BACKGROUND: Treatment success rate is a critical indicator for monitoring the progress of tuberculosis (TB) treatment programmes at both the patient and population levels. It informs decisions about resource allocation and the effectiveness of TB control strategies. This study aimed to determine the level of TB cure rates and the factors associated with treatment success among TB patients receiving TB care in the Collins Chabane municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa. METHODS: Medical records from April 2020 to March 2021 of 289 patients attending primary health care facilities, initiated on anti-TB treatment were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data and modified Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with treatment success. Statistical software Epi Info was used for analysis. RESULTS: Of the 289 TB cases, 282 (97.6%) were newly initiated on TB treatment. Of these, 37.0% were cured, followed by 29.0% who defaulted treatment, 22.3% who completed the treatment and 11.7% who died during treatment. The likelihood of successful treatment outcomes was significantly associated with marital status, supervised treatment and distance travelled to a health facility. A higher likelihood of success was observed among patients who were single and 27.0% of those had supervised treatments CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis patients continue to die in the course of treatment. Supervised treatment is a predictor of successful treatment outcomes. CONTRIBUTIONS: This study highlight the need for heightened advocacy for supervised TB treatment and increased effort to combat the death of patients while on TB treatment.

ABSTRACT In precision agriculture, accurate delineation of management zones and understanding spatial variability of soil properties and crop yields are critical for optimizing resource allocation and improving productivity. Spatial variability of different environmental factors (soil and plants) is evident in several studies. Associations between the texture and chemical properties of the soil and cowpea yield have been tested, but a large, unexplained variance of ranges between kriged maps is usually reported. This suggests that a deeper exploration into the soil properties of these spatial interactions may help develop our understanding on how to reduce the number of soil property maps to delineate management zones and simplify interpretation. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether factorial kriging analysis can be used as an auxiliar variable to cokriging of soil properties and cowpea yield, and what is the potential of Spatial Fuzzy c-Means associated with factorial kriging analysis to delineate management zones. This study employed factor maps and spatial clustering to classify the cowpea field in management zones based on a multivariate and geostatistical analysis using soil texture and chemical properties. From Farmer, 66 soil samples were collected at a layer of 0.00-0.20 m, at points with a regular spacing of 12 m, at Agropecuária Milênio in the municipality of Tracuateua, Pará State, to make the technology applicable to the most common data available to farmers. It also used Spatial Fuzzy c-Means to generate estimated maps. Only the kriged maps of soil properties were inefficient in delineating management zones. Factor maps and Spatial Fuzzy c-Means were efficient in delineating the two management zones. Factorial kriging analysis can be used in cokriging to estimate soil properties and the cowpea field. The proposed method is a practical tool to delineate management zones, performing better and more efficiently compared with soil multiple property maps. The optimal number of management zones for cowpea cultivation was determined to be two. This encompasses soil management, yield considerations, and site-specific choices, all aimed at mitigating the impacts of precision agriculture on high productivity.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation services are crucial for addressing the growing burden of functioning problems related to chronic conditions in low and middle-income countries. These services, however, remain limited in South Africa and Zimbabwe's primary health care (PHC) settings. AIM: To identify recommendations for enhancing the accessibility and quality of rehabilitation services in PHC in South Africa and Zimbabwe from the perspectives of primary care providers (PCPs) and patients. SETTING: Ten PHC facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa and in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 PCPs and 40 patients. Thematic analysis of transcribed and translated data was done in ATLAS.ti version 22.2.4 RESULTS: Five key recommendations emerged: (1) provide rehabilitation services closer to home through facility-based services, outreach, home visits and telerehabilitation; (2) improve patient awareness of rehabilitation through patient education, community engagement and patients actively seeking information; (3) enhance PCPs' knowledge and basic skills in rehabilitation through training and guideline development; (4) improve communication among PHC stakeholders; and (5) advocate for rehabilitation inclusion in leadership, resource allocation and multi-disciplinary teams. CONCLUSION: Implementing the identified recommendations could significantly improve the accessibility and quality of rehabilitation services in PHC, aligning with global initiatives to scale up rehabilitation in health systems. Future research should focus on evaluating the implementation and impact of these recommendations. CONTRIBUTION: The study emphasises the inclusion of PCPs' and end-users' voices in providing practical, context-specific strategies for establishing or strengthening rehabilitation services in low-resource PHC settings.

RESUMO O semiárido é marcado por incertezas e variabilidade do volume hídrico disponível para usos múltiplos. O objetivo com o estudo foi construir um modelo de programação linear que proporcione a maximização da receita líquida do produtor e a otimização do uso dos recursos hídricos em aquífero aluvial no semiárido brasileiro, com vistas à sustentabilidade econômica e hídrica, estabelecendo um plano ótimo de exploração agropecuária. O modelo proposto utilizou coeficientes técnicos oriundos de dados primários obtidos nas diversas unidades de produção, bem como de dados secundários de trabalhos técnico-científicos realizados na região e considerou restrições. Foram realizadas simulações de três níveis de disponibilidade de água e de apenas dois ciclos anuais da produção de camarão, tendo em vista o volume explotado por ciclo e a contínua expansão da atividade na região. O modelo se mostrou eficiente na proposta de um plano ótimo de ocupação e na otimização dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, que, em sua condição potencial, tem na atividade da carcinicultura uma importância relevante sob a ótica da dimensão econômica. A análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo permitiu compreender a estabilidade da solução ótima frente às variações nos coeficientes técnicos. O recurso água apresentou folga igual a zero, indicando se tratar de um recurso limitante. A drástica redução na receita líquida face à redução na disponibilidade de água sinaliza para os riscos associados aos anos de escassez hídrica. A redução em um ciclo no cultivo do camarão em anos de escassez hídrica moderada é uma alternativa factível sob a ótica financeira. múltiplos brasileiro agropecuária técnicocientíficos técnico científicos restrições subterrâneos potencial zero limitante financeira

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region is marked by uncertainties and variability in the water volume available for multiple uses. The objective of the study was to construct a linear programming model that promotes maximization of the net income of the producer and optimization of the use of water resources in alluvial aquifer in the Brazilian semi-arid region, with a view to economic and water sustainability, establishing an optimal plan for agricultural exploitation. The proposed model used technical coefficients from primary data obtained in the various production units, as well as secondary data from technical-scientific studies conducted in the region, and considered constraints. Simulations were performed for three levels of water availability and two annual cycles of shrimp farming, considering the volume exploited per cycle and the continuous expansion of the activity in the region. The model proved to be efficient in the proposal of an optimal plan of occupation and optimization of groundwater resources, which, in its potential condition, has a relevant importance in the shrimp farming activity from the economic dimension perspective. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters allowed understanding the stability of the optimal solution in the face of variations in the technical coefficients. The water resource had slack equal to zero, indicating that it is a limiting resource. Drastic reduction in net income due to reduction in water availability points to risks associated with years of water scarcity. Reduction of one cycle in shrimp farming in years of moderate water scarcity is a feasible alternative from a financial perspective. semiarid semi arid uses sustainability exploitation units technicalscientific scientific constraints which condition perspective zero

RESUMEN El objetivo de este articulo es analizar las encrucijadas jurídicas respecto de la interpretación de la prescripción establecida en el literal d del articulo 83 del Decreto Ley 2811 de 1974, que establece la prohibición de adjudicación de tierras baldías al interior de las rondas hídricas. Desde hace 50 años en el ordenamiento se encuentra vigente la prohibición de apropiación de terrenos baldíos cuando estuvieren localizados dentro de las fajas de terreno conocidas como rondas hídricas, sin embargo, en las tierras rurales por la falta de una política de monitoreo y protección del recurso hídrico, esta figura ha tenido poca efectividad. Debido a la actualización de las políticas de gestión del recurso hídrico y el impulso de la reforma rural integral, ha adquirido notoriedad la reglamentación y aplicación de la referida norma: las autoridades ambientales y la autoridad de tierras han ampliado su estrategia de intervención para acotar dichas fajas. Sin embargo, resulta necesario revisar los fundamentos de la prohibición de adjudicación de baldíos en esta clase de zonas y superar las interpretaciones que han realizado algunas autoridades que obstaculizan el reconocimiento efectivo de derechos a campesinos que históricamente han habitado las riberas de ríos y lagos, y cuya participación en la gestión del territorial y adaptación al cambio climático puede ser una pieza clave en los procesos de reconciliación ambiental y social.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze legal crossroads regarding the interpretation of the prescription established in literal d of article 83 of Decree-Law 2811 of 1974which prohibits the allocation of vacant lands within water circuits. For 50 years, the prohibition of appropriation of vacant lands has been in force in the ordinance when they are located within the strips of land known as water rings; however, in rural lands, due to the lack of a monitoring and protection policy. of water resources, this figure has had little effectiveness. Due to the updating of water resource management policies and the promotion of comprehensive rural reform, the regulation and application of the standard has gained notoriety: the environmental authorities and the land authority have expanded their intervention strategies to limit these areas. However, it is necessary to review the foundations of the prohibition of allocating vacant land in such of areas and overcome the interpretations made by some authorities that hinder the effective recognition of rights to peasants who have historically inhabited the banks of rivers and lakes and whose Participation in territorial management and adaptation to climate change can be a key piece in environmental and social reconciliation processes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a encruzilhada jurídica sobre a interpretação da prescrição estabelecida no artigo 83, "d", do Decreto-Lei 2.811 de 1974, que proíbe a adjudicação de terras não cultivadas próximas das margens de rios. Há 50 anos, a proibição de apropriação de terras não cultivadas vigora no ordenamento jurídico quando localizadas dentro das faixas de terra conhecidas como "beiras/margens/ entorno hídrico", porém, em terras rurais, devido à falta de uma política de monitoramento e proteção dos recursos hídricos, essa figura tem tido pouca eficácia. Em virtude da atualização das políticas de gestão de recursos hídricos e da promoção da reforma rural integral, a regulamentação e a aplicação da referida norma ganharam notoriedade: as autoridades ambientais e a autoridade fundiária ampliaram sua estratégia de intervenção para delimitar essas faixas. No entanto, é necessário revisar a base da proibição da adjudicação de terras devolutas nesse tipo de zonas e superar as interpretações feitas por algumas autoridades que impedem o reconhecimento efetivo dos direitos dos camponeses que historicamente habitaram as margens de rios e lagos e cuja participação na gestão territorial e na adaptação às mudanças climáticas pode ser um elemento-chave nos processos de reconciliação ambiental e social.

Resumen En el campo de las finanzas se han realizado diversas aportaciones que estudian cómo los individuos toman decisiones de inversión, financiación, asignación de recursos y valoración de activos para el crecimiento de las organizaciones; sin embargo, se han generado dos enfoques que conciben el proceso de toma de decisiones desde varias perspectivas; por un lado, las finanzas clásicas señalan que los individuos están informados y se comportan de manera racional y maximizadora, mientras que, las finanzas conductuales explican el comportamiento del tomador de decisiones a partir de factores cognoscitivos y emocionales, señalando anomalías e ineficiencias en la información. El presente artículo reflexiona sobre las principales características de los enfoques en el proceso de toma de decisiones, que guíen un panorama del campo de conocimiento de las finanzas desde su visión tradicional hacia una más actual. La investigación es de enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo documental con método deductivo; como resultado se propone una postura complementaria entre los enfoques, considerando que la toma de decisiones es un proceso complejo que incluye el comportamiento del individuo y se aleja de la racionalidad, al ser influenciado consciente e inconscientemente por sentimientos, emociones, preferencias y limitaciones cognitivas en la comprensión de la información. JEL: D91; F65; G11; G40; G41

Abstract In the field of finance there have been several contributions that study how individuals make investment, financing, resource allocation and asset valuation decisions for the growth of organizations; however, two approaches have been generated that conceive the decision-making process from various perspectives; on the one hand, classical finance points out that individuals are informed and behave in a rational and maximizing way, while behavioral finance explains the behavior of the decision-maker based on cognitive and emotional factors, pointing out anomalies and inefficiencies in the information. This article reflects on the main characteristics of the approaches in the decision-making process, which guide an overview of the field of knowledge of finance from its traditional vision to a more current one. The research is of qualitative approach, descriptive documentary type with deductive method; as a result, a complementary position between the approaches is proposed, considering that decision making is a complex process that includes the individual's behavior and moves away from rationality, being influenced consciously and unconsciously by feelings, emotions, preferences and cognitive limitations in the understanding of information. JEL: D91; F65; G11; G40; G41

Resumo No campo das finanças, há várias contribuições que estudam como os indivíduos tomam decisões de investimento, financiamento, alocação de recursos e avaliação de ativos para o crescimento das organizações; no entanto, foram geradas duas abordagens que concebem o processo de tomada de decisão sob várias perspectivas; por um lado, as finanças clássicas apontam que os indivíduos são informados e se comportam de forma racional e maximizadora, enquanto as finanças comportamentais explicam o comportamento do tomador de decisão com base em fatores cognitivos e emocionais, apontando anomalias e ineficiências nas informações. Este artigo reflete sobre as principais características das abordagens do processo decisório, orientando uma visão geral do campo de conhecimento das finanças, desde sua visão tradicional até uma mais contemporânea. A pesquisa é de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo documental descritiva com método dedutivo; como resultado, propõe-se uma posição complementar entre as abordagens, considerando que a tomada de decisão é um processo complexo que inclui o comportamento do indivíduo e se afasta da racionalidade, sendo influenciada consciente e inconscientemente por sentimentos, emoções, preferências e limitações cognitivas na compreensão das informações. JEL: D91; F65; G11; G40; G41

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this scoping review was to explore whether clear guidelines for the practice of occupational therapists in psychiatric day hospitals exist, both locally and globally. METHODOLOGY: Searches were conducted in January 2024; 38 articles were screened and 22 were identified for data extraction. Articles were imported onto Covidence software. Data charting was done, and data were exported into a Microsoft Excel sheet, where content analysis was performed based on the review's objectives. Synthesis of the results was done through discussion and reported according to the PRISMA for Scoping Reviews guidelines. RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles were included but only 22 were relevant. Group therapy, individualised therapy, vocational and community workshops were identified as common modes of intervention in psychiatric day hospitals. Occupation-based activities are integral to intervention. However, there was no explicit definition regarding the role of occupational therapy and practice guidelines for psychiatric day hospitals. CONCLUSION: The general scope of occupational therapy remains the same for overnight hospitals, day hospitals and community-based centres. It is mainly occupation-centred, function-orientated, and patient-centred. However, there remains ambiguity on specific practice principles and guidelines that clearly define the role of occupational therapists in day hospitals. There is a need for occupational therapy practice guidelines specific for psychiatric day hospitals. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • The study provides valuable insights into the current knowledge and availability regarding the role and scope of practice for occupational therapy in the rapidly expanding psychiatric day hospital setting, emphasising areas for further development. • Tangible evidence was identified on therapeutic principles, practice approaches, program content, and guidance for resource allocation in psychiatric day hospitals, which can be translated into practical guidelines. • Ultimately, the results inform occupational therapy service delivery, solidify the profession's role in psychiatric care, and contribute towards National Health Insurance (NHI) policy development.

Resumo: Objetivos: Analisar a configuração, distribuição e equidade de recursos humanos de enfermagem na Província de Sichuan, China, fornecendo uma referência para o futuro desenvolvimento de cuidados de enfermagem na região. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise descritiva da situação atual de configuração de recursos humanos de enfermagem na Província de Sichuan em 2010, 2015 e 2020. Curva Lorenz, coeficiente Gini, índice de densidade de recursos de saúde e mapas de densidade da distribuição foram utilizados para avaliar as mudanças e equidade na configuração de recursos humanos de enfermagem. Resultados: A proporção enfermeiro-população foi 1,17, 2,09 e 3,42 em 2010, 2015 e 2020, respectivamente, com a equipe de enfermagem representando 24%, 49% e 35% do pessoal técnico de cuidados à saúde. A proporção enfermeiromédico foi 1:0,72, 1:1,05 e 1:1,22 nos três anos, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de alocação de recursos de enfermagem para a população permanente e área foram 0,24, 0,20 e 0,12 e 0,74, 0,72 e 0,72, respectivamente. O índice de densidade de recursos de enfermagem foi 0,50, 0,91 e 1,42, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo mostra que a equidade de recursos de enfermagem com base na população aumentou enquanto a equidade com base na região ainda apresentava disparidade, com um contínuo aumento na densidade de recursos humanos de enfermagem ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2020. Todavia, há necessidade de continuar aumentando o número de enfermeiros e melhorar a acessibilidade a cuidados de enfermagem.

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the configuration, distribution, and equity of nursing human resources in Sichuan Province, China, providing a reference for the future development of nursing care in the region. A descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the configuration of nursing human resources in 2010, 2015, and 2020. The Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, health resource density index, and distribution density maps were used as resources and methodology to evaluate the changes and equity in the configuration of nursing human resources. The result of this research determined that the nurse-to-population ratio was 1.17, 2.09, and 3.42 in 2010, 2015, and 2020, and nursing staff accounted for 24%, 49%, and 35% of technical health personnel. The nurse-to-physician ratio was 1:0.72, 1:1.05, and 1:1.22 in the three years. The Gini coefficients of nursing resource allocation for permanent population and area were 0.24, 0.20, and 0.12 and 0.74, 0.72, and 0.72, respectively. The nursing resource density index was 0.50, 0.91, and 1.42, respectively. In conclusion, the study shows that the equity of nursing resources based on population increased, while the equity based on region still showed disparity, with a sustained increase in nursing human resource density from 2010 to 2020. However, it is necessary to continue increasing the number of nurses and improving the geographical accessibility of nursing care.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la configuración, distribución y equidad de los recursos humanos de enfermería en la provincia de Sichuan, China, proporcionando una referencia para el desarrollo futuro de la atención de enfermería en la región. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo para detallar la configuración de los recursos humanos de enfermería durante 2010, 2015 y 2020. Para evaluar los cambios y la equidad en la configuración de los recursos humanos de enfermería se utilizó como recurso metodológico la curva de Lorenz, el coeficiente de Gini, el índice de densidad de recursos de salud y los mapas de densidad de distribución. El resultado de esta investigación determinó que la relación enfermera-población fue de 1,17, 2,09 y 3,42 en 2010, 2015 y 2020, y el personal de enfermería representó el 24%, 49% y 35% del personal técnico de salud. La relación enfermera-médico fue de 1:0,72, 1:1,05 y 1:1,22 en los tres años. Los coeficientes de Gini de asignación de recursos de enfermería para población permanente y área fueron 0,24, 0,20 y 0,12 y 0,74, 0,72 y 0,72, respectivamente. El índice de densidad de recursos de enfermería fue 0,50, 0,91 y 1,42, respectivamente. En conclusión, el estudio muestra que la equidad de los recursos de enfermería en función de la población aumentó, mientras que la equidad en función de la región mostró disparidad, con un aumento sostenido en la densidad de recursos humanos de enfermería desde 2010 a 2020. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir aumentando el número de enfermeras y mejorando la accesibilidad geográfica de la atención de enfermería.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of water availability has been essential to assist in the rational use of water resources and promote the expansion of irrigated agriculture. This study conducts a hydroclimatic analysis of water resources to assess the availability and water demand for irrigation. Remote sensing products were used in the model, including time series of evapotranspiration, precipitation, and field data, which include time series of river flow. Considering 70% of the Q95 flow under the adopted scenario, 40% of the irrigated area had its water demand met. Due to the decrease in rainfall and water resources, the limits of water resource allocation in the study region may be reached much more frequently than planned. The combination of increasing water demand for irrigation and maintaining low flows can have critical consequences for the water management of the region in the coming years. The methods used have proven to be effective, providing valuable information for decision-making, and are essential for water resource planning and management

RESUMEN El conocimiento de la disponibilidad hídrica ha sido esencial para ayudar en el uso racional de los recursos hídricos y fomentar la expansión de la agricultura irrigada. Este estudio realiza un análisis hidroclimático de los recursos hídricos, con el objetivo de analizar la disponibilidad y la demanda de agua para el riego. En el modelo se utilizaron productos de teledetección, que incluyen series temporales de evapotranspiración, precipitación y datos de campo, que contienen series temporales de caudal de los ríos. Considerando el 70% del caudal Q95 según el escenario adoptado, se logró satisfacer el 40% del área irrigada con la demanda de agua satisfecha. Debido a la disminución de las lluvias y los recursos hídricos, los límites de concesión de los recursos hídricos en la región de estudio pueden ser alcanzados con una frecuencia mucho mayor de lo planeado. La combinación del aumento de la demanda de agua para el riego y el mantenimiento de caudales bajos puede traer consecuencias críticas para la gestión hídrica de la región en los próximos años. Los métodos utilizados se mostraron efectivos, proporcionando información valiosa para la toma de decisiones y siendo fundamentales para la planificación y gestión de recursos hídricos.

SIGNIFICANCE: A census provides a snapshot of a population at a point in time. In addition to describing the basic demographic and socio-economic characteristics of a population, census data provide denominators for estimating rates; inform resource allocation and policy, development and infrastructural investment; and are used to define sampling frames for other national inquiries. Although the 2022 South African census attempted to correct for a national undercount of over 30%, it was not entirely successful. We identify a number of concerns with the estimates released, which suggest that the data may not be fit for purpose.

BACKGROUND. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed in a timely manner. Brain computed tomography (CT) is the diagnostic gold standard but is of limited availability in most South African public hospitals, resulting in transfer of TBI patients to tertiary hospitals. OBJECTIVE. To describe the referral patterns and outcomes of patients with TBI referred to Groote Schuur Hospital Trauma Centre. METHODS. This was a retrospective audit of all patients admitted to the Trauma Centre who had a brain CT scan for suspected TBI between 1 February 2022 and 31 March 2022. Demographic data (age, sex), mechanism of injury and Glasgow Coma Score were recorded. Referral pathways were determined, and final disposition of patients was recorded. RESULTS. A total of 522 patients had a brain CT for TBI. Of these, 314 (60.1%) were referred from other hospitals. CT scan was abnormal in 178 (34.1%) patients. Three hundred and two (58.6%) were discharged home within 24 hours. The mean time between referral and CT scan was 13 hours. CONCLUSION. More than half of patients referred for a CT scan were discharged from the Trauma Centre within 24 hours of admission, which indicates. additional costs and inefficiencies in the health system. These data are useful to guide resource planning and allocation for district hospitals, since less expensive point-of-care modalities now exist to diagnose TBI, and which are useful in indicating the prognosis of patients.

RESUMEN Introducción. En el Perú, las leyes de presupuesto público definen el nivel y la distribución inicial del presupuesto para la salud. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución del nivel y distribución inicial del presupuesto para la salud en el Perú en el periodo 2019-2024. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo. Se analizó el presupuesto de la función Salud, por categorías presupuestarias, programas presupuestales, niveles de gobierno y departamentos del periodo 2019-2024, según datos del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. Resultados. Entre 2019 y 2024, el presupuesto para la función Salud aumentó en 35%; mientras que su participación en el presupuesto del gobierno general aumentó de 10,8% a 12,2%, respectivamente. Asimismo, disminuyó la participación de programas presupuestales y aumentó la participación de gobiernos regionales. Entre 2019 y 2024, los programas presupuestales relacionados a salud mental, cáncer y atención de emergencias y urgencias médicas tuvieron un aumento progresivo e importante en su presupuesto; en contraste, los programas presupuestales relacionados a enfermedades no transmisibles, metaxénicas y zoonosis y tuberculosis-VIH/SIDA tuvieron un presupuesto menor al del 2019. Asimismo, el 50% del presupuesto de la función Salud se concentró en 2 o 3 departamentos, principalmente en Lima. Conclusiones. Hubo un aumento general del presupuesto para salud, aunque su evolución fue irregular. Dicho aumento favoreció a las acciones no vinculadas a resultados, así como a los gobiernos regionales. Algunos programas presupuestales tuvieron una pérdida efectiva de recursos. Pocos departamentos concentraron gran parte del presupuesto.

ABSTRACT Introduction. In Peru, public budget laws define the level and initial distribution of the health budget. Objective. To analyze the evolution of the level and initial distribution of the health budget in Peru in the period 2019-2024. Methods. Descriptive study. The budget of the Health function was analyzed by budget categories, budget programs, levels of government and departments, from 2019 to 2024, according to data from the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Results. Between 2019 and 2024, the budget for the Health function increased by 35%; while its share in the budget of the General Government increased from 10.8% to 12.2%, respectively. Also, the participation of budgetary programs in the budget decreased; while participation of Regional Governments increased. Between 2019 and 2024, budget programs related to mental health, cancer and emergency and emergency medical care saw a progressive and significant increase in their budget; in contrast, budget programs related to non-communicable diseases, metaxians and zoonoses and tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS had a lower budget than in 2019. Also, 50% of the budget of the Health function was concentrated in 2 or 3 departments, mainly in Lima. Conclusions. There was a general increase in the health budget, although its evolution was irregular. This increase favored actions not linked to results, as well as regional governments. Some budget programs actually lost resources. Few departments concentrated much of the budget.

RESUMEN Introducción. La escasez de investigación en la formación en Administración y Gestión en Salud (AyGS), junto con la necesidad de fortalecer los programas de residencia, fundamentó este estudio. Objetivo. Describir la oferta de vacantes y los planes curriculares del residentado en AyGS en Perú. Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisó el número de plazas ofertadas y adjudicadas entre 2013 y 2022 en la web del Consejo Nacional de Residentado Médico (CONAREME). Además, se analizaron los planes curriculares actualizados al 2022, identificando los logros mínimos por año académico y comparándolos con los estándares aprobados por CONAREME. Resultados. Entre 2013 y 2022, se identificaron nueve universidades que ofrecieron el programa de residentado en AyGS, seis de ellas ubicadas en Lima. La adjudicación de plazas libres mostró una tendencia mayor, alcanzando el 100% en cuatro de los diez años analizados, mientras que el porcentaje máximo de adjudicación para plazas cautivas fue de 78%. En cuanto a los planes curriculares, seis de los ocho disponibles en 2022 incluían información sobre logros mínimos, y describieron los cursos que deben llevar los residentes. Conclusión. No se observaron cambios en el número total de vacantes ofertadas para el programa en AyGS. Tres universidades en Lima concentran más del 50% de la oferta del programa. Los planes curriculares muestran similitudes entre las universidades que lo ofrecen.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The lack of research in Health Administration and Management (AyGS) training, along with the need to improve residency programs, motivated this study. Objective. We described the availability of offered positions and curriculum plans for AyGS residency programs in Peru. Methods. Descriptive observational study. We reviewed the number of positions offered and awarded between 2013 and 2022 on the National Medical Residency Council (CONAREME) website. Additionally, we analyzed curriculum plans updated to 2022, identifying minimum achievements per academic year and comparing them with CONAREME standards. Results. Between 2013 and 2022, nine universities offered the AyGS residency program, with six located in Lima. The allocation of open vacancies showed a higher trend, reaching 100% in four of the ten years analyzed, while the highest allocation percentage for captive positions was 78%. Regarding the curriculum plans, six of the eight available in 2022 provided information on minimum achievements and described the courses that residents must take. Conclusion. There were no changes in the total number of positions offered for the AyGS program. Three universities in Lima concentrate more than 50% of the program offerings. The curriculum plans show similarities across the universities offering the program.

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

The structure of climate finance flows from donors (multilateral sources) to recipients (sub-Saharan African countries) was studied. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive network structure of the climate finance flows into Africa, based on the global public climate finance governance system. Network theory and decision tree techniques were employed. The results obtained generally fit the multilateral funding units (MFUs) into two categories: central funding units (CFUs), which simultaneously attend to the climate-related projects of many African countries, and the boundary funding units (BFUs), which cater to only a few countries at once. An isolated region with no BFUs was identified. African countries within this group could be more exposed to climate financial risk as they rely on only the CFUs. In general, with the exception of mitigation REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) climate finance, a disproportionate distribution of climate themes, with particular reference to adaptation finance, was observed across sub-Saharan Africa. This has real implications for equitable resource allocation of climate funds. The need for African-bred region-wide MFUs is recommended. SIGNIFICANCE: Insights from this analysis expose the presence of contagion effects within the sub-Saharan African climate finance network structure and, consequently, the flow of climate finance-related risks. This knowledge is critical for future planning as it can provide African governments and interested stakeholders with informed evidence upon which they can make reliable and justifiable decisions, such as shaping of sectoral strategies and improving of climate finance flow coordination.