ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.

Abstract Background: Traditional agricultural systems in Mesoamerica are adaptations of ancient farmers to the complex and varied environments. Tezcalera represents one of them. Questions: How is the environmental context under which the tezcalera develop? Which management practices are followed in tezcalera? How do these management practices affect weeds' richness, composition, and abundance? How do these management practices contribute to the resilience of the agricultural system, the tropical dry forests, and to the maintenance of subsistence resources? Studied species: Weeds growing in tezcaleras with different management. Study site and dates: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021. Methods: Twenty-four collaborators were interviewed about the environmental, technological, and cultural aspects of tezcalera. We recorded weeds' richness, composition, and abundance in seven plots with different management histories. Results: Tezcaleras originate from the slash-burn process and follow different paths: tlacolol-milsol-shallow plot, potrero, and recently, Agave crop. We recorded 161 morphospecies from 45 botanical families; 95 % were native to tropical dry forests. Twenty-five species are endemic to the Balsas region, and thirty-four are at risk. Richness and abundance varied between tezcaleras, where tlacolol plots exhibited the highest values. Plant composition was similar; 65 % had intangible or tangible values. Conclusions: Tezcalera is a biocultural unit and a resilient agroecosystem. Traditional practices remain and positively impact the richness and composition of native weeds. The uncontrolled use of herbicides and the introduction of Agave crop are displacing traditional crops and modifying traditional practices, risking local agrobiodiversity.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales en Mesoamérica son adaptaciones ancestrales a los diversos y complejos ambientes. La tezcalera representa uno de ellos. Preguntas: ¿En qué contexto ambiental se desarrolla la tezcalera? ¿Cuáles son las prácticas de manejo que se llevan a cabo en la tezcalera?¿Cómo afectan a la riqueza, composición y abundancia de las arvenses? ¿Cómo influyen en la resiliencia del sistema agrícola, de los bosques tropicales secos y al mantenimiento de los recursos para la subsitencia? Especies de estudio: Arvenses en tezcaleras con diferente manejo. Sitio y años de estudio: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021 Métodos: Entrevistas sobre prácticas de manejo de la tezcalera. Registro de la riqueza, composición y abundancia de malezas en parcelas con diferente historia de manejo. Resultados: Las tezcaleras se originan de la roza-tumba-quema y siguen diferentes rutas: el tlacolol-milsol-regeneración o potrero, y recientemente, cultivo de Agave. Registramos 161 morfoespecies y 45 familias botánicas; 95 % nativas de la selva baja caducifolia. Veinticinco son endémicas de la región del Balsas y 34 están en alguna categoría de riesgo. La riqueza y abundancia de las arvenses varió entre tezcaleras. La composición florística fue similar; 65 % tuvieron valor tangible o intangible. Conclusiones: La tezcalera es una unidad biocultural y un agroecosistema resiliente. Las prácticas tradicionales favorecen la riqueza y composición de las especies nativas. Los herbicidas y la introducción del cultivo de Agave desplazan a los cultivos tradicionales, poniendo en riesgo la agrobiodiversidad local.

Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Abstract Under the turbulent environment of the 21st century, climate change emerges as a menacing and urgent crisis, especially in urban poverty-stricken areas, where its impacts are most acutely felt. Despite the importance of understanding public perceptions to foster effective climate change resilience, there still exists a notable gap in nuanced scholarship within the informal settlements of South Africa. This study employs a mixed-method approach to explore how cognitive, emotional, motivational and cultural factors affect these communities' resilience or vulnerability to climate-related hazards. The prevailing consensus in the literature suggests a general underestimation of climate change risks among residents. However, this paper contends that innovative, resource-constrained strategies observed in these communities suggest a significant degree of agency and preparedness to confront these challenges. This study sheds light on the interplay between individual actions, social networks, information channels, cultural practices, and power dynamics in shaping climate change perceptions. It recommends integrating local, costeffective adaptation measures into wider policy frameworks. In conclusion, the study emphasises the importance of educating informal settlement residents, harnessing community participation and utilising local adaptation knowledge and sustainable development techniques to forge a resilient and equitable future for the inhabitants of Buffalo City Municipality.

Resumo Num cenário marcado pela turbulência do século XXI, as alterações climáticas surgem como uma crise iminente e urgente, particularmente acentuada nas áreas urbanas afetadas pela pobreza, onde os seus impactos se manifestam de forma mais severa. Apesar da importância de compreender as perceções públicas para promover uma resiliência eficaz às alterações climáticas, há ainda uma lacuna considerável no que toca a investigação diferenciada nos aglomerados populacionais informais da África do Sul. Este estudo emprega uma abordagem de métodos mistos para explorar como os fatores cognitivos, emocionais, motivacionais e culturais influenciam a resiliência ou vulnerabilidade dessas comunidades aos riscos associados às alterações climáticas. O consenso predominante na literatura sugere uma tendência geral de subestimação dos riscos das alterações climáticas entre os residentes. No entanto, este artigo defende que as estratégias inovadoras e com recursos limitados observados nessas comunidades sugerem um grau significativo de capacidade de ação e preparação para enfrentar esses desafios. Este estudo revela a interação entre iniciativas individuais, redes sociais, canais de informação, práticas culturais e dinâmicas de poder na formação das perceções das alterações climáticas. É recomendada a integração de medidas de adaptação locais e económicas em enquadramentos políticos mais amplos. Em conclusão, o estudo sublinha a importância de educar os residentes de aglomerados populacionais informais, de promover a participação da comunidade e de utilizar os conhecimentos locais de adaptação e as técnicas de desenvolvimento sustentável para construir um futuro resiliente e equitativo para os habitantes do município de Buffalo City.

Abstract: This paper introduces the Distributed Utility Function Algorithm (D-AFU) as a notable progression in managing and optimizing network traffic within distributed settings. Based on the utility function principle, D-AFU dynamically adjusts data rate in response to ever-changing network demands, with optimal performance and a higher user experience. Contrary to the centralized model, D-AFU employs a distributed, scalable and resilient against failures and system overloads mechanism. Its efficiency was validated using the NS-3 simulator. Three main metrics were used: the data rate allocation, utility per session, and fairness (quantified by the Gini coefficient). D-AFU displays exceptional performance and low latency, particularly vital for real-time applications with high Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.

Resumen: El artículo presenta el Algoritmo de Función de Utilidad Distribuida (D-AFU) como una notable evolución en la gestión y optimización del tráfico de red en entornos distribuidos. Basado en el principio de función de utilidad, D-AFU ajusta dinámicamente la velocidad de datos en respuesta a las demandas cambiantes de la red, con un rendimiento óptimo y una mejor experiencia para el usuario. A diferencia del modelo centralizado, D-AFU emplea un mecanismo distribuido escalable y con mayor resistencia contra fallos y sobrecargas del sistema. Su eficiencia fue validada utilizando el simulador NS-3. Se utilizaron tres métricas principales: la tasa de asignación de transmisión, la utilidad por sesión y la equidad (cuantificada por el coeficiente de Gini). D-AFU mostró un rendimiento excepcional, especialmente vital para aplicaciones en tiempo real que exigen alta Calidad de Servicio (QoS) y baja latencia.

Abstract (Introduction): In July 2023 was announced the end of planetary warming and the beginning of the era of the global boiling. A climatic anomaly that unprecedented, aggressiveness will hit the Central American region. (Methodology): Through technological surveillance tools and data analytics, this study shows a series of challenges and opportunities to meet this threat and move towards resilient regional performance. (Results): All countries have signed agreements and declaratory public policies for the climate resilience, however historical failures persist as well environmental passives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the strong dependence for the use of fossil energy. In contrast, Central America enjoys a matrix of opportunities to increase the climatic ambition, also a diverse mix of renewable energy sources, environmental pay mechanisms and actions to impulse circular economy and the bioeconomy (Conclusions): The regional agenda fail in connect to a climate shielding to respond the rigors of the boiling era. Regarding those balances, and the scientific evidence, a road map, with climate smart and socially inclusive actions, is proposed. (Recommendations): For the monitoring, research, and education programs on the boiling era, a regional observatory, on climate resilience (OR2C), is recommended.

Resumen (Introducción): En julio del 2023 se anunció el fin del calentamiento planetario y el inicio de la era de la ebullición global. Una anomalía climática cuya agresividad, sin precedentes, azotará la región centroamericana. (Metodología): Mediante herramientas de vigilancia tecnológica y analítica de datos, este estudio expone una serie de retos y oportunidades para enfrentar esta amenaza y mejorar el desempeño regional resiliente. (Resultados): Todos los países han firmado acuerdos y han hecho declaratorias sobre política pública para la resiliencia climática, empero persisten fallas históricas y estructurales, así como pasivos ambientales relacionados con la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la fuerte dependencia por el uso de combustibles fósiles. En contraste, Centroamérica goza de una matriz de oportunidades para aumentar la ambición climática, cuenta con diversas fuentes de energía renovable, mecanismos para incentivar el pago por servicios ambientales y acciones para impulsar la economía circular y la bioeconomía. (Conclusiones): La agenda regional no se conecta con el suficiente blindaje climático que se requiere para contrarrestar los rigores de la era de la ebullición. De estos balances, y según la evidencia científica, se plantea una hoja de ruta con acciones climáticamente inteligentes y socialmente inclusivas. (Recomendaciones): Se sugiere crear un observatorio regional sobre resiliencia climática, (OR2C), para el monitoreo, investigación y educación sobre la era de la ebullición.

Resumen: La norma internacional y nacional establece la necesidad de contar con información histórica previa a la intervención en inmuebles patrimoniales y la Ley Orgánica de Cultura del Ecuador señala la obligatoriedad de notificar sobre todo hallazgo de interés arqueológico; no obstante, existe carencia de conciencia respecto a la importancia de dichos recursos, los cuales, al ser cotejados, posibilitan una interpretación más exacta de los datos requeridos para impulsar una propuesta de conservación óptima, y así perpetuar los valores intrínsecos de un bien inmueble. En este sentido, la investigación histórica y arqueológica llevada a cabo en la casa Rodríguez desveló que el bien contiene ciertos valores a conservar relevantes para la sostenibilidad de su entorno y que la omisión de estos privaría al proyecto de restauración de criterios de valoración y a la comunidad de importantes recursos para el desarrollo de una ciudad resiliente.

Abstract: The international and national norms establish the need to count on historical information prior to an intervention in heritage properties and the Organic Law of Culture of Ecuador establishes the obligation to notify any discovery of archaeological interest. However, there is a lack of awareness regarding to the importance of these resources that in the moment they complement each other enable a more exact interpretation of the data required to promote an optimal conservation proposal and thus perpetuate the intrinsic values of a heritage building. The historical and archaeological investigation carried out in the Rodríguez house revealed that the property contains certain values of relevance for the sustainability of its environment and that the omission of these would deprive the restoration project of evaluation criteria and the community of important resources for the development of a resilient city.

Resumen Contexto: Los enfermeros, como profesionales que brindan atención a pacientes con COVID-19, estuvieron expuestos a un mayor riesgo de vulnerabilidad. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel y los factores de resiliencia y analizar su relación con las características sociodemográficas y profesionales de los enfermeros. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 60 enfermeros del servicio general de emergencia del adulto de un hospital del norte del país, para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y profesional y la Escala de Resiliencia para Adultos. El tratamiento estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante el programa IBM-SPSS® versión 25.0. Resultados: Los enfermeros mostraron un nivel de resiliencia superior al valor medio de la escala y fueron las enfermeras las que presentaron mayores niveles de resiliencia. Mencionaron el factor Recursos Sociales como el más frecuente y el factor Estilo Estructurado como el menos frecuente. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran un nivel de resiliencia de los enfermeros superior al valor medio de la escala. Los altos niveles de resiliencia pueden explicarse mediante la Teoría de la Reintegración Resiliente, según la cual la confrontación con la adversidad da como resultado nuevos niveles de crecimiento personal y adaptación.

Abstract Background: Nurses, as professionals providing care to COVID-19 patients, were exposed to a greater risk of vulnerability. Aim: Identify the level and factors of resilience and analyze its relationship with the sociodemographic and professional characteristics of nurses. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 60 nurses from the general adult emergency service of a hospital in the north of the country. The instruments of data collecting were a questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic and professional characterization and the Resilience Scale for Adults. Descriptive and inferential statistical treatment was carried out using the IBM-SPSS® version 25.0 program. Results: Nurses showed a level of resilience above the mean value of the scale, and it was female nurses who presented higher levels of resilience. They mentioned the Social Resources factor as the most frequent and the Structured Style factor as the least frequent. Conclusions: The results show a level of nurses' resilience above the average value of the scale. High levels of resilience can be explained by the Resilient Reintegration Theory in which confrontation with adversity results in new levels of personal growth and adaptation.

Resumo Contexto: Os enfermeiros, enquanto profissionais na prestação de cuidados ao doente COVID-19, estiveram expostos a um maior risco de vulnerabilidade. Objetivo: Identificar o nível e fatores de resiliência e analisar a sua relação com as caraterísticas sóciodemográficas e profissionais dos enfermeiros. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo de natureza quantitativa, descritiva, correlacional e transversal. A amostra foi constituída por 60 enfermeiros do serviço de urgência geral de adultos de um hospital da região norte do país. Para a recolha de dados recorreu-se a um questionário para a caraterização sociodemográfico e profissional e a Escala de Resiliência para Adultos. Foi realizado o tratamento estatístico descritivo e inferencial, com recurso ao programa IBM-SPSS® versão 25.0. Resultados: Os enfermeiros mostraram um nível de resiliência acima do valor médio da escala e foram os enfermeiros do sexo feminino que apresentam maiores níveis de resiliência. Referiram o fator Recursos Sociais como o mais frequente e o fator Estilo Estruturado como o menos frequente. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram um nível de resiliência dos enfermeiros acima do valor médio da escala. Altos níveis de resiliência podem ser explicados pela Teoria de Reintegração Resiliente na qual o confronto com a adversidade resulta em novos patamares de crescimento e adaptação pessoal.

The BCL furnace is scheduled to restart operations after being placed on care and maintenance in 2016 due to depressed nickel prices. The decision to start operations after such a stoppage ought to be led by a techno-economic evaluation of process options to make operations more resilient. For BCL, the decision lies between using the existing flash-smelting furnace (FSF) or a top-submerged lance (TSL) furnace. Available studies show that the FSF combined with other converting technologies is cheaper to operate; however, such studies are based on flowsheet simulation results of single copper concentrates and therefore do not provide a full scope of practical capabilities based on smelter operator skills. Using a t-test on normalized prior operational data from three Cu FSF and two Cu TSL, it was found that the only statistical differences between the operating costs of the FSF and TSL technologies are in the coal use for heating the feed blow and number of rebuilds: the FSF consumes coal to heat the feed blow and the TSL requires 2.4 rebuilds during a course of a single FSF campaign. A summative operating cost comparison over the existing BCL FSF 11-year life shows that BCL can decrease operational costs by some BWP 55.5 million if the operation were to change to the newer TSL technology. The savings derive from reduced coal use, which is normally associated with heating the blow when using the FSF. Despite the TSL carrying added costs of 2.4 rebuilds during a life time of one FSF furnace campaign, the cost associated with the TSL rebuilds of approximately BWP 1.3 million is minimal compared with the overall operational expenditure decrease that BCL will incur on using the TSL technology. In terms of the technology, BCL can have higher Ni-Cu recoveries at lower operational costs by elimination of Ni-Cu losses and eliminating the slag-cleaning furnace by converting to a TSL furnace.

Resumen (Introducción) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco es una especie forestal de gran importancia por sus servicios ecosistémicos y su comercialización. Actualmente, se ha documentado que el cambio climático está afectando las poblaciones del norte del continente; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado cómo afectaría esto a la distribución de la especie en el futuro. (Objetivo) El objetivo de este trabajo fue modelar la idoneidad ambiental y la distribución potencial de P. menziesii en 3 periodos (2040, 2060 y 2080). (Metodología) Se estimó la idoneidad y distribución potencial, con base en registros y variables bioclimáticas, con ayuda de MaxEnt; se realizaron transferencias a 2 escenarios de emisiones de carbono en 3 periodos; por último, se evaluó la pérdida de extensión y disminución de idoneidad ambiental en porcentaje. (Resultados) P. menziesii tiene una distribución potencial actual de 164 110 km2, las zonas con mayor idoneidad ambiental (> 0.5) se ubicaron en el norte del país, específicamente en los estados del norte. No obstante, bajo los escenarios de cambio climático, estas áreas sufrieron mayor disminución de la idoneidad ambiental (> 50 %) y se redujo su extensión entre 50.7 % y 92.6 %; en contraste, las poblaciones más resilientes contra el cambio climático fueron las del sur. (Conclusiones) Pseudotsuga menziesii se ve favorecida por las bajas temperaturas, debido a esto, se espera un decrecimiento drástico en su distribución potencial. Aunada a ello, la idoneidad ambiental bajará a más del 50 % en las regiones norte de la nación. Con una pérdida drástica de superficie, la prevalencia de la especie pudiera encontrarse en un punto de declive.

Abstract (Introduction) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a forest species of great importance for its ecosystem services and commercialization. Currently, it has been documented that climate change is affecting populations in the north of the continent; Nevertheless, how these changes will affect the distribution of the species in the future has not been assessed. (Objective) The objective of this work was to model the environmental suitability and potential distribution of P. menziesii in 3 time periods (2040, 2060 and 2080). (Methodology) Environmental suitability and potential distribution were estimated based on records and bioclimatic variables with the help of MaxEnt; transfers were made to 2 scenarios of carbon emissions in 3 time periods; finally, the loss of extension and decrease of environmental suitability were evaluated as a percentage. (Results) P. menziesii has a current potential distribution of 164 110 km2, the areas with the highest environmental suitability (> 0.5) were located in the north of the country, specifically in the states of north. However, under the climate change scenarios, these zones suffered a greater decrease in their environmental suitability of > 50 %, and their extension was reduced between 50.7 % and 92.6 %, in contrast, the most resilient populations to climate change were those in the south. (Conclusions) Pseudotsuga menziesii is favored by low temperatures, due to this, a drastic reduction in its potential distribution is expected, coupled with this, environmental suitability will drop to more than 50 % in the northern regions of the country. With a drastic loss of area, the prevalence of the species could be at a point of decline.

The increased frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change is a growing concern for road authorities, consultants, contractors and end users. Climate change adaptation is not yet incorporated into South Africa's transport design and planning. Current design methods for asphalt pavements include recently introduced performance-graded (PG) specifications for bitumen. Although the need exists to use future-projected temperature maps in the road industry, the hindrance to this adoption has been extracting the appropriate rising air temperatures from climate model projections. This study focuses on the integration of bias-adjusted historical and projected climate model temperature outputs between 1980 and 2060 to estimate changes in pavement temperatures throughout South Africa to inform a strategy for adaptive material selection. Differences in bitumen selection are observed for the PG 58 and PG 52 maximum temperature grade, and an introduction of PG 70 regions, as derived from climate model data in comparison with the SATS 3208 technical standard. The general trend is a gradual increase in maximum pavement design temperatures, mostly affecting the country's northern and central regions and corresponding road networks. This paper concludes that adjustments are required regarding climate projections for use in bituminous binder selection based on the current specification.

Resumen El descenso de la actividad económica y de los ingresos públicos durante el periodo de la crisis sanitaria sigue afectando los presupuestos de los países africanos. Estas dificultades financieras se deben, por una parte, al aumento de los gastos sanitarios y, por otra, al apoyo prestado a hogares y empresas durante el periodo de confinamiento. Esta situación limita la acción de los gobiernos en la prosecución de transformaciones estructurales. Los recursos provenientes de financiamiento externo han disminuido, con una caída en picada de los flujos netos de capital hacia los países de renta baja y media-baja. El aumento de los tipos de interés en los países desarrollados podría empujar a las naciones muy endeudadas a una crisis de deuda. La situación se agrava aún más por la disminución de los ingresos en divisas. El objetivo del artículo es esbozar las principales causas de la falta de financiación en África, la cual obstaculiza la continuación de las transformaciones estructurales y la consecución del nivel de desarrollo deseado. Al mismo tiempo, destaca las oportunidades de desarrollo y de mejor integración en la economía mundial que se derivan de esta crisis. Esto necesariamente requerirá la puesta en marcha de sistemas de financiación innovadores y resilientes.

Abstract The decline in economic activity and public revenues during the health crisis continues to burden the budgets of African countries. These financial difficulties are due, on the one hand, to the increase in healthcare expenses and, on the other hand, to the support provided to households and businesses during the lockdown period. This situation limits the actions of governments in pursuing structural transformations. External resources have declined, with net capital flows to low-income and lower-middle-income countries plummeting. The increase in interest rates in developed countries could push heavily indebted nations into a debt crisis. The situation is further exacerbated by the decrease in foreign currency revenues. The objective of this article is to outline the main causes of the lack of financing in Africa, which hinders the continuation of structural transformations and the achievement of the desired level of development. At the same time, the article highlights the opportunities for development and better integration into the global economy that arise from this crisis. This will necessarily involve the implementation of innovative and resilient financing systems.

Resumen Antecedentes: El reto actual consiste en producir alimentos en sistemas resilientes al cambio climático y cuidar el medio ambiente. Objetivo: Evaluar la biofertilización orgánica y mineral en el crecimiento y desarrollo de posturas de Tithonia diversifolia durante la fase de vivero. Materiales y métodos: Se llevaron a cabo dos ensayos: E-I en la CPA “Renato Guitar” y E-II: en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey (EEPFIH). Para el desarrollo de los mismos se empleó un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorizado con 15 y 10 réplicas, experimento I y II respectivamente. E-I se llevaron a cabo tres tratamientos: T-1: suelo 100% sin abonar, T-2: suelo 50% + biochar 50%, T-3: suelo 50%+ biochar 25% + ceniza de bagazo de caña 25%. El biochar se obtuvo de marabú (D. cinerea) y siempre fue embebido en microorganismos eficientes IHPLUS®BF. Se midieron parámetros fisiológicos del metabolismo primario y secundario a los 30 días, e indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 30 y 60 días. En el E-II se trabajó con 5 tratamientos: T-1: Suelo sin abonar, T-2: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Rhizobium y T-5: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Trichoderma. Se midieron indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 60 días y producción de biomasa aérea seca en el momento del trasplante. Resultados: los resultados arrojan que en el Ensayo- I la mejor variante fue T-3: suelo 50%+Biochar enriquecido IHPLUS®BF 25%+cenizas 25%. Ensayo- II, todas las variantes estudiadas fueron superior que el testigo. Conclusión: Los resultados permitieron confirmar la efectividad de dichas alternativas para cultivar plantas de T. diversifolia en condiciones de vivero.

Abstract Background: The current challenge is to produce food in systems that are resilient to climate change and take care of the environment. Aim. Evaluate organic and mineral biofertilization in the growth and development of Tithonia diversifolia positions during the nursery phase. Materials and methods: Two trials were carried out: E-I at the “Renato Guitar” CPA and E-II: at the Indio Hatuey Pasture and Forage Experimental Station (EEPFIH). For their development, a completely randomized experimental design was used with 15 and 10 replications, experiment I and II respectively. E-I, three treatments were carried out: T-1: 100% unfertilized soil, T-2: 50% soil + 50% biochar, T-3: 50% soil + 25% biochar + 25% cane bagasse ash. The biochar was obtained from marabou (D. cinerea) and was always embedded in efficient IHPLUS®BF microorganisms. Physiological parameters of primary and secondary metabolism were measured at 30 days, and morphological growth indicators at 30 and 60 days. In E-II, 5 treatments were used: T-1: Unfertilized soil, T-2: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Rhizobium and T-5: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Trichoderma. Morphological growth indicators were measured at 60 days and production of dry aerial biomass at the time of transplant. Results: the results show that in Trial-I the best variant was T-3: soil 50%+IHPLUS®BF enriched Biochar 25%+ash 25%. Test-II, all the variants studied were superior to the control. Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of these alternatives to grow T. diversifolia plants under nursery conditions.

Abstract: The earthquake of September 19 of 2017 had economic and social effects in Morelos, Mexico, particularly on the vulnerable population. This work shows the difficulty of the State to foresee and mitigate the effects on this sector based on three categories, resilience inputs, continuum of vulnerability and resilient search conti- nuum, which describe the lack of state support, the instability of settlements and the corresponding adjustment to emerging crises, respectively. To make instrumental use of these categories, mitigation policies are reviewed and the operation of the university collection center of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.

Resumen: El sismo del 19 de septiembre de 2017 tuvo importantes efectos económicos y sociales en Morelos, México, particularmente en la población vulnerable. En este trabajo se visibiliza la dificultad del Estado para prever y mitigar los efectos del sismo en dicho sector, con base en tres categorías: insumos de resiliencia, continuum de vulnerabilidad y continuum de búsqueda resiliente, las cuales describen la falta de apoyo estatal, la inestabilidad de los asentamientos y el correspondiente ajuste ante crisis emergentes, respectivamente. Para hacer un uso instrumental de dichas categorías, se revisan las políticas de mitigación y se caracteriza el funcionamiento del centro de acopio universitario de la Universidad Autónoma de Morelos.

There is a global concern that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may impact the medicinal or nutritional properties of medicinal plants. Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinal plant that is used by traditional healers to treat various skin conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated CO2 concentrations would affect the medicinal properties of the leaves of P afra. This was achieved by comparing the phytochemical presence, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of P. afra which were exposed to ambient (420 ppm) and elevated (600 ppm) CO2 concentrations of plants grown in greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that leaf samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations exhibited a significant increase in flavonoid presence, compared to the control group. The antioxidant activity of the leaves of P. afra (DPPH activity) remained mostly unchanged in the samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. The antimicrobial activity efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes increased with increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration. These findings suggest that P. afra is a resilient medicinal plant and that its leaves may continue to provide relief against certain ailments, despite rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinally important species that shows great resilience against elevated CO2 concentrations. • It is important to anticipate how changing environmental factors, such as rising CO2 concentrations, may affect natural resources. • The phytochemical profile and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the various plant parts either remained the same or increased after exposure to an elevated CO2 concentration of 600 ppm.