A profissionalização da política e da governança é essencial para o desenvolvimento de instituições democráticas eficazes, transparentes e voltadas para a comunidade. A pesquisa analisou a influência da profissionalização política na governança municipal e na governabilidade em um distrito do Equador. A metodologia qualitativa exploratória e descritiva incluiu entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 atores-chave como amostra do estudo, análise temática por meio de codificação e construção de redes semânticas usando o software Atlas.ti 24 para codificar as respostas em categorias como integridade profissional, corrupção, transparência e responsabilidade. Os resultados mostram que, embora a profissionalização política possa melhorar a eficiência administrativa e a transparência, ela enfrenta desafios como a resistência à mudança e a desconexão com a realidade do cidadão. Práticas negativas, como tráfico de influência e lavagem de dinheiro, tornam-se obstáculos críticos à governança eficaz, enquanto a educação e o treinamento em ética são componentes essenciais para fortalecer a capacidade dos agentes políticos. Para garantir uma gestão pública transparente e vantajosa para todos, recomenda-se que os profissionais políticos combinem o treinamento técnico adequado com uma sólida base ética.

La profesionalización de la política y la gobernanza resultan fundamentales para el desarrollo de instituciones democráticas eficaces, transparentes y orientadas a la comunidad. La investigación efectuada analizó influencia de la profesionalización política en la gobernanza y gobernabilidad municipal en un distrito de Ecuador. La metodología cualitativa de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 actores claves como muestra de estudio, análisis temático a través de la codificación y construcción de redes semánticas mediante el software Atlas.ti 24, para codificar las respuestas en categorías como integridad profesional, corrupción, transparencia y rendición de cuentas. Los resultados muestran que, si bien la profesionalización política puede mejorar la eficiencia administrativa y la transparencia, se enfrenta a retos como la resistencia al cambio y la desconexión con la realidad ciudadana. Las prácticas negativas, como el tráfico de influencias y el blanqueo de dinero, devienen obstáculos críticos para una gobernanza eficaz, mientras que la educación y la formación ética son componentes esenciales para reforzar la capacidad de los actores políticos. Para garantizar una gestión pública transparente y beneficiosa para todos, se recomienda que los profesionales de la política combinen una formación técnica adecuada, con una sólida base ética.

The professionalization of politics and governance is essential for the development of effective, transparent and community-oriented democratic institutions The research analyzed the influence of political professionalization on municipal governance and governability in a district in Ecuador. The exploratory and descriptive qualitative methodology included semi-structured interviews with 12 key actors as a study sample, thematic analysis through coding and construction of semantic networks using Atlas.ti 24 software to code responses in categories such as professional integrity, corruption, transparency and accountability. The results show that while political professionalization can improve administrative efficiency and transparency, it faces challenges such as resistance to change and disconnection with citizen reality. Negative practices, such as influence peddling and money laundering, are critical obstacles to effective governance, while education and ethics training are essential components to strengthen the capacity of political actors. To ensure transparent and win-win governance, it is recommended that political professionals combine appropriate technical training with a solid ethical foundation.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this research study is to examine the relationship between university social responsibility (USR) and job satisfaction among university administrators from a Chilean public university. The methodology is descriptive-correlational and two questionnaires are applied: 1) university social responsibility and 2) job satisfaction. These instruments are applied to a non-probabilistic sample of university administrators from a public university located in south-central Chile. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the variables that constitute RSU and job satisfaction. This highlights that it is important to design strategies that promote training on various topics about RSU and the practical implications of job satisfaction. Future research should consider consulting the various actors who collaborate in educational communities. In conclusion, it is necessary that training based on socially responsible values and principles establish a culture of well-being in accordance with the functions and purposes of each institution.

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio es analizar la relación entre responsabilidad social universitaria (RSU) y satisfacción laboral en directivos de una universidad estatal de Chile. La metodología es de carácter descriptivo-correlacional y se aplican dos cuestionarios: 1) responsabilidad social universitaria y 2) satisfacción laboral. La muestra no probabilística consiste de directivos de una universidad estatal ubicada en la zona centro sur de Chile. Los resultados muestran que existe una correlación positiva y significativa entre las variables que constituyen la RSU y satisfacción laboral. Esto muestra que es importante diseñar estrategias que propicien la formación en diversos tópicos sobre RSU y sobre las implicancias prácticas de la satisfacción laboral. Futuras investigaciones deben considerar la consulta a los diversos actores que colaboran en las comunidades educativas. En conclusión, es necesario que la formación basada en valores y principios socialmente responsables instalen una cultura del bienestar que se encuentre articulada con las funciones sustantivas y los propósitos organizacionales.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to assess the professional social responsibility (PSR) of graduates in administrative, economic, and accounting sciences from Chile. An instrument is applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 137 professionals. The methodology is exploratory and a validated instrument is applied. An exploratory factor analysis is performed and statistically significant differences are examined. The results show differences according to: gender, volunteering, and social organization. Universities should implement educational policies that include the values of social responsibility while being consistent with both professional profiles and the needs of modern companies. In conclusion, the results of this research should be used by higher education institutions (HEIs) according to both the characteristics of the professional discipline and the unique requirements of the interest groups inhabiting their territories of influence.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la responsabilidad social profesional (RSP) de titulados en ciencias administrativas, económicas y contables en Chile. Se aplica un instrumento a una muestra no probabilística compuesta por 137 profesionales. La metodología es de carácter exploratorio y se aplica un instrumento validado. Se realiza un análisis factorial exploratorio y se examinan diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los resultados demuestran diferencias según: sexo, voluntariado y organización social. Las universidades deben implementar políticas educativas que incluyan los valores de la responsabilidad social en consistencia con los perfiles profesionales en coherencia con las necesidades de las empresas modernas. En conclusión, los resultados de esta investigación deben ser usados por instituciones de educación superior (IES) de acuerdo a las características de la disciplina profesional y la singularidad de los requerimientos de los grupos de interés que habitan sus territorios de influencia.

ABSTRACT Just energy transitions are one of the main goals in political agendas worldwide, as governments assume the responsibility to lead the process in the presence of global public goods and social asymmetries. This paper suggests studying the Spanish case, in which the national Government leads through specific organisms, laws, and tools. The main tool to accomplish the public intervention aimed at mobilising local resources and motivating investments is the Agreement of Just Transition or CTJ. Notwithstanding, CTJS present limitations that this paper classifes into three categories: concept and design, diagnosis, and participative processes. There is a prevalent emphasis on quantifying job risks and labour income, prioritising so-cioeconomic consequences over the environmental devastation caused by abandoned facilities, neglecting the indirect job losses, and frequently evaluating impacts belatedly. Job quality analysis is also absent in this framework. Additional limitations arise from incorporating gender considerations, barrier criteria, territorial boundaries, and analytical tools like SWOT analysis. The final discussion suggests corrections and warns against similar weaknesses in other potential contexts.

RESUMEN Las transiciones energéticas justas son uno de los principales objetivos en las agendas políticas a nivel mundial, a medida que los gobiernos asumen la responsabilidad de liderar el proceso en presencia de bienes públicos globales y asimetrías sociales. Este trabajo sugiere estudiar el caso español, en el que el Gobierno nacional lidera a través de organismos específicos, leyes y herramientas específicas. La principal herramienta para llevar a cabo la intervención pública destinada a movilizar recursos locales y motivar inversiones es el Acuerdo de Transición Justa o CTJ. Sin embargo, los CTJ presentan limitaciones que este trabajo clasifica en tres categorías: concepto y diseño, diagnóstico y procesos participativos. Existe un énfasis predominante en cuantificar los empleos y las rentas del trabajo, lo que prioriza las consecuencias socioeconómicas sobre la devastación ambiental causada por las instalaciones abandonadas, descuida las pérdidas de empleo indirectas y evalúa con frecuencia los impactos tardíamente. El análisis de la calidad del empleo también está ausente en este marco. Se derivan limitaciones adicionales de la incorporación de consideraciones de género, criterios de barrera, límites territoriales y herramientas analíticas como el análisis DAFO. La discusión final sugiere correcciones y previene debilidades similares en otros contextos potenciales.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los programas de especialidades médicas tienen la responsabilidad de desarrollar competencias inherentes a determinados campos de acción para lograr un desempeño profesional exitoso. Ante este desafío, se hace imprescindible la evaluación integral del proceso académico que conduzca al mejoramiento continuo de su calidad y certificación. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados del proceso de evaluación y acreditación del programa de la especialidad de Microbiología Médica, conducido por el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo entre octubre de 2019 y marzo de 2024, que incluyó cinco ediciones del programa de la especialidad. A lo largo del proceso, se evaluó pertinencia e impacto social, claustro, estudiantes, infraestructura, currículo y escenario laboral, según el patrón de calidad del Sistema de Evaluación y Acreditación de Especialidades de Posgrado. Las variables se verificaron mediante revisión documental, entrevistas, encuestas e inspección. Resultados: Los procesos de autoevaluación y comprobación externa se desarrollaron con total transparencia y ética. El programa, contextualizado a la situación nacional e internacional, estuvo respaldado por la trayectoria y experiencia de las instituciones universitarias que participan en el proceso formativo, y respondió a los perfiles de salida del futuro especialista. Se demostró que forma especialistas en Microbiología Médica capaces de dar respuesta a las necesidades sociales y científico-técnicas actuales. Conclusiones: Se evidenció la pertinencia e impacto social del programa, el cual recibió certificación de excelente por la Junta de Acreditación Nacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical specializations programs have the responsibility of developing competencies inherent to certain fields of action in order to achieve successful professional performance. Faced with this challenge, it is essential a comprehensive evaluation of the academic process leading to continuous improvement of its quality and certification. Objective: To present the results of the evaluation and accreditation process of the program of the specialty of Medical Microbiology, conducted by the Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí. Methods: A descriptive study was developed between October 2019 and March 2024, which included five editions of the specialty program. Throughout the process, relevance and social impact, faculty, students, infrastructure, curriculum, and work scenario were evaluated, according to the quality standard of the Evaluation and Accreditation System for Postgraduate Specialties. The variables were verified through documentary review, interviews, surveys, and inspection. Results: Self-assessment and external verification processes were developed with total transparency and ethics. The program, contextualized to the national and international situation, was supported by the trajectory and experience of the university institutions that participate in the training process and responded to the exit profiles of the future specialist. It was demonstrated that it trains specialists in Medical Microbiology capable of responding to current social and scientific-technical needs. Conclusion: The relevance and social impact of the program was evidenced; it received excellent certification by the National Accreditation Board.

Resumen: La sobrecarga de rol en la familia puede ser entendida como un sentimiento de incapacidad para completar las obligaciones que son responsabilidad del individuo, y esta dificultad ocurre debido a la acumulación de tareas en la familia, lo que puede causar malestar. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener evidencias de la validez de la Escala de Sobrecarga del Rol Familiar en muestras brasileñas. Participaron en el estudio 640 trabajadores brasileños de ambos sexos. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que la versión brasileña se mantuvo monofactorial y con seis ítems. Los análisis multigrupo mostraron invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar entre los grupos divididos en función del género y de la presencia o ausencia de hijos. La escala mostró correlaciones positivas con las demandas familiares percibidas y el conflicto familia-trabajo y una correlación negativa con el apoyo social percibido en la familia. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que el instrumento posee propiedades psicométricas que recomiendan su uso en futuras investigaciones.

Resumo: A sobrecarga de papeis na família pode ser compreendida como sentimento de incapacidade em concluir obrigações que são de responsabilidade do indivíduo, e essa dificuldade acontece devido ao acúmulo de tarefas na família, que podem trazer desconforto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo obter evidências de validade da Sobrecarga de Papéis na Família em amostras brasileiras. Participaram do estudo 640 trabalhadores brasileiros, de ambos os gêneros. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias evidenciaram que a versão brasileira se manteve unifatorial e com seis itens. As análises multigrupo atestaram a invariância configural, métrica e escalar entre os grupos divididos em termos de gênero e sobre a presença ou ausência de filhos. A escala apresentou correlações positivas com demandas percebidas da família e conflito família-trabalho e correlação negativa com suporte social percebido na família. Concluiu-se, assim, que o instrumento apresentou propriedades psicométricas que recomendam seu uso em investigações futuras.

Abstract: Role overload in the family can be understood as a feeling of inability to complete duties that are the individual's responsibility, and this hardship occurs due to the accumulation of tasks in the family, which can cause discomfort. The aim of this study was to obtain valid evidence of Family Role Overload in Brazilian samples. Six hundred and forty Brazilian workers of both genders took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the Brazilian version remained single-factor and had six items. The multi-group analyses showed configural, metric, and scalar invariance between the groups divided in terms of gender and the existence or absence of children. The scale showed positive correlations with perceived family demands and family-work conflict and a negative correlation with perceived social support in the family. It was therefore concluded that the instrument had psychometric properties that recommend its use in future research.

RESUMEN. El ensayo aborda el problema contemporáneo de las fuentes de la obligación a la luz del desarrollo del derecho que ha hecho emerger las obligaciones de protección -subespecie de obligaciones en el sentido clásico-. En particular, el artículo 1173 del Código Civil italiano, al prever como fuentes de las obligaciones los hechos o actos capaces de producirlas de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, se abre a una tipicidad progresiva: el juez, aunque no pueda crear obligaciones atípicas en sentido estricto, puede reconocer otras nuevas aplicando principios y normas generales del ordenamiento jurídico. Desde esta perspectiva, la responsabilidad precontractual basada en la obligación de buena fe y otras disposiciones del código civil establecen un principio de protección de la confianza especialmente cuando se trata de actividades profesionales. De ahí una importante innovación que suma a los contratos y hechos ilícitos la confianza surgida de contactos sociales calificados, como fuentes de una responsabilidad que puede denominarse relacional.

ABSTRACT. The essay addresses the contemporary problem of the sources of obligation in light of the development of law that has given rise to obligations of protection-subspecie of obligations in the classical sense-. In particular, the article 1173 of the Italian Civil Code, by providing that sources of obligations can also be facts or acts capable of producing them in accordance with the legal system, opens itself to a progressive typicality: the judge, although he cannot create atypical obligations in the strict sense, can recognize new ones by applying general principles and rules of the legal system. From this perspective, pre-contractual liability based on the obligation of good faith and other provisions of the civil code establish a principle of protection of reliance, especially when it comes to professional activities. Hence an important innovation that adds to contracts and illicit acts the reliance arising from qualified social contacts, as sources of a liability that can be called relational.

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ABSTRACT University social responsibility is a set of actions that helps to promote the active participation of students in their university education, with ethical conduct to create a culture of social commitment based on values and academic quality. The main role of the university is to develop the functions of teaching, research and social responsibility; this allows creating a broader vision of the needs in the community, generating competent professionals and causing a positive impact (Palomino, Vázquez, Vicente, & Tomás, 2019). Objective: To identify the main authors of the subject from the systematic review of the literature, to point out the four axis that RSU has and the four university impacts. Materials and methods: This research is exploratory and documentary with a qualitative approach. The information sources used correspond to consultation pages, among which are: Google academic, and Lens.org. Likewise, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect information and the results obtained were delimited after adding search conditions such as the year interval from 2017 to 2023. Another limitation is that they were only review articles and in any language. Results: The results obtained were 10 definitions of prominent authors which haves an impact on the fact that the University social responsibility has 8 dimensions among which are: Responsible Campus, Citizen Education, Social Knowledge Management, and Mutual Learning Communities for Development, Organizational, Educational, Cognitive and social. The four axis of the RSU are the basis of the organizations to be able to fulfill the mission that each university community pursues. Within the responsible campus, care is taken to ensure that environmental and sustainable care is met and students are taught to participate in it. , responsible citizen and professional training, deontology, which is the duty of people, this helps the university community to do things ethically and with good morals inside and outside universities, knowledge management is a of the main tasks of higher education institutions, social work, the reason for being of various organizations, thanks to which they can disseminate their knowledge and contribute to the development of community and group culture, and finally the need for The society of inclusion and communication between people occur within communities of mutual learning for development. The organizational impacts, within the RSU, impact people, management and sustainability. The educational impacts are related to the training of students (their ethics, their way of interpreting the world and the social role that corresponds to them) and involves all university processes (curriculum, central administration and knowledge management policies). Cognitive impacts are the dissemination of knowledge and social impacts are the relationship within and on the university campus, the treatment and participation of students; Students in the different branches offered. When reviewing and reading the different existing articles, it was observed that there is little information regarding the RSU, focusing on a chronology of the different authors from 2014 to date. Within the articles reviewed, it can be defined that RSU trains, teaches, supports, promotes, guides and organizes; involving the student community, teachers, administrative and managerial staff. The RSU transmits responsible knowledge, ethical principles and helps to train responsible citizen professionals. Conclusion: After studying the literary review, it can be mentioned that all the axis of the RSU must have the participation of the students and all the people who make up the university community in order to have a responsible university, both internally and externally, according to the different concepts that are mentioned of University Social Responsibility; In other words, it is a way to help the professional and civic training of all students, since this is part of what social responsibility seeks. It is mentioned that university students must get involved in real problems within their professional and civic training, since this helps to create links between learning and social responsibility and thus be able to promote human development, both ethically and morally, as that participation in the different projects that the same institution carries out in its activities will grow.Ramírez (2020),Quezada and Rodríguez (2019),Arauco and Apaza (2022),Évora (2017), agree that RSU is reflected in the existence of four axis for the socially responsible management of universities, so that the students are aware that everything that is done within the institution will be reflected outside of it. Complying with Social Responsibility in higher education is a transformation resource that promotes compliance with transparent practices and ethical conduct for sustainable development, generating social well-being on the university campus for the comprehensive and ideal training of its students. Currently, globalization leads to constant changes in organizations and forces them to be able to identify their challenges for the new trends that their environment requires. Therefore, globalization, competition, technology, social responsibility, knowledge and intangible assets demand serious modifications in their structures and strategies from companies.Niebles Nuñez et al. (2018)the universities have the important mission of equitably distributing knowledge and social information. That is why universities must assume the position of University Social Responsibility and analyze whether effective or null knowledge is being provided. The current era is characterized by its constant change, in social demands, in the role of traditional actors, in the situation at the regional and international level, in development approaches (Uribe et al., 2020). Addressing the issue of RSU requires articulating the various parts of the institution in an equitable and sustainable social promotion project, for the production and transmission of responsible knowledge and the training of equally responsible citizen professionals (Mosquera Tayupanta and Alba Granados, 2021; Peña y otros, 2017). There is a proposal for university social responsibility that provides a space for participation in the activities carried out and that are adapted to the new acquisition modalities for students, in addition to the fact that university social responsibility seeks not only to work on the axis of transformation within of the institution, but is also aimed at the entire society that is involved (Pedró, 2019). The university must promote the participation of its students in cultural, social, sports and environmental activities.

Resumen La investigación reciente se enfocó en examinar las representaciones y estereotipos de género en publicaciones de variadas marcas en Facebook. Dado el impacto creciente de la comunicación publicitaria digital en la concepción colectiva, resulta crucial desentrañar la manera en que los estereotipos de género se delinean y refuerzan, y su influencia en la socialización en contextos altamente digitalizados. Para este propósito, se diseñó un esquema de análisis respaldado en 15 indicadores determinados, orientados a evaluar las construcciones de género en las publicaciones. El conjunto analizado englobó 316 publicaciones, otorgando especial relevancia a la dinámica entre estereotipos, categorías de productos, roles de género y elementos tanto simbólicos como contextuales. Los hallazgos denotaron marcadas discrepancias en la representación de género. Específicamente, se constató la consolidación de estereotipos convencionales, con especial énfasis en las figuras femeninas. Notablemente, en ámbitos como alimenticios, electrodomésticos y moda, estas representaciones se correlacionan intensamente con determinados rasgos físicos. A pesar de los vestigios de evolución en tales representaciones, que podrían aludir a mutaciones en los roles sociales actuales, la dominancia de estereotipos ancestrales es evidente. Estas construcciones repercuten significativamente en el imaginario colectivo, reforzando desigualdades de género. La investigación subraya la necesidad de reajustar el contenido digital, adjudicando a marcas y entidades online una responsabilidad fundamental en esta coyuntura, e insta a diversificar investigaciones, incluyendo diversas plataformas y conjuntos de datos más amplios.

Abstract This recent research focused on examining gender representations and stereotypes in publications by various brands on Facebook. Given the growing impact of digital advertising communication on collective perception, it is crucial to unravel how gender stereotypes are delineated and reinforced, and the reach of their influence on socialization in highly digitized contexts. For this purpose, an analysis framework supported by 15 determined indicators was designed to evaluate gender constructions in the publications. The analyzed set included 316 publications, with an emphasis on the dynamics between stereotypes, product categories, gender roles, and both symbolic and contextual elements. Findings suggested marked discrepancies in gender representation. Specifically, the consolidation of conventional stereotypes was confirmed, with a particular emphasis on female figures. Notably, in areas such as food, appliances, and fashion, these representations are intensely correlated with certain physical traits. Despite traces of evolution in such representations, which might hint at changes in current social roles, the dominance of ancestral stereotypes is evident. These constructions significantly impact the collective imagination, reinforcing gender inequalities. This research work highlights the need to adjust digital content, and bestows a fundamental responsibility on brands and online entities in this context. Also, it urges diversifying research to include various platforms and broader data sets.

Resumo Esta pesquisa recente concentrou-se em examinar as representações e os estereótipos de gênero em publicações de várias marcas no Facebook. Dado o crescente impacto da comunicação publicitária digital na percepção coletiva, é fundamental desvendar como os estereótipos de gênero são delineados e reforçados e qual é sua influência na socialização em contextos altamente digitalizados. Para isso, temos criado uma estrutura de análise apoiada por 15 indicadores determinados para avaliar as construções de gênero nas publicações. O conjunto analisado incluiu 316 publicações, dando especial relevância à dinâmica entre estereótipos, categorias de produtos, papéis de gênero e elementos simbólicos e contextuais. Os resultados indicaram discrepâncias marcantes na representação de gênero. Especificamente, temos confirmado a consolidação de estereótipos convencionais, com ênfase especial nas figuras femininas. Notadamente, em áreas como alimentos, eletrodomésticos e moda, essas representações estão intensamente correlacionadas a determinados traços físicos. Apesar dos traços de evolução em tais representações, que podem indicar mudanças nos papéis sociais atuais, o domínio dos estereótipos ancestrais é evidente. Essas construções afetam significativamente o imaginário coletivo, reforçando as desigualdades de gênero. A pesquisa destaca a necessidade de ajustar o conteúdo digital, atribuindo uma responsabilidade fundamental às marcas e às entidades on-line nesse contexto. Além do mais, ela recomenda a diversificação da pesquisa para incluir várias plataformas e conjuntos de dados mais amplos.

Resumen En el contexto global, las grandes empresas suelen realizar prácticas de mercadeo social a partir de criterios o puntos de referencia preestablecidos que permiten su buena imagen. Las exigencias de ese mismo contexto plantean retos para las mipymes, que deben incorporarlas y visibilizarlas en aras de lograr competitividad. Objetivo: Identificar las prácticas de carácter social en seis mipymes con y sin ánimo de lucro para determinar si estas se enmarcan en los criterios o puntos de referencia del mercadeo social. Metodología: Se situó en el paradigma sociocrítico con enfoque cualitativo, soportada en estudio de casos, documentados mediante revisión bibliográfica, grupo focal y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados principales: Se mostraron prácticas orientadas al desarrollo social, el cuidado del medio ambiente y el consumo responsable que se pueden situar dentro de las categorías preestablecidas. Se observó que las prácticas se llevan a cabo de manera intuitiva, que serían más aprovechables si las mipymes tuvieran un bagaje del mercadeo social y su valor para el fortalecimiento de la imagen empresarial y la obtención de beneficios dentro del mercado. Conclusiones: Relevante visibilizar las prácticas sociales y cualificar a las mipymes en temas relacionados con mercadeo social para la instrumentalización de sus programas desde la planeación empresarial.

Abstract In the global context, large companies perform social marketing practices based on pre-established criteria or reference points, enhancing their capabilities in the market. In this same sense, challenges arise for MSMES, which must incorporate them and make them visible to achieve competitiveness. Objective: To identify social practices in six for-profit and non-profit MSMES to determine if these fall within the criteria or reference points of social marketing. Methodology: Was situated in the socio-critical paradigm with a qualitative approach, supported by a cases studies, documented through a bibliographic review, a focus group, and semi-structured interviews. Key findings: Observe practices aimed at social development, environmental care, and responsible consumption that fall within the pre-established categories. Likewise, the practices are performed intuitively; these would be more useful if MSMES had a background in social marketing and its value for strengthening the business image and obtaining benefits within the market. Conclusions: Is relevant to make social practices visible and qualify MSMES in social marketing to enhance their programs from the business planning perspective.

Resumo No contexto global, as grandes empresas costumam realizar práticas de marketing social baseadas em critérios pré-estabelecidos ou pontos de referência que permitem uma boa imagem. As exigências deste mesmo contexto colocam desafios às MPMEs, que devem incorporá-las e torná-las visíveis para serem competitivas. Objetivo: Identificar práticas sociais em seis MPMEs com e sem fins lucrativos para determinar se estas se enquadram nos critérios ou pontos de referência do marketing social. Metodologia: Situou-se no paradigma sociocrítico com abordagem qualitativa, apoiada em estudos de caso documentados através de revisão bibliográfica, grupo focal e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Principais resultados: Observar práticas voltadas ao desenvolvimento social, ao cuidado ambiental e ao consumo responsável que podem ser enquadradas em categorias pré-estabelecidas. Observou-se que as práticas são realizadas de forma intuitiva e seriam úteis se as MPMEs tivessem experiência em marketing social e seu valor para o fortalecimento da imagem empresarial e obtenção de benefícios no mercado. Conclusões: É relevante visibilizar as práticas sociais e capacitar as MPMEs nas questões relacionadas ao marketing social para a instrumentalização de seus programas a partir do planejamento empresarial.

Resumen: El fenómeno influencer ha proliferado generando audiencias especializadas, las cuales incluyen a docentes que pueden ofrecer oportunidades educativas de modelado en sus seguidores. La relación seguidor- influencer se basa en la identificación y la imitación, con impactos más sensibles cuanto más jóvenes son las personas seguidoras. El estudio basado en una metodología mixta empleó un cuestionario a estudiantes de educación secundaria en España (N=407; de edad media de 12 años, DT=0.209) para analizar diferencias en la relación de seguimiento de las personas adolescentes que siguen a influenciadores en redes sociales. Además, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con un análisis textual, analítico y reflexivo a influencers de diversos ámbitos, con los que los mismos adolescentes manifestaron que tenían una relación de seguimiento, para conocer su percepción sobre la influencia educativa. Los resultados muestran que las personas menores son conscientes del rol comercial de dichas personas, sin embargo, los influencers no consideran su impacto educativo, que solo es percibido por los influencers docentes. Se concluye que es importante comprender y regular la influencia de estos referentes en los menores, reconociendo su papel educativo y su responsabilidad en el contenido que comparten en redes sociales.

Resumo: O fenômeno influencer proliferou, gerando audiências especializadas, que incluem docentes que podem oferecer oportunidades educativas de modelagem aos seus seguidores. A relação seguidor-influencer baseia-se na identificação e na imitação, sendo os impactos mais sensíveis quanto mais jovens são as pessoas seguidoras. O estudo baseado numa metodologia mista utilizou um questionário a estudantes de ensino médio na Espanha (N=407; idade média de 12 anos, DP=0,209) para analisar diferenças na relação de seguimento das pessoas adolescentes que seguem influenciadores nas redes sociais. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com análise textual, analítica e reflexiva com influencers de diversos âmbitos, com os quais os próprios adolescentes manifestaram ter uma relação de acompanhamento, para conhecer sua percepção de influência educativa. Os resultados mostram que as pessoas menores têm consciência do papel comercial dessas pessoas, porém, os influencers não consideram o seu impacto educativo, que só é percebido pelos influencers docentes. Conclui-se que é importante compreender e regular a influência destas referências nos menores, reconhecendo o seu papel educativo e a sua responsabilidade nos conteúdos que compartilham nas redes sociais.

Abstract: The influencer phenomenon has proliferated and created specific audiences, including teachers who can provide educational models for their followers. The follower-influencer relationship is based on identification and imitation, and its effects are more pronounced among younger followers. The study, based on a mixed methodology, consisted of the administration of a questionnaire to secondary school students in Spain (N=407; mean age 12 years, SD=0.209) in order to analyse the different follower relationships among teenage followers of influencers on social networks. Semi-structured interviews with textual, analytical and reflective analysis were also conducted with influencers from different fields that the adolescents themselves reported following, in order to learn about their perceptions of educational influence. The results show that minors are aware of the commercial role of such people; however, influencers do not consider their educational impact, which is only perceived by teacher influencers. It is concluded that it is important to understand and regulate the influence of these influencers on minors, recognising their educational role and their responsibility in the content they share on social networks.

Abstract: The main purpose of this research study is to examine statistically significant differences between the professional ethics of university professors from the perspective of University Social Responsibility (USR) in Chile. A self-report instrument is applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 61 university professors from Chile. Descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency and reliability coefficients are calculated. Statistically significant differences are examined according to characteristics of the university professors. The results show differences in means according to gender, age, professional training, and teaching experience of the university professor. It is concluded that university decision makers must promote instances that enhance the development of student-centered teaching and the values that constitute social responsibility by implementing strategies that promote the role of the university student outside university, which enhances the development of a competent and socially responsible professional.

Resumen: El principal propósito de esta investigación es examinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la ética profesional de profesores universitarios desde el enfoque de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria (RSU) en Chile. Se aplica un instrumento de autosuministración a una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 61 profesores universitarios de Chile. Se calculan estadísticos descriptivos, medidas de tendencia central y coeficientes de fiabilidad. Se examinan diferencias estadísticamente significativas según características de los profesores universitarios. Los resultados muestran diferencias de medias según género, edad, formación profesional y experiencia docente del profesor universitario. En conclusión, los tomadores de decisión deben promover en las universidades instancias que propicien el desarrollo de la docencia centrada en el estudiante y en los valores que constituyen la responsabilidad social, implementando estrategias que fomenten el rol del estudiante universitario afuera de la universidad, lo que prospecta el desarrollo de un profesional competente y socialmente responsable.

Abstract Purpose: Examine the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and corporate sustainability (SC), measured though Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) variables. Methodology: The study is explanatory in scope, and we used the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) methodology to analyze the results. Findings: The results show that some aspects of the board of directors such as size, committees and gender diversity significantly explain corporate sustainability, while CEO duality, independence, and tenure on the board do not. Practical implications: to offer a perspective for institutions to promote companies to advance in matters pertaining corporate governance and sustainability to guarantee long-term viability of organizations, society, and the environment. Value: The results contribute to academic knowledge about the relationship between CG and SC in Latin America by offering a better understanding of the topic and enabling new areas of research in the region. Most studies have focused on the relationship between ESG and performance, portfolio analysis, corporate disclosure, or asymmetric information. Unlike these studies, this work extends the field of research in CG by identifying the variables of the board of directors that are related to corporate sustainability. Limitations: One of the limitations of the study lies in possible selection, information, and reporting biases as the ESG metrics may not fully reflect corporate sustainability. It is essential to address this gap through better adaptation of the measures and deeper theoretical exploration to better understand corporate sustainability in Latin America.

Resumen Propósito: Examinar la relación entre gobierno corporativo y sostenibilidad, medida desde las variables ambientales, sociales y de gobierno. Metodología: El estudio es de alcance explicativo y utiliza la metodología de mínimos cuadrados generalizados factibles. Resultados: Aspectos de la junta directiva como el tamaño, los comités, la diversidad de género explican la sostenibilidad corporativa, mientras que la dualidad del CEO, la independencia, la permanencia no lo son. Implicaciones: Ofrecer una perspectiva para que las instituciones promuevan que las empresas avancen en materia de gobernanza corporativa y sostenibilidad, para garantizar la viabilidad a largo plazo de las organizaciones, la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Valor: La sostenibilidad es un tema prioritario en las agendas multilaterales, mas su relación con el gobierno corporativo en Latinoamérica aún no ha sido explorada. Esta investigación presenta evidencia de variables que impactan la sostenibilidad en la región. Los resultados contribuyen al conocimiento académico sobre la relación entre gobierno corporativo y sustentabilidad en Latinoamérica, al ofrecer una mejor comprensión del tema y posibilitar nuevas áreas de investigación en la región. Limitaciones: Una de las limitaciones del estudio radica en posibles sesgos de selección, información y reporte, dado que las métricas ambientales, sociales y de gobierno, pueden no reflejar completamente la realidad de la sostenibilidad corporativa. Por lo cual, es esencial abordar esta brecha mediante una mayor adaptación de las medidas y una profundización teórica para comprender mejor la sostenibilidad empresarial en Latinoamérica.

Resumen Este artículo presenta la sistematización del programa de líderes, un ejercicio democrático implementado desde 2017 en la Preparatoria IBERO Puebla, México. El programa, basado en la simulación de procesos electorales mexicanos, busca que los estudiantes experimenten la democracia como una vivencia formativa. El objetivo es fomentar actitudes democráticas a través de la responsabilidad electiva, el servicio y el diálogo, promoviendo el consenso y la mediación para el bien común. Utilizando la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa, el estudio involucra a toda la comunidad educativa en la construcción de su formación académica y personal. La implementación del programa ha presentado desafíos en la convivencia y el sentido comunitario, tanto en la resolución de problemas educativos cotidianos como en las relaciones interpersonales. Este ejercicio de ciudadanía, resultado de una evaluación crítica por parte de los actores educativos, ha permitido ampliar la perspectiva sobre cómo el diálogo y la reflexión en prácticas democráticas promueven la construcción social. El estudio contribuye a la creciente línea de investigación sobre estrategias pedagógicas que vinculan democracia y ciudadanía en la educación media superior.

Abstract Pedagogical strategies that link the topics of democracy and citizenship in upper secondary education represent a growing line of research (Mesa, 2019). This article contributes to the systematization of the “Leaders Program,” a democratic exercise,” a democratic exercise that has been carried out since 2017 at the IBERO Puebla High School, Mexico. The systematization was under the gaze of the Participatory Action Research methodology, where the dialogue and participation from all educational community members give meaning to their academic and personal development. The main objective is directed at the service students promotion of their democratic attitudes through elective responsibility, service, and dialogue to reach a consensus and mediate with a view toward the common good. The program is based on a line of action that emulates the processes of popular elections in Mexico, with the intention of experiencing democracy as a formative experience (Mir, 1998) . Its impact within the classroom has involved numerous challenges in community interactions and the sense of community in addressing solutions to everyday problems in education, as well as relationships within the community itself. This citizenship exercise the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizes the result of the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizing how dialogue and reflection on these democratic practices promote social construction.

Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Mexico observed from the perspective of consumer perception is a topic that is integrated into business strategies, however, its divergent results and its inconsistency in its measurements are due to the different scales used, however, in Mexico, the constant in the studies is the application of the Carroll scale, so the objective of this research is to analyze an instrument based on the adaptations of the Carroll scale applied in local self-service companies in the Northeast of the country. Therefore, using a sample of 287 consumers, a confirmatory factor analysis (AFC: AMOS-IBM) and the discriminant and informative evaluation of the items were carried out with the Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT: R studio), which is a novel contribution to the analysis of the scale, due to the methods used for the treatment of the information. The results show that the adaptation of the Carroll scale is inconsistent in Mexico's self-service sectors. Despite this, the central finding implies that the economic perspective does not impact the consumer in the Northeast of Mexico, unlike previous studies. Therefore, the scale can be reduced to three dimensions (environmental or sustainable, legal and social) in the self-service sector in Mexico.

Resumen La responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) en México, observada desde el enfoque de la percepción del consumidor, es un tópico que se integra a las estrategias de negocios; sin embargo, sus resultados divergentes y su inconsistencia en su medición se debe a las diferentes escalas utilizadas. En México, la constante en los estudios es la aplicación de la escala de Carroll, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar un instrumento basado en las adaptaciones de la escala de Carroll, aplicado en las empresas locales de autoservicios de la zona noreste del país. Por tanto, mediante una muestra de 287 consumidores se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC: AMOS-IBM) y la evaluación discriminante e informativa de los ítems con la Teoría Multidimensional de Respuesta al Ítem (MIRT: R Studio), lo cual es una aportación novedosa al análisis de la escala, por los métodos utilizados para el tratamiento de la información. Los resultados demuestran que la adaptación de la escala de Carroll no es consistente en el sector de autoservicios en México. A pesar de ello, el hallazgo central implica que la perspectiva económica no impacta en el consumidor de la zona noreste de México, a diferencia de estudios precedentes. De esta forma, la escala puede reducirse a tres dimensiones (ambiental o sustentable, legal y social) en el sector de autoservicios en México.