The species Oryza sativa (rice) and Musa cavendishii (banana) are sources of cellulose-rich waste biomass in the Amazon region, Tocantins State. This research investigates the nanoscale production of cellulose through the interactions between three choline amino acid ionic liquids Ch[AA]IL and the respective fibers by pretreatment. To this end, the synthesis of three ILs was carried out: choline arginate Ch[Arg], choline glycinate Ch[Gly] and choline lysinate Ch[Lys], characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples resulting from the pretreatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was possible to infer from the SEM micrographs that Ch[Arg] caused greater fiber breakage than the other ILs. The TEM analyses identified fibers up to 16 nm in diameter. Positive effects were observed in the diffractograms, although no crystallinity was obtained in the pretreated samples. Thermogravimetry curves showed that the fibers treated with Ch[Arg] showed higher thermal stability. rice (rice banana (banana celluloserich rich region State ChAAIL Ch AA IL end out ChArg, ChArg Arg , ChGly Gly Ch[Gly ChLys, ChLys Lys Ch[Lys] FTIR. FTIR . (FTIR) SEM, (SEM) TEM, (TEM) Xray X ray XRD (XRD TGA. TGA (TGA) Ch[Arg 1 diameter diffractograms stability Ch[Lys (FTIR (SEM (TEM (TGA

Abstract After performing localized repairs, it is customary to observe the reappearance of corrosion points in the region adjacent to the repaired area, a situation usually called the incipient anode phenomenon. Although there are several studies have on the subject, there are still controversial aspects regarding its causes, location, and progression over time. To investigate these gaps in knowledge, samples were molded with unrepaired chloride-contaminated substrate and repaired with repair mortar containing 0%, 10%, and 20% binder replacement with rice husk ash (RHA). Then, measurements of the electrochemical variables of density and corrosion potential were carried out, as well as the destructive inspection of part of the samples. After the measurements, an increase in corrosion rates was observed after the repair, in the repair-substrate interface. In the destructive inspection, significant deterioration also was observed in the repair-substrate interface region, as well as inside the substrate. Regarding the effect of replacing the binder with RHA, no relevant reduction in the incipient anode was identified in the mortars with 10% and 20% RHA. On the other hand, a possible reduction in the passivation capacity of mortar with 20% RHA content was noted. repairs area phenomenon subject causes location time knowledge chloridecontaminated chloride contaminated 0 0% 10 20 . (RHA) Then out repairsubstrate hand noted 1 2 (RHA

Resumo Após a realização de reparos localizados, costuma-se observar o ressurgimento de pontos de corrosão na região adjacente à área reparada, situação usualmente denominada ânodo incipiente. Embora tenham sido feitas diversas pesquisas a respeito do tema, ainda restam controversos aspectos em relação às suas causas, localização e progressão no tempo. Com objetivo de investigar essas lacunas no conhecimento, moldaram-se amostras com substrato contaminado por cloretos não reparadas e reparadas com argamassa de reparo contendo substituição de ligante por sílica de casca de arroz (SCA) nos teores de 0%, 10% e 20%. Em seguida, realizaram-se aferições das variáveis eletroquímicas de densidade e potencial de corrosão, bem como a inspeção destrutiva de parte das amostras. Após as aferições, observou-se aumento nas densidades de corrosão após o reparo, na interface substrato-reparo. Na inspeção destrutiva, também foi constatada deterioração significativa na interface reparo-substrato, bem como em algumas regiões no interior do substrato. Em relação ao efeito da substituição de ligante por SCA, não foi identificada redução relevante do ânodo incipiente nas argamassas com 10% e 20% de SCA. Por outro lado, notou-se possível redução da capacidade de passivação da argamassa com teor de 20% de SCA. localizados costumase costuma se reparada tema causas tempo conhecimento moldaramse moldaram SCA (SCA 0 0% 10 20 seguida realizaramse realizaram observouse observou substratoreparo. substratoreparo reparo. substrato-reparo reparosubstrato, reparosubstrato substrato, reparo-substrato lado notouse notou 1 2

Abstract Concrete is a material susceptible to different degradation mechanisms that can lead to the formation of expansive products resulting from external sulfate attack (ESA). In this context, supplementary cementing materials (SCMs), like fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, and rice husk ash, have effectively suppressed the effects caused by ESA. However, each SCM may present different behavior depending on the exposure conditions, sulfate type, SO 4 2- concentration, etc. Thus, this study presents a multicriteria decision-making analysis of fixed binder content for mortars (1: 3.2 a/agl=0.60) aiming to achieve the best performance against ESA (exposure to Na 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 ). The criteria selected for the decision-making analysis are the sustainability impact of the mixture, economic performance, and the effect of ESA on the mechanical properties and durability of the mortars. The results indicate that the most suitable composition for aggressive environments containing Na 2 SO 4 was the mortar containing 10% rice husk ash and, for exposure to MgSO 4 , the use of fly ash in the same proportion. . (ESA) context SCMs, SCMs (SCMs) metakaolin fume However conditions type concentration etc Thus decisionmaking decision making 1 (1 32 3 3. a/agl=0.60 aagl060 aagl agl 0 60 ) mixture 10 proportion (ESA (SCMs ( a/agl=0.6 aagl06 6 a/agl=0. aagl0 a/agl=0 a/agl= a/agl

Resumo O concreto é um material suscetível a diferentes mecanismos de degradação que podem causar a formação de produtos expansivos, como o ataque externo por sulfatos. As adições minerais, como a cinza volante, o metacaulim, a sílica ativa e a sílica de casca de arroz são opções que possuem sua eficácia comprovada em argamassas e concretos expostos a ambientes com sulfatos. O presente estudo busca, por meio de um método de análise multicritérios de decisão, realizar a escolha do teor de aglomerante em argamassas (1: 3,2 a/agl=0,60) que apresentar melhor desempenho frente ao ataque externo por sulfato de sódio (Na2SO4) e magnésio (MgSO4). Tendo uma base de dados pré-definida, foram escolhidos critérios e subcritérios para composição da matriz hierárquica, levando em consideração a sustentabilidade, desempenho econômico das diferentes composições e o efeito do ataque químico nas propriedades mecânicas e na durabilidade das argamassas. Ao final da análise, a composição mais indicada para ambientes agressivos contendo Na2SO4 foi a argamassa contendo 10% de sílica da casca de arroz em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland e, para a exposição ao MgSO4, a utilização de cinza volante na mesma proporção. expansivos sulfatos minerais metacaulim busca decisão 1 (1 32 3 2 3, a/agl=0,60 aagl060 aagl agl 0 60 NaSO Na SO (Na2SO4 MgSO4. MgSO4 MgSO . (MgSO4) prédefinida, prédefinida pré definida, definida pré-definida hierárquica sustentabilidade Na2SO 10 proporção ( a/agl=0,6 aagl06 6 (Na2SO (MgSO4 a/agl=0, aagl0 (MgSO a/agl=0 a/agl= a/agl

Abstract Introduction. The soil and climatic conditions of Ecuador are ideal for rice cultivation, yields are higher than the world average, but agronomic management leads to an increase of cadmium in the soil, which can reach the grain by translocation, which affects its safety. Objetive. To evaluate the absorption of cadmium through the omission of macronutrients technique in six soils of Ecuador and its effect on the vegetative development of rice crops. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out at the Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ecuador, during 2018. Nine treatments were studied: 1) Without fertilization and without Cd (control 1), 2) without fertilization and with Cd (Control 2), 3) Complete fertilization and six omission treatments of one nutrient at a time, a completely randomized block design of experiments, divided plots and three repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were those related to the production of dry matter in the root and aerial part. For the comparison between means, the Tukey test was used (p<0.05). Results. Nutrients omissions (N and P) led to reduced Cd absorption, which decreased dry matter production, particularly in very acidic or alkaline soils such as in Sucumbíos (pH 4) and Guayas (pH 7, 9), respectively. Conclusions. The absorption of cadmium in rice plants was reduced to a greater extent with the omission of the macronutrients N and P, mainly in the soils of Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro and Manabí, the nutrient omission technique also affecting the production of dry matter and yields, also observing that a pH below 5 or higher than 7.9 affects the absorption of cadmium in the soils studied.

Resumen Introducción. Las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Ecuador son ideales para el cultivo del arroz, los rendimientos son mayores al promedio mundial, pero su manejo agronómico conlleva a un aumento de cadmio en el suelo, que puede llegar al grano por translocación, lo cual afectan su inocuidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la absorción de cadmio mediante la técnica de omisión de macronutrientes en seis suelos del Ecuador y su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo de arroz. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador, durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron nueve tratamientos 1) Sin fertilización y sin Cd (testigo 1), 2) sin fertilización y con Cd (Testigo 2), 3) Fertilización completa y seis tratamientos de omisión de un nutriente a la vez, se usó un diseño de experimentos de bloques completamente al azar, parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron las relacionadas a la producción de materia seca en raíz y parte aérea. Para la comparación entre medias, se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados. Las omisiones de los nutrientes (N y P) llevaron a la reducción de la absorción del Cd, que disminuyó la producción de materia seca, en particular en los suelos muy ácidos o alcalinos como en Sucumbíos (pH 4) y Guayas (pH 7,9), respectivamente. Conclusiones. La absorción de cadmio en plantas de arroz se redujo en mayor medida con la omisión de los macronutrientes N y P, principalmente en los suelos de Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro y Manabí, afectando también la omisión de nutrientes a la producción de materia seca y los rendimientos, observándose además que un pH por debajo de 5 o superior a 7,9 afecta la absorción de cadmio en los suelos estudiados

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

ABSTRACT Globally, there is enough evidence to affirm that climate change is one of the main factors causing the changing trends in rainfall features (CTRFs). The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the CTRFs across the rice cultivation regions (RCRs) of the Plain of Reeds in Vietnam. Vietnam is a prime example of the impacts of climate change (ICC) on agricultural activities. Daily rainfall data series from 16 observation stations during the period 1984-2015 were appraised for quality and then the CTRFs were detected by applying the Mann_Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. The quality of rainfall data at all observation stations is homogeneous with a significance level of 0.05. Over a year, the trends in rainfall features slightly increased at most obsrvation stations, except for Hong Ngu and Moc Hoa. Additionally, the trends in rainfall features slightly decreased in rainny season rainfall (RSR) at 10 out of 16 observation stations, while insignificant to significant increasesing in dry season rainfall (DSR) were detected at all observation stations. Globally CTRFs. . (CTRFs) study therefore RCRs (RCRs ICC (ICC activities 1 19842015 1984 2015 1984-201 MannKendall Mann Kendall Sens Sen s estimator 005 0 05 0.05 year Hoa Additionally RSR (RSR DSR (DSR (CTRFs 1984201 198 201 1984-20 00 0.0 198420 19 20 1984-2 0. 19842 2 1984-

RESUMO Globalmente, há evidências suficientes para afirmar que a mudança climática é um dos principais fatores que causam as tendências de mudança nas características das chuvas (TMCCs). O objetivo do estudo, portanto, é avaliar as TMCCs nas regiões de cultivo de arroz (RCAs) da Planície de Reeds. Vietnã é um excelente exemplo dos impactos das mudanças climáticas (IMC) nas atividades agrícolas. Para realização deste estudo, as séries diárias de dados de precipitação em 16 estações de observação durante o período de 1984-2015 foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade e, em seguida, foram detectadas as TMCCs aplicando o teste de Mann-Kendall e o estimador de inclinação de Sen. A qualidade dos dados pluviométricos em todas as estações de observação é homogênea com nível de significância de 0,05. Na escala anual, houve uma tendência crescente insignificante na maioria das estações de observação, exceto Hong Ngu e Moc Hoa, e uma tendência insignificante decrescente na precipitação da estação chuvosa foi detectada em 10 das 16 estações de observação, enquanto tendências crescentes insignificantes a significativas foram detectadas em todas estações de observação. Pode-se confirmar que a área de estudo está passando por um estágio crescente da precipitação na estação seca (PES). Os achados do estudo contribuem positivamente para as atividades agropecuárias, ampliando o entendimento do IMC sobre as características pluviométricas. Globalmente TMCCs. . (TMCCs) portanto RCAs (RCAs Reeds (IMC agrícolas 1 19842015 1984 2015 1984-201 seguida MannKendall Mann Kendall Sen 005 0 05 0,05 anual Hoa Podese Pode se PES. PES (PES) agropecuárias pluviométricas (TMCCs 1984201 198 201 1984-20 00 0,0 (PES 198420 19 20 1984-2 0, 19842 2 1984-

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated different rice genotypes regarding physicochemical and instrumental parameters of grain quality and associated the data with sensory analysis to support the creation of rules for classification of the culinary quality of rice (texture), based on isolated or combined parameters. The combination of amylose content and gelatinization temperature was able to predict the rice quality. According to the sensorial panel, the instrumental stickiness was able to segregate rice with very low amylose content or waxy to the other ones. Regarding pasting properties, rice that presented high final viscosity (310-480 RVU), setback (165-245 RVU), and pasting temperature (78 - 88 °C), and low values for breakdown (15-120 RVU), associated with a high stickiness (>-5N) was desirable by the Brazilian consumers. The classification rules created through the relationship between the physicochemical parameters and the texture profile evaluated by the sensory panel will help to verify the culinary profile of the rice samples (through free software), which makes it easier to predict the probability of rice meeting the desired quality standards. ABSTRACT texture, , (texture) ones properties 310480 310 480 (310-48 RVU, RVU RVU) 165245 165 245 (165-24 78 (7 8 °C, C °C °C) 15120 15 120 (15-12 >5N 5N N > (>-5N consumers software, software software) standards (texture 31048 31 48 (310-4 16524 16 24 (165-2 7 ( 1512 1 12 (15-1 3104 3 4 (310- 1652 2 (165- 151 (15- (310 (165 (15 (31 (16 (1 (3

RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou diferentes genótipos de arroz quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos e instrumentais de qualidade do grão e associou os dados à análise sensorial para subsidiar a criação de regras de classificação da qualidade culinária do arroz (textura), com base em parâmetros isolados ou combinados. A combinação do teor de amilose e temperatura de gelatinização foi capaz de predizer a qualidade do arroz. De acordo com o painel sensorial, a pegajosidade instrumental foi capaz de segregar arroz com baixo teor de amilose ou ceroso dos demais. Em relação às propriedades de pasta, o arroz que apresentou alta viscosidade final (310-480RVU), retrogradação (165-245RVU) e temperatura de pasta (78-88 °C) e baixos valores de quebra pasta (15-120RVU), associados a uma alta pegajosidade (> -5N) será desejável pelos consumidores brasileiros. As regras de classificação criadas por meio da relação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos e o perfil de textura avaliado pelo painel sensorial ajudarão a verificar o perfil culinário das amostras de arroz (por meio de um software livre), o que torna mais fácil prever a probabilidade de o arroz atender aos padrões de qualidade desejados. RESUMO físicoquímicos físico químicos textura, , (textura) combinados demais 310480RVU, 310480RVU RVU 310 480RVU (310-480RVU) 165245RVU 165 245RVU (165-245RVU 7888 78 88 (78-8 °C C 15120RVU, 15120RVU 15 120RVU (15-120RVU) > ( 5N N -5N brasileiros livre, livre livre) desejados (textura 31 (310-480RVU 16 788 7 8 (78- 1 (15-120RVU 3 (78 (7

ABSTRACT Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice ‘Inpago 7’ (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice ‘Jeliteng’ with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value.

ABSTRACT Mutation breeding offers a simple, fast, and efficient way to rectify major defects without altering their original identity. The current research aimed to study interesting traits in a mutant population generated by gamma rays. Five gamma rays doses (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy) were applied to develop M1 and M2 mutant populations from the Egyptian rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Giza177’. Both populations were evaluated in the field during two successive years 2022 (M1) and 2023 (M2). Several traits related to growth and yield were recorded such as plant height, number of branches and panicles, panicle weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Significant differences were found among radiation treatments for most traits. Overall, low radiation doses (100, 200, and 300 Gy) promoted the growth and productivity of plants; however, high doses (400 and 500 Gy) decreased these traits and increased the number of sterile plants. The effect of radiation doses was different on some traits between M1 and M2. The mutant population M2 displayed several promising mutant lines with desirable traits; early flowering (4-7 d earlier), short plant height (< 95 cm), panicle length (> 23 cm), tiller number per plant (> 25), and grain yield per plant (> 43 g). Conclusively, low gamma rays doses (inferior to 300 Gy) are of interest in generating desirable traits and promising lines. The current promising mutant lines should be further evaluated in multi-year trials to validate their behavior across various field conditions.

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important source of energy in the human diet; and, in Nicaragua, it constitutes a substantial component of the population's diet. The present study was exploratory, and aimed to determine the diversity of arthropods associated with rice cultivation in the municipality of Sébaco, an intensive rice production region, in the 2022-2023 agricultural cycle. Production systems with extensions over 100 hectares, where equal agronomic and phytosanitary management was used, were selected. For entomofauna monitoring, ten points were randomly selected in each production system, and at each point, and 20 double zigzag passes with entomological nets were used at each point. The number of individuals per order and family was quantified. For the diversity analysis, they were grouped according to their feeding habits. Abundance and richness information was analyzed using descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, and Shannon Weaver and Simpson's diversity index. Seven orders, 13 families, and 16 genera were found, most of them of the phytophagous habit. The highest abundance corresponded to the species T. orizicolus Muir (n = 46,663), reported in the reproductive and maturation phases. Likewise, Hydrellia sp (n = 5,229) presented the largest populations in the vegetative phase. Among the beneficial organisms, siders (n = 1,523) and Atrichopogum sp (n = 419) stood out. Diversity indices were low both in the production systems and in the different phenological phases of the crop.

Resumen El cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) representa una fuente de energía de importancia en la dieta humana, y en Nicaragua constituye un sustancial componente de la dieta de la población. El presente estudio fue exploratorio y tuvo como objetivo determinar la diversidad de artrópodos asociada al cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Sébaco, en el ciclo agrícola 2022-2023, una región intensiva en la producción de arroz. Se seleccionaron sistemas productivos con extensiones mayores a 100 hectáreas, en donde se empleó igual manejo agronómico y fitosanitario. Para el monitoreo de la entomofauna, en cada sistema productivo se seleccionaron diez puntos al azar y en cada punto se emplearon 20 pases dobles en forma de zig-zag con red entomológica. Se cuantifico el número de individuos por orden y familia; para el análisis de diversidad se agruparon por sus hábitos alimenticios. La información de la abundancia y riqueza se analizó mediante estudio descriptivo, análisis de varianza e índice de diversidad de Shannon Weaver y Simpson. Se encontraron siete órdenes, 13 familias y 16 géneros, la mayoría del hábito fitófago. La mayor abundancia correspondió a la especie T. orizicolus Muir (n=46.663), reportada en la fase reproductiva y maduración. Así mismo, Hydrellia sp (n=5.229), presentó las mayores poblaciones en la fase vegetativa. Dentro de los organismos benéficos sobresalieron las arañas (n=1.523) y Atrichopogum sp (n=419). Los índices de diversidad fueron bajos tanto en los sistemas productivos como en las diferentes fases fenológicas del cultivo.

RESUMEN La cáscara de arroz se ha empleado sin procesar como desgrasante de pastas cerámicas, pero no se ha investigado su empleo de forma micronizada, opción que podría facilitar la homogenización y cohesión de sus componentes, ahorrando la utilización de otros materiales convencionales. El trabajo persiguió como objetivo evaluar la influencia del empleo de cáscara de arroz micronizada como desgrasante en las propiedades de ladrillos cerámicos. La investigación se desarrolló en dos etapas: una primera, en que se diseñaron briquetas cocidas en mufla determinando el porcentaje óptimo de cáscara de arroz micronizada; y una segunda etapa, el control de calidad de la dosificación del ladrillo cocido en horno industrial con adición de cascara de arroz micronizada. Se evaluaron formulaciones con 10 % y 20 % de cáscara de arroz, llegando a la conclusión que con la primera es factible producir ladrillos cerámicos para tabiques, cumpliendo estos las propiedades especificadas.

ABSTRACT Rice husk has been used unprocessed as a degreaser in ceramic pastes, but its use in micronized form has not been investigated. This option could facilitate the homogenization and cohesion of its components, reducing the need for other conventional materials. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of using micronized rice husk as a degreaser on the properties of ceramic bricks. The research was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved designing sintered briquettes in a muffle furnace to determine the optimal percentage of micronized rice husk; in the second stage, the quality control of the brick formulation was carried out in an industrial kiln with the addition of micronized rice husk. Formulations with 10% and 20% rice husk were evaluated, concluding that with the former, it is feasible to produce ceramic bricks for partitions, meeting the specified properties.

RESUMEN La menta piperita es una planta medicinal, su cultivo es considerado un interesante rubro de renta, sin embargo, es susceptible al déficit hídrico, siendo ésta la causa principal de los bajos rendimientos de este cultivo en parcelas sin sistema de riego. Con el objetivo de evaluar parámetros productivos y económicos del cultivo de menta piperita con coberturas orgánicas e inorgánicas de suelo que ayuden reducir el déficit hídrico, se llevó a cabo esta investigación en un diseño completamente al azar, compuesto por cinco tratamientos (suelo sin cobertura, mulching negro, mulching blanco, cascarilla de arroz y pasto pacholí) y cuatro repeticiones, totalizando 20 unidades experimentales. Las variables evaluadas fueron: longitud de brotes basales, cantidad de brotes basales y brotes laterales, rendimiento de masa fresca y seca. Adicionalmente, se analizó la rentabilidad de cada tipo de cobertura. Todas las medias fueron sometidas al análisis de varianza (ANAVA) y comparadas por el Test de Tukey al 5%. En cuanto a la longitud de brotes basales, los mejores resultados fueron con la utilización de mulching negro, seguido por el mulching blanco y pasto pacholí; la mayor cantidad de brotes laterales con 16,45 con el mulching blanco, en cambio en la cantidad de brotes basales fue el testigo que presentó una mayor cantidad con 4,15. El mulching blanco presentó mayor rendimiento que el testigo para la masa fresca y masa seca con 1.544 kg ha-1 y 628 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Al analizar la rentabilidad en la masa fresca de la menta piperita, la utilización del mulching blanco fue más factible, mientras que en masa seca se observó una rentabilidad negativa para todos los tratamientos.

ABSTRACT Peppermint is a medicinal plant, being an interesting income item, however it is susceptible to water deficit, this being the main cause of the low yields of this item in plots without an irrigation system. With the objective of evaluating productive and economic parameters of peppermint with organic and inorganic soil covers, this research was carried out in a completely randomized design, composed of five treatments (soil without cover, black mulching, white mulching, rice husk and patcholí grass) and four repetitions, totaling 20 experimental units. The variables evaluated were: length of basal shoots, number of basal shoots and lateral shoots, yield of fresh and dry mass, cost/benefit profitability of each type of coverage. All means were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANAVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey Test at 5%. Regarding the length of basal shoots, the best results were with black mulching, followed by white mulching and patchouli grass; the greatest number of lateral shoots with 16.45 with the white mulching, on the other hand, in the number of basal shoots, the control had the highest number with 4.15. The white mulching presented a higher yield than the control for the fresh mass with 1,544 kg ha-1 and dry mass of 628 kg ha-1. When analyzing the profitability in the fresh mass of peppermint, the use of white mulching was more feasible and in dry mass they showed negative profitability for white mulching.

Abstract Introduction. Saline soils are a threat to crop productivity, which occurs in the rice-growing areas of Ecuador. Objective. To assess the changes in the chemical properties of 3 experimental soils caused by the effect of the application of mineral amendments, particularly the effects on the variables related to salinity. Materials and methods. The calcium amendments tested (CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4.2H2O, Ca2SiO4) and a zeolite, were applied in five doses to the rice crop. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 3 x 5 x 5 x 3 factorial arrangement of the treatments. Each treatment was repeated three times. Results. The treatments caused changes in the electric conductivity (EC) and pH of the soil solution and in soil fertility. The salinity of the soils in the study area is due to the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and mainly Mg2+. Conclusions. the use of amendments: CaSO4, zeolite and Ca(OH)2, improved the chemical properties of the soils by decreasing the EC of the soil solution.

Resumen Introducción. Los suelos salinos son una amenaza para la productividad de los cultivos, lo que ocurre en las zonas arroceras del Ecuador. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en algunas propiedades químicas en 3 suelos debido al efecto de la aplicación de 5 enmiendas minerales, particularmente los efectos sobre las variables relacionadas con la salinidad. Materiales y métodos. Las enmiendas cálcicas ensayadas (CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4.2H2O, CaSiO4) y una zeolita, se aplicaron en 5 dosis al cultivo de arroz. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 3 x 5 x 5 x 3 de los tratamientos. Cada tratamiento se repitió 3 veces. Resultados. Los tratamientos provocaron cambios en la Conductividad eléctrica (CE) y pH de la solución del suelo y en la fertilidad del suelo. La salinidad de los suelos en la zona de estudio se debe a la presencia de Na+, K+, Ca2+ y principalmente Mg2+ en el extracto de saturación de los suelos. Conclusiones. El uso de enmiendas en general, específicamente CaSO4, zeolita y Ca(OH)2, mejoraron las propiedades químicas de los suelos al reducir la CE de la solución del suelo.

Resumen El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es una planta herbácea, cultivada en una amplia variedad de regiones y climas. En nuestro país la producción se concentra en el Litoral. Como “arroz blanco”, es una fuente primordial en la alimentación para gran parte de la población mundial. Además, puede ser consumido como integral y es materia prima para una amplia gama de productos industrializados. En el presente estudio se trabajó con muestras de arroz pulido de líneas promisorias del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Corrientes, correspondientes a cinco campañas, desde el 2016 al 2021 más nueve muestras codificadas de la campaña 2021. En los ensayos realizados se compararon cinco atributos de calidad culinaria: tiempo de gelatinización, absorción aparente de agua, relación de expansión, peso de mil granos y temperatura de gelatinización. Las técnicas utilizadas son simples, amigables con el medio ambiente y de bajo costo. Mediante el análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos (Análisis Clúster) utilizando Software R (GUI RStudio 2022.02.3+492 "Prairie Trillium" Release), se pudo analizar el comportamiento individual y establecer las comparaciones del conjunto de variables previamente estudiadas para cada campaña y las nueve muestras codificadas recibidas para su clasificación. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en todas las variables de estudio con valores de p<0,05.

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an herbaceous plant, cultivated in a wide variety of regions and climates. In our country, its production is concentrated on the littoral. As white rice, it is a primary source of food for most of the world population. In addition, it can be consumed as integral rice and is the raw material for a wide range of industrialized products. In the present study, we worked with samples of polished rice from promising lines provided by the National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Experiment Station Corrientes (INTA-EAA), corresponding to five campaigns from 2016 to 2021, plus nine coded samples from the 2021 campaign. In the tests carried out, five culinary quality attributes were compared: gelatinization time, apparent water absorption, expansion ratio, weight of a thousand grain and gelatinization temperature. The techniques used are simple, friendly to the environment and low cost. Through the analysis of hierarchical conglomerates (or Cluster Analysis) using Software R (GUI RStudio 2022.02.3+492 "Prairie Trillium" Release), it was possible to analyze individual behavior and establish comparisons between the set of variables previously studied for each campaign and classify the nine coded samples received. Significant differences were found in the variables studied, with p<0.05 values.

Finos de carvão vegetal são coprodutos da carbonização da madeira, indesejados por diminuir o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão vegetal. São produzidos devido ao processo de carbonização, durante o armazenamento e transporte do carvão vegetal. A pelletização de finos aumenta a densidade energética, produzindo um combustível homogêneo e com menor teor de umidade, possibilitando a queima em equipamentos com alta eficiência energética, além de propriedades desejáveis em produtos energéticos como alto teor de carbono fixo e baixo teor de umidade. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do teor de umidade e do tempo de secagem na produção de black pellets a partir de finos de carvão vegetal ligados com amido de arroz (Oryza sativa) nas características físico-químicas e mecânicas. Os black pellets foram produzidos utilizando duas proporções de água (10 ou 20%) e tempo de secagem de 4 ou 6 horas. Os black pellets foram avaliados quanto à análise química imediata, composição elementar, teor de umidade, tamanho, densidade aparente, poder calorífico e densidade energética. A adição de água não afetou o teor de voláteis, cinzas e carbono fixo, enquanto o tratamento com adição de 20% de água e quatro horas de secagem apresentou maior teor de umidade (3,34%). A adição de água permitiu melhor condução de calor e disposição das partículas, produzindo pellets com durabilidade superior a 98%. A melhor disposição promovida pela adição de 20% de água também aumentou a densidade dos pellets, resultando em maior densidade energética. Os black pellets podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para aquecimento residencial, com tratamento T3 (20% de umidade - 4h de secagem) apresentando elevada densidade energética e melhor desempenho em termos de propriedades desejáveis para utilização e comercialização de acordo com a norma EN 14961-6.

Charcoal fines are co-products of the wood carbonization process, unwanted because they reduce the gravimetric yield of the main product, charcoal. It can be produced due to the carbonization process, during the storage and transport of charcoal. Pelletizing charcoal fines increases the energy density of this material, producing a homogeneous fuel with lower moisture content, enabling burning in equipment with high energy efficiency, in addition to desirable properties in energy products such as high fixed carbon content and low moisture content. This study evaluated the effect of moisture content and drying time on the production of black pellets from charcoal fines bound with rice starch (Oryza sativa) on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Black pellets were produced using two proportions of water (10 or 20%) and a drying time of 4 or 6 hours. Black pellets were evaluated for their proximate analysis, elemental composition, moisture content, size, apparent density, calorific value and energy density. The addition of water did not affect the content of volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon, while the treatment with addition of 20% water and four hours of drying showed a higher moisture content (3.34%). The addition of water allowed for better heat conduction and particle arrangement, producing pellets with a durability greater than 98%. The better arrangement promoted by the addition of 20% water also increased the density of the pellets, resulting in greater energy density. Black pellets can be considered an alternative for residential heating, with T3 treatment (20% - 4h) with a high energy density and better performance in terms of desirable properties for use and commercialization according to the standard EN 14961-6.