the left maxillary bone there is a slightly displaced longitudinal fracture.