Abstract The payment of child support is one of the main challenges regarding gender equity and economic justice. Recent figures show that 84% of child support payments decreed by the family courts are not paid, and in nine out of ten cases the plaintiffs are women. This article explores the experiences of nonpayment of child support from a gender perspective. For this purpose, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women in the cities of Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile, and Temuco, as part of a study on women’s economic autonomy in Chile. The findings show that non-payment of child support is closely linked to the persistence of the feminization of reproduction and the absence of co-responsibility in child-rearing and childcare. It is also related to a reluctance to request the payment of child support as a strategy to avoid economic dependence, vulnerability to violence, and institutional revictimization. This evidence suggests that nonpayment of child support constitutes a form of economic violence and that cultural norms and social dynamics with respect to gender are at the root of tensions over co-responsibility in the reproductive sphere.

Resumen El pago de las pensiones alimenticias es uno de los principales desafíos en torno a la equidad de género y a la justicia económica. Cifras recientes demuestran que el 84 % de las pensiones alimenticias decretadas por los tribunales de familia son incumplidas y en nueve de cada 10 casos las demandantes son mujeres. En el presente artículo se exploran las experiencias sobre el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones alimenticias desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello, se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres de las ciudades Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile y Temuco en el marco de una investigación sobre autonomía económica de mujeres en Chile. Los hallazgos muestran que el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones de alimentos está estrechamente vinculado a la persistencia de la feminización de la reproducción y a la ausencia de corresponsabilidad en la crianza y el cuidado de hijos e hijas. También se relaciona con la resistencia a solicitar el pago de pensiones de alimentos como estrategia para evitar la dependencia económica, la vulnerabilidad a la violencia y la revictimización institucional. Estas evidencias sugieren que el impago de las pensiones constituye una forma de violencia económica y que las normas culturales y dinámicas sociales con respecto al género están en la base de las tensiones sobre la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito reproductivo.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to propose a sentencing model with a gender perspective for judges, which contributes to guaranteeing the application of women’s human rights and reducing errors in sentences, such as: revictimization, poor access to justice, discrimination, as well as gender stereotypes or prejudices that can affect judicial reasoning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative paradigm based on the data collection technique and a descriptive legal content analysis of specialized guidelines in the doctrinal and normative field, as well as thirty sentences for gender-based crimes in the period 2020-2023 issued by the Judicial Branch of the State of Michoacán. As a result, a guide or model of sentencing in criminal matters is proposed so that judges can identify and apply it in cases where gender violence has been proven, this will make it possible to have a more precise and solid judgment in its argumentation, as well as to meet the main criteria for the protection of women’s human rights before the corpus iuris of law on the matter.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo de sentencia con perspectiva de género para personas juzgadoras, que contribuya a garantizar la aplicación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres y disminuir errores en las sentencias, tales como: la revictimización, el poco acceso a la justicia, la discriminación, así como los estereotipos o prejuicios de género que pueden afectar el razonamiento judicial. El diseño metodológico de este estudio parte del paradigma cualitativo basado en la técnica de recolección de datos y de un análisis jurídico de contenido de corte descriptivo de lineamientos especializados del ámbito doctrinal y normativo, así como de treinta sentencias de delitos por razón de género en el periodo 2020-2023 emitidas por el Poder Judicial del Estado de Michoacán. Como resultado se propone una guía o modelo de sentencia en materia penal para que las personas juzgadoras puedan identificar y aplicarlo en casos en donde se haya comprobado la violencia de género, lo que permitirá tener una sentencia más precisa y sólida en su argumentación, así como cumplir los principales criterios de protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres ante el corpus iuris de derecho en la materia.

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

ABSTRACT Research in Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, examined how the Gesell Chamber affects the protection of children's best interests in judicial processes. With a quantitative approach and pre-experimental design, 128 minors were observed. The results indicated that the effective use of the Gesell Chamber has a positive and significant influence on the application of the best interests of the child, reducing revictimization and improving the quality of the judicial process.

RESUMEN La investigación en coronel Portillo, Ucayali, examinó cómo la Cámara Gesell afecta la protección del interés superior del niño en procesos judiciales. Con un enfoque cuantitativo y diseño pre-experimental, se observaron 128 menores. Los resultados indicaron que el uso eficaz de la Cámara Gesell tiene una influencia positiva y significativa en la aplicación del interés superior del niño, reduciendo la revictimización y mejorando la calidad del proceso judicial.

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender la expresión de las subjetividades de médicas(os) en su encuentro con víctimas de violencia sexual en urgencias hospitalarias. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, diseño de caso colectivo, con enfoque etnográfico, con la elaboración de un diario de campo, dos itinerarios institucionales, dos entrevistas a coordinadoras, diez entrevistas en profundidad a médicas(os) y un encuentro reflexivo. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro momentos en el recorrido de la víctima, y en ellos emergieron expresiones subjetivas que se agruparon en formas de reconocimiento y mecanismos. Se incorporaron el campo médico en el subcampo medicina moderna en sus habitus, sus prácticas clínicas vulneraron a las víctimas de violencia sexual. Por el contrario, si se apartaron de las lógicas que impuso el campo médico, sus prácticas se tradujeron en un cuidado comprensivo. Discusión: El no reconocimiento conduce a la imposibilidad del ejercicio de la ciudadanía de la salud; sus mecanismos parten de procesos de socialización desde sus constructos sociohistóricos que se ven reforzados por el modelo médico hegemónico y el campo médico generando tensión entre las lógicas prácticas de médicas(os) y las necesidades de las víctimas. Sin embargo, se observa una fractura de dicho modelo como una posibilidad de transformación hacia un cuidado comprensivo.

Abstract Objective: To understand how physician’s subjectivity is expressed while attending to victims of sexual violence at emergencies. Methodology: Qualitative research, a collective case design with an ethnographic approach, via the elaboration of a field journal, two institutional itineraries, 12 in-depth interviews to leaders and doctors and one workshop. Results: There were four moments identified on victim’s itinerary at emergencies services, in each moment emerged subjectivity’s expressions, that could be organized on forms of subjectivity and their mechanisms within. If the physicians embodied the modern medicine, a subfield of medicine, into their habitus, their practices tend toward the revictimization of their patients. In the other hand, if doctors do not embody such practices and assume a critical posture about it, they tend toward a comprehensive care. Discussion: The non-recognition of such practices leads to the impossibility of exercising health citizenship, its mechanisms are a result of socialization processes from sociohistorical constructs that are reinforced by hegemonic medical model and the medical field., generating tension between practical logics of physicians and the needs of the victims. However, a fracture of this model is observed as a possibility of transformation toward comprehensive care.

Abstract Objective: To understand how physician’s subjectivity is expressed while attending to victims of sexual violence at emergencies. Methodology: Qualitative research, a collective case design with an ethnographic approach, via the elaboration of a field journal, two institutional itineraries, 12 in-depth interviews to leaders and doctors and one workshop. Results: There were four moments identified on victim’s itinerary at emergencies services, in each moment emerged subjectivity’s expressions, that could be organized on forms of subjectivity and their mechanisms within. If the physicians embodied the modern medicine, a subfield of medicine, into their habitus, their practices tend toward the revictimization of their patients. In the other hand, if doctors do not embody such practices and assume a critical posture about it, they tend toward a comprehensive care. Discussion: The non-recognition of such practices leads to the impossibility of exercising health citizenship, its mechanisms are a result of socialization processes from sociohistorical constructs that are reinforced by hegemonic medical model and the medical field., generating tension between practical logics of physicians and the needs of the victims. However, a fracture of this model is observed as a possibility of transformation toward comprehensive care. Objective physician s Methodology research approach journal itineraries 1 indepth depth workshop Results victim services subjectivitys expressions within medicine habitus patients hand it care Discussion nonrecognition non recognition citizenship field. However

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender la expresión de las subjetividades de médicas(os) en su encuentro con víctimas de violencia sexual en urgencias hospitalarias. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, diseño de caso colectivo, con enfoque etnográfico, con la elaboración de un diario de campo, dos itinerarios institucionales, dos entrevistas a coordinadoras, diez entrevistas en profundidad a médicas(os) y un encuentro reflexivo. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro momentos en el recorrido de la víctima, y en ellos emergieron expresiones subjetivas que se agruparon en formas de reconocimiento y mecanismos. Se incorporaron el campo médico en el subcampo medicina moderna en sus habitus, sus prácticas clínicas vulneraron a las víctimas de violencia sexual. Por el contrario, si se apartaron de las lógicas que impuso el campo médico, sus prácticas se tradujeron en un cuidado comprensivo. Discusión: El no reconocimiento conduce a la imposibilidad del ejercicio de la ciudadanía de la salud; sus mecanismos parten de procesos de socialización desde sus constructos sociohistóricos que se ven reforzados por el modelo médico hegemónico y el campo médico generando tensión entre las lógicas prácticas de médicas(os) y las necesidades de las víctimas. Sin embargo, se observa una fractura de dicho modelo como una posibilidad de transformación hacia un cuidado comprensivo. Objetivo médicasos médicas os médicas(os hospitalarias Metodología cualitativa colectivo etnográfico institucionales coordinadoras reflexivo Resultados víctima habitus contrario comprensivo Discusión salud embargo

Resumo Introdução A violenta repressão ocorrida no Chile durante a crise social (2019-2020) deixou um número sem precedentes de pessoas feridas por traumas oculares e maxilofaciais, produto da ação de agentes do Estado, desencadeando uma crise sociossanitária que exigiu a abordagem dos problemas de saúde com ênfase nos danos estruturais e funcionais. Objetivo Analisar a experiência cotidiana de pessoas acometidas por traumas oculares e/ou maxilofaciais sob a ótica dos direitos humanos, com ênfase no fornecimento de informações básicas que contribuam para os processos de apoio funcional e psicossocial. Método Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, considerando a análise de três entrevistas em profundidade, focadas na experiência cotidiana produzida em decorrência da violência policial. Estas foram analisadas com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, com posterior triangulação de dados. Resultados Observou-se uma série de interferências e repercussões cotidianas em decorrência do trauma, gerando o fenômeno de uma cotidianidade interferida, além do estranhamento de si mesma/o. Discutiu-se o contraste entre as experiências e expectativas da atenção em saúde e processos de reparação, que ainda são insuficientes e tendem à revitimização. Conclusão O acesso à reabilitação funcional e psicossocial é parte fundamental dos processos de reparação integral e psicossocial das pessoas que vivenciaram essas experiências traumáticas durante a crise social. É fundamental que os dispositivos sanitários e judiciais aprofundem as abordagens desde uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos, incorporando o enfoque de gênero para cumprir os princípios de verdade, justiça, reparação e garantias de não repetição. 20192020 2019 2020 (2019-2020 Estado funcionais eou ou humanos qualitativa profundidade policial conteúdo dados Observouse Observou se trauma interferida mesmao mesma mesma/o Discutiuse Discutiu revitimização verdade justiça repetição 2019202 201 202 (2019-202 201920 20 (2019-20 20192 2 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Introduction The violent repression that occurred in Chile during the social outbreak (2019-2020) left an unprecedented number of people injured as a result of ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of the action by state agents, unleashing a socio-sanitary crisis that required the approach of health problems with an emphasis on structural and functional damage. Objective To analyze the daily experience of people affected by ocular and/or maxillofacial trauma from a human rights perspective, with emphasis on providing background information that contributes to functional and psychosocial support processes. Method Study with a qualitative approach, considering the analysis of three in-depth interviews focused on the daily experience produced as a result of police violence. These were analyzed based on the content analysis technique, with subsequent triangulation. Results A series of interferences and daily repercussions as a result of the trauma were observed, generating the phenomenon of an interfered daily life in addition to self-estrangement. The contrast between the experiences and expectations of health care and reparation processes was discussed, which are still insufficient and tend towards re-victimization. Conclusion Access to functional and psychosocial rehabilitation is a fundamental part of the processes of integral and psychosocial repair for the people who lived through these traumatic experiences during the social outbreak. It is essential that health and judicial mechanisms deepen approaches from a human rights perspective, incorporating the gender approach to comply with the principles of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-repetition. 20192020 2019 2020 (2019-2020 agents sociosanitary socio sanitary damage andor or perspective indepth depth violence technique triangulation observed selfestrangement. selfestrangement self estrangement. estrangement self-estrangement discussed revictimization. revictimization re victimization. victimization re-victimization truth justice nonrepetition. nonrepetition non repetition. repetition non-repetition 2019202 201 202 (2019-202 201920 20 (2019-20 20192 2 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen Introducción La violenta represión ocurrida en Chile durante el estallido social (2019-2020) dejó un número sin precedentes de personas lesionadas con resultado de trauma ocular y maxilofacial producto de la acción de agentes del Estado, desatando una crisis socio-sanitaria que requirió del abordaje las problemáticas de salud con énfasis en el daño estructural y funcional. Objetivo Analizar la experiencia cotidiana de personas afectadas por trauma ocular y/o maxilofacial desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, con énfasis en aportar antecedentes que contribuyan a los procesos de apoyo funcional y psicosocial. Método Estudio de enfoque cualitativo, considerando el análisis de 3 entrevistas en profundidad centradas en la experiencia cotidiana producida a raíz de la violencia policial. Éstas se analizaron en base a la técnica de análisis de contenido, con una posterior triangulación. Resultados Se apreciaron una serie de interferencias y repercusiones cotidianas producto del trauma, generando el fenómeno de una cotidianidad interferida, además del extrañamiento de sí misma/o. Se discutió sobre el contraste entre las experiencias y expectativas de la atención en salud y procesos de reparación, que resultan aún insuficientes y tienden hacia la revictimización. Conclusión El acceso a rehabilitación funcional y psicosocial es parte fundamental de los procesos de reparación integral de las personas que vivieron estas experiencias traumáticas durante el estallido social. Es fundamental que los dispositivos sanitarios y judiciales profundicen abordajes desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos incorporando el enfoque de género para cumplir los principios de verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición. 20192020 2019 2020 (2019-2020 Estado sociosanitaria socio sanitaria yo o cualitativo policial contenido triangulación interferida mismao misma misma/o revictimización verdad justicia repetición 2019202 201 202 (2019-202 201920 20 (2019-20 20192 2 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze how Primary Health Care professionals experience domestic violence against women. Method: qualitative research, conducted from January to June 2023, through interviews with 20 Primary Health Care professionals, in a medium-sized municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data obtained were interpreted using the Content Analysis Technique, thematic modality. Results: professionals emphasize the need for a sensitive approach and early identification, expressing feelings of perplexity and powerlessness during care. The impacts of violence are perceived by the victims, families, and society, causing physical, psychological, and social consequences. Challenges include lack of training, fear of reprisals, and lack of institutional support. The limitations faced by women in confronting violence are linked to lack of information, financial and emotional dependence, generating fear and insecurity. Conclusion: professionals experience the complexity of providing health care to women who are victims of domestic violence, and it is inferred that investments in professional training, institutional protection, and the creation of spaces that can support women are necessary to prevent re-victimization. Objective Method research 2023 2 mediumsized medium sized Paulo Brazil Technique modality Results identification families society physical psychological consequences training reprisals information dependence insecurity Conclusion protection revictimization. revictimization re victimization. victimization re-victimization 202

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar como os profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde vivenciam a violência doméstica contra as mulheres. Método: pesquisa Qualitativa, desenvolvida no período de janeiro a junho de 2023, por meio de entrevistas com 20 profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde, em um Município de Médio Porte do Interior Paulista. Os dados obtidos foram interpretados pela Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: os profissionais enfatizam a necessidade de abordagem sensível e identificação precoce, expressando sentimentos de perplexidade e impotência durante o atendimento. Os impactos da violência são percebidos pelas vítimas, famílias e sociedade, causando consequências físicas, psicológicas e sociais. Os desafios incluem falta de capacitação, medo de represálias e carência de apoio institucional. As limitações enfrentadas pelas mulheres no confronto com a violência estão ligadas à falta de informação, dependência financeira e emocional, gerando medo e insegurança. Conclusão: os profissionais vivenciam a complexidade que representa o cuidado em saúde às mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e, depreende-se que são necessários investimentos na capacitação dos profissionais, proteção institucional e criação de espaços, que possam acolher as mulheres, evitando assim a revitimização. Objetivo Método Qualitativa 2023 2 Paulista Conteúdo temática Resultados precoce atendimento sociedade físicas sociais informação emocional insegurança Conclusão depreendese depreende se espaços revitimização 202

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar cómo los profesionales de Atención Primaria de Salud viven la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres. Método: investigación cualitativa, desarrollada de enero a junio de 2023, a través de entrevistas a 20 profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud, en un Municipio Mediano del interior de São Paulo. Los datos obtenidos fueron interpretados mediante la Técnica de Análisis de Contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: los profesionales enfatizan la necesidad de abordaje sensible e identificación temprana, expresando sentimientos de perplejidad e impotencia durante la prestación de cuidados. Los impactos de la violencia son percibidos por las víctimas, los familiares y la sociedad y provocan consecuencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales. Los desafíos incluyen la falta de capacitación, el miedo a represalias y la falta de apoyo institucional. Las limitaciones que afrontan las mujeres quando se enfrentan con la violencia están vinculadas a la falta de información y a la dependencia financiera y emocional, lo que genera miedo e inseguridad. Conclusión: los profesionales experimentan la complejidad que representa la atención de la salud para las mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica advirtiéndose la necesidad de inversiones en formación profesional, protección institucional y creación de espacios que puedan acoger a las mujeres y evitar la revictimización. Objetivo Método cualitativa 2023 2 Paulo Contenido temática Resultados temprana cuidados físicas sociales capacitación emocional inseguridad Conclusión profesional revictimización 202

The portrayal of gender-based violence is present in all genres of prose, including the ghost story. There is currently a lack of research regarding gender-based violence portrayed in Afrikaans ghost stories in literature as well as in film and television. Alongside the acknowledged forms of gender-based violence (physical and non-physical abuse), I argue that an additional level of violence, namely psychic violence, is used in the ghost story to amplify the horror and impact of gender-based violence. To illustrate this psychic form of violence, I compare the portrayal of the character Emmie in the classic Afrikaans ghost story "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" (The Wilgerdal Ruins) by C. J. Langenhoven (1924) with her portrayal in the 2019 adaptation of Langenhoven's short story for two episodes of the television series Die Spreeus (The Starlings). Emmie is haunted by both the ghost of her deceased beloved, Petrus, and the ghost of her stalker, Frans, who possessed Petrus's body at the moment of his death. Where Emmie was moved to the background to deal with her trauma in silence and solitude in Langenhoven's short story, she is put front and centre in Die Spreeus when her strange situation is investigated by the police as a case of domestic violence. The depiction of Emmie and this investigation casts a harsh light on the continuous plight of female victims of domestic violence, including revictimization, ongoing physical and emotional violence, victim blaming and gaslighting.

Abstract The victim’s word has great relevance in cases of sexual violence, however in Brazil there is a lack of specific recommendations for conducting interviews in these cases. This article aims to present procedures to be adopted in interviews with women victims of sexual violence. The recommendations include raising awareness about rape myths, establishing rapport, recording the testimony, and prioritize free recall and open-ended questions. These practices are in line with scientific recommendations and can be used to train public safety professionals to preserve eyewitness evidence and avoid revictimization. victim s violence myths rapport testimony openended open ended questions revictimization

Resumo A palavra da vítima tem grande relevância em casos de violência sexual, entretanto no Brasil há escassez de recomendações específicas para a realização de entrevistas nestes casos. Este artigo visa apresentar procedimentos a serem adotados em entrevistas com mulheres vítimas de violência sexual. As recomendações incluem a conscientização sobre mitos de estupro, estabelecimento de rapport, gravação do depoimento, e uso de relato livre e perguntas abertas. Essas práticas estão em consonância com as recomendações científicas e podem ser utilizadas para capacitar profissionais da segurança pública, a fim preservar a prova testemunhal e evitar revitimização. sexual estupro rapport depoimento abertas pública revitimização

Abstract: In family justice, one of the biggest challenges is to effectively guarantee the right of children to participate. Though participation implies multiple benefits for the child, such as increased self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and preventing violations of rights, it is possible to detect many obstacles for it to effectively occur in court. Among these, prioritizing adults’ interests, conditioning participation of the child to their age and lack of formal regulations was noted. The present study consists of a thematic analysis of interviews with Chilean family judges about child participation. Findings point to a consideration of the infrastructure and the institutional legal organization as not being able to guarantee and facilitate child participation in the judicial system. Lack of standardization in norms and practices inside the courts encourages judges to base their decisions on their own personal abilities and criteria, frequently influenced by prejudice about revictimization and the capacity of children to exercise a meaningful participation related to their psychological development. In addition, considerations about how laws and family courts should promote child participation in family justice are discussed.

Resumen: En la justicia de familia, uno de los mayores desafíos es hacer efectivo el derecho de los niños a la participación. Aunque la participación infantil entraña múltiples beneficios, como mayor autoestima, bienestar psicológico y prevención de posibles vulneraciones de derechos en los niños, se observan varias dificultades para que esta se haga efectiva en el contexto del tribunal. Estas incluyen priorizar los intereses del adulto, condicionar la participación del niño a su edad, y la falta de capacitación y regulación. El presente estudio realizó un análisis temático en base a entrevistas con jueces de familia chilenos sobre la participación infantil. Los hallazgos apuntan a una visión acerca de la infraestructura y de la organización institucional judicial que no garantiza ni facilita la participación infantil. La falta de estandarización y capacitación favorece que cada juez haga uso de habilidades y criterios personales para aplicarla o no, donde se observa que frecuentemente influyen ideas preconcebidas sobre la victimización secundaria y la capacidad de ejercer una participación significativa en relación con el nivel de desarrollo de los niños. Asimismo, se discuten las consideraciones que la ley y la institución legal deben tener en orden de garantizar la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes en causas judiciales de familia.

Abstract This article addresses the psychological expertise in the context of family violence in Paraguay, from a theoretical and normative perspective. It contains definitions that are later adjusted in the normative framework of family violence in Paraguay, which is why it constitutes a descriptive investigation whose sources of information are documentary and with a qualitative approach. The main conclusion is the regulatory and logistical precariousness of psychological expertise procedures for cases of family violence in Paraguay. It was considered necessary a more specific regulatory framework on psychological expertise in cases of family violence and fundamentally an allocation of human, infrastructure and organizational resources that allow the use of psychological expertise for all cases that require it under the required conditions. To respect the dignity of the victims and avoid their re-victimization. Likewise, an accreditation of the capacity of the professional psychologist is necessary in terms of their training, attitude and willingness to carry out such delicate tasks and the consequent monitoring of their performance.

Resumen Este artículo aborda la pericia psicológica en el contexto de violencia familiar en el Paraguay, desde una perspectiva teórica y normativa. Contiene definiciones que luego son ajustadas en el marco normativo de la violencia familiar en el Paraguay por lo que constituye una investigación de tipo descriptiva cuyas fuentes de información son documentales y con abordaje cualitativo. La principal conclusión es la precariedad normativa y logística acerca de los procedimientos de pericia psicológica para casos de violencia familiar en el Paraguay. Se consideró necesario un marco normativo más específico acerca de la pericia psicológica en casos de violencia familiar y fundamentalmente una asignación de recursos humanos, de infraestructura y de organización que permitan la utilización de la pericia psicológica para todos los casos que lo requieran en las condiciones requeridas para el respeto de la dignidad de las víctimas y evitar su revictimización. Así mismo es necesaria una acreditación de la capacidad del profesional psicólogo en cuanto a su formación, actitud y disposición para la realización de tan delicadas tareas y el consiguiente monitoreo de su desempeño.

Abstract Whether or not it is appropriate to offer victims the possibility of working on forgiveness to overcome the pain of the lived experience and its consequences is a controversial issue. The pressure to forgive makes revictimization more likely and transmits guilt and a message of minimizing the victims' pain. A misunderstanding of forgiveness can further weaken the victim's ability to protect him- or herself, make him or her more vulnerable, and make it easier for the abuse to continue. This paper aims to review the conditions for forgiveness to be a psychological tool for the mental health of the victims. Forgiveness is a complex concept with multiple dimensions and possibilities, and it can offer victims a valuable resource for overcoming their pain. However, it is not essential to the victim's healing process.

Resumen La conveniencia o no de plantear a las víctimas la posibilidad de trabajar sobre el perdón como forma de superar el dolor de la experiencia vivida y sus consecuencias es una cuestión controvertida. Las dinámicas de presión hacia el perdón hacen más probable la revictimización y transmiten tanto culpa como un mensaje de minimización de su dolor. Un perdón mal entendido puede debilitar aún más la capacidad de protegerse de la víctima, hacerla más vulnerable y facilitar la prolongación del abuso. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las condiciones para que el perdón sea una herramienta psicológica al servicio de la salud mental de las víctimas. El perdón es un concepto complejo, con múltiples dimensiones y posibilidades, y puede ofrecer a las víctimas un valioso recurso para superar su dolor, aunque no es esencial para el proceso de sanación de una víctima.

Abstract: This text unveils the ways in which gender violence is expressed in the legal structures of legal treatment to the complaints of women victims of abuse in intimate partner relationships in Colombia. Judicial actions and rulings in these cases result in actions of revictimization and ineffectiveness of justice, which perpetuate the logic of male domination and moral damage to women. As long as the Colombian normative system does not recognize that it constitutes one of the elemental structures of patriarchy, it will be ineffective in guaranteeing women a life free of violence.

Resumen En este texto se develan los modos en que se expresa la violencia género en las estructuras jurídicas de tratamiento legal a las denuncias de las mujeres víctimas de maltratos en relaciones de pareja en Colombia. Las actuaciones y fallos judiciales referidos a estos casos derivan en acciones de revictimización e inoperancia de la justicia, que perpetúan las lógicas de dominación masculina y de daño moral a las mujeres. Mientras el sistema normativo colombiano no reconozca que en sí mismo, constituye una de las estructuras elementales del patriarcado, será ineficaz en garantizarles a las mujeres una vida libre de violencias.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es indagar en experiencias de victimización secundaria que provienen de la precaria implementación de programas de restitución de tierras. Para ello, se analizará la experiencia de la comunidad de Nueva Esperanza en el Caribe colombiano, presentando resultados del análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas e información espacial y documental basada en corpus de sentencias, fallos y literatura gris. Los hallazgos de este trabajo muestran cómo diseños y dispositivos institucionales derivados de políticas de reparación han facilitado experiencias de revictimización en grupos reclamantes de tierras. En un contexto de obstáculos burocráticos, impedimentos y vacíos normativos, así como un abanico de violencias institucionales, grupos opositores a procesos de restitución de tierras se han acomodado a tales diseños y han aprovechado vacíos existentes en la legislación para mantener intacto e inamovible el sistema de relaciones de la propiedad rural en la región de Agustín Codazzi, centro de la investigación.

Abstract The goal of this article is to investigate experiences of secondary victimization resulting from the precarious implementation of land restitution programs. To this end, the experience of the community of Nueva Esperanza in the Colombian Caribbean will be analyzed, presenting results from the analysis of semi-structured interviews and spatial and documentary information based on a corpus of judgments, rulings, and gray literature. The findings of this paper show how institutional designs and devices derived from reparation policies have facilitated experiences of revictimization in land claimant groups. In a context of bureaucratic obstacles, impediments, and regulatory gaps, as well as a range of institutional violence, groups opposed to land restitution processes have accommodated themselves to such designs and have taken advantage of existing gaps in the legislation to maintain intact and immovable the system of rural property relations in the region of Agustín Codazzi, the focus of the research.