RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water pollution by hydrocarbons is a worldwide concern due to its environmental and economic impact. Several highly effective synthetic sorbent materials have been developed to control oil spills, but the additional storage or disposal costs are high. Objective: To evaluate agro-industrial wastes (sugar cane bagasse and pine sawdust) and their mixtures, as biosorbent materials for the removal of hydrocarbons in water. Materials and Methods: Natural bagasse (NB) and pine sawdust (PS) were sieved to obtain a uniform biomass. The studies are carried out with granulometries (+1 -2 mm) and (+0.315 - 1 mm) for NB and PS for the mass percentages and homogeneity of the fractions. Humidity, real density, apparent density, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to EDX were determined for the selected material. To determine the maximum sorption capacity (Ca) of NB and PS, diesel (32.7 ºAPI) was used. An experimental design 22 was carried out. Statgraphics Centurion XV.II software was used for statistical analysis. Results and discussion: The results obtained show that the highest (Ca) was reached with (+0.315 -1 mm) and 80%NB/20%PS and 50%NB/50%PS mixtures. The results obtained show that the most influential variable on (Ca) is the biosorbent concentration. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is possible to use agricultural waste (NB and PS) and their mixtures as biosorbent materials, in non-conventional and sustainable treatments for the removal of hydrocarbons in water.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación de las aguas por hidrocarburos es una preocupación mundial debido a su impacto ambiental y económico. Se han desarrollado varios materiales sorbentes sintéticos muy efectivos para controlar los derrames de hidrocarburos, pero los costos adicionales de almacenamiento o disposición final son elevados. Objetivo: Evaluar residuos agroindustriales (bagazo de caña de azúcar y aserrín de pino) y sus mezclas, como materiales biosorbentes para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua. Materiales y Métodos: El bagazo natural (BN) y el aserrín de pino (AP) fueron tamizados para obtener una biomasa uniforme. Los estudios se realizan con granulometrías (+1 -2 mm) y (+ 0,315 - 1 mm) para el BN y el AP por los porcentajes másicos y la homogeneidad de las fracciones. Al material seleccionado se le determinó: humedad, densidad real, densidad aparente, porosidad y Microscopía Electrónica de Barredura (SEM) acoplada a EDX. Para la determinación de la máxima capacidad de sorción (Ca) de BN y AP, se utilizó diésel (32,7 ºAPI). Se realizó un diseño experimental 22. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurión XV.II. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor (Ca) se alcanzó con (+0,315 -1 mm) y mezclas 80%BN/20%AP y 50%BN/50%AP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variable más influyente en la (Ca) es la concentración de biosorbente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que es posible la utilizar de residuos agrícolas (BN y AP) y sus mezclas como materiales biosorbentes, en tratamientos no convencionales y sostenibles para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua.

Resumen La utilización de agroquímicos en la agricultura y el aumento de intoxicaciones derivadas de su manejo han llevado a discusiones acerca de su peligrosidad para la salud humana y el ambiente. Objetivo: conocer las causas de intoxicaciones por el uso de agroquímicos y describir propuestas para enfrentar el problema desde la perspectiva de los agricultores rurales, agentes de salud y extensionistas rurales de Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Metodología: cualitativa de tipo exploratorio-descriptiva, se realizaron 14 entrevistas a los diferentes actores las cuales fueron transcriptas y analizadas con el apoyo del software Atlas ti. Resultados: se encontró que las causas de intoxicación identificadas por los actores fueron: no utilizar vestimenta protectora, no seguir medidas de bioseguridad apropiadas, no poseer los medios de protección, falta de conciencia de la peligrosidad de los agroquímicos, y falta del cumplimiento de la ley relativa al uso de agroquímicos tanto por parte de agricultores como de vendedores de insumos, como propuestas para enfrentar el problema se plantearon: tomar conciencia de la peligrosidad y usar correctamente los medios de protección, dar capacitaciones, hacer visitas a los predios productivos, hacer cumplir la ley y establecer controles de residuos sobre los productos agrícolas. Conclusiones: se identificó que el uso de agroquímicos tiene efectos en la salud humana y en el ambiente, esta afirmación debería ser suficiente para generar y promover cada vez más dispositivos, programas y modelos de producción que disminuyan o eliminen su utilización.

Abstract The use of agrochemicals in agriculture and the increase in poisoning resulting from their handling has led to discussions about their danger to human health and the environment. Objetive: the objective of this research was to know the causes of poisoning due to the use of agrochemicals and describe proposals to face the problem from the perspective of rural producers, health agents and rural extension workers of Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Methodology: the methodology used was qualitative, exploratory-descriptive, 14 interviews were carried out with the different actors, which were transcribed and analyzed with the support of the Atlas ti software. Results: as a result, it was found that the causes of poisoning identified by the actors were: not using protective clothing, not following appropriate biosafety measures, not having the means of protection, lack of awareness of the danger of agrochemicals, and lack of compliance with the law regarding the use of agrochemicals by both producers and input sellers. Proposals to address the problem were proposed: becoming aware of the danger and correctly using protective means, providing training, visiting productive properties, enforcing the law and establishing residue controls on agricultural products. Conclusion: As a discussion and conclusions, it was identified that the use of agrochemicals has effects on human health and the environment; this statement should be sufficient to generate and promote more and more devices, programs and production models that reduce or eliminate their use.

Resumo O uso de agroquímicos na agricultura e o aumento das intoxicações decorrentes do seu manuseio têm gerado discussões sobre seus perigos para a saúde humana e o meio ambiente. Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer as causas das intoxicações pelo uso de agrotóxicos e descrever propostas para o enfrentamento do problema na perspectiva de produtores rurais, agentes de saúde e extensionistas rurais de Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Metodologia: a metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, foram realizadas 14 entrevistas com os diferentes atores, as quais foram transcritas e analisadas com o apoio do software Atlas ti. Resultados: como resultado, constatou-se que as causas de intoxicação identificadas pelos atores foram: não utilizar roupas de proteção, não seguir medidas adequadas de biossegurança, não possuir meios de proteção, falta de conscientização sobre o perigo dos agroquímicos e falta de cumprimento das normas. a lei relativa ao uso de agroquímicos tanto pelos produtores quanto pelos vendedores de insumos. Foram propostas propostas para enfrentar o problema: conscientizar-se do perigo e utilizar corretamente os meios de proteção, ministrar treinamentos, visitar propriedades produtivas, fazer cumprir a lei e estabelecer controles de resíduos nos produtos agrícolas. Conclusões: como discussão e conclusões, identificou-se que o uso de agrotóxicos traz efeitos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente; esta afirmação deveria ser suficiente para gerar e promover cada vez mais dispositivos, programas e modelos de produção que reduzam ou eliminem seu uso.

Abstract In the last decade, the pharmaceutical industry has shown great interest in the cultivation of aloe vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.]. In Mexico, it is grown in different states and agroecological conditions. This study aimed to characterize in situ the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera at two sites in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. In the 2019 agricultural cycle, two-year-old aloe vera plants were collected in both agroecological regions during both the dry and rainy seasons. The agro-morphological variables recorded were: leaf length, width, contour, thickness and weight, useful leaf weight, residue weight, gel weight, and skin weight. The edaphic variables analyzed were: pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, texture, bulk density, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, the altitude and average temperature and precipitation of each site were recorded. The variables were analyzed through an analysis of variance, principal components and Pearson’s correlation using the Rstudio program and the Statistical Analysis System. Significantly higher values (p≤ 0.05) were found in 60% of the agro-morphological variables of materials 1P, 2P, and 2V compared to 1V. According to the principal component analysis, the first two principal components accounted for 98.22% of the total morphological variability in the materials evaluated by site. There was a correlation between one geophysical variable, two climatic variables, two edaphic variables and morphological variables, except for leaf width. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the agro-morphological characteristics of aloe vera and the agroecological conditions of the site.

Resumen En la última década, la industria farmacéutica ha mostrado gran interés en el cultivo de sábila (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.). En México, se cultiva en diferentes estados y condiciones agroecológicas. El objetivo fue caracterizar in situ las características agro-morfológicas de sábila, en dos sitios en los estados de Puebla y Veracruz, México. En el ciclo agrícola 2019, se colectaron plantas de sábila, de dos años, en ambas regiones agroecológicas tanto en época de sequía y de lluvia. Las variables agro-morfológicas registradas fueron: largo, ancho, contorno, espesor, peso de hoja, peso de hoja útil, peso de residuos, peso del gel y peso de piel. Las variables edáficas analizadas fueron: pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, textura, densidad aparente, nitrógeno total, fósforo y potasio. Además, se registró la altitud, la temperatura y precipitación medias de cada sitio. Las variables fueron analizadas a través de análisis de varianza, componentes principales y correlación de Pearson empleando el programa Rstudio y Statistical Analysis System. Se encontraron valores significativamente (p≤ 0.05) mayores en el 60% de las variables agro-morfológicas de los materiales 1P, 2P y 2V con respecto al 1V. De acuerdo con el análisis de componentes principales, los dos primeros componentes principales, explicaron el 98. 22% de la variabilidad morfológica total en los materiales evaluados por sitio. Existió correlación entre una variable geofísica, dos climáticas, dos edáficas y morfológicas, excepto ancho de hoja. Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre las características agro-morfológicas de la sábila y las condiciones agroecológicas del sitio.

Abstract Rich in fiber and bioactive compounds, roselle calyx decoction residues offer opportunities in food processing. This study sought to develop a directly expanded snack with a mixture of corn and roselle calyx decoction residues, optimizing its physical qualities. It was conducted in 2023, using the response surface methodology with three factors and three responses. The directly expanded snack showed expansion index values between 1.75 to 2.64, bulk density of 0.15 to 0.38 g cm-3 and firmness of 6.8 to 19.6 N, with attractive purple-lilac shades. The regression models were adequate and using the desirability method, optimal conditions (OT= 132.3 °C, SS= 240 rpm) and roselle inclusion level (J= 12.4%) were determined for an optimized directly expanded snack. It was concluded that the inclusion of up to 12.4% of roselle calyx allowed obtaining snacks with excellent physical characteristics.

Resumen Los residuos de decocción cáliz de jamaica, ricos en fibra y compuestos bioactivos, ofrecen oportunidades en la elaboración de alimentos. Este estudio buscó desarrollar una botana directamente expandida con mezcla de maíz y residuos de decocción cáliz de jamaica, optimizando sus cualidades físicas. Se realizó en el año 2023, empleando la metodología de superficie de respuesta con tres factores y tres respuestas. La botana directamente expandida, mostraron valores de índice de expansión entre 1.75 a 2.64, densidad aparente de 0.15 a 0.38 g cm-3 y firmeza de 6.8 a 19.6 N, con tonalidades morado-lila atractivas. Los modelos de regresión fueron adecuados y mediante el método de deseabilidad, se determinaron condiciones óptimas (TS= 132.3 °C, VT= 240 rpm) y nivel de inclusión de jamaica (J= 12.4%) para una botana directamente expandida optimizada. Se concluyó que la inclusión de hasta un 12.4% de cáliz de jamaica permitió obtener botanas con excelentes características físicas.

Resumen La plaza de mercado La esmeralda se ubica en Popayán (Cauca), un municipio del Suroccidente Colombiano, es un lugar de suministro de productos agrícolas, considerada como un punto crítico por el manejo de residuos y el deterioro de su entorno, que afecta principalmente a comerciantes de la zona. El objetivo fue evaluar el manejo de residuos e identificar los síntomas en salud más comunes en los comerciantes del sector. Se llevó a cabo una investigación descriptiva empleando lista de verificación, encuestas, entrevistas y narrativas con los comerciantes de la plaza. La información recopilada se sistematizó utilizando Microsoft Excel y se importó al programa BioEstat 5.0 para analizar las variables socio-demográficas, ocupacionales y realizar pruebas Chi2 para comparar la relación entre condiciones de sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, manejo de residuos y síntomas presentados. Se establece un incumplimiento del 67% para planes y programas y un 90% para los aspectos ambientales, reflejando de manera significativa el problema organizacional frente a programas ambientales en la plaza de mercado. En el aspecto salud, el 75% de los comerciantes presentan síntomas gastrointestinales, 65.6% diarrea y 53.12% náuseas o vómitos. Se identificó la inadecuada disposición de residuos como un factor que podría agravar los problemas ambientales y de salud en el sector. Adicional, se evidenció que el 65.6% de los comerciantes no recibieron capacitación para el manejo de residuos, destacando la necesidad de estrategias de educación ambiental acerca de manejo y disposición adecuada de residuos, se recomienda implementarlas de manera continua dirigidas a los comerciantes y a la población en general, con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de salud, fomentar el autocuidado y reducir la vulnerabilidad a enfermedades.

Abstract The La Esmeralda marketplace is located in Popayán (Cauca), a municipality in southwestern Colombia. It is a place where agricultural products are supplied and is considered a critical point due to waste management and the deterioration of its environment, which mainly affects traders in the area. The objective was to evaluate waste management and identify the most common health symptoms in the traders of the sector. Descriptive research was carried out using a checklist, surveys, interviews and narratives with merchants in the plaza. The information collected was systematized using Microsoft Excel and imported into the BioEstat 5.0 program to analyze the socio-demographic and occupational variables and to perform Chi2 tests to compare the relationship between sociodemographic conditions, lifestyle, waste management and symptoms presented. A non-compliance of 67% for plans and programs and 90% for environmental aspects is established, reflecting in a significant way the organizational problem regarding environmental programs in the market place. In terms of health, 75% of the traders had gastrointestinal symptoms, 65.6% diarrhea and 53.12% nausea or vomiting. Inadequate waste disposal was identified as a factor that could aggravate environmental and health problems in the sector. In addition, it was found that 65.6% of the merchants did not receive training in waste management, highlighting the need for environmental education strategies on proper waste management and disposal, which should be implemented on an ongoing basis for merchants and the general population, in order to improve health conditions, promote self-care and reduce vulnerability to disease.

Abstract The European Union's "farm to fork" strategy sets out several objectives to be achieved by farmers, who, among others, aim to reduce the use of pesticides. The grapevine grower’s association of Palmela - AVIPE - has a role in providing technical support to farmers regarding the management of pests, diseases and weeds, nutrition, and irrigation. The goal of this work is to present the applied research of AVIPE on weed control and how it can be transferred to farmers. The use of glyphosate has been the main strategy to control weeds in the region. However, the increase in irrigated vineyards led to its growth, change in landscape and social perception of “bad work”. The vineyard rows were always tilled, mainly due to social pressure, as it could be considered “abandoned”. Since 2020, AVIPE has been performing trials with herbicides to demonstrate other possibilities for weed control. It started with the weeds’ identification, and a trial with active ingredient’ mixtures, followed by the evaluation of the results in May and August. Besides this trial, AVIPE has also the role of demonstrating better farming practices such as the impact of agricultural activities on soil microbiome, installation of the cover crops vs natural vegetation growth and the use of equipment for weeds’ mechanical control. To achieve better results, during the fieldwork farmers are invited to participate and comment. For the 2024 season, the assessment of herbicide residues on soil and the possible use of weed extracts to control pests are the main objectives of AVIPE.

Resumo A estratégia da União Europeia "do prado ao prato" define vários objetivos a atingir pelos agricultores, que, entre outros, visam reduzir a utilização de pesticidas. A Associação de viticultores do Concelho de Palmela - AVIPE tem um papel no apoio técnico aos agricultores no que diz respeito à gestão de pragas e doenças, nutrição, irrigação e controlo de infestantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a investigação aplicada feita pela AVIPE e como é transferida para os agricultores. O uso de glifosato tem sido a principal estratégia para o controle de infestantes na região. No entanto, o aumento de vinhas com rega levou ao crescimento de infestantes com impacto nos rendimentos, na paisagem e na perceção social de "desleixo". Desde 2020 que a AVIPE realiza ensaios com herbicidas para demonstrar outras possibilidades de controlo de infestantes. Iniciou-se com a identificação das infestantes, e montou-se um ensaio com misturas de substâncias ativas para avaliação da sua eficácia. Além deste ensaio, a AVIPE também tem o papel de demonstrar melhores práticas agrícolas, como o impacto das atividades agrícolas no microbioma do solo, a instalação das culturas de cobertura versus o crescimento da vegetação natural e o uso de equipamentos para controle mecânico de infestantes. Para alcançar melhores resultados, são feitos dias de campo e os agricultores são convidados a participar e comentar. Para a campanha de 2024, os resíduos de herbicidas no solo e o possível uso de extratos de infestantes para o controle de pragas são os principais estudos a efetuar pela associação.

Agroindustrial processes related to sugar cane generate agricultural waste that, for the most part, is not treated adequately and is often finally burned. This poor waste management leads to socio-economic and environmental problems, such as air, soil, and water pollution. The biomass of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is mainly made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the latter is a complex biopolymer which represents challenges for its degradation due to its resistance to chemical and physical treatments naturally in the environment. Therefore, the use of microorganisms and enzymes in the biological treatment of lignocellulosic materials promotes sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the most efficient method to achieve the total decomposition of insoluble lignin present in sugarcane biomass, using four different methodological approaches to achieve integration into soils, closing the cycle. The methods used in this study achieved complete degradation of insoluble lignin, therefore, the application of solid matrix discs inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus is recommended for the degradation of insoluble lignin.

Los procesos agroindustriales relacionados con la caña de azúcar generan residuos agrícolas que, en su mayoría, no son tratados adecuadamente y a menudo son finalmente quemados. Esta gestión deficiente de los residuos conlleva problemas socioeconómicos y medioambientales, como la contaminación del aire, el suelo y el agua. La biomasa de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) está constituido principalmente de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, siendo esta última un biopolímero complejo que representa desafíos para su degradación debido a su resistencia a tratamientos físicoquímicos y de manera natural en el ambiente, de forma que, la utilización de microorganismos y enzimas en el tratamiento biológico de materiales lignocelulósicos fomenta la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta investigación consistió en identificar el método más eficiente para lograr la descomposición total de la lignina insoluble presente en la biomasa de caña de azúcar, utilizando cuatro enfoques metodológicos distintos a fin de lograr la integración a los suelos, cerrando el ciclo. Los métodos empleados en este estudio lograron la degradación completa de lignina insoluble, por lo cual, se recomienda la aplicación de discos de matriz sólida inoculados con Pleurotus ostreatus para la degradación de la lignina insoluble.

ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a significant environmental problem due to their toxicity, with a high capacity to persist in the environment, resistance to conventional degradation methods, the ability to accumulate in living organisms and their magnification in food chains or food. In this review article, the impacts on health and environmental components are examined. Strategies and measures for control, mitigation and/or minimization of POPs are also addressed. Agricultural and industrial activities, inadequate final disposal of solid waste and lack of wastewater treatment are identified as the main sources of POP emissions. In addition, innovative and promising technologies are analyzed, such as nanotechnology, bioremediation, rhizoremediation, biochar, chromatography techniques, ultrasound, among others, for the adequate treatment of POPs. The review highlights both the advantages and limitations of these technologies, pointing out areas that still require developments to achieve effective treatments. More economical and ecological alternatives are also mentioned to counteract the impacts of POPs.

RESUMEN: Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) representan un problema ambiental significativo debido a su toxicidad, con una alta capacidad para persistir en el entorno, resistencia a los métodos de degradación convencionales, la capacidad de acumulación en organismos vivos y su magnificación en las cadenas tróficas o alimentarias. En este artículo de revisión, se examinan los impactos en la salud y en los componentes medio ambientales. También se abordan las estrategias y medidas de control, mitigación y/o minimización de los COP. Se identifica a las actividades agrícolas, industriales, la inadecuada disposición final de los residuos sólidos y la falta de tratamiento de las aguas residuales como las principales fuentes de emisión de COP. Además, se analizan tecnologías innovadoras y prometedoras, como la nanotecnología, biorremediación, rizorremediación, biocarbón, técnicas de cromatografía, ultrasonido, entre otras, para el tratamiento adecuado de los COP. La revisión destaca tanto las ventajas como las limitaciones de estas tecnologías, señalando áreas que aún requieren desarrollos para lograr tratamientos eficaces. También se mencionan alternativas más económicas y ecológicas, para contrarrestar los impactos de los COP.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo Bioatividades promissoras de nanopartículas de prata (SNPs) incitaram pesquisadores de diferentes especialidades a avaliar suas atividades em campo. A bioatividade contra pragas agrícolas foi objeto de publicações limitadas. No presente estudo, SNPs foram sintetizadas, e a atividade miticida foi avaliada em relação ao ácaro Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) e um ácaro predador associado, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Phytoseiidae). Em condições de laboratório, SNP apresentou atividade significativamente maior para O. afrasiaticus (LC50 foi de 39,7 µg/mL) do que N. barkeri (LC50 foi de 1.587,9 µg/mL), o que representa cerca de 40 vezes de seletividade contra a praga. O SNP exibiu atividade ovicida contra ovos postos de O. afrasiaticus (LC50 foi de 67,8 µg/mL). Em campo, o SNP (a 216 µg/mL) alcançou eficiência ligeiramente maior do que em estudo de laboratório; 86,5% de redução populacional de O. afrasiaticus foram alcançados e apenas 18,5% da população de N. barkeri foram afetados. O SNP suprimiu a eclosão de 57,1% dos ovos postos de O. afrasiaticus. Os resíduos de prata foram determinados usando espectrometria ICP-OES. Os resíduos iniciais atingiram 1,83 µg/mL após a aplicação e depois diminuíram com o passar do tempo. A ingestão diária estimada (IDE) atingiu 1,28 µg/kg/dia, calculada para os maiores resíduos obtidos e a maior taxa de consumo de tâmaras do mundo. O índice de risco (Hi) foi de 0,17 em média. O nível de resíduos obtido mostrou-se seguro em termos de referências de toxicidade aguda e crônica.

Abstract Promising bioactivities of silver nanoparticles SNP urged researchers of different specialties to evaluate their field-respective activities. Bioactivity towards agricultural pests were the subject of limited publications. In the current study, SNP were synthesized and miticidal activity was evaluated towards old world date mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and an associated predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Phytoseiidae). Under laboratory conditions, SNP displayed significantly higher activity towards O. afrasiaticus (LC50 was 39.7 µg/mL) than N. barkeri (LC50 was 1587.9 µg/mL) which accounts for about 40 folds of selectivity against the pest. SNP exhibited ovicidal activity against laid eggs of O. afrasiaticus (LC50 was 67.8 µg/mL). In field, SNP (at 216 µg/mL) achieved slightly higher efficiency than in laboratory study, 86.5% of population reduction of O. afrasiaticus was achieved and only 18.5% of N. barkeri population was affected. SNP suppressed hatching of 57.1% of laid eggs of O. afrasiaticus. Residues of silver were determined using ICP-OES spectrometry. Initial residues reached 1.83 µg/mL after application then declined with time passing. Estimated daily intake (EDI) reached 1.28 µg/kg/day, calculated for the highest residues obtained and the highest consumption rate of date in the world. Hazard index (Hi) was 0.17 in average. The obtained level of residues appeared to be safe in terms of acute and chronic toxicity references.

ABSTRACT: Fruit seeds, in terms of nutrition, are as wholesome as the grains cultivated exclusively for human consumption. The fruit pulp-processing agroindustry, more often than not, discards these seeds as unprofitable waste. The inclusion of seeds as a consumer product, equal in value to the pulp itself, can be made possible by adopting processes that increase their worth, and ideally at minimal costs. The controlled germination process is suitable for such an endeavor. The strategy presented here, is low in cost and permits the modulation of the constituents of the seeds by breaking the continuity of the process at the precise time, thus enabling the formation of a new product, which possesses bioactive properties. This research was performed with the focus on exploring the ways that the germination time influences the constituents of the seeds in four melon varieties. The Cantaloupe, Gália, Pele-de-Sapo and Orange melon seeds were studied and the water content, ash, proteins, lipids, total and reducing sugars, total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined in the samples. This was done in natura and post germination specifically at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Germination altered all the parameters, except the ash content. In Pele-de-Sapo, the protein content dropped, while in the others it showed an increase. Germination caused a rise in the values of the total and reducing sugars, as well as the total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins, showing variations during the intermediate times, based on the variety. Mostly, higher values were achieved at 96 h of the germination process. ABSTRACT nutrition consumption pulpprocessing processing agroindustry not waste product itself worth costs endeavor here properties varieties Cantaloupe Gália PeledeSapo Pele de Sapo proteins lipids sugars compounds tannins samples 24 48 7 9 hours parameters PeledeSapo, Sapo, dropped times variety Mostly 2 4

RESUMO: Sementes de frutas são materiais tão nutritivos quanto grãos produzidos especificamente para o consumo, no entanto, comumente essas sementes são desprezadas pela agroindústria de processamento de polpas de frutas como resíduo sem valor. A inserção desse tipo de material como produto de consumo tão nobre quanto à própria polpa pode ser viabilizada pela utilização de processos que lhe agreguem valor, preferencialmente com os menores custos. O processo de germinação controlada pode ser utilizado com esse fim. Trata-se de uma estratégia de baixo custo, que permite modular os constituintes das sementes pela interrupção do processo no tempo adequado, permitindo a criação de um novo produto, com destaque para as propriedades bioativas. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de se estudar o efeito do tempo de germinação sobre os constituintes das sementes de quatro variedades de melão. Foram utilizadas sementes de melões das variedades Cantaloupe, Gália, Pele-de-Sapo e Orange, determinando-se o teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, açúcares totais e redutores, compostos fenólicos totais, taninos, flavonoides e antocianinas nas amostras in natura e após germinação em tempos de 24, 48, 72 e 96 h. Com exceção do teor de cinzas, todos os parâmetros foram alterados pela germinação. Na Pele-de-Sapo o teor de proteínas foi reduzido, nas demais, foi aumentado. Açúcares totais e redutores, compostos fenólicos totais, taninos, flavonoides e antocianinas tiveram teores elevados com a germinação, variando em tempos intermediários conforme a variedade, em sua maioria com valores mais altos atingidos em 96 h de processo germinativo. RESUMO entanto valor custos fim Tratase Trata custo adequado bioativas melão Cantaloupe Gália PeledeSapo Pele Sapo Orange determinandose determinando água cinzas lipídios redutores taninos 24 48 7 9 reduzido demais aumentado variedade germinativo 2 4

ABSTRACT Fusarium species are the cause of diseases in various crops throughout the world and cause significant economic losses. Chemical fungicides are the main strategy for control, but their intensive and long-term use generates resistance, toxic residues, and environmental contamination. The biological control of bioactive substances has wide applications. In this study, the fungicidal activity of the extract obtained from Annona glabra L. seeds was evaluated as a control alternative for Fusarium solani. In addition, chemical characterization was carried out to identify the groups of metabolites present in the extract. The fungicidal activity against F. solani was evaluated using the microdilution method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established, as well as the mean inhibitory concentration (IC50). The IC50 of the extract was 972.24 mg L-1, and the MIC was 12.02 mg L-1. Using chemical characterization by ultrahigh-efficiency liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, the presence of THF acetogeniones, isoquinolinic alkaloids, and kaurene-type diterpenes, which were the main compounds responsible for the activity evaluated, was confirmed. The results obtained provide evidence that A. glabra seed extracts can be a potential source of metabolites with fungicidal activity. losses longterm long term resistance residues contamination applications study L addition F method (MIC established IC50. IC . (IC50) IC5 97224 972 24 972.2 L1, L1 1, 1 L-1 1202 12 02 12.0 L1. 1. ultrahighefficiency ultrahigh efficiency spectrometry acetogeniones alkaloids kaurenetype kaurene type diterpenes confirmed A (IC50 9722 97 2 972. L- 120 0 12. (IC5 9 (IC

RESUMO O gênero Fusarium é causador de doenças em diversas culturas agrícolas em todo o mundo com perdas econômicas significativas. Os fungicidas químicos são a principal estratégia de controle, mas o seu uso intensivo e prolongado gera resistência, resíduos tóxicos e contaminação ambiental. O controle biológico a partir de substâncias bioativas tem ampla aplicação. Neste estudo, a atividade fungicida do extrato obtido de Annona glabra L. como alternativa ao controle de Fusarium solani. Além disso, foi realizada uma caracterização química com o intuito de identificar os grupos de metabólitos presentes no extrato. A atividade fungicida contra F. solani foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição e foi estabelecida a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração inibitória média (IC50). Os resultados da atividade fungicida mostraram que o IC50 do extrato foi de 972.24 mg L-1 e o MIC foi de 12.02 mg L-1. Através da caracterização química por cromatografia líquida de ultraalta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas (UHPLC-MS/ MS), foi confirmada a presença de acetogênios THF, alcaloides isoquinolínicos e diterpenos do tipo caureno, que são os principais responsáveis pela atividade avaliada. Os resultados obtidos fornecem evidências de que os extratos de sementes de A. glabra podem ser uma fonte potencial de metabólitos com atividade fungicida contra F. solani. significativas resistência ambiental aplicação estudo L disso F CIM (CIM IC50. IC . (IC50) IC5 97224 972 24 972.2 L1 1 L- 1202 12 02 12.0 L1. 1. UHPLCMS/ UHPLCMS UHPLC MS/ MS (UHPLC-MS MS, , MS) THF caureno (IC50 9722 97 2 972. 120 0 12. (IC5 9 (IC