Abstracts In this work, the results of a detailed sound monitoring conducted during December 2023 in the mountain rainforest of Yungas (750 meters above sea level), in the vicinity of Piedras stream within the protected area of Sierra San Javier Park, are presented. The spectrograms obtained from the inner forest differ consistently from those of the riparian forest, distinguishable by their bioacoustic characteristics. It is conjectured that the stream, through its geophonic load and ecological imprint on the landscape, imposes restrictions on the occupation of the ecoacoustic niche by the fauna ensemble present in the area.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un monitoreo sonoro detallado realizado durante diciembre de 2023 en selva montana de Yungas (750 msnm), en las proximidades del arroyo Piedras dentro del área protegida Parque Sierra San Javier. Los espectrogramas obtenidos bosque adentro difieren de los de bosque de ribera de forma consistente, discernible por sus biofonías. Se conjetura que el arroyo, a través de su carga geofónica e impronta ecológica en el paisaje, impone restricciones para la ocupación del nicho ecoacústico por parte del elenco faunístico presente en el área.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o comportamento de elementos climáticos e eventos térmicos extremos entre duas unidades de paisagem da cidade de Neuquén, Argentina, no período de 2013 a 2020. Foram analisados dados diários de temperatura mínima (Tmin), temperatura máxima (Tmax) e umidade relativa (UR) das estações meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) e “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), que são referências do vale (área periurbana) e do corredor fluvial (ambiente ribeirinho), respectivamente. Foi analisada a influência da margem nas Tmin e Tmax diárias durante ondas de calor (OC) e ondas de frio (OF) no vale de acordo com a metodologia do Serviço Meteorológico Nacional. As médias de Tmax (Tmin), em resoluções anuais, sazonais e mensais, foram menores (maiores) em PC. Os valores médios de UR foram superiores em NA. Durante as OC, foi observado um efeito regulador em relação à quantidade de dias em que os valores limites foram excedidos de forma consecutiva no litoral fluvial.

Abstract This paper aimed to compare the behavior of climatic elements and extreme thermal events between two landscape units of the city of Neuquén, Argentina, for the period 2013-2020. The study involved daily data of minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), and relative humidity (RH) obtained from the meteorological stations “Neuquén Aero” (NA) and “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referring to the valley (peri-urban area) and the fluvial corridor (riparian environment) respectively. The influence of the riverbank on the daily Tmin and Tmax during Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Waves (CW) in the valley was analyzed using the methodology of the National Meteorological Service. The mean Tmax (Tmin), at annual, seasonal, and monthly resolutions, were lower (higher) in PC. The mean RH values were higher in NA. During the HW, a regulatory effect was exhibited regarding the number of days that the threshold values were exceeded consecutively in the fluvial littoral.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar el comportamiento de elementos climáticos y eventos térmicos extremos entre dos unidades de paisaje de la ciudad de Neuquén (Argentina) para el período 2013-2020. Se examinaron datos diarios de temperatura mínima -Tmin-, temperatura máxima -Tmax- y humedad relativa -HR- de las estaciones meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) y “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referentes del valle (área periurbana) y del corredor fluvial (entorno ripario) respectivamente. Se analizó la influencia de la ribera en las Tmin y Tmax diarias durante Olas de Calor (OC) y Olas de Frío (OF) en el valle según metodología del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Las Tmax (Tmin) medias, a resoluciones anual, estacional y mensual, resultaron menores (mayores) en PC. Los valores medios de HR fueron superiores en NA. Durante las OC, se exhibió un efecto regulador respecto a la cantidad de días que se excedieron los valores umbrales de manera consecutiva en el litoral fluvial.

ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

Abstract Riverine forests have high floristic diversity and are heterogeneous, even when they are near each other. Therefore, we aimed to compare three riverine forest remnants of Southern Brazil located in the Pampa biome regarding floristic and structural biodiversity, to: i) check whether the studied forest fragments maintain heterogeneity and high floristic richness as seen in riverine forests, even when close to each other, and ii) indicate the predominant successional groups in each remnant. A total of 81 sampling units were established, and all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 15 cm were measured. We sampled 1,659 individuals, 67 species, and 34 families. The richness and structure of the three communities differed, confirming the high heterogeneity of riverine forests. One of the remnants had a higher predominance of pioneer species and individuals, which differentiated it from the other two. The latter, in turn, showed higher similarity in floristic and structural composition, with a predominance of secondary and late successional individuals and species. Differences in soil moisture, in the size and shape of fragments may be factors that contributed to the floristic and structural diversity observed. The remnants, although small and surrounded by monocultures, are heterogeneous and important for biodiversity conservation. Therefore i ii remnant 8 established 1 measured 1659 659 1,65 6 3 families differed two latter turn composition moisture observed monocultures conservation 165 65 1,6 16 1,

Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

Abstract We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest. dependence 1 restoration semiopen semi open range generalist them way addressed herbaceousshrub herbaceous shrub freshyfruited freshy fruited 2 betadiversity beta

Abstract In the Brazilian Cerrado, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) populations are facing an accelerated rate of habitat loss. Despite this, their feeding areas and primary food sources remain poorly understood. In this study, I assessed the relationship between the diet of the Red-and-green Macaw and available food resources in a habitat mosaic from the fragmented Cerrado in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Red-and-green Macaws fed on 20 native and five exotic species, mainly in dry habitats (Cerrado, dry forest, and an urban area along the Maracaju Cliffs) during the dry season, while year-round foraging in the riparian vegetation (Aquidauana River and streams). Then, the number of feeding macaws paralleled variations in food abundance and diversity, besides the number of food species. On the other hand, by using a wide variety of abundant foods, macaws' diet breadth presented high values throughout the year. The seasonal consumption of large-seeded fruits across the habitat mosaic displayed a gradient ranging from the urban area to dry habitats, along which macaws ate from exotic to Cerrado species. In this respect, Terminalia catappa seeds and Mangifera indica fruit pulp were important for Red-and-green Macaws in the urban area during the wet season, while Caryocar brasiliense seeds comprised the same in the Cerrado. At this site, both Dipteryx alata and Buchenavia tomentosa seeds composed much of the Red-and-green Macaws' diet during the dry season. Between those habitats, in the watercourse vegetation, macaws frequently foraged on palm fruits across seasons. Therefore, throughout the year, the abundance and variety of food resources strongly influenced the number of foraging Red-and-green Macaws across the habitat mosaic. Understanding the effect of varying seed availability on the spatial and temporal abundance patterns of Red-and-green Macaws, which primarily feed on large-seeded species, is central to developing effective conservation strategies. Due to the accelerated habitat loss, the Maracaju Cliffs emerge as crucial for the Red-and-green Macaw among the Cerrado remnants of Mato Grosso do Sul. Redandgreen Red green Ara chloropterus loss understood study State Brazil 2 species (Cerrado forest season yearround year round Aquidauana streams. streams . streams) Then diversity hand foods largeseeded large seeded respect site seasons Therefore strategies

Resumo No Cerrado brasileiro, as populações de arara-vermelha (Ara chloropterus) estão sob forte pressão de perda de habitat, ao mesmo tempo em que suas áreas de alimentação e importantes itens alimentares permanecem praticamente desconhecidos. Neste estudo, avaliei a relação entre a dieta e oferta de recursos alimentares para a arara-vermelha, em um mosaico de habitats, no fragmentado Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Registrei o consumo de 20 espécies nativas e 5 exóticas, sendo que os hábitats secos (Cerrado, mata estacional e área urbana em meio a Serra de Maracaju) serviram como principais áreas de alimentação no decorrer da estação seca. Por outro lado, a vegetação ripária (Rio Aquidauana e riachos) foi explorada em proporções semelhantes em ambas estações. O uso sazonal de espécies com grandes sementes, ao longo do mosaico de habitats, exibiu um gradiente da área urbana aos habitats secos ao longo do qual as araras consumiram desde espécies exóticas até as do Cerrado. As sementes de Terminalia catappa e polpa de Mangifera indica foram responsáveis por grande parte da alimentação delas na área urbana durante a estação chuvosa, enquanto as sementes de Cariocar brasiliense correspondeu ao mesmo no Cerrado. As sementes de Dipteryx alata e Buchenavia tomentosa, também no Cerrado, ficaram no extremo oposto do gradiente, sendo consumidos durante a estação seca. Em meio ao gradiente, ficaram os frutos de palmeiras, explorados na vegetação dos cursos d`água, tanto nas chuvas quanto na seca. O número de araras-vermelhas se alimentando foi paralelo a abundância de alimentos, bem como ao número e diversidade de espécies de alimentares. Já a amplitude de nicho alimentar exibiu valores elevados durante o ano todo, refletindo o consumo de uma variedade de frutos abundantes. Portanto, não apenas a abundância, mas também a variedade de recursos alimentares influenciou fortemente o número de araras-vermelhas alimentando-se ao longo do mosaico de habitats durante todo o ano. Como as araras-vermelhas dependem extensamente de espécies com sementes grandes, entender como a oferta diversificada desses recursos pode afetar suas variações temporais e espaciais de abundância são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de planos de conservação. Dessa forma, face ao acelerado desmatamento do Cerrado no Mato Grosso do Sul, a Serra de Maracaju, em meio aos remanescentes do Cerrado, emerge como crucial para as populações persistentes de araras-vermelhas. brasileiro araravermelha arara vermelha Ara chloropterus habitat desconhecidos estudo araravermelha, vermelha, Sul 2 (Cerrado Maracaju seca lado Rio riachos estações chuvosa tomentosa palmeiras dágua d água d`água ararasvermelhas vermelhas alimentos abundantes Portanto alimentandose conservação forma ararasvermelhas. vermelhas.

ABSTRACT Gallery Forests are narrow strips of tropical forests that occur along water courses. This vegetation type is common in Central Brazil and is extremely relevant for the biodiversity conservation, maintenance of ecological processes and water regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the woody vegetation in two gallery forests in the Federal District, called Ribeirão gallery forest (RGF) and Pitoco gallery forest (PGF). Fifty plots of 10 m x 10 m were sampled in each forest, and all trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured. In each forest, we conducted analysis on phytosociological parameters, diameter and height distributions, and diversity indexes. We registered 1,571 woody individuals, belonging to 150 species, among which, 94 were recorded in the forest of Ribeirão (RGF) and 96 in the forest of Pitoco (PGF). Although only 40 species (26.7%) occurred in both forests, the Chao-Sorensen similarity index was 0.478, showing the high Beta diversity within these formations. The species richness of the two forests is above the average observed in other gallery forests in Brazil, with Shannon diversity index (H’) equal to 3.86 for RGF and 3.96 for PGF, and the Pielou evenness index (J’) equal to 0.85 and 0.87, respectively. The diametric distribution of both forests showed the reverse J-shaped pattern, suggesting communities with satisfactory regeneration. Floristic and structural distinctions both between and within forests, alongside the observed high richness, indicate great biological heterogeneity, in response to the different environmental conditions. This underscores the importance of maintaining ecological corridors to facilitate gene flow and species dispersal among different gallery forests. courses conservation regulation Therefore District (RGF PGF. PGF . (PGF) 1 measured parameters distributions indexes 1571 571 1,57 individuals 15 which 9 4 26.7% 267 26 7 (26.7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 0 478 0.478 formations H (H’ 386 3 86 3.8 396 3.9 J (J’ 085 85 0.8 087 87 0.87 respectively Jshaped shaped pattern regeneration heterogeneity conditions (PGF 157 57 1,5 26.7 2 (26.7 047 47 0.47 (H 38 8 3. 39 (J 08 0. 1, 26. (26. 04 0.4 (26 (2 (

RESUMO Matas de galeria são faixas estreitas de florestas tropicais que ocorrem ao longo dos cursos d’água na região do Brasil central e são de extrema relevância para a conservação da biodiversidade, manutenção de processos ecológicos e regulação hídrica. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a vegetação lenhosa em dois trechos de matas de galeria no Distrito Federal, foi realizada amostragem em 1,0 ha, sendo 50 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m em cada trecho, onde foram mensuradas todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Para cada mata foram realizadas análises fitossociológicas, investigados os padrões de distribuição diamétrica e hipsométrica e analisados os índices de diversidade. Foram mensurados 1.571 indivíduos lenhosos, pertencentes a 150 espécies, dentre as quais 94 foram registradas na mata do Ribeirão (MR) e 96 na mata do Pitoco (MP). Apenas 40 espécies (26,7%) ocorreram em ambas as matas. O índice de similaridade Chao-Sorensen foi igual a 0,478, evidenciando a elevada diversidade Beta destas formações. A riqueza de espécies das duas matas está acima da média observada em outras matas de galeria no Brasil, com índice de Diversidade de Shannon (H’) igual a 3,86 para a MR e 3,96 para a MP, e a equabilidade de Pielou (J’) igual a 0,85 e 0,87, respectivamente. A distribuição diamétrica de ambas as matas apresentou padrão de J invertido, sugerindo comunidades com regeneração satisfatória. Diferenças florísticas e estruturais entre e dentro das matas, bem como a elevada riqueza encontrada, sugerem grande heterogeneidade biológica, em resposta às distintas condições ambientais dentro de cada trecho, o que reforça a importância da manutenção de corredores ecológicos para facilitar o fluxo gênico e a dispersão de espécies entre as diferentes áreas de matas de galeria. dágua d água biodiversidade hídrica Federal 1 0 1, ha trecho cm fitossociológicas 1571 571 1.57 lenhosos 15 9 (MR MP. MP . (MP) 4 26,7% 267 26 7 (26,7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 478 0,478 formações H (H’ 386 3 86 3,8 396 3,9 (J’ 085 85 0,8 087 87 0,87 respectivamente invertido satisfatória encontrada biológica 157 57 1.5 (MP 26,7 2 (26,7 047 47 0,47 (H 38 8 3, 39 (J 08 0, 1. 26, (26, 04 0,4 (26 (2 (

Resumo Este estudo investigou o potencial da serapilheira como fonte de fungos capazes de produzir enzimas ligninolíticas para a biodegaradação de corante antraquinônico. Entre as colônias isoladas do material de serapilheira, apenas três colônias de duas espécies de Trametes. foram selecionados com base na detecção de halos de oxidação e descoloração em placas de Petri com PDA (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar) + Guaicol e PDA + RBBR (Azul Brilhante de Remazol R). A identificação das colônias foi através do sequenciamento da região ITS. A atividade enzimática de Lac (lacase), MnP (manganês peroxidase) e LiP (lignina peroxidase) foi avaliada por espectrofotometria durante a fermentação em meio BD+RBBR. Os isolados A1SSI01 e A1SSI02 foram identificados como Trametes flavida, enquanto A5SS01 foi identificado como Trametes sp. A lacase mostrou a maior atividade enzimática, atingindo 452,13 UI.L-1 (A1SSI01, 0,05% RBBR) após 96h. O isolado A1SSI02 alcançou o maior percentual de descoloração, atingindo 89,28% em sete dias. Os resultados sugerem que esses isolados de Trametes podem ser eficazes em sistemas de tratamento de resíduos contendo corantes antraquinônicos tóxicos. antraquinônico BatataDextroseÁgar Batata Dextrose Ágar (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar Azul R. R . R) ITS lacase, , (lacase) manganês peroxidase lignina BDRBBR BD BD+RBBR ASSI SSI A1SSI0 flavida ASS SS A5SS0 sp 45213 452 13 452,1 UI.L1 UIL1 UIL UI.L 1 UI L UI.L- A1SSI01, (A1SSI01 005 0 05 0,05 96h h 8928 89 28 89,28 dias tóxicos (lacase A1SSI A5SS 4521 45 452, L1 (A1SSI0 00 0,0 892 8 2 89,2 4 (A1SSI 0, 89,

Abstract The present study explored the potential of leaf litter as a source of fungi able to produce ligninolytic enzymes for the biodegradation of anthraquinone dyes. Within the colonies isolated from the leaf litter, only three colonies of two species Trametes were selected based on the detection of oxidation and decolorization halos in Petri dishes with PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) + Guaicol and PDA + RBBR (Remazol Brilliant Blue R). The identification of the colonies was done through sequencing of the ITS region. The enzymatic activity of Lac (lacase), MnP (manganês peroxidase) and LiP (lignina peroxidase) was analyzed by spectrophotometry during fermentation in PD+RBBR imedium. Isolates A1SSI01 and A1SSI02 were identified as Trametes flavida, while A5SS01 was identified as Trametes sp. Laccase showed the highest enzymatic activity, reaching 452.13 IU.L-1 (A1SSI01, 0.05% RBBR) after 96h. Isolate A1SSI02 reached the highest percentage of decolorization, achieving 89.28% in seven days. The results imply that these Trametes isolates can be highly effective in waste treatment systems containing toxic anthraquinone dyes. Keywords: laccase, peroxidases, basidiomycete, litter and biodecolorization. dyes potatodextroseagar potato dextrose agar (potato-dextrose-agar Remazol R. R . R) region lacase, lacase , (lacase) manganês peroxidase lignina PDRBBR PD imedium ASSI A SSI A1SSI0 flavida ASS SS A5SS0 sp 45213 452 13 452.1 IU.L1 IUL1 IUL IU.L 1 IU L IU.L- A1SSI01, (A1SSI01 005 0 05 0.05 96h h 8928 89 28 89.28 days Keywords laccase peroxidases basidiomycete biodecolorization (lacase A1SSI A5SS 4521 45 452. L1 (A1SSI0 00 0.0 892 8 2 89.2 4 (A1SSI 0. 89.

Abstract Water springs are manifestations of groundwater to the surface, forming and ensuring the supply and sustainability of streams, lakes, rivers, and dams. Therefore, its riparian forest is considered an area of permanent preservation, which aims to protect the water, as well as the spring, from consequences of disordered population growth, added to deficient basic sanitation systems, climate change, agricultural activities, inappropriate land uses, unplanned urbanization, and diffuse sources of pollution. In addition to compromising water quality, many of these factors affect the permanence of water upwelling at the source, compromising the formation and continuity of streams, lakes, and rivers. In this context, the objective of the present research was to carry out a bibliographic review on water springs, approaching adjacent themes to the main axis of the study that are fundamental for a deep understanding of their importance for the maintenance of water resources and ensuring biodiversity in the search for the sustainability of life for present and future generations. This research collaborates with the environmental view and shows that the function of a water sources is broader than its concepts can reveal. surface streams lakes rivers dams Therefore preservation spring growth systems change activities uses urbanization pollution quality source context generations reveal

Abstract Introduction: There are no previous studies about the Achiote Interurban Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. Objective: To characterize birds and land use to improve the corridor’s functional connectivity. Methods: We selected ten sampling sites (sugar cane and coffee cultivation areas, urban areas, secondary forest, and riparian forest) and used the point count technique for six months (100 sampling hours and 120 samples). We determined bird richness and abundance associated with each type of cover. Results: We identified 194 bird species. Secondary forest, riparian areas, and coffee plantations had the highest diversity. Trophic guilds and habitat use were not related to cover, and insectivores and frugivores were generally dominant. Conclusion: Birds with generalist habits predominated in open areas and forest patches within the biological corridor.

Resumen Introducción: No existen estudios previos sobre el Corredor Biológico Interurbano El Achiote, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Caracterizar las aves y el uso del suelo para mejorar la conectividad funcional del corredor. Métodos: Seleccionamos diez sitios de muestreo (áreas de cañal y cafetal, áreas urbanas, bosque secundario y bosque ribereño) y utilizamos la técnica de conteo de puntos, durante seis meses (100 horas de muestreo y 120 muestras). Determinamos la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas a cada tipo de cobertura. Resultados: Identificamos 194 especies de aves. El bosque secundario, las áreas ribereñas y el cafetal tuvieron la mayor diversidad. Los gremios tróficos y el uso del hábitat no estuvieron relacionados con la cobertura, y los insectívoros y frugívoros fueron generalmente dominantes. Conclusión: Las aves de hábitos generalistas predominaron en áreas abiertas y parches de bosque dentro del corredor biológico.

Abstract s The profound deficiencies that the country faces in water management policies are reflected in the physicochemical, microbiological and biological contamination of national rivers. The objective of this study was to propose a community water monitoring strategy to improve the management of the Jorco River located in the canton of Acosta. The quality of the water in the upper, middle and lower part of the micro-basin was monitored during the rainy season, using two physicochemical quality indices (ICA): the Dutch and the Calvo-TEC; as well as a biological one: the BMWP-CR. The quality indicators of turbidity, alkalinity, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, and fecal coliforms exceeded the permissibility limits in some samples; however, dissolved oxygen showed that there are good levels of oxygen for river recovery. Biochemical oxygen demand was low, indicating low organic load, and macroinvertebrates showed a degraded aquatic ecosystem. The Dutch ICA overestimated the quality of the water with respect to the ICA Calvo-TEC. The latter showed more realistic results because it uses more quality indicators, since it is based on environmental conditions and Costa Rican regulations. The ICA BMWP-CR revealed extreme contamination during the month of greatest rainfall. It was concluded that there is a problem of contamination in the river water whose main causes may be due to the lack of forest cover in the riparian zones, the expansion of coffee cultivation, the discharge of domestic wastewater and livestock activities. Therefore, an action plan was proposed to the municipal council and validated with them, to improve water quality with the participation of different actors in the area.

Resumen Las profundas deficiencias que enfrenta el país en políticas de gestión hídrica se reflejan en la contaminación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica de los ríos nacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una estrategia de monitoreo hídrico comunitario para mejorar la gestión del río Jorco ubicado en el cantón de Acosta. Se monitoreó la calidad del agua en la parte alta, media y baja de la microcuenca durante la época lluviosa, utilizando dos índices de calidad (ICA) fisicoquímicos: el Holandés y el Calvo-TEC; así como uno biológico: el BMWP-CR. Los indicadores de calidad de turbiedad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, y coliformes fecales superaron los límites de permisibilidad en algunos muestreos; sin embargo, el oxígeno disuelto mostró que existen buenos niveles de oxígeno para la recuperación del río. La demanda bioquímica de oxígeno fue baja, indicando una carga orgánica baja y los macroinvertebrados mostraron un ecosistema acuático degradado. El ICA Holandés sobrevaloró la calidad del agua con respecto al ICA Calvo-TEC. Este último mostró resultados más realistas debido a que utiliza más indicadores de calidad, ya que este parte de las condiciones ambientales y la normativa costarricense. Por su parte, el ICA BMWP-CR reveló una contaminación extrema durante el mes de mayor lluvia. Se concluyó que existe un problema de contaminación en el agua del río cuyas causas principales pueden ser por la falta de cobertura boscosa en las zonas riparias, la expansión del cultivo de café, el vertido de aguas residuales domésticas y las actividades ganaderas. Por lo tanto, se propuso al consejo municipal un plan de acción y validado con ellos, con el fin de mejorar la calidad del agua con participación de diferentes actores de la zona.

Abstract Introduction: Anthropogenic disturbances such as dredging affect the structural and functional components of riparian forests, compromising their capacity to provide ecosystem services. Objectives: To quantify the loss of vegetation cover of a riparian forest by dredging activities in the Pitillal River (Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco). Materials and methods: The multispectral NDVI index was used with land use and vegetation change matrices to determine the extent, loss of vegetation cover and impact at the time of dredging and one year after the event. Results and discussion: The dredging area was 6.93 ha, of which 2.82 ha (40.7 %) were severely affected areas with total loss of vegetation cover; bare soil increased in surface area by 736 %. One year after clearing, the beginning of a succession process was identified, with bare soil being replaced by herbaceous plants and shrubs. Conclusion: This forest was severely damaged by dredging but showed possible recovery after the impact.

Resumen Introducción: Los disturbios antrópicos como los desazolves afectan los componentes estructurales y funcionales de los bosques riparios, comprometiendo su capacidad de proveer servicios ecosistémicos. Objetivos: Cuantificar la pérdida de cobertura vegetal de un bosque ripario por acciones de desazolve en el río Pitillal (Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco). Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó el índice multiespectral NDVI en conjunto con matrices de cambio de uso de suelo y vegetación para determinar la extensión, pérdida de cobertura vegetal e impacto al momento del desazolve y un año después del suceso. Resultados y discusión: La superficie de desazolve fue 6.93 ha, de las cuales 2.82 ha (40.7 %) fueron áreas severamente afectadas con pérdida total de cobertura vegetal; el suelo desnudo incrementó superficialmente en 736 %. Un año después del desazolve se identificó el inicio de un proceso de sucesión, siendo el suelo desnudo reemplazado por herbáceas y arbustos. Conclusión: El bosque presentó daño severo a causa del desazolve, pero mostró posible recuperación después del impacto.

Resumen: El perezoso de dos dedos (Choloepus hoffmanni) y el de tres dedos (Bradypus variegatus), hoy considerados símbolos nacionales de Costa Rica, fueron estudiados durante 13 años (2004-2016) en una finca de cacao y sus alrededores dentro del proyecto “Theobroma cacao: Biodiversidad en doseles forestales totales y parciales”. Las investigaciones interinstitucionales e interdisciplinarias fueron realizadas por seis departamentos en cinco instituciones, y abarcaron los siguientes temas: a) ecología espacial, b) comportamiento, c) salud de vida silvestre, d) demografía, e) genética, y f) conservación. De ello resultaron 26 publicaciones científicas, la mayoría con información novedosa; algunas aparecen resumidas en este artículo. Conservación de perezosos dependerá de una variedad de componentes, entre ellos: i) protección y regeneración de hábitat donde viven y transitan, sobre todo cacaotales, bosques ribereños, cercas vivas y árboles en potreros, ii) programas de educación ambiental, iii) evitar extraer y vender perezosos a centros de rescate y zoológicos privados, y iv) continuar programas de investigación y monitoreo.

Abstract: The two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) and the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus), today considered Costa Rican national symbols, were studied for 13 years (2004-2016) in and around a cacao farm in the project “Theobroma cacao: Biodiversity in Total and Partial Forest Canopies”. This interinstitutional and interdisciplinary sloth research carried out by six departments in five institutions covered the following areas: a) spatial ecology, b) behavior, c) wildlife health, d) demography, e) genetics, and f) conservation. Twenty-six (26) scientific publications resulted, most with new information about sloths; some are summarized in this article. Sloth conservation depends on a variety of components, including: i) protection and regeneration of habitat where they live and transit, especially cacao plantations, riparian forests, live fences, and trees in pastures, ii) environmental education programs, iii) avoid extracting and selling sloths to rescue centers and private zoos, and iv) continue research and monitoring programs.

Resumen Antecedentes: En el sureste mexicano, la conversión de bosques hacia usos de suelo agrícola y de pastizales experimentada en las últimas décadas puede afectar el funcionamiento de ríos y arroyos. Objetivo: Estudiar la influencia del cambio de uso de suelo a diferentes escalas espaciales (cuenca y zona ribereña) sobre la calidad del agua y la clorofila bentónica en arroyos de la sierra de Chiapas y Tabasco. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante 13 meses para medir las variables fisicoquímicas y recolectar muestras para determinar las concentraciones de nutrientes, sólidos suspendidos y clorofila bentónica en ocho arroyos con diferentes tipos de uso de suelo (bosque, pasto, uso mixto) en la cuenca baja del río Grijalva. Se compararon estadísticamente las variables estudiadas entre categorías de uso de suelo y épocas del año, y se analizó la relación entre calidad de agua y el uso del suelo a diferentes escalas. Resultados: Los arroyos de bosque presentaron menor temperatura, pH, conductividad y concentraciones de fósforo y clorofila, así como mayor concentración de oxígeno y porcentaje de materia orgánica suspendida que los arroyos de pasto y uso mixto. También se observó menor dispersión temporal en los valores de las variables de los arroyos de bosque a lo largo del año. Se encontró que las variaciones en calidad de agua se asocian a variables a escala de cuenca (bosque, pasto y vegetación secundaria) y zona ribereña (pasto y vegetación secundaria). Conclusiones: Cambios en el uso del suelo a escala de cuenca y ribereña pueden afectar la calidad del agua y el funcionamiento de los arroyos en la sierra de Tabasco y Chiapas, por lo que acciones de conservación y restauración, incluyendo reforestación, deben considerar ambas escalas.

Abstract Background: Forest conversion to agriculture and pasture that has occurred in the last decades in southern Mexico can affect the ecological functioning of rivers and streams. Objective: to investigate how land use change at different scales (catchment and riparian zone) influences water quality and benthic chlorophyll in streams of the Chiapas and Tabasco mountains. Methods: Over a period of 13 months, water physicochemical variables were measured, and samples were collected for the determination of nutrients, suspended solids, and benthic chlorophyll in eight streams encompassing different land use and cover in the Puyacatengo, Pichucalco, and Teapa sub-basins of the Grijalva watershed. The study variables were statistically compared among land use categories and seasons and the relationship with land use at different scales was analyzed. Results: Streams draining forested areas showed lower water temperature, conductivity, pH, and phosphorus and benthic chlorophyll concentrations than streams in pasture and mixed land use categories. Forest streams also showed a greater proportion of suspended organic matter and dissolved oxygen concentration than the more disturbed streams. Temporal dispersion of values for stream variables at the forest sites was lower than at pasture and mixed-land use streams. Variation in water quality was related to land use variables at the catchment (forest, pasture, and secondary vegetation) and riparian (pasture and secondary vegetation) scales. Conclusions: Land use changes at the catchment and riparian scales can affect water quality and the functioning of streams in the mountains of Tabasco and Chiapas, and thus conservation and restoration actions, including reforestation, must be implemented at both scales.