ABSTRACT Traditional agroecosystems (TA) are considered more resilient to climatic extremes due to higher crop diversity and agroecological approach. The TA of Tének were studied to evaluate their drought tolerance. Open-ended questionnaire surveys, field visits, and botanical collections, with the participation of local farmers, were considered. Cultivated plant diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), and the Morisita-Horn index (CMH) in ten different agroecosystems in April and August. Remote sensing methods included the triangular greenness index (TGI). Additionally, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) were determined, covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The cultivated plant richness (P > 0.5382) and their abundance (P > 0.3622) did not change from April to August considering the total analyzed parcels. However, differences between types of agroecosystems were observed because higher diversity corresponded to managed jungle (teʼlom) (Hʼ = 1.5-1.7), and some parcels cultivated with maize (milpa) (Hʼ = 1.02-1.54). Nevertheless, in August, lower similarity was observed in milpa (CMH = 0.23-0.87) due to the absence of maize (Zea mays L.) and other herbaceous annual crops. Landscape interconnection can be affirmed with TGI correlations obtained by comparison of different TA. The negative SPI values were associated with a decrease of NDVI, but Tének polyculture agroecosystems maintained higher NDVI values compared to rainfed monocropping during the analyzed period. Tének polyculture agroecosystems exhibited higher drought tolerance, although maize and other herbaceous plants are susceptible to disappearing during prolonged drought events, thereby increasing food insecurity.

Abstract This paper aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the CCWorldWeatherGen tool, focusing on climate change in São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed data from the test reference year weather file (1954) and the CCWorldWeatherGen file for the 2020 period (representing the 2011-2040 period) were compared with observational data collected between 2011 and 2023 by the Meteorological Station of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of São Paulo. The accuracy of variables predicted using weather files was evaluated using five statistical measures of error. Annual relative root mean square error (RRMSE) values for dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed in the morphed weather file were 17.04% (good), 17.95% (good), 31.57% (poor), and 224.44% (poor), respectively. It is concluded that CCWorldWeatherGen is suitable for generating future weather files with complete information, mainly for its practicality. However, this approach requires caution, as sequences depend on the consistency of the weather file used as a basis. tool State Brazil drybulb dry bulb temperature humidity radiation 1954 (1954 202 representing 20112040 2040 2011-204 201 Astronomy Geophysics RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17.04 good, good , (good) 1795 95 17.95 3157 31 57 31.57 poor, poor (poor) 22444 224 44 224.44 respectively information practicality However caution basis 195 (195 20 2011204 204 2011-20 170 1 0 17.0 (good 179 9 17.9 315 3 5 31.5 (poor 2244 22 4 224.4 19 (19 2 201120 2011-2 17. 31. 224. (1 20112 2011- (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a eficácia da ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen, considerando as mudanças climáticas na cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto, as variáveis temperatura do ar (bulbo seco), umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar global, e velocidade do vento do arquivo climático de referência, de 1954, e do arquivo climático gerado pelo CCWorldWeatherGen para 2020 (representa 2011 a 2040), foram comparadas com observações da Estação Meteorológica do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São Paulo, obtidas entre 2011 e 2023. A acurácia das variáveis dos arquivos climáticos foi avaliada por meio de cinco indicadores de erro. Os resultados da raiz do erro quadrático médio relativo (RRMSE) anual para a temperatura de bulbo seco do ar, umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar horizontal global, e velocidade do vento foram 17,04% (bom), 17,95% (bom), 31,57% (ruim) e 224,44% (ruim), respectivamente. A ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen é adequada, especialmente por sua praticidade, para gerar futuros arquivos climáticos com informações completas. Mas seu uso demanda cautela porque as progressões dependem da consistência dos dados do arquivo climático utilizado como base. Paulo tanto seco, , seco) global referência 1954 202 representa 201 2040, 2040 2040) Astronomia 2023 RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17,04 bom, bom (bom) 1795 95 17,95 3157 31 57 31,57 ruim (ruim 22444 224 44 224,44 ruim, respectivamente adequada praticidade completas base 195 20 204 170 1 0 17,0 (bom 179 9 17,9 315 3 5 31,5 2244 22 4 224,4 19 2 17, 31, 224,

ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.

Abstract Introduction: Acoustic communication is essential in anuran communities, particularly for reproduction. However, the acoustic space is limited, and bioacoustic interferences, such as competition for mating and resources, impact the effectiveness of communication. The tropical dry forest in Colombia hosts resilient anuran species that have endured significant reduction, fragmentation, and transformation over the past decades. The scarce research on this topic underscores the importance of acoustically characterizing anuran assemblages to understand species coexistence, monitor changes in the community, and evaluate the impact of both invasive species and human activity on the ecosystem. Objective: To acoustically characterize an anuran assemblage in the Cauca River Valley. Methods: From September to November 2022 (rainy season), acoustic recordings were obtained using passive and active acoustic sensors from an anuran community in the geographical Cauca River Valley, on the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Anuran advertisement calls were analyzed in three dimensions: spectral parameters, temporal patterns, and acoustic activity. Results: Five anuran species were recorded, exhibiting high overlap in activity but significant structural differences in their calls. The species were predominantly nocturnal, except for one from the dendrobatid family. Conclusions: Each species presents a distinct acoustic niche, avoiding overlap in acoustic signals. These findings establish a baseline for assessing future changes in the assemblage.

Resumen Introducción: La comunicación acústica es esencial en las comunidades de anuros, especialmente para la reproducción. No obstante, el espacio acústico es limitado y las interferencias bioacústicas, como la competencia por apareamiento y recursos, afectan la eficacia de la comunicación. El bosque seco tropical en Colombia alberga especies de anuros que han sido resilientes a la gran reducción, fragmentación y transformación de este en las últimas décadas. La investigación escasa en este tema subraya la importancia de la caracterización acústica de los ensamblajes de anuros, para comprender la coexistencia de especies, monitorear cambios en la comunidad y evaluar el impacto tanto de especies invasoras como de la actividad humana en el ecosistema. Objetivo: Caracterizar acústicamente un ensamblaje de anuros del valle del río Cauca. Métodos: De septiembre a noviembre de 2022 (temporada lluviosa), se tomaron registros acústicos con sensores acústicos pasivos y activos de una comunidad de anuros del valle geográfico del río Cauca, en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central de Colombia. Se analizaron los cantos de anuncio en tres dimensiones: parámetros espectrales, temporales y patrones de actividad acústica. Resultados: Se registraron cinco especies de anuros, sus cantos presentaron un alto solapamiento en actividad, pero grandes diferencias estructurales, las especies tuvieron actividad nocturna a excepción de una de la familia Dendrobatidae. Conclusiones: Cada especie presenta un nicho acústico particular que evita el traslape en las señales acústicas, y estos resultados proporcionan una línea base para evaluar futuros cambios en el ensamblaje.

Collaboration between different disciplines, sectors and society is essential to tackle contemporary sustainability problems. This paper integrates learnings and reflections from a series of workshops and interviews conducted in the Berg-Breede landscape that explored the challenges and enablers to long-term, researcher-practitioner partnerships. We found several, often entrenched and systemic, challenges to working collectively and equitably within complex landscape spaces. From conversations on solutions to these hurdles, we distilled out four key enablers of enduring collaboration, drawing on critical moments of learning and understanding and thinking about how the benefits and values of collaboration can be leveraged and amplified. Our work illuminates how supporting enduring collaborations can help bridge the research-implementation gap to facilitate more equitable and resilient multi-functional landscapes. SIGNIFICANCE: While sustainable and equitable management of landscapes can be improved through intentional efforts to build collaborative partnerships between researchers and practitioners, the longevity and endurance of these partnerships rely on several features, including shifts in the way researchers design and undertake their research, in the values and benefits that collaboration can deliver, and in how research findings are articulated and shared. Third spaces can play an important role in achieving these shifts and enhancing collaboration.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales en Mesoamérica son adaptaciones ancestrales a los diversos y complejos ambientes. La tezcalera representa uno de ellos. Preguntas: ¿En qué contexto ambiental se desarrolla la tezcalera? ¿Cuáles son las prácticas de manejo que se llevan a cabo en la tezcalera?¿Cómo afectan a la riqueza, composición y abundancia de las arvenses? ¿Cómo influyen en la resiliencia del sistema agrícola, de los bosques tropicales secos y al mantenimiento de los recursos para la subsitencia? Especies de estudio: Arvenses en tezcaleras con diferente manejo. Sitio y años de estudio: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021 Métodos: Entrevistas sobre prácticas de manejo de la tezcalera. Registro de la riqueza, composición y abundancia de malezas en parcelas con diferente historia de manejo. Resultados: Las tezcaleras se originan de la roza-tumba-quema y siguen diferentes rutas: el tlacolol-milsol-regeneración o potrero, y recientemente, cultivo de Agave. Registramos 161 morfoespecies y 45 familias botánicas; 95 % nativas de la selva baja caducifolia. Veinticinco son endémicas de la región del Balsas y 34 están en alguna categoría de riesgo. La riqueza y abundancia de las arvenses varió entre tezcaleras. La composición florística fue similar; 65 % tuvieron valor tangible o intangible. Conclusiones: La tezcalera es una unidad biocultural y un agroecosistema resiliente. Las prácticas tradicionales favorecen la riqueza y composición de las especies nativas. Los herbicidas y la introducción del cultivo de Agave desplazan a los cultivos tradicionales, poniendo en riesgo la agrobiodiversidad local.

Abstract Background: Traditional agricultural systems in Mesoamerica are adaptations of ancient farmers to the complex and varied environments. Tezcalera represents one of them. Questions: How is the environmental context under which the tezcalera develop? Which management practices are followed in tezcalera? How do these management practices affect weeds' richness, composition, and abundance? How do these management practices contribute to the resilience of the agricultural system, the tropical dry forests, and to the maintenance of subsistence resources? Studied species: Weeds growing in tezcaleras with different management. Study site and dates: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021. Methods: Twenty-four collaborators were interviewed about the environmental, technological, and cultural aspects of tezcalera. We recorded weeds' richness, composition, and abundance in seven plots with different management histories. Results: Tezcaleras originate from the slash-burn process and follow different paths: tlacolol-milsol-shallow plot, potrero, and recently, Agave crop. We recorded 161 morphospecies from 45 botanical families; 95 % were native to tropical dry forests. Twenty-five species are endemic to the Balsas region, and thirty-four are at risk. Richness and abundance varied between tezcaleras, where tlacolol plots exhibited the highest values. Plant composition was similar; 65 % had intangible or tangible values. Conclusions: Tezcalera is a biocultural unit and a resilient agroecosystem. Traditional practices remain and positively impact the richness and composition of native weeds. The uncontrolled use of herbicides and the introduction of Agave crop are displacing traditional crops and modifying traditional practices, risking local agrobiodiversity.

Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Resumen: En la actualidad, existen materiales provenientes de la industria, que bajo ciertas condiciones físicas pueden aportar al mejoramiento de las propiedades de mecánicas de un suelo. Materiales como el polvo de ladrillo (BD) y las cenizas de carbón (FA) tienen contenidos altos de SiO2 y Al3O2, que denotan actividad puzolánica. Además, se ha comprobado que dichos materiales pueden activarse al combinarse con cal. Esto genera procesos internos de cementación cuando el tamaño de grano es de 75 micras. Las vías rurales en Colombia presentan uno de los porcentajes más altos de toda la red vial y solo un 7% aproximadamente se encuentra en buen estado. Las difíciles condiciones de acceso, la susceptibilidad de los suelos, la imposibilidad financiera de intervenir toda esta red y la necesidad de implementar procesos de economía circular hace que estos materiales sean atractivos en temas de estabilización para mejorar las condiciones de tránsito. El BD y FA fueron aplicadas en dosificaciones del 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% y 24% en suelos finogranulares (limo y arcilla) y suelos arenosos, se evaluó la compactación y se realizó un diseño experimental factorial para evaluar la influencia del material en la variable resistencia a la compresión inconfinada, por medio de un análisis ANOVA. Para evaluar el desempeño del BD y las FA, se realizó una pista de prueba sobre una vía de bajo volumen de tráfico en el norte de Colombia, la cual tenía un suelo arenoso. BD y FA fueron adicionados al 12% y activados con cal, en celdas de 30 m de longitud. Para establecer un patrón comparativo se hicieron otras celdas en las mismas condiciones geométricas con materiales que usualmente se usan en este tipo de aplicaciones como el cemento. Estas celdas fueron evaluadas en periodo de 16 meses. Características como el módulo resiliente, El índice de internacional de rugosidad IRI y el coeficiente de resistencia al deslizamiento fueron medidos en ese período. Los resultados indican que cuando se adicionan estos materiales en suelos finogranulares (limos y arcillas), la resistencia a la compresión inconfinada aumenta un 150% respecto al suelo sin estabilizar, mientras que para suelos arenosos la resistencia aumenta desde un 70% hasta un 125%. Durante el período de evaluación, el BD y las FA lograron presentar aumentos por encima del 50% en el módulo resiliente respecto al suelo sin estabilizar. Sin embargo, las FA presentaron resultados comparables respecto al tramo estabilizado con cemento. Adicionalmente, sin bien, los tramos se fueron deteriorando en el tiempo, mantuvieron su indicen de rugosidad dentro de los rangos admisibles indicativos de buen índice de serviciabilidad.

Abstract: Currently, there are materials from industry that, under certain physical conditions, can contribute to the improvement of soils mechanical properties. Materials such as brick dust (BD) and fly ash (FA) have high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, which denote pozzolanic activity. In addition, it has been shown that these materials can be activated when combined with lime. This generates internal cementation processes when the particle size is 0.075 mm. Rural roads in Colombia have one of the highest percentages of the entire road infrastructure, and only about 7% are in good condition. Difficult access conditions, soil susceptibility, the financial impossibility of intervening in this entire network and the need to implement circular economy processes, make these materials attractive in terms of stabilization to improve traffic conditions. BD and FA were applied in dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 24% in finogranular soils (silt and clay) and sandy soils, compaction was evaluated, and a factorial experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the material on the variable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through an ANOVA analysis. To evaluate the performance of BD and FA, a test track was made on a low traffic volume road in northern Colombia, which had a sandy soil. BD and FA were added at 12% and activated with lime, in 30 m long cells. To establish a comparative pattern, other cells were made in the same geometric conditions with materials that are usually used in this type of application, such as cement. These cells were evaluated over a period of 16 months. Characteristics such as resilient modulus, international roughness index (IRI) and slip resistance coefficient were measured during this period. The results indicate that when these materials are added to finogranular soils (silts and clays), the UCS increases by 150% with respect to the unstabilized soil, while for sandy soils the strength increases from 70% to 125%. During the evaluation period, the BD and the FA were able to increases of over 50% in the resilient modulus with respect to the unstabilized soil. However, the FA showed comparable results with respect to the cement-stabilized cell. In addition, although the sections deteriorated over time, they maintained their roughness index within the admissible ranges indicative of a good serviceability index.

The increased frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change is a growing concern for road authorities, consultants, contractors and end users. Climate change adaptation is not yet incorporated into South Africa's transport design and planning. Current design methods for asphalt pavements include recently introduced performance-graded (PG) specifications for bitumen. Although the need exists to use future-projected temperature maps in the road industry, the hindrance to this adoption has been extracting the appropriate rising air temperatures from climate model projections. This study focuses on the integration of bias-adjusted historical and projected climate model temperature outputs between 1980 and 2060 to estimate changes in pavement temperatures throughout South Africa to inform a strategy for adaptive material selection. Differences in bitumen selection are observed for the PG 58 and PG 52 maximum temperature grade, and an introduction of PG 70 regions, as derived from climate model data in comparison with the SATS 3208 technical standard. The general trend is a gradual increase in maximum pavement design temperatures, mostly affecting the country's northern and central regions and corresponding road networks. This paper concludes that adjustments are required regarding climate projections for use in bituminous binder selection based on the current specification.

Abstract (Introduction) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a forest species of great importance for its ecosystem services and commercialization. Currently, it has been documented that climate change is affecting populations in the north of the continent; Nevertheless, how these changes will affect the distribution of the species in the future has not been assessed. (Objective) The objective of this work was to model the environmental suitability and potential distribution of P. menziesii in 3 time periods (2040, 2060 and 2080). (Methodology) Environmental suitability and potential distribution were estimated based on records and bioclimatic variables with the help of MaxEnt; transfers were made to 2 scenarios of carbon emissions in 3 time periods; finally, the loss of extension and decrease of environmental suitability were evaluated as a percentage. (Results) P. menziesii has a current potential distribution of 164 110 km2, the areas with the highest environmental suitability (> 0.5) were located in the north of the country, specifically in the states of north. However, under the climate change scenarios, these zones suffered a greater decrease in their environmental suitability of > 50 %, and their extension was reduced between 50.7 % and 92.6 %, in contrast, the most resilient populations to climate change were those in the south. (Conclusions) Pseudotsuga menziesii is favored by low temperatures, due to this, a drastic reduction in its potential distribution is expected, coupled with this, environmental suitability will drop to more than 50 % in the northern regions of the country. With a drastic loss of area, the prevalence of the species could be at a point of decline.

Resumen (Introducción) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco es una especie forestal de gran importancia por sus servicios ecosistémicos y su comercialización. Actualmente, se ha documentado que el cambio climático está afectando las poblaciones del norte del continente; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado cómo afectaría esto a la distribución de la especie en el futuro. (Objetivo) El objetivo de este trabajo fue modelar la idoneidad ambiental y la distribución potencial de P. menziesii en 3 periodos (2040, 2060 y 2080). (Metodología) Se estimó la idoneidad y distribución potencial, con base en registros y variables bioclimáticas, con ayuda de MaxEnt; se realizaron transferencias a 2 escenarios de emisiones de carbono en 3 periodos; por último, se evaluó la pérdida de extensión y disminución de idoneidad ambiental en porcentaje. (Resultados) P. menziesii tiene una distribución potencial actual de 164 110 km2, las zonas con mayor idoneidad ambiental (> 0.5) se ubicaron en el norte del país, específicamente en los estados del norte. No obstante, bajo los escenarios de cambio climático, estas áreas sufrieron mayor disminución de la idoneidad ambiental (> 50 %) y se redujo su extensión entre 50.7 % y 92.6 %; en contraste, las poblaciones más resilientes contra el cambio climático fueron las del sur. (Conclusiones) Pseudotsuga menziesii se ve favorecida por las bajas temperaturas, debido a esto, se espera un decrecimiento drástico en su distribución potencial. Aunada a ello, la idoneidad ambiental bajará a más del 50 % en las regiones norte de la nación. Con una pérdida drástica de superficie, la prevalencia de la especie pudiera encontrarse en un punto de declive.

Resumen: La norma internacional y nacional establece la necesidad de contar con información histórica previa a la intervención en inmuebles patrimoniales y la Ley Orgánica de Cultura del Ecuador señala la obligatoriedad de notificar sobre todo hallazgo de interés arqueológico; no obstante, existe carencia de conciencia respecto a la importancia de dichos recursos, los cuales, al ser cotejados, posibilitan una interpretación más exacta de los datos requeridos para impulsar una propuesta de conservación óptima, y así perpetuar los valores intrínsecos de un bien inmueble. En este sentido, la investigación histórica y arqueológica llevada a cabo en la casa Rodríguez desveló que el bien contiene ciertos valores a conservar relevantes para la sostenibilidad de su entorno y que la omisión de estos privaría al proyecto de restauración de criterios de valoración y a la comunidad de importantes recursos para el desarrollo de una ciudad resiliente.

Abstract: The international and national norms establish the need to count on historical information prior to an intervention in heritage properties and the Organic Law of Culture of Ecuador establishes the obligation to notify any discovery of archaeological interest. However, there is a lack of awareness regarding to the importance of these resources that in the moment they complement each other enable a more exact interpretation of the data required to promote an optimal conservation proposal and thus perpetuate the intrinsic values of a heritage building. The historical and archaeological investigation carried out in the Rodríguez house revealed that the property contains certain values of relevance for the sustainability of its environment and that the omission of these would deprive the restoration project of evaluation criteria and the community of important resources for the development of a resilient city.

Abstract (Introduction): In July 2023 was announced the end of planetary warming and the beginning of the era of the global boiling. A climatic anomaly that unprecedented, aggressiveness will hit the Central American region. (Methodology): Through technological surveillance tools and data analytics, this study shows a series of challenges and opportunities to meet this threat and move towards resilient regional performance. (Results): All countries have signed agreements and declaratory public policies for the climate resilience, however historical failures persist as well environmental passives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the strong dependence for the use of fossil energy. In contrast, Central America enjoys a matrix of opportunities to increase the climatic ambition, also a diverse mix of renewable energy sources, environmental pay mechanisms and actions to impulse circular economy and the bioeconomy (Conclusions): The regional agenda fail in connect to a climate shielding to respond the rigors of the boiling era. Regarding those balances, and the scientific evidence, a road map, with climate smart and socially inclusive actions, is proposed. (Recommendations): For the monitoring, research, and education programs on the boiling era, a regional observatory, on climate resilience (OR2C), is recommended.

Resumen (Introducción): En julio del 2023 se anunció el fin del calentamiento planetario y el inicio de la era de la ebullición global. Una anomalía climática cuya agresividad, sin precedentes, azotará la región centroamericana. (Metodología): Mediante herramientas de vigilancia tecnológica y analítica de datos, este estudio expone una serie de retos y oportunidades para enfrentar esta amenaza y mejorar el desempeño regional resiliente. (Resultados): Todos los países han firmado acuerdos y han hecho declaratorias sobre política pública para la resiliencia climática, empero persisten fallas históricas y estructurales, así como pasivos ambientales relacionados con la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la fuerte dependencia por el uso de combustibles fósiles. En contraste, Centroamérica goza de una matriz de oportunidades para aumentar la ambición climática, cuenta con diversas fuentes de energía renovable, mecanismos para incentivar el pago por servicios ambientales y acciones para impulsar la economía circular y la bioeconomía. (Conclusiones): La agenda regional no se conecta con el suficiente blindaje climático que se requiere para contrarrestar los rigores de la era de la ebullición. De estos balances, y según la evidencia científica, se plantea una hoja de ruta con acciones climáticamente inteligentes y socialmente inclusivas. (Recomendaciones): Se sugiere crear un observatorio regional sobre resiliencia climática, (OR2C), para el monitoreo, investigación y educación sobre la era de la ebullición.

Abstract Under the turbulent environment of the 21st century, climate change emerges as a menacing and urgent crisis, especially in urban poverty-stricken areas, where its impacts are most acutely felt. Despite the importance of understanding public perceptions to foster effective climate change resilience, there still exists a notable gap in nuanced scholarship within the informal settlements of South Africa. This study employs a mixed-method approach to explore how cognitive, emotional, motivational and cultural factors affect these communities' resilience or vulnerability to climate-related hazards. The prevailing consensus in the literature suggests a general underestimation of climate change risks among residents. However, this paper contends that innovative, resource-constrained strategies observed in these communities suggest a significant degree of agency and preparedness to confront these challenges. This study sheds light on the interplay between individual actions, social networks, information channels, cultural practices, and power dynamics in shaping climate change perceptions. It recommends integrating local, costeffective adaptation measures into wider policy frameworks. In conclusion, the study emphasises the importance of educating informal settlement residents, harnessing community participation and utilising local adaptation knowledge and sustainable development techniques to forge a resilient and equitable future for the inhabitants of Buffalo City Municipality.

Resumo Num cenário marcado pela turbulência do século XXI, as alterações climáticas surgem como uma crise iminente e urgente, particularmente acentuada nas áreas urbanas afetadas pela pobreza, onde os seus impactos se manifestam de forma mais severa. Apesar da importância de compreender as perceções públicas para promover uma resiliência eficaz às alterações climáticas, há ainda uma lacuna considerável no que toca a investigação diferenciada nos aglomerados populacionais informais da África do Sul. Este estudo emprega uma abordagem de métodos mistos para explorar como os fatores cognitivos, emocionais, motivacionais e culturais influenciam a resiliência ou vulnerabilidade dessas comunidades aos riscos associados às alterações climáticas. O consenso predominante na literatura sugere uma tendência geral de subestimação dos riscos das alterações climáticas entre os residentes. No entanto, este artigo defende que as estratégias inovadoras e com recursos limitados observados nessas comunidades sugerem um grau significativo de capacidade de ação e preparação para enfrentar esses desafios. Este estudo revela a interação entre iniciativas individuais, redes sociais, canais de informação, práticas culturais e dinâmicas de poder na formação das perceções das alterações climáticas. É recomendada a integração de medidas de adaptação locais e económicas em enquadramentos políticos mais amplos. Em conclusão, o estudo sublinha a importância de educar os residentes de aglomerados populacionais informais, de promover a participação da comunidade e de utilizar os conhecimentos locais de adaptação e as técnicas de desenvolvimento sustentável para construir um futuro resiliente e equitativo para os habitantes do município de Buffalo City.

The BCL furnace is scheduled to restart operations after being placed on care and maintenance in 2016 due to depressed nickel prices. The decision to start operations after such a stoppage ought to be led by a techno-economic evaluation of process options to make operations more resilient. For BCL, the decision lies between using the existing flash-smelting furnace (FSF) or a top-submerged lance (TSL) furnace. Available studies show that the FSF combined with other converting technologies is cheaper to operate; however, such studies are based on flowsheet simulation results of single copper concentrates and therefore do not provide a full scope of practical capabilities based on smelter operator skills. Using a t-test on normalized prior operational data from three Cu FSF and two Cu TSL, it was found that the only statistical differences between the operating costs of the FSF and TSL technologies are in the coal use for heating the feed blow and number of rebuilds: the FSF consumes coal to heat the feed blow and the TSL requires 2.4 rebuilds during a course of a single FSF campaign. A summative operating cost comparison over the existing BCL FSF 11-year life shows that BCL can decrease operational costs by some BWP 55.5 million if the operation were to change to the newer TSL technology. The savings derive from reduced coal use, which is normally associated with heating the blow when using the FSF. Despite the TSL carrying added costs of 2.4 rebuilds during a life time of one FSF furnace campaign, the cost associated with the TSL rebuilds of approximately BWP 1.3 million is minimal compared with the overall operational expenditure decrease that BCL will incur on using the TSL technology. In terms of the technology, BCL can have higher Ni-Cu recoveries at lower operational costs by elimination of Ni-Cu losses and eliminating the slag-cleaning furnace by converting to a TSL furnace.

Resumen Contexto: Los enfermeros, como profesionales que brindan atención a pacientes con COVID-19, estuvieron expuestos a un mayor riesgo de vulnerabilidad. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel y los factores de resiliencia y analizar su relación con las características sociodemográficas y profesionales de los enfermeros. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 60 enfermeros del servicio general de emergencia del adulto de un hospital del norte del país, para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y profesional y la Escala de Resiliencia para Adultos. El tratamiento estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante el programa IBM-SPSS® versión 25.0. Resultados: Los enfermeros mostraron un nivel de resiliencia superior al valor medio de la escala y fueron las enfermeras las que presentaron mayores niveles de resiliencia. Mencionaron el factor Recursos Sociales como el más frecuente y el factor Estilo Estructurado como el menos frecuente. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran un nivel de resiliencia de los enfermeros superior al valor medio de la escala. Los altos niveles de resiliencia pueden explicarse mediante la Teoría de la Reintegración Resiliente, según la cual la confrontación con la adversidad da como resultado nuevos niveles de crecimiento personal y adaptación.

Abstract Background: Nurses, as professionals providing care to COVID-19 patients, were exposed to a greater risk of vulnerability. Aim: Identify the level and factors of resilience and analyze its relationship with the sociodemographic and professional characteristics of nurses. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 60 nurses from the general adult emergency service of a hospital in the north of the country. The instruments of data collecting were a questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic and professional characterization and the Resilience Scale for Adults. Descriptive and inferential statistical treatment was carried out using the IBM-SPSS® version 25.0 program. Results: Nurses showed a level of resilience above the mean value of the scale, and it was female nurses who presented higher levels of resilience. They mentioned the Social Resources factor as the most frequent and the Structured Style factor as the least frequent. Conclusions: The results show a level of nurses' resilience above the average value of the scale. High levels of resilience can be explained by the Resilient Reintegration Theory in which confrontation with adversity results in new levels of personal growth and adaptation.

Resumo Contexto: Os enfermeiros, enquanto profissionais na prestação de cuidados ao doente COVID-19, estiveram expostos a um maior risco de vulnerabilidade. Objetivo: Identificar o nível e fatores de resiliência e analisar a sua relação com as caraterísticas sóciodemográficas e profissionais dos enfermeiros. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo de natureza quantitativa, descritiva, correlacional e transversal. A amostra foi constituída por 60 enfermeiros do serviço de urgência geral de adultos de um hospital da região norte do país. Para a recolha de dados recorreu-se a um questionário para a caraterização sociodemográfico e profissional e a Escala de Resiliência para Adultos. Foi realizado o tratamento estatístico descritivo e inferencial, com recurso ao programa IBM-SPSS® versão 25.0. Resultados: Os enfermeiros mostraram um nível de resiliência acima do valor médio da escala e foram os enfermeiros do sexo feminino que apresentam maiores níveis de resiliência. Referiram o fator Recursos Sociais como o mais frequente e o fator Estilo Estruturado como o menos frequente. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram um nível de resiliência dos enfermeiros acima do valor médio da escala. Altos níveis de resiliência podem ser explicados pela Teoria de Reintegração Resiliente na qual o confronto com a adversidade resulta em novos patamares de crescimento e adaptação pessoal.