Abstract The article seeks to identify the neighborhood spaces occupied by indigenous people within Mexico City by the end of the colonial period. The central argument is that in the indigenous neighborhoods it was already possible to visualize constructive transformations in their ways of living, which would hypothetically be a sign of resilience and of agreements between merchants, brotherhoods, and convents to install solid, multifamily, and accessory buildings within a traditionally indigenous land, free of appraisals or taxes until at least 1812. The methodology used was to map the location of neighborhoods and their types of housing mainly from the information of property and tax registers, compared throughout different years: 1790, 1800, 1807, and 1813. The outcome was the differentiation between the indigenous neighborhoods, where those of the south-east stand out, with a greater attachment to traditional ways of life.

Resumen El artículo se propone identificar los espacios vecinales ocupados por indígenas dentro de la ciudad de México a fines del periodo colonial. El argumento central es que dentro de los barrios de indios ya era posible visualizar transformaciones constructivas en sus formas de habitar, lo que sería hipotéticamente un signo de resiliencia y de acuerdos entre comerciantes, cofradías y conventos de instalar construcciones sólidas, multifamiliares y accesorias dentro de un suelo tradicionalmente indio, libre de tasaciones o impuestos por lo menos hasta 1812. La metodología empleada fue mapear la localización de barrios y de sus tipos de vivienda principalmente a partir de la información de padrones de propietarios y de tributarios, comparados en diferentes años: 1790, 1800, 1807 y 1813. El resultado fue la diferenciación entre los barrios de indios, donde sobresalen los del sureste, con un mayor apego a formas tradicionales de vida.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre estilo de vida y resiliencia en pobladores de una zona rural de Cajamarca. La investigación fue de diseño no experimental y de alcance descriptivo-correlacional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 309 pobladores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida Saludable (Santiago-Bazán & Carcausto, 2019) y la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young y adaptado al Perú por Gómez (2019). Los resultados evidencian que el estilo de vida presenta diferencias significativas según el sexo (W = 27272.00; p < .01) y grupo etario (K = 11.175; p < .01). En cuanto a la relación entre las variables se encontró que relación estadísticamente significativa entre el estilo de vida saludable y la resiliencia (rho = .393; p < .01), a excepción de la dimensión físico/mental del estilo de vida que solo presentó relación con algunas dimensiones de la resiliencia. En conclusión, esta investigación pone en evidencia que la resiliencia cumple un rol fundamental en el estilo de vida de las personas de la zona rural de Cajamarca, quienes a pesar de no contar con las condiciones básicas y carencias de comodidades muestran adecuados indicadores de un estilo de vida saludable.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between lifestyle and resilience in residents of a rural area of Cajamarca. The research had a non-experimental design and a descriptive-correlational scope. The sample consisted of 309 residents. The instruments used were the Healthy Lifestyle Questionnaire (Santiago-Bazán & Carcausto, 2019) and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale and adapted to Peru by Gómez (2019). The results show that lifestyle presents significant differences according to sex (W = 27272.00; p < .01) and age group (K = 11.175; p < .01). Regarding the relationship between the variables, a statistically significant relationship was found between the healthy lifestyle and resilience (rho = .393; p < .01), with the exception of the physical/mental dimension of the lifestyle that only presented relationship with some dimensions of resilience. In conclusion, this research shows that resilience plays a fundamental role in the lifestyle of people from the rural area of Cajamarca, who despite not having the basic conditions and lack of amenities show adequate indicators of a style of healthy life.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Abstract Financial resilience is a faculty that improves the capabilities of companies to identify financial problems, resist them, confront them and recover quickly in the face of an economic crisis, such as that generated by COVID-19. The objective of this article is to determine the effects of financial resilience on the economic well-being of MSMEs in Baja California, Mexico. An economic well-being index is estimated based on the OECD/INFE (2020) methodology and an econometric model with information from 465 entrepreneurs to prove that financial resilience attenuated economic shocks in MSMEs during the recent period of economic crisis. The results suggest that, although the economic deficit negatively affected the economic well-being of the MSME, the majority of entrepreneurs preferred to be prudent, supporting deficits and avoiding new financial instruments. It was evident that MSME entrepreneurs sought to restore and improve their economic well-being through financial prudence.

Resumen La resiliencia financiera es una facultad que mejora las capacidades de las empresas para identificar problemas financieros, resistirlos, afrontarlos y recuperarse rápidamente ante una situación de crisis económica, como la generada por el COVID-19. El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar los efectos de la resiliencia financiera sobre el bienestar económico de la MiPyMe en Baja California, México. Se estima un índice de bienestar económico con base en la metodología de OECD/INFE (2020) y un modelo econométrico con información de 465 empresarios para probar que la resiliencia financiera atenuó los choques económicos en las MiPyMe durante el periodo reciente de crisis económica. Los resultados sugieren que, si bien el déficit económico afectó negativamente al bienestar económico de la MiPyMe, la mayoría de empresarios prefirieron ser prudentes, soportando déficits y evitar nuevos instrumentos financieros. Se evidenció que los empresarios de MiPyMe buscaron a través de la prudencia financiera restablecer y mejorar su bienestar económico.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research has been to provide information about the psychological effects of confinement forced by a prolonged quarantine in a suitable adult sample of 596 Bolivians of both sexes. It was sought to explore the perceptions of the participants about their own emotional state: fears, anxieties, depressions, while they were in isolation to reduce the probability of contagion of COVID 19. Additionally, we were interested in verifying the modulating effects of resilience and self-efficacy on such emotional states. The results indicated, in the same direction of similar studies, significant relationships between high perceived loneliness, high levels of stress and anxiety, with relatively high levels of depression. Likewise, it was clear that stress, perceived loneliness, and anxiety are predictors of depression among those in conditions of forced isolation. Finally, it was found that both resilience and self-efficacy exert a clear moderating effect by attenuating the relationships of perceived loneliness and anxiety, on depression.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi fornecer informações sobre os efeitos psicológicos do confinamento forçado por uma quarentena prolongada em uma amostra adequada de 596 bolivianos de ambos os sexos. Buscou-se explorar as percepções dos participantes sobre seu próprio estado emocional: medos, ansiedades, depressões, enquanto estavam em isolamento para reduzir a probabilidade de contágio por COVID-19. Além disso, nos interessava verificar os efeitos moderadores da resiliência e autoeficácia nesses estados emocionais. Os resultados indicaram, na mesma direção de estudos similares, relações significativas entre a alta percepção de solidão, níveis elevados de estresse e ansiedade, com níveis relativamente altos de depressão. Da mesma forma, ficou claro que o estresse, a percepção de solidão e a ansiedade são preditores da depressão entre aqueles em condições de isolamento forçado. Por fim, descobriu-se que tanto a resiliência quanto a autoeficácia exercem um claro efeito moderador ao atenuar as relações entre a percepção de solidão e ansiedade, sobre a depressão.

RESUMEN El propósito de esta investigación ha sido proporcionar información sobre los efectos psicológicos del confinamiento forzado por una cuarentena prolongada en una muestra adecuada de 596 bolivianos de ambos sexos. Se buscó explorar las percepciones de los participantes sobre su propio estado emocional: miedos, ansiedades, depresiones, mientras estaban en aislamiento para reducir la probabilidad de contagio de COVID-19. Además, nos interesaba verificar los efectos moduladores de la resiliencia y la autoeficacia en dichos estados emocionales. Los resultados indicaron, en la misma dirección de estudios similares, relaciones significativas entre la percepción alta de soledad, niveles altos de estrés y ansiedad, con niveles relativamente altos de depresión. Asimismo, quedó claro que el estrés, la percepción de soledad y la ansiedad son predictores de la depresión entre aquellos en condiciones de aislamiento forzado. Finalmente, se encontró que tanto la resiliencia como la autoeficacia ejercen un claro efecto moderador al atenuar las relaciones entre la percepción de soledad y ansiedad, sobre la depresión.

There is a global concern that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may impact the medicinal or nutritional properties of medicinal plants. Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinal plant that is used by traditional healers to treat various skin conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated CO2 concentrations would affect the medicinal properties of the leaves of P afra. This was achieved by comparing the phytochemical presence, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of P. afra which were exposed to ambient (420 ppm) and elevated (600 ppm) CO2 concentrations of plants grown in greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that leaf samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations exhibited a significant increase in flavonoid presence, compared to the control group. The antioxidant activity of the leaves of P. afra (DPPH activity) remained mostly unchanged in the samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. The antimicrobial activity efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes increased with increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration. These findings suggest that P. afra is a resilient medicinal plant and that its leaves may continue to provide relief against certain ailments, despite rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinally important species that shows great resilience against elevated CO2 concentrations. • It is important to anticipate how changing environmental factors, such as rising CO2 concentrations, may affect natural resources. • The phytochemical profile and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the various plant parts either remained the same or increased after exposure to an elevated CO2 concentration of 600 ppm.

ABSTRACT Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is economically important in Xinjiang, China, for many years; Verticillium wilt, arid climate, and soil salinization reduce cotton production, which has inhibited development of the cotton economy. Thus, creating a microbial agent specifically for cotton to resisting environmental stress is crucial. In this study, water dispersible granules strains (Bacillus tequilensis C-9 and B. sphingosporium A1) were screened for antagonistic bacteria of Verticillium dahliae from the rhizosphere soil of Ferula sinkiangensis K.M. Shen, and screened for carrier and auxiliary that could enhance the survival of strains A1+C-9. To test the efficacy and practicality of the water dispersible granules, their growth-promoting effect was examined. Meanwhile, bursts of reactive oxygen species and changes in the physiological indicators related to cotton growth were detected after the application of these granules to cotton that had been subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses to study the ability of the water dispersible granules to induce immunity in cotton. It was found that the treated group could increase the above-ground and below-ground fresh weight of cotton by 20.06% and 22.71% relative to the control group, and the biocontrol effect on cotton was increased by 46.55%. In salt and drought stress, catalase activity could be increased by 14.61% and 15.52%, respectively, relative to the control group. Comprehensive analyses showed that the application of water dispersible granules that contained A1+C-9 helped the cotton to grow and develop, inhibited V. dahliae from infecting cotton plants, reduced the damage from drought and salt stress, and increased the resilience of cotton to stress.

Abstract Numerous indicators have demonstrated the robustness and resilience of the Chinese development process over the past decades. However, it is not uncommon to perceive, in current analyses, the Chinese process as just another case of successful catching-up, a latecomer of Asian matrix like Japan and South Korea. In fact, Chinese development is not trivial given its history and starting point: in 1949 China was the country with the lowest per capita income in the world and today it is competing with the United States for the technological frontier. In this article, we propose the categories "uneven development", "projectment", and "socialism" as fundamental supports in a background analysis of the real explanatory reasons for the Chinese success.

Resumo São inúmeros os indicadores demonstrando a robustez e a resiliência do processo de desenvolvimento chinês ao longo das últimas décadas. Porém, não é incomum perceber nas análises correntes o processo chinês somente como mais um caso de catching-up bem-sucedido; um latecomer de matriz asiática como o Japão e a Coreia do Sul. Na verdade, o desenvolvimento chinês não é nada trivial, tendo em vista sua história e seu ponto de partida: em 1949 a China era o país de menor renda per capita do mundo e hoje disputa a fronteira tecnológica com os Estados Unidos. Propomos, neste artigo, as categorias de “desenvolvimento desigual”, “projetamento” e “socialismo” como suportes fundamentais em uma análise de fundo sobre as reais razões explicativas do sucesso chinês.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe and analyze, at various levels, the communication exchanges that took place in a group chat of intensivists using the instant messaging application WhatsApp during the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically on the day the first case was confirmed in Mexico. An intense situation showing the three dimensions of the theoretical framework is stood out. Materials and methods: A qualitative research of WhatsApp messages shared between 239 intensivists at the beginning of the pandemic, specifically throughout February 27, 2020. A narrative analysis was used to interpret a fragment of a chat. A schema with three dimensions (analysis of shared information, standards of social action in COVID-19 patient care and emotional expressions) was developed to code and classify the messages. Results: The communication exchanges via WhatsApp made it possible to give meaning to the emerging knowledge about COVID-19 in the narrative plots. They also influenced the implementation of appropriate actions in hospital environments and helped modulate emotions in front of the pandemic. In addition, it fostered bonds of solidarity and empathy between intensivists to face personal and social suffering with resilience. Conclusions: The chat messages reflected human relationships and the deep concerns of people in crisis situations. The study provided insight into the forms and meanings of communication exchanges with the use of technological devices in times of crisis to guide the implementation of actions in emerging situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. WhatsApp responded to the need for information, with scientific and truthful data, about the pandemic. It was noted that intensivists benefited from instant messaging by cooperating in critical situations and experiences within the context of an evolving health crisis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir y analizar, en varios niveles, los intercambios comunicativos sucedidos en un chat grupal de médicos intensivistas dentro de la aplicación de mensajería instantánea WhatsApp durante la primera etapa de la pandemia de la COVID-19, específicamente el día en que fue confirmado el primer caso en México. Se destaca una situación intensa donde se manifiestan los tres niveles analíticos del marco teórico. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cualitativa de la transcripción de los diálogos sostenidos en WhatsApp entre 239 médicos intensivistas al inicio de la pandemia, específicamente a lo largo del 27 de febrero del 2020. Se utilizó el análisis narrativo para interpretar el fragmento del chat. Se elaboró un esquema con tres dimensiones (análisis de la información compartida, estándares de acción social en la atención a pacientes COVID-19 y expresiones emocionales) para codificar y categorizar los diálogos. Resultados: Los intercambios comunicativos por WhatsApp permitieron dar sentido al conocimiento emergente sobre la COVID-19 expuesto en las tramas narrativas. También influyó en la orientación de acciones pertinentes en los contextos hospitalarios y ayudó a modular las emociones ante la pandemia. Además, fomentó lazos de solidaridad y empatía entre los médicos intensivistas para afrontar con resiliencia el sufrimiento personal y social. Conclusiones: Los diálogos del chat reflejaron las relaciones humanas y las profundas inquietudes de las personas en situaciones de crisis. El estudio permitió comprender las formas y los significados de los intercambios comunicativos con el uso de dispositivos tecnológicos en tiempos de crisis para orientar la implementación de acciones en situaciones emergentes como la pandemia de la COVID-19. El WhatsApp respondió a la necesidad de información, con datos científicos y verídicos, sobre la pandemia. Se apreció que los médicos intensivistas se beneficiaron de la mensajería instantánea al cooperar en situaciones y experiencias críticas en el marco de una crisis sanitaria en evolución.

Resumen: Antecedentes: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas, el funcionamiento de los ítems, la invariancia factorial y la validez convergente de la versión española del Herth Hope Index (HHI) en pacientes con cáncer. Método: Estudio transversal, multicéntrico, prospectivo de 863 pacientes con cáncer de 15 hospitales españoles. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para explorar la dimensionalidad, el funcionamiento de los ítems, la invariancia de medición según el sexo, la edad, el sitio del tumor y la supervivencia esperada, y la validez externa. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos no respaldan la escala original de 3 factores y en cambio sugieren una estructura de un factor, que explicó el 62% de la varianza común, con una confiabilidad satisfactoria (ω = .88). Una solución de invariancia fuerte demostró un excelente ajuste en función del sexo, la edad, el sitio del tumor y la supervivencia. HHI reveló asociaciones sustanciales con la resiliencia y el bienestar espiritual. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que la versión en español del HHI es una herramienta corta, fácil de administrar, válida y confiable para evaluar el nivel de esperanza de los pacientes con cáncer.

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties, differential item functioning, factorial invariance, and convergent validity of the Spanish version of the Herth Hope Index (HHI) in patients with cancer. Method: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to explore the scale, dimensionality, functioning of items, test for strong measurement invariance across sex, age, tumor site, and expected survival, and an extended structural equation model to assess external validity in a cross-sectional, multicenter, prospective study of 863 cancer patients from 15 Spanish hospitals. Results: The results do not support the original 3-factor scale but instead suggest a one-factor structure, which explained 62% of the common variance. Scores from the unidimensional structure exhibited satisfactory reliability (ω = .88). A strong invariance solution demonstrated excellent fit across sex, age, tumor site, and survival. HHI exhibited substantial associations with resilience coping strategies and spiritual well-being. Conclusions: The findings of our study contribute to the diversity of earlier empirical findings regarding the construct of hope. Despite this, our results indicate that the Spanish version of the HHI is a short, easy-to-administer, valid, reliable tool for evaluating cancer patients' levels of hope.

Abstract Gender is a social category directly linked to health determination, but it has often been constrained to the categories of male and female, obscuring significant demands from identities that go beyond this binary framework, such as transgender identities (travestis and transsexuals). Gender minority stress is a theory that categorizes stress and resilience factors relevant to explaining how gender experiences disproportionately impact transgender individuals, particularly in mental health outcomes. Given this context, this study examines the relations between user access and use of health services and the stress and resilience factors of travestis and transgender women in northeastern Brazil. A qualitative health research was conducted with data collected by means of semi-structured interviews with five adult trans women residing in the Cariri region, Ceará state. Health access was homogeneous, yet all interviewees faced stress-inducing situations during service use. Resilience factors were identified, leading this population to seek healthcare outside the state system due to use challenges. These findings highlight the need to discuss the breadth and progress of gender affirming care and the applicability of the National Policy of Comprehensive Healthcare for LGBT individuals within the Brazilian National Health System in northeastern Brazil.

Resumo O gênero é uma categoria social diretamente ligada à determinação da saúde, mas tem sido frequentemente limitado às categorias de masculino e feminino, invisibilizando demandas importantes de identidades que fogem ao binarismo, como no caso de identidade transgênero (travestis e transexuais). A teoria do estresse de minorias de gênero categoriza fatores de estresse e resiliência relevantes para explicar como as vivências ligadas ao gênero impactam de maneira desproporcional pessoas transgênero, especialmente em desfechos de saúde mental. Nesse contexto, este estudo analisa a relação entre acesso e uso de serviços de saúde e os fatores de estresse e resiliência de travestis e mulheres transexuais no interior do nordeste brasileiro. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa qualitativa em saúde: dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco mulheres trans adultas, residentes da região do Cariri, Ceará. Observou-se homogeneidade no acesso à saúde, mas todas as entrevistadas enfrentaram situações de estresse durante a utilização. Identificaram-se fatores de resiliência que levam essa população a buscar cuidados de saúde fora do sistema de saúde, devido a suas dificuldades de uso. Portanto, evidencia-se a necessidade de discutir a amplitude e o progresso do processo transexualizador e a capacidade de aplicação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais e Transgêneros no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde no interior do nordeste brasileiro.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças de gênero em estresse psicológico e no bem-estar dois anos após o início da pandemia da COVID-19, analisando fatores de risco e de proteção para estresse psicológico e bem-estar subjetivo. Este foi um estudo transversal repetido com amostra de 1.588 indivíduos da população geral da Espanha - 50% do sexo feminino e 50% do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 74 anos. Os participantes foram avaliados online por meio de sete questionários e escalas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, de variância e de regressão múltipla hierárquica. Entre fevereiro e abril de 2022, 57,4% das mulheres e 38,7% dos homens apresentaram estresse psicológico, com porcentagens de 50,5% e 41,5%, respetivamente, entre outubro de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023. As mulheres também apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade percebida à doença, mais sentimentos negativos, menor equilíbrio afetivo e menor resiliência e autoestima do que os homens. Os indicadores mais importantes de maior estresse psicológico foram baixa autoestima, baixa resiliência, baixo apoio social e maior vulnerabilidade percebida à doença. Outros indicadores estatisticamente significativos foram: baixo nível de escolaridade entre as mulheres e não ser casado ou não viver com uma companheira entre os homens. Baixa autoestima também foi o melhor indicador de baixo bem-estar subjetivo; além disso, baixo apoio social e baixa resiliência também foram indicadores significativos. Além disso, baixo nível de escolaridade e alta vulnerabilidade percebida à doença foram indicadores estatisticamente significativos de baixo bem-estar subjetivo entre as mulheres e de não ser estudante entre os homens. Concluímos que estresse psicológico ainda é muito prevalente na Espanha dois anos após o início da pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente entre as mulheres.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias de género en distrés psicológico y en el bienestar a dos años del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, analizando factores de riesgo y de protección para distrés psicológico y bienestar subjetivo. Se trata de un estudio transversal repetido con una muestra de 1.588 individuos de la población general de España, 50% mujeres y 50% hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 74 años. Los participantes fueron evaluados en línea mediante 7 cuestionarios y escalas. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, de varianza y de regresión múltiple jerárquica. Entre febrero y abril del 2022, el 57,4% de las mujeres y el 38,7% de los hombres presentaron distrés psicológico, con porcentajes del 50,5% y 41,5%, respectivamente, entre octubre del 2022 y febrero del 2023. Las mujeres también presentaron una mayor vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad, más sentimientos negativos, menos equilibrio afectivo y menor resiliencia y autoestima que los hombres. Los indicadores más importantes de un mayor distrés psicológico fueron la baja autoestima, la baja resiliencia, el escaso apoyo social y una mayor vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad. Otros indicadores estadísticamente significativos fueron los siguientes: bajo nivel de educación entre las mujeres y no estar casado o no vivir con una compañera entre los hombres. La baja autoestima también fue el mejor indicador de un bajo bienestar subjetivo; además, el escaso apoyo social y la baja resiliencia también fueron indicadores importantes. Además, el bajo nivel de educación y la alta vulnerabilidad percibida a la enfermedad fueron indicadores estadísticamente significativos de bajo bienestar subjetivo entre las mujeres y de no ser estudiantes entre los hombres. Concluimos que el distrés psicológico sigue siendo muy prevalente en España dos años después del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, especialmente entre las mujeres.

Abstract This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

Abstract Forest fires are important environmental perturbations, recurrent in the Michoacán spring, where they were particularly numerous in 2021, during the confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this work was to identify the fires of 2021, in the forest areas of northwest Michoacán, evaluating the severity and recovery from spectral vegetation indices calculated in Sentinel-2 images of different dates. The severity was determined from the dNBR (Normalized Burned Ratio increase) in spring and the recovery with the dNDVI (Normaliced Difference Vegetation Index increase) and dCIre (Chlorophylle Index Red Edge increase), in spring and winter. Five types of vegetation were distinguished (V1 to V5) according to the behavior of the NDVI on the dates considered. The burned areas were identified by classifying the May image. Of V1 (low density deciduous shrub), 15161 ha (31%) were burned, 72% with low or moderate-low damage; a great regeneration capacity was observed. Of V2 (high density deciduous, oaks), 17029 ha (34%) were burned, 64% with moderate-high or high affectation; there was sprouting after moderate fires. Of V3 and V4 (low and high density evergreen, conifers) were burned 1999 ha (4%) and 7366 ha (15%), respectively, 95% and 79% with low or moderate-low damage; there was recovery after minor fires, with greater resilience of V4. V5 (low deciduous forest) 7967 ha (16%) were burned, 91% with low or moderate-low damage, with greater recovery observed in the most affected areas, as a post-fire sprouting effect of vegetation. Remote sensing is a very versatile tool for fire assessment and recovery monitoring, although it does not replace observation in the field.

Resumen Los incendios forestales son perturbaciones ambientales importantes, recurrentes en la primavera michoacana, donde fueron particularmente numerosos en el año 2021, durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los incendios ocurridos en 2021 en las zonas forestales del noroeste de Michoacán, evaluando la severidad y la recuperación a partir de índices espectrales de vegetación calculados en imágenes Sentinel-2 de diferentes fechas. La severidad se determinó a partir del dNBR (incremento del Normalized Burned Ratio) en primavera y la recuperación con el dNDVI (incremento del Normaliced Difference Vegetation Index) y dCIre (incremento del Chlorophylle Index Red Edge), en primavera e invierno. Se distinguieron cinco tipos de vegetación (V1 a V5) según el comportamiento del NDVI en las fechas consideradas. Las áreas quemadas se identificaron clasificando la imagen de mayo. De V1 (arbustiva caducifolia con baja densidad) se quemaron 15161 ha (31%), 72% con afectación baja o moderada-baja; se observó una gran capacidad de regeneración. De V2 (caducifolia con alta densidad, encinos), se quemaron 17029 ha (34%), 64% con afectación moderada-alta o alta; hubo rebrote tras los incendios moderados. De V3 y V4 (perennifolia con baja y alta densidad, coníferas) se quemaron, respectivamente, 1999 ha (4%) y 7366 ha (15%), 95% y 79% con afectación baja o moderada-baja; hubo recuperación tras incendios poco graves, con mayor resiliencia de V4. De V5 (bosque tropical caducifolio) se quemaron 7967 ha (16%), 91% con afectación baja o moderada-baja, observándose mayor recuperación en las zonas más afectadas, como un efecto de rebrote post-incendio de la vegetación. La teledetección es una herramienta muy versátil para la evaluación de los incendios y el seguimiento de la recuperación, si bien no sustituye la observación en campo.

This article explains the religious system of Parmalim sect found in the Batak lands of North Sumatra. The problem in the research is how the Parmalim theology is constructed and several aspects related to the religious ceremonies. In Parmalim, theology and religious rituals tend to be more dominant with natural theology. The main teachings of this sect mostly come from narratives and cultural texts and ethical teachings of the Batak community. This community still exists today because of its ability to adapt to the culture of the community and the support of the traditional Batak leaders themselves. CONTRIBUTION: The study provides vital insights into the religious composition of the Parmalim sect and the socio-cultural factors contributing to its resilience. It contributes to the broader understanding of religious diversity, tolerance and the role of leadership in the survival of such communities, aligning with the journal's focus on religious studies and cultural dynamics

Family physicians require leadership skills to strengthen team-based primary care services. Interviews with South African district managers confirmed the need to develop leadership skills in family physicians. The updated national programmatic learning outcomes for South African family physician training were published in 2021. They sparked the need for curriculum renewal at the University of Cape Town's Division of Family Medicine. A review of the leadership and governance module during registrar training showed that the sessions were perceived to be content heavy with insufficient opportunities for reflection. Following a series of stakeholder engagements, the module convenors co-designed a revised module that was blueprinted on the updated learning outcomes. The module incorporates a group coaching style, facilitating learning through reflection on one's experiences. The revised module was implemented in 2022. It aims to provide a transformative learning experience centred on students' perceptions of themselves as leaders, as well as professional identity formation and resilience building. This short report describes preliminary insights from the revised module's developmental phase and forms part of an ongoing iterative evaluation process. CONTRIBUTION: Family physicians should lead across all their defined roles. Formal and informal learning opportunities are needed to facilitate their growth as leaders and help them to meet the health needs of communities served by an evolving health care system. This short report describes an example of a revised postgraduate module on leadership and governance, which may be of value to clinician educators and academic departments exploring innovative methods for the African region