Restitution has predominantly been described as a legal rather than a social action in international law, as well as in South Africa's history of truth, reconciliation and redress policies after the end of apartheid. Introducing the concept of 'social restitution' this paper argues for a reimagined and wider understanding of restitution to address the need for social justice in the spaces between the law court and individual acts of charity, and between policies for redress and personal antipathy against these. Social restitution can be defined as intentional voluntary actions and attitudes developed through dialogue based on a sense of moral obligation aimed at addressing the damage done to individuals and communities by unjust actions and legacies of the past. Drawing on international debates about and understandings of the meaning of restitution, social restitution is shown to be both continuous with legal restitution and distinguished from it through its voluntary nature, its potential to be forward-looking rather than punitive, generative rather than accusatory, and offering everyday opportunities to bridge the gap between 'knowing' about injustice and 'acting' to repair it. Following this discussion, the latter part of the paper outlines the need for new categories of actors in contexts of injustice beyond those of victim, perpetrator and bystander (the Hilberg triangle of actors), introducing the ideas of beneficiaries and resisters; argues for the potential social restitution has as a mechanism for rehumanising all actors; and offers recommendations for how engaged action-oriented dialogues might contribute to achieving this aim, while noting the limits and dangers of dialogue. It draws on an empirical study on the meaning and actions of restitution conducted with black and white adult South Africans in making some of its arguments.

Resumen La violencia generalizada propia del conflicto armado en Colombia ha generado que una gran parte de la población desplazada haya celebrado negocios jurídicos como la compraventa de bien inmueble en condiciones que les son desfavorables y que les generan ciertas desventajas, siendo una situación común en Colombia y otros países que comparten contextos similares. Se vuelve necesario entonces el analizar cómo se aplican las figuras como la restitución de tierras de la ley 1448 de 2011, la acción rescisoria por lesión enorme y la nulidad por vicios del consentimiento en negocios jurídicos que involucran la enajenación de bienes inmuebles, para hacer un diagnóstico de aplicabilidad de este supuesto de hecho en la población desplazada por el conflicto armado en Colombia. En este artículo se analizan los mecanismos de la legislación civil colombiana para controvertir este tipo particular de negocios jurídicos a la luz de los derechos de la población desplazada, con el fin de establecer un marco de aplicación de estos mecanismos de protección en Colombia.

Abstract The generalized violence of the armed conflict in Colombia has generated that a large part of the displaced population has entered into legal transactions such as the purchase and sale of real estate under unfavorable conditions that generate certain disadvantages for them, being a common situation in Colombia and other countries that share similar contexts. It becomes necessary then to analyze how the figures such as land restitution of the law 1448 of 2011, the rescissory action for enormous injury and the nullity for defects of consent in legal transactions involving the alienation of real estate, are applied in order to make a diagnosis of the applicability of this factual assumption in the population displaced by the armed conflict in Colombia. This article analyzes the mechanisms of Colombian civil law to challenge this particular type of legal transactions in light of the rights of the displaced population, in order to establish a framework for the application of these protection mechanisms in Colombia.

Resumen En este artículo de investigación se presentan algunas aproximaciones al contexto global de la memoria, y en particular, a los escenarios políticos y sociales en los que se inscribe el deber de memoria en Colombia, a propósito de la promulgación de la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, en cuyo seno se gestaron otras políticas de la memoria que tocan a la sociedad en su conjunto y al campo educativo, en especial. Se expone, también, una reflexión sobre el papel de la educación, la pregunta ética por la memoria y la necesaria reconstrucción del vínculo social, cuando se trata de hacer conciencia pública del daño moral causado a las víctimas por efecto de la guerra degradada y prolongada, que ha tenido lugar en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano.

Abstract This research article presents some approaches to the context in which the duty of memory takes place in Colombia, on account of the promulgation of The Victims and Land Restitution Law within which other politics of remembrance that affect society as a whole and the educational and cultural field took shape. It also presents a reflection on the role of education, the ethical question of memory and the necessary reconstruction of the social bond, when it comes to public awareness of the moral damage caused to the victims by the effect of the degraded and prolonged war that has taken place in the framework of armed conflict.

Resumo Neste artigo de pesquisa, são apresentadas algumas abordagens do contexto global da memória e, em particular, dos cenários políticos e sociais em que o dever de memória está inscrito na Colômbia, no que se refere à promulgação da Lei das Vítimas e Restituição de terras, em cujo seio foram desenvolvidas outras políticas de memória que tocam a sociedade como um todo e o campo educacional, especialmente. Há também uma reflexão sobre o papel da educação, a questão ética da memória e a necessária reconstrução do vínculo social, quando se trata de conscientizar o público sobre os danos morais causados às vítimas pelo efeito da guerra degradada e prolongada, que ocorreu no âmbito do conflito armado colombiano.

RESUMO Introdução Lesões na região facial podem alterar a qualidade de vida de um indivíduo consideravelmente. Para mensurar esse prejuízo, é necessária a valoração do dano corporal. Objetivo Analisar as características de jurisprudências que envolveram a valoração do dano ocasionado por trauma facial, destacando as tendências observadas. Métodos Foram analisados dados secundários, os quais são de domínio público, de jurisprudências do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2008 a 2016. A amostra foi constituída por 43 acórdãos de processos relacionados a acidentes de trânsito, quedas ou agressões que atingiram a face. Resultados Verificou-se que 86% dos autores e dos réus das jurisprudências são do sexo masculino. Em 62,7% dos processos a agressão física foi a forma de trauma mais frequente e a consequência do dano foi fratura dentária com 53,49%. Os valores para danos morais variaram entre 1.500,00 e 20.340,00 reais, para dano estético de 2.000,00 e 20.000,00. Conclusão A análise das jurisprudências nos permite verificar a tendência de necessidade e valorização do perito cirurgião-dentista para quantificação de danos envolvendo o complexo bucomaxilofacial.

ABSTRACT Introduction Facial injuries may change, considerably, people’s quality of life. To measure the damage, the assessment of the bodily harm is required. Objective To analyze jurisprudential characteristics involving the valuation of the damage related to facial trauma, highlighting trends Methods It was analyzed secondary data, which are public domain, of the precedents of the Court of Justice of Rio Grande do Sul State from 2008 to 2016. The sample consisted of 43 lawsuits in cases related to traffic accidents, falls or physicalaggression that affected the face. Results It was found that 86% of authors and defendants of the lawsuits analyzed are male. In 62.7% of cases physical aggression was the form of trauma that caused more injuries and the most common damage was dental fractures with 53.49%. The monetary restitution for moral damages ranged from R$1,500.00 to R$20,340.00, and for aesthetic damage ranged from R$2,000.00 to R$20,000.00. Conclusion The analyzed jurisprudence involving facial trauma allows us to verifythe trend of need and value of the dentist expert to quantify damage involving the maxillofacial complex.

Resumen Colombia ha sido un país en constante violencia, guerra como todas que deja huellas indelebles en el presente y futuro político, social y económico. El problema social se vislumbra ante la vulneración prolongada y sistemática de los derechos de un grupo significativo de personas que se ha visto obligada a migrar dentro de nuestro propio territorio dejando atrás no solo su patrimonio, sino su vida; ante tal situación el Estado se visto obligado a adoptar medidas que propendan por la recuperación de dicha población. Es así como surge la restitución de tierras en favor de las víctimas de desplazamiento forzado, abandono y/o despojo. En la presente investigación se advierte que a pesar de la consagración legal de una acción encaminada a la restitución de los bienes en favor de las víctimas, dicha normativa no garantizó, al menos, de manera expresa la reparación de daños de carácter extrapatrimonial, pese a que el mismo ordenamiento se encuentra iluminado por el principio de reparación integral. Ante tal omisión se propone acudir a la doctrina y jurisprudencia patria que han tratado el tema de la compensación del daño moral, acudiendo a una interpretación sistemática del ordenamiento jurídico y planteando las desventajas y costos que acarrearía no reparar, en nuestros Tribunales, de manera integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado.

Abstract Colombia has been a country in continued violence, war as all, that leaves indelible traces in the political, social and economical present and future. The social issue gives a glimpse in the light of systematic and prolonged infringement of a significant group of people rights, which has been forced to migrate inside our territory, leaving behind, not just their properties but also their lives; in front of this situation, the State has been forced to adopt measures that move towards the recovery of that grous of people. This is how emerge land restitution in favor of the victims of forced displacement, abandon and/or land dispossession. In the present research is noted that, dispite of the legal consagration of a measure aimed to property restitution in favor of victims, such legislation did not guarantee, at least, expressly extra-patrimonial damage dispite the same regulation is under the integral reparation principle. In light of such omission, it is proposed to go to the homeland doctrine and jurisprudence, which has dealt the moral damage compensation, looking out a systematic interpretation of the legal order and raising disadvantages and costs that will bring not repair integrally, in our courts, to the victims of armed conflict.

Resumen El presente texto reflexiona sobre las barreras y las tensiones que se les presentan a las víctimas en procesos de participación política en el contexto de la reparación colectiva enmarcada en la Ley 1448 de víctimas y restitución de tierras del 2011, en relación con la visibilización de los daños y afectaciones, la participación sobre las decisiones políticas de la planeación y ejecución de los diagnósticos, la realización de los planes de reparación y el seguimiento a estos, que hacen que, finalmente, sus voces no sean escuchadas y que se vea afectada la memoria histórica de los hechos, el ocultamiento de actores y que la dimensión colectiva de la reparación se diluya en medio de la revictimización, la falta de sostenibilidad de los procesos y la corrupción, que llegan a jugar un papel fundamental en una implementación de la ley lenta y con poca eficacia. En primera instancia, el artículo contextualiza la conflictividad en los municipios de El Castillo y El Dorado - Meta, y posteriormente ubica el rol de la memoria en los procesos de visibilización de daños. En un tercer apartado se ilustra algunas barreras que han sido expuestas por organismos y colectivos de víctimas en los procesos de participación política de las mismas, y finalmente se expone el caso participar de los municipios mencionados, en los cuales se recogió el testimonio de 20 víctimas pertenecientes a los comités de impulso y cuatro actores institucionales en los municipios, a través de entrevistas a profundidad desde el enfoque narrativo realizadas en el 2018; adicionalmente, el proceso investigativo contó con acompañamiento a organizaciones víctimas durante este período, el cual fue registrado y sistematizado en diarios de campo.

Résumé Le présent article est une réflexion sur les obstacles et les tensions qui se présentent aux victimes dans le processus de participation politique dans le contexte de réparation collective encadrée par la Loi 1448 sur les victimes et restitutions de terres de 2011, traitant de la visibilisation des dommages et affectations, de la participation aux décisions politiques de planification et d'exécution des diagnostics, de la réalisation des plans de réparation et du suivi de ceux-ci. Ces tensions et obstacles font que finalement leurs voix ne soient pas écoutées et que la mémoire historique des faits se voit affectée, que les acteurs soient occultés, que la dimension collective de la réparation soit diluée au milieu de la re victimisation, que les processus manquent de durabilité et que la corruption joue un rôle fondamental dans l'implantation d'une loi lente et peu efficace. Dans un premier temps, l'article contextualise le conflit dans les municipalités d'El Castillo et d'El Dorado - Meta, puis il cerne le rôle de la mémoire dans les processus de visibilité des dommages, et dans une troisième partie, il illustre certains obstacles soulignés par des organisations et des groupes de victimes dans les processus de participation politique des victimes. Enfin le cas des municipalités mentionnées est présenté, municipalités dans lesquelles ont été recueillis les témoignages de 20 victimes appartenant aux comités d'Impulso et de 4 acteurs institutionnels des municipalités, grâce à des entretiens approfondis conduits avec une approche narrative en 2018. En outre, le processus d’enquête a mis un place une procédure d’accompagnement des organisations de victimes au cours de cette période, qui a été enregistrée et systématisée dans des journaux de terrain.

Abstract The present paper aims to reflect about barriers and tensions that are presented to victims in political participation processes in the context of collective reparation framed in Ley 1448 which regards victims and land restitution in 2011. All of it in relation to the visibility of damage and detriment, the participation in political decisions about planning and executing diagnostics, the elaboration of plans to repair and follow-up these, which finally causes their voices to not be heard and historical memory of the facts to get damaged, the concealment of participants and the collective dimension of reparation to be diluted in the middle of revictimization, the lack of sustainability of the processes and corruption, which play a fundamental role in the implementation of a slow and scarcely effective law. Firstly, the paper contextualizes the conflict in the municipalities of El Castillo and El Dorado - Meta, afterward locates the role of the memory in the processes of visibility of damage, in a third section it illustrates some barriers that have been exposed by organizations and collectives of victims in the processes of political participation of the victims, and finally the case of the mentioned municipalities is presented; In which the testimonies of 20 victims belonging to the Comités de Impulso and 4 institutional participants of the municipalities were gathered, via narrative approach in-depth interviews in the year 2018. Additionally, the investigation process counted with a process of victim organizations follow-up during this period which was recorded and systematized in field journals.

Resumo O presente texto estuda os obstáculos e as tensões que se apresentam às vítimas nos processos de participação política, no contexto de reparação coletiva da Lei 1448 de vítimas e restituição de terras de 2011 no que diz respeito à visibilização dos danos e afetações, à participação nas decisões políticas de planejamento e implementação dos diagnósticos, à realização dos projetos de reparação e ao acompanhamento deles. Os quais, finalmente, ocasionam que suas vozes não sejam ouvidas e que a memória histórica dos fatos seja prejudicada, assim como a ocultação dos atores e a dissolução da dimensão coletiva da reparação na re-vitimização, a falta de sustentabilidade dos processos e a corrupção têm um papel fundamental a desempenhar na implementação da lei lenta e pouco eficaz. Em primeiro lugar, o artigo contextualiza o conflito nos municípios de El Dorado e El Castillo-Meta. Depois, estabelece-se a função da memória nos processos de visibilização dos danos. Em terceiro lugar, ilustram-se os obstáculos que têm sido expostos pelos organismos e coletivos de vítimas nos processos de participação política das vítimas. Finalmente, expõe-se o caso dos municípios estudados, onde se recolheu o testemunho de 20 vítimas pertencentes aos Comitês de Impulso e 4 atores institucionais nos municípios através das entrevistas em profundidade, desde a perspectiva narrativa em 2018. Além disso, a pesquisa desenvolveu um processo de acompanhamento às organizações de vítimas durante esse período, o que foi registrado e sistematizado em diários de campo.

El objetivo del presente artículo consiste en mostrar que el sentimiento de agravio moral, si bien no determina ni explica cabalmente la acción colectiva, sí aparece recurrentemente como uno de los argumentos esgrimidos por los actores movilizados en defensa de sus propias valoraciones sobre lo que consideran justo o injusto, en oposición a aquellos actos o actores por los que se consideran agraviados, ante quienes exigen la restitución del daño infligido. Tal fue el caso del movimiento social que tuvo lugar en Oaxaca (México) en 2006: un conflicto en principio magisterial que derivó en uno de los más importantes frentes populares organizativos del nuevo siglo mexicano. En términos generales, se propone considerar la moral y los valores que de ella emanan, así como la experiencia humana, como elementos significativos para la comprensión de la acción colectiva y de los movimientos sociales.

The objective of this article consists of showing that the sentiment of moral grievance, while it does not determine or completely explain collective action, does appear repeatedly as one of the arguments put forward by actors mobilized in the defense of their own judgments of what they consider to be just or unjust, in opposition to those acts or actors by whom they consider themselves to have been aggrieved, and from whom they demand restitution for the damage inflicted. Such was the case of the social movement that took place in Oaxaca (Mexico) in 2006: a conflict which began as a teachers’ protest and then turned into one of the most important organizational popular fronts of the new century in Mexico. In general terms, it proposes considering morality and the values that emanate therefrom, as well as human experience, to be significant elements for the understanding of collective action and of social movements.

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em mostrar que o sentimento de agravo moral, embora não determine nem explique categoricamente a ação coletiva, aparece com frequência como um dos argumentos defendidos pelos atores mobilizados em defesa de suas próprias valorações sobre o que consideram justo ou injusto, em oposição àqueles atos ou atores pelos quais se consideram agravados, ante os quais exigem a restituição do dano infringido. Tal foi o caso do movimento social que aconteceu em Oaxaca (México) em 2006: um conflito em princípio magisterial que derivou numa das mais importantes frentes populares organizativas do novo século mexicano. Em termos gerais, propõe-se considerar a moral e os valores que dela emanam, bem como a experiência humana, como elementos significativos para a compreensão da ação coletiva e dos movimentos sociais.

A maioria dos estoques pesqueiros tradicionais encontra-se em declínio em decorrência da crescente expansão das atividades antrópicas na zona costeira, propiciando outras formas de produção de alimento e de geração de renda, tal como a maricultura. Nesse panorama, o desenvolvimento de instrumentos gerenciais para a zona costeira mostra-se necessário, já que sua ausência pode causar prejuízos irremediáveis aos ambientes costeiros e à vida aquática. Técnicas de geoprocessamento vêm sendo amplamente utilizadas nas mais diversas atividades econômicas e governamentais, fornecendo informações adequadas de planejamento e gestão de territórios e projetos. Quando aplicadas de forma coerente, essas técnicas podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade aquícola de uma área. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um instrumento gerencial para o planejamento da maricultura através do uso de geoprocessamento para o cultivo de ostras na região estuarina lagunar de Cananéia. Os dados obtidos através de pesquisas bibliográficas, legislação brasileira vigente, agências ambientais, Carta Náutica, restituição de imagens de satélite e coletas em campo foram organizados em um gerenciador de banco de dados geográficos. Após esse procedimento, analisou-se através da geoestatística, interpolação, análise de distância e análise de densidade, definiram-se áreas propícias ou ideais para o cultivo da ostra Crassostrea brasiliana, o que resultou na elaboração dos mapas: Mapa Ambiental, Mapa das rotas de navegação, Mapa de Conflito de Usos, Conflitos com interesses das Unidades de Conservação, Mapa Socioeconômico, Mapa Logístico, Mapa de potencial para a maricultura. Na elaboração do Banco de Dados Geográficos, foram considerados critérios ambientais, socioeconômicos e logísticos. Como resultado, obteve-se áreas propícias para o cultivo da ostra que apresentam boa qualidade de água, que ainda não são exploradas pela atividade e que podem vir a ser.

Most traditional fish stocks is declining as a result of the expansion of human activities in the coastal zone, providing other forms of food production and generation of income, such as mariculture. In this scenario, the development of management tools for coastal zone has become necessary, since its absence can cause irreparable damage to coastal environments and aquatic life. GIS techniques have been widely used in various economic and governmental activities, providing adequate information for planning and management of projects and territories. When applied consistently, these techniques can contribute to the sustainability of aquaculture area. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument for planning mariculture through the use of GIS for the cultivation of oysters in the estuarine region of Cananeia. The data obtained through literature searches, current Brazilian legislation, environmental agencies, Nautical chart, restitution of satellite images and field collections were organized into a manager geographic database. These data were then analyzed using geostatistical interpolation, analysis of distance and density analysis, allowing a favorable or ideal definition for areas of cultivation of oyster Crassostrea brasiliana. After this procedure the following maps were drawn: map of environmental navigation routes, map of conflicting uses,map of conflicts with the interests of the conservation units, social economic map, logistic map, map of potential form ariculture. In preparing Geographical Database, the environmental, socialeconomic and logistic were taken into consideration. The study pointed out areas conductive to the cultivation with good quality of water, which are not yet exploredby the activities that can be used for mariculture.This work developed a structure of geographic database, which will be available to decision makers and shellfishermen in the region, which may be updated when new data become available.

El presente artículo analiza el comportamiento histórico de Colombia frente al desarrollo del régimen de derechos humanos; las tensiones que se han producido a causa del conflicto armado y que han imposibilitado el cumplimiento de Colombia de los estándares internacionales de estos derechos; la relación que hay entre los instrumentos de justicia transicional en Colombia y dichos estándares y las incidencias de los actores estatales, las organizaciones internacionales y los actores de la sociedad civil global para la adopción y el cumplimiento de los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales. Finalmente, se analiza la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras como intento del gobierno no solo para reparar los daños sufridos de las víctimas del conflicto armado, sino también para mejorar la adhesión interna a los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos y derecho internacional humanitario.

This article analyses the Colombian historical behavior facing the Human Rights regime; the tensions that had been produced by the armed conflict and that had impeded the Colombia's compliance of the Human Rights international standards; the relation between the transitional justice instruments in Colombia and the Human Rights international standards; the incidences of the state actors, the international organizations and the global civil society actors for the adoption and compliance of the juridical international instruments. Finally, it analyses the Victims and the Lands Restitution law as a government attempt not just to repair the damage suffered by the victims of the armed conflict, but to improve the internal adhesion to the international standards of the HR and the IHL.

Human adaptation and response to drought is primarily through evasion or endurance. A review of historical agricultural practices in southern Africa demonstrates evidence of drought evasion response strategies in well-established transhumance routes, where herders move livestock on a seasonal basis in order to exploit resources subject to different climatic regimes. European settlers to the arid regions of South Africa quickly recognised the necessity of these evasion options to survive drought, and adopted the transhumance practices of indigenous farmers. Areas of geographically diverse resource bases became hotly contested by settlers and indigenous farmers. The success of evasion systems are shown to hinge on good social and institutional support structures. When movement is not an option, drought endurance is pursued by attempting to limit the damage to the natural resource base. This is through a number of means such as forage conservation, varying livestock types and numbers, water and soil conservation and taking up alternative livelihood options. State responses to drought over the last century reflect the general South African pattern of racially divided and unjust policies relating to resource access. Historically the state provided considerable support to white commercial farmers. This support was frequently contradictory in its aims and generally was inadequate to enable farmers to cope with drought. Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the state has intervened less, with some support extended to previously disadvantaged and poor communal farmers. Climate change predictions suggest an increase in drought, suggesting that the adoption of mitigating strategies should be a matter of urgency. To do this South Africa needs to build social and institutional capacity, strive for better economic and environmental sustainability, embed drought-coping mechanisms into land restitution policy to ensure the success of this programme, and acknowledge the diversity of the agricultural sector.