INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Clinical education is a heart of education. The improvement of it is a challenge for every university. African countries like Iran are developing, especially in higher education. So the work context is almost the same. The present study was conducted to identify the clinical education challenges and improving it by a cooperative action research approach. This study was conducted from 2016 to 2021. The participants were 41 nurses and head nurses, 86 nursing students, and 26 nursing teachers. They worked through two cycles of reflection for 50 months. The data were collected and analyzed using the qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the qualitative data by 11 semi-structured interviews and ten focus group discussion revealed that the 8 sub-categories (lack of attention to the evaluation process, non-participatory evaluation, low-staff educational cooperation, ineffective trainer, non-educational clinical context, student educational disability, student drowning in bed, non-planning Participatory) and 3 main themes (planning challenges, implementing challenges and evaluation challenges) were obtained. After change in planning and implementation process, evaluation was done by a standard researcher made questionnaire according to the sub-categories of qualitative data. That showed satisfaction Improvement in 3 main themes in two cycle (planning, implementing, and evaluating). Reflection in every cycle caused change in planning, implementing and evaluating process. Moreover, it caused learning for all participants. These participants made a small change in the style of educational management from authoritarian to participatory. So, run programs introduced in this action research could be applicable for educational managers and policymakers.

Abstract Introduction and Objective In most cases, due to the failure of nonsurgical methods in the treatment of diseases related to the colon, it is necessary to perform colostomy as the main treatment method. However, this surgery can cause a wide range of physical, social, and psychological problems in patients. Therefore, in order to prevent and treat the complications of colostomy, it is necessary to adopt measures in the field of self-care and continuous education for patients to control the complications of the disease, seek treatment, and experience improvements in their quality of life. Additionally, considering the role of mobile health (mHealth) applications in facilitating continuous and effective training, and improving self-care for these patients, the aim of the present study was to design and evaluate an mHealth application for self-care of colostomy patients. Materials and Methods In the present applied research, first the functional requirements of the software were determined considering the self-care requirements of colostomy patients. Then, the software was designed based on object-oriented analysis, and according to it, the application was coded in Java and developed in the Android Studio environment. Finally, to evaluate the software, the opinions and comments of 5 gastroenterologists and 10 adult colostomy patients in the age range between 27 and 64 years who had at least a high school diploma were used as the basis of judgment at this stage. The instruments used in the evaluation included a checklist, derived from three standard questionnaires (the System Usability Scale [SUS], the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire [MAUQ], and the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale [uMARS]) to measure the user-friendliness indicator, and a researcher-made checklist to measure the performance indicator of the various services provided. Results The services of the software developed include the provision of medical information and self-care instructions regarding colostomy surgery, as well as alerts for the user to schedule an appointment with a doctor and the time to take medications. Based on the results of the evaluation stage, the users were generally satisfied with the interface, services, and general features of the software. In general, the software was evaluated at the “acceptable” level, with a rate of 85%. Discussion and Conclusion Based on the findings of the current research, thesoftware developed can be significantly effective in facilitating the education of colostomy patients and improving their self-care. Proper and continuous self-care and education for colostomy patients is necessary to prevent and control complications resulting from surgery and to improve their quality of life. Therefore, in addition to patients, all health care staff, organizations, and associations which support colostomy patients can also use this software to educate patients and improve the care provided to them. cases colon method However physical social Therefore selfcare self disease life Additionally (mHealth training research Then objectoriented object oriented analysis environment Finally 1 2 6 stage SUS, SUS , [SUS] MAUQ, MAUQ [MAUQ] uMARS [uMARS] userfriendliness friendliness researchermade researcher made medications interface acceptable “acceptable level 85 85% selfcare. care. staff organizations them [SUS [MAUQ [uMARS 8

Abstract Narrative research has been used by several researchers in the fields of education and mathematics education, using different devices to produce data. One of them, which is still not very well known in the field in our country, is the biogram: a map of the participant’s professional career that makes it possible to highlight events that occurred through their chronology and the value given by the participant himself, in dialog with the researcher. The aim of this article is to discuss the possibilities and limits of using the biogram in educational research, based on its use in studies about the training experience in the National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age (PNAIC), in relation to learning to teach mathematics in the early years of elementary school. To this end, the use of the biogram in the research process is presented and discussed. As with any device aimed at producing data, the use of the biogram has some limits, such as the difficulty of synthesizing information from an interview and the need to make interpretations according to what was explained by the participant. On the other hand, it offers the possibility of reflecting on professional development trajectories and training programs that constitute milestones (critical incidents) for the construction of new beliefs, classroom practices, and teaching knowledge, among others. In addition, it can promote self-education for both the researcher and the participant, by allowing the process of valuing conversations in a time and space, triggered by the present lived and narrated. data them country participants s himself PNAIC, PNAIC , (PNAIC) school end discussed hand critical incidents beliefs practices knowledge others addition selfeducation self space narrated (PNAIC

Resumo A pesquisa narrativa vem sendo utilizada por diversos pesquisadores das áreas da educação e da educação matemática, por meio de diferentes dispositivos para produção de dados. Um deles, que ainda não é muito conhecido na área em nosso país, é o biograma: um mapa da trajetória profissional do participante que possibilita destacar acontecimentos ocorridos por meio de sua cronologia e da valoração dada pelo próprio participante, no diálogo com o pesquisador. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir possibilidades e limites do uso do biograma na pesquisa em educação, a partir de sua utilização em estudos sobre a experiência formativa no Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC), relativamente ao aprender para ensinar Matemática nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Para tanto, apresenta-se e discute-se o uso do biograma no processo de pesquisa. Como todo dispositivo voltado à produção de dados, a utilização do biograma traz alguns limites, como a dificuldade de sintetizar as informações de uma entrevista e a necessidade de realizar interpretações de acordo com o que foi explicitado pelo participante. Por outro lado, ele traz a possibilidade de reflexão sobre trajetórias de desenvolvimento profissional e sobre programas de formação que se constituem como marcos (incidentes críticos) para a construção de novas crenças, práticas de sala de aula, conhecimentos docentes, entre outros. Além disso, pode promover a autoformação tanto do pesquisador quanto do participante, ao permitir o processo de valoração de conversas situadas em um tempo e espaço, desencadeadas pelo presente vivido e narrado. matemática dados deles país PNAIC, PNAIC , (PNAIC) Fundamental apresentase apresenta discutese discute lado incidentes críticos crenças aula docentes outros disso espaço narrado (PNAIC

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of pedodontists and residents in the face of pediatric medical emergencies. Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on pedodontists and residents participating in the Congress. The knowledge evaluation tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. The questionnaire consisted of seven sections on information and education, prevention, office staff readiness, practical abilities, cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and intravenous access, medicines, and emergency treatment equipment. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Chi-squared test, t-test, ANOVA, correlation test, and linear regression were used for data analysis (P<0.05). Results: The study examined 150 specialists, 88 residents, and 62 pedodontists. The level of knowledge of specialists and pedodontic residents in the face of pediatric medical emergencies was 35.3% (moderate) and 31.7 (weak), respectively. The specialists' scores on the entire questionnaire and areas of information, medicine, and equipment were significantly higher than those of residents. Moreover, participation in lectures and reading papers significantly increased general awareness. Conclusion: The results indicated that specialists' awareness and pedodontic residents about pediatric medical emergencies during dentistry were at a different level, necessitating more practical and theoretical training. Objective Methods descriptiveanalytical descriptive analytical Congress researchermade researcher made reliability education prevention readiness abilities access medicines questionnaires 21 Chisquared Chi squared test ttest, ttest t t-test ANOVA P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) Results 15 8 6 353 35 3 35.3 moderate (moderate 317 31 7 31. weak, weak , (weak) respectively medicine Moreover Conclusion training 2 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 1 35. (weak P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

Resumo Esta resenha visa discutir e apresentar a obra intitulada Memórias da educação física na escola: cartas de professoras, de Eliana Ayoub. O objetivo apresentado é promover reflexões a respeito da educação física (EF), do corpo e da gestualidade na escola, a partir das narrativas de alunas-professoras participantes do Programa Especial de Formação de Professores em Exercício na Rede Municipal dos Municípios da Região Metropolitana de Campinas. Fruto da tese de livre docência da autora, as cartas que compõem o livro relacionam processos formativos em que Ayoub vivenciou ao longo de suas experiências como professora, pesquisadora e como aluna no universo da EF, entretecidos com suas experiências de vida e dos sujeitos presentes nessa trajetória. escola professoras EF , (EF) alunasprofessoras alunas Campinas autora professora trajetória (EF

Abstract This review aims to discuss and present the writing entitled Memories of physical education at school: letters from teachers, by Eliana Ayoub. The presented objective is to promote reflections about physical education (PE), the body, and gestures at school, based on the narratives of student-teachers participating in the Special Training Program for Teachers in Exercise in the Municipal Organization of Municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. As a result of the author's professor habilitation thesis, the letters that compose the book relate education processes which Ayoub experienced throughout her experiences as a teacher, researcher, and student in the PE universe, intertwined with her life experiences and the subjects present in this trajectory. school teachers PE, , (PE) body studentteachers Campinas authors author s thesis teacher researcher universe trajectory (PE

Resumo Introdução: A produção científica brasileira apresentou crescimento substancial e visibilidade internacional. Contudo, em geral, a participação das mulheres em atividades científicas ainda é limitada. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar os indicadores de produtividade científica de mulheres bolsistas do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) na área de medicina. Método: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 541 (211 mulheres, 39%) pesquisadores cadastrados como bolsistas de produtividade em medicina do CNPq conforme lista disponibilizada em dezembro de 2022. Resultado: Houve predomínio de pesquisadores do sexo masculino (n = 330; 61%). Em ambos os grupos, masculino e feminino, a maioria dos investigadores encontra-se no nível 2, sendo 62,5% mulheres e 47,2% homens (p = 0,018). Todos os 211 pesquisadores foram distribuídos em 37 instituições diferentes e publicaram 34.969 artigos em revistas científicas, com média de 165,7 artigos por pesquisador. De 2018 a 2022, foram publicados 9.679 artigos. Ao longo de suas carreiras, os 211 pesquisadores orientaram 5.440 alunos de iniciação científica, 4.144 alunos de mestrado e 2.923 alunos de doutorado. Houve diferença significativa entre os níveis de bolsas quanto ao desenvolvimento de recursos humanos em iniciação científica (p = 0,040), mestrado (p = 0,027) e doutorado (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Ainda há menor participação de mulheres do que de homens entre os pesquisadores médicos do CNPq. Contudo, foi possível observar participação substancial das mulheres em todos os quesitos avaliados, incluindo a produção técnica e científica e a formação de recursos humanos. Introdução internacional Contudo geral limitada Objetivo (CNPq Método 54 (21 39% 39 2022 Resultado n 330 61%. 61 61% . 61%) grupos feminino encontrase encontra se 2 625 62 5 62,5 472 47 47,2 p 0,018. 0018 0,018 0 018 0,018) 21 3 34969 34 969 34.96 1657 165 7 165, pesquisador 201 9679 9 679 9.67 carreiras 5440 440 5.44 4144 4 144 4.14 2923 923 2.92 0,040, 0040 0,040 , 040 0,040) 0,027 0027 027 0,001. 0001 0,001 001 0,001) Conclusão avaliados (2 202 33 6 62, 47, 0,01 01 3496 96 34.9 16 20 967 67 9.6 544 44 5.4 414 14 4.1 292 92 2.9 004 0,04 04 0,02 002 02 000 0,00 00 ( 0,0 349 34. 1 9. 5. 41 4. 29 2. 0,

Abstract Introduction: Brazilian scientific production has shown substantial growth and achieved international visibility. However, in general, the participation of women in scientific activities remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the indicators of scientific productivity of women fellows of the Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) in the field of Medicine. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 541 (211 women, 39%) researchers registered as recipients of CNPq research productivity (PQ) scholarships in Medicine according to a list provided in December 2022. Results: There was a predominance of male researchers (n=330; 61%). In both the male and female groups, most researchers were at level 2, with 62.5% women and 47.2% men (p=0.018). All 211 female PQ scholars were distributed among 37 different institutions and published 34,969 papers in scientific journals, averaging 165.7 articles per researcher. In the last five years of the study period (from 2018 to 2022), 9,679 papers were published. Over their careers, the 211 researchers supervised 5,440 undergraduate research students, 4,144 master’s degree students, and 2,923 PhD candidates. There was a significant difference between the scholarship levels for the development of human resources in undergraduate research (p=0.040), master’s degree (p=0.027), and PhD. (p<0.001). Conclusion: There are still less women participating in CNPq medical research than men. However, we observed a substantial participation of women in all the assessed items, including technical and scientific production and the human resources training. Introduction visibility However general limited Objective (CNPq Method crosssectional cross sectional 54 (21 39% 39 (PQ 2022 Results n=330 n330 n 330 (n=330 61%. 61 61% . 61%) groups 2 625 62 5 62.5 472 47 47.2 p=0.018. p0018 p p=0.018 0 018 (p=0.018) 21 3 34969 34 969 34,96 journals 1657 165 7 165. researcher from 201 2022, , 2022) 9679 9 679 9,67 careers 5440 440 5,44 students 4144 4 144 4,14 masters master s 2923 923 2,92 candidates p=0.040, p0040 p=0.040 040 (p=0.040) p=0.027, p0027 p=0.027 027 (p=0.027) p<0.001. p0001 p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) Conclusion items training (2 202 n=33 n33 33 (n=33 6 62. 47. p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.018 3496 96 34,9 16 20 967 67 9,6 544 44 5,4 414 14 4,1 292 92 2,9 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.040 p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.027 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 ( n=3 n3 (n=3 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 349 34, 1 9, 5, 41 4, 29 (p=0.04 (p=0.02 p<0.0 (p<0.00 n= (n= p0 p=0. (p=0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 (n p=0 (p=0. p<0 (p<0. p= (p=0 p< (p<0 (p= (p< (p

The ineffectiveness of some elders and deacons of Maranatha Reformed Church of Christ to implement their functions and duties contributed to the deterioration of the spiritual and material sustainability of the church. To counteract this corrosion, the church established a training team that instituted an informal programme as a means of revitalising elders and deacons. After running a pilot project to test the training programme, the team presented its report to the General Church Assembly. A selective interpretation of informal education can contribute to a misguided and limited perception of informal knowledge and acquisition as uncivilised and unsustainable. In this article, the researcher seeks to articulate the formal and informal dynamics of informal education. He employed an exploratory concurrent design of mixed methods research within an indigenous paradigm to analyse the report on training of elders and deacons. The researcher used a convenience sampling strategy to select the authors of the report, namely four trainers and four trainees, with whom he conducted a focus group discussion. Although strategically formulated, the learning activities and resources were continuously innovated in the informal programme for elders and deacons. The conclusion reached is that the learning process in informal education is flexible and mutually edifying for educators and trainees. CONTRIBUTION: Education for the proclamation of the gospel and church governance is not intended exclusively for ministers or theologians. Despite their diversity, elders and deacons need to be educated on the proclamation of the gospel according to the teachings of their church, using their respective contexts. Informal education, which comprises formal and informal dynamics, can contribute towards addressing the problem of untrained elders and deacons

ABSTRACT The study of personalities constitutes an essential aspect in professional pedagogical training, although unfortunately, the approach to the legacy of many is still limited. In this sense, this article is oriented, whose objective is: to reveal the pedagogical work of Dr. C. Mercedes López López from 1964 to 2000, based on her contribution to the History of Education and Early Childhood Education, in the context of the Revolution. Through the documentary review and living testimony obtained in the exchange with colleagues, the historical memory of her participation in the main transformations of the National Education System at the educational level is reconstructed. Her actions as a researcher together with her work team in the Department of Management and Organization of the Central Institute of Pedagogical Sciences stand out. Important results are attributed to the Cuban pedagogical theory and practice in Early Childhood Education, a broad indisputable reference work, the search for innovative alternatives for educational quality, centered on the educator and the teaching-learning process, through their training. permanent and systematic. That is why she and even more she is considered the most distinguished scientist of Cuban pedagogy.

RESUMEN El estudio de personalidades constituye un aspecto esencial en la formación profesional pedagógica, aunque lamentablemente, todavía es limitado el acercamiento al legado de muchos. En ese sentido se orienta este artículo cuyo objetivo es: revelar la obra pedagógica de la Dr. C. Mercedes López López de 1964 al 2000, a partir de su contribución a la Historia de la Educación y a la Educación de la Primera infancia, en el contexto de la Revolución. A través de la revisión documental y testimonio vivo obtenido en el intercambio con colegas, se reconstruye la memoria histórica de su participación en las principales transformaciones del Sistema Nacional de Educación en el nivel educativo. Se destaca su accionar como investigadora junto su equipo de trabajo en el Departamento de Dirección y Organización del Instituto Central de Ciencias Pedagógicas. Se le atribuyen importantes resultados para la teoría y la práctica pedagógica cubana en la Educación Infantil, una amplia obra de referencia indiscutible, la búsqueda de alternativas innovadoras para la calidad educativa, centradas en el educador y el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, mediante su capacitación permanente y sistemática. Por eso y más se le considera la científica más insigne de la pedagogía cubana.

Resumen El uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación son el camino idóneo para el desarrollo de las competencias que el alumnado necesita para desenvolverse en una sociedad ampliamente digitalizada, con el fin de dejar de ser solo personas que consumen tecnología. De esta manera, uno de los principales retos de la educación actual implica que la población estudiantil aprenda a resolver problemas a través del uso de las tecnologías y la creación de software, para lo cual es necesario el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con el pensamiento computacional y la programación como parte de los nuevos procesos de aprendizaje. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el impacto del pensamiento computacional y la programación en la formación de estudiantes desde edades tempranas, por lo cual se profundizó en los conceptos de pensamiento computacional, lenguajes de programación, competencias de programación, alfabetización digital y aprendizaje de la programación desde edades tempranas. Metodológicamente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica acerca del tema, mediante la aplicación de un estudio descriptivo. Se encontró que el cambio en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje tradicional demanda la incorporación del pensamiento computacional y la programación como parte de los nuevos procesos de aprendizaje, además, que el mundo de los lenguajes de programación se ha adaptado a las necesidades de las personas, permitiendo desarrollar habilidades relacionadas con la resolución de problemas, la creatividad, el pensamiento lógico, el razonamiento y el trabajo colaborativo. No obstante, existen razones que dificultan dicho proceso, como son la discapacidad, la inversión necesaria en tiempo y dinero, el escaso manejo de la frustración, así como cuestiones de inclusión y género. Se recomienda realizar nuevas investigaciones que permitan conocer si los cuerpos docentes en los países latinoamericanos cuentan con las competencias necesarias para educar al alumnado en la programación, a fin de transitar hacia el pensamiento computacional.

Abstract Information and communication technologies represent the ideal path for developing the necessary skills for students to function in a widely digitized society and to stop being simple consumers of technology. In this sense, one of the main challenges of current education implies that students learn to solve problems through the use of technologies and the creation of software, which implies the development of skills related to computational thinking and programming as part of the new learning processes. Thus, the objective of the research was to understand the impact of computational thinking and programming in the training of students. Therefore, the researcher focused on the concepts of computational thinking, programming languages, programming skills, digital literacy, and programming learning from an early age. Regarding the methodology, through the application of a descriptive study, the researcher carried out a bibliographic review of the scientific literature on the subject. Hence, the investigator concluded that the traditional teaching-learning process demands the incorporation of computational thinking and programming as new learning processes. In addition, programming languages have adapted to the needs of people, which has allowed the development of skills related to problem-solving, creativity, logical thinking, reasoning, and collaborative work. However, certain elements hinder this process; for instance, disability, necessary investment in time and money, and poor management of frustration, as well as inclusion and gender topics. Therefore, the author recommends carrying out new investigations that allow knowing if the professors in Latin American countries have the required skills to educate students in programming and thus move towards computational thinking.

Resumen La Carrera de Ingeniería en Computación del Tecnológico de Costa Rica ejecuta un Plan Piloto de Formación Vinculada con Empresas, por lo que en la asignatura de Aseguramiento de la calidad del software el estudiantado diseñó y ejecutó un plan de pruebas en un proyecto de software auténtico y real de una empresa con la estrategia del aprendizaje basada en proyectos. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la puesta en práctica de la metodología de aprendizaje basada en proyectos en el curso de Aseguramiento de la calidad del software y conocer la percepción del alumnado sobre el proceso desarrollado. En la presente investigación se aplicó un proceso metodológico mediante el enfoque cuantitativo, se trabajó con una población de 50 estudiantes, a los que se le aplicó una encuesta digital. Los datos fueron analizados con un análisis estadístico descriptivo, un análisis correlacional y una prueba no paramétrica. Los resultados indican que se implementó pertinentemente la estrategia en una modalidad 100% virtual. Además, la opinión expresada por el estudiantado es buena y en su mayoría recomendarían la estrategia educativa.

Abstract The Computer Engineering Major at the Tecnológico de Costa Rica conducts a program called the Pilot Plan for Business-Linked Training. For this reason, in the Software Quality Assurance course, a test plan was designed and used by students in an authentic and real software project of a company with a project-based learning strategy. Regarding the objective of this research, it consisted of presenting the implementation of the project-based learning methodology in the Software Quality Assurance course and knowing the perception of the students about the developed process. Moreover, the researcher applied a methodological process through the quantitative approach and worked with a population of 50 students, to whom the investigator applied a digital survey. Thus, the author studied the data through a descriptive statistical analysis, a correlational analysis, and a non-parametric test. The results indicated that the strategy was properly implemented in a 100% virtual modality. In addition, the opinion expressed by the students was positive and, for the most part, they recommend the educational strategy.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar, a partir de un estudio cuantitativo exploratorio, las creencias acerca de la formación continua que el profesorado del Cauca-Colombia ha recibido por medio del gobierno nacional. Por lo anterior, se diseñó un cuestionario con catorce ítems al que se le aplicó la técnica juicio de personas expertas y la prueba de consistencia interna alpha de Cronbach, con un resultado de 0,91 que se considera excelente. El cuestionario se aplicó a 310 personas docentes y directivas docentes, los resultados obtenidos muestran que el 33 % del cuerpo docente está convencido de los beneficios de la formación, principalmente lo relacionado con la inclusión de las TIC, el desarrollo de competencias docentes y práctica educativa. Así mismo, el 50 % manifiesta que está de acuerdo con los beneficios de la formación para el mejoramiento docente, pero con algún desacuerdo en los factores de gestión escolar y el 17 % de las personas encuestadas manifiesta no estar convencido con los beneficios de la formación, en especial, con el fomento de la investigación educativa, la actualización de referentes institucionales, la dotación y el seguimiento a los procesos formativos. Se concluye que, para la mayoría del profesorado, la formación es aceptable y se muestra satisfecho con esta. Se recomienda a la comunidad educativa realizar investigaciones que complementen, desde otros paradigmas, los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo.

Abstract This paper intends to analyze, from an exploratory quantitative study, the beliefs about the continuous training that professors of Cauca, Colombia, have received from the national government. Therefore, the investigator designed a questionnaire with fourteen items to which the Expert Judgment technique and Cronbach's Alpha Internal Consistency Test were applied with a result of 0.91, which is considered excellent. Moreover, 310 individuals filled out the questionnaire and the results showed that 33% of professors are convinced of the benefits of training, mainly related to the inclusion of ICT, the development of teaching skills, and educational practice. Likewise, 50% stated that they agree with the benefits of training for teacher improvement, but with some disagreement in school management factors. Meanwhile, 17% declared that they are not convinced of the benefits of training. especially, with the promotion of educational research, the updating of institutional references, the endowment, and the follow-up of the training processes. Therefore, the researcher concludes that, for most professors, the training is acceptable, being satisfied with it. Finally, as a recommendation, the educational community should carry out research that complements, from other paradigms, the results obtained in this work.

Abstract: This essay aims to review and analyze the proposals of various researchers regarding categories of analysis that facilitate the implementation of processes of observation of pedagogical practices from a critical approach. In this direction, we have considered categories that challenge the researcher to adopt a comprehensive view in the processes of analysis and classroom observation. Based on the foregoing, a heuristic and, at the same time, eclectic exercise is proposed, which translates into reconciling categories of analysis for a proposal of an instrument for recording observation of pedagogical practices, adaptable to the needs of each research- er. To this end, we analyze: the efficacy and theoretical scaffolding suggested by complex thinking, the tools of didactic analysis, the principles of multi-referentiality and the integration of some categories of the CLEHES (Body-Language-Emotions-History-Eros-Silence) anthropological device. All of these, together, give rise to an instrument that is intended to be useful to researchers who enter the field of classroom observation and who, regularly or sporadically, implement observational processes of pedagogical practices. It is concluded that the categories analyzed in this article contribute to broaden the view on the instruments of observation of pedagogical practices, opening analytical and interpretative rather than evaluative views, and that, consequently, they will be enriching for the observational processes of those who undertake the complex task of analyzing didactic processes carried out in classrooms of different levels.

Resumo: Este ensaio tem como objetivo revisar e analisar as propostas de vários pesquisadores sobre categorias de análise que facilitam a implementação de processos de observação de práticas pedagógicas a partir de uma abordagem crítica. Nessa linha, consideramos categorias que desafiam o pesquisador a adotar um olhar abrangente sobre os processos de análise e observação da sala de aula. Com base no exposto, propõe-se um exercício heurístico e, ao mesmo tempo, eclético, que se traduz em conciliar categorias de análise para uma proposta de instrumento de registro da observação de práticas pedagógicas, adaptável às necessidades de cada pesquisador. Para isso, analisamos: a eficácia e os andaimes teóricos sugeridos pelo pensamento complexo, as ferramentas de análise didática, os princípios da multirreferencialidade e a integração de algumas categorias do dispositivo antropológico de CLEHES. Tudo isso, em conjunto, dá origem a um instrumento que pretende ser útil aos pesquisadores que entram no campo da observação de sala de aula e que, regular ou esporadicamente, implementam processos de observação de práticas pedagógicas. Conclui-se que as categorias analisadas neste artigo contribuem para ampliar a visão sobre os instrumentos de observação de práticas pedagógicas, abrindo visões analíticas e interpretativas, e não avaliativas, e que, consequentemente, serão enriquecedoras para os pro- cessos observacionais daqueles que empreendem a complexa tarefa de analisar processos didáticos realizados em salas de aula de diferentes séries.

Resumen: El presente ensayo pretende revisar y analizar las propuestas de diversos investigadores en torno a categorías de análisis que faciliten la implementación de procesos de observación de prácticas pedagógicas desde un enfoque crítico. En esta línea, se han considerado categorías que interpelan al investigador a adoptar una mirada integral en los procesos de análisis y de observación de aula. Con base en lo anterior, se propone un ejercicio heurístico y, a su vez, ecléctico, el cual se traduce en conciliar categorías de análisis para una propuesta de instrumento de registro de observación de prácticas pedagógicas, adaptable a las necesidades de cada investigador. Para ello, se analiza: la eficacia y andamiaje teórico que sugiere el pensamiento complejo, las herramientas del análisis didáctico, los principios de la multirreferencialidad y la integración de algunas categorías del dispositivo antropológico CLEHES. Todos estos, en su conjunto, dan origen a un instrumento que pretende ser de utilidad a los investigadores que ingresen al campo de la observación de aula y que, regular o esporádicamente, implementen procesos observacionales de prácticas pedagógicas. Se concluye que las categorías analizadas en el presente artículo contribuyen a ampliar la mirada en torno a los instrumentos de observación de prácticas pedagógicas, abriendo miradas analíticas e interpretativas más que evaluativas y que, consecuentemente, serán enriquecedoras para los procesos observacionales de aquellos que emprendan la compleja tarea de analizar procesos didácticos realizados en aulas de diversos grados.

ABSTRACT Scientific research is a fundamental component in the training of health professionals. The purpose of the subject Research Methodology taught s part of the undergraduate medical program is to prepare them to conduct scientific research using information technologies. This includes descriptive statistics contents to develop research, which makes it necessary to acquire skills with computer tools for processing the collected data, through softwares, preferably of free distribution. The present article had the objective of spreading the use of the free software Jamovi for descriptive statistics contents in the first academic year of the medical major belonging to the plan of studies E, which allows concluding that this free tool uses a simple and user-friendly interface. It is designed in R language, can be modified according to the researcher’s interests, and has become the preferred tool of many researchers for the processing, analysis and graphical representation of data at a global level.

RESUMEN La investigación científica es un componente fundamental para la formación de profesionales de la salud. La Metodología de la Investigación que se imparte en el pregrado de la carrera de medicina tiene como finalidad prepararlos en la realización de investigaciones científicas, mediante las tecnologías de la información. Esta incorpora contenidos de Estadística Descriptiva para desarrollar investigaciones, lo que hace necesario que se adquieran habilidades con herramientas informáticas para procesar los datos recogidos, a través de software, preferentemente de libre distribución. El presente artículo tuvo el objetivo de divulgar el uso del software gratuito Jamovi para los contenidos de Estadística Descriptiva en el primer año de la carrera de medicina del Plan E, lo que permite concluir que esta herramienta gratuita utiliza una interfaz sencilla y amigable. Está diseñada en lenguaje R, puede ser modificada según los intereses del investigador y se ha convertido en la preferida de muchos investigadores en el procesamiento, el análisis y la representación gráfica de datos a nivel global.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el impacto de la proximidad de las empresas industriales a los sistemas regionales de innovación en el desempeño financiero y en la creación de valor, se considerando la realidad brasileña. El desafío teórico-empírico explorado fue proponer un modelo para identificar los sistemas regionales de innovación, a partir de la existencia de ecosistemas de innovación. Para ello, la investigación utilizó variables de formación de investigadores, capital humano dedicado a la investigación y desarrollo, patentes y publicaciones y la creación de empresas para identificar los ecosistemas de innovación, cuyo nivel de densidad geográfica permitió identificar los sistemas regionales de innovación. Con este objetivo, se utilizó el análisis factorial exploratorio. Se levantaron 556 empresas industriales en Brasil con información financiera publicada y disponible para el período de 2017-2018. Se calcularon los indicadores rentabilidad y creación de valor, así como la proximidad de cada empresa a los ecosistemas y sistemas regionales de innovación. Se identificaron cinco sistemas regionales de innovación en Brasil y se verificó que la proximidad de las empresas a estos sistemas ejerce un impacto positivo y significativo en los indicadores financieros y de creación de valor. Estas evidencias demuestran la necesidad de fomentar nuevos sistemas regionales de innovación para apoyar el desarrollo económico del país de forma más equitativa. valor brasileña teóricoempírico teórico empírico ello investigadores exploratorio 55 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 equitativa 5 2017201 201 2017-201 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Abstract The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of industrial firms' proximity to regional innovation systems on financial performance and value creation, considering the Brazilian reality. The theoretical-empirical challenge explored was to propose a model to identify regional innovation systems based on the existence of innovation ecosystems. To do so, the research used variables such as researcher training, human capital devoted to research and development, patents and publications, and business creation to identify innovation ecosystems, whose level of geographical density allowed for the identification of regional innovation systems. Exploratory factor analysis was used. A total of 556 industrial firms in Brazil with published financial information were surveyed for the period 2017-2018. Profitability and value creation indicators, as well as the proximity of each firm to innovation ecosystems and regional innovation systems, were calculated. Five regional innovation systems were identified in Brazil, and it was found that firms' proximity to these systems has a positive and significant impact on financial and value creation indicators. These findings demonstrate the need to foster new regional innovation systems to support the country's economic development more equitably. reality theoreticalempirical theoretical empirical so training publications 55 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 indicators calculated countrys country s equitably 5 2017201 201 2017-201 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o impacto da proximidade das empresas industriais aos sistemas regionais de inovação no desempenho financeiro e na criação de valor, considerando-se a realidade brasileira. O desafio teórico-empírico explorado foi propor um modelo para identificar os sistemas regionais de inovação, a partir da existência de ecossistemas de inovação. Para tanto, a pesquisa utilizou variáveis de formação de pesquisadores, capital humano dedicado à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento, patentes e publicações e a criação de empresas para identificar os ecossistemas de inovação, cujo nível de densidade geográfica permitiu identificar os sistemas regionais de inovação. Com esse intuito, utilizou-se a análise fatorial exploratória. Foram levantadas 556 empresas industriais no Brasil com informações financeiras publicadas e disponíveis para o período de 2017-2018. Calcularam-se os indicadores rentabilidade e criação de valor, bem como a proximidade de cada empresa aos ecossistemas e sistemas regionais de inovação. Identificaram-se cinco sistemas regionais de inovação no Brasil e verificou-se que a proximidade das empresas a estes sistemas exerce impacto positivo e significativo nos indicadores financeiros e de criação de valor. Essas evidências demonstram a necessidade de fomentar novos sistemas regionais de inovação para apoiar o desenvolvimento econômico do país de forma mais equitativa. valor considerandose considerando se brasileira teóricoempírico teórico empírico tanto pesquisadores intuito utilizouse exploratória 55 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 Calcularamse Calcularam Identificaramse Identificaram verificouse verificou equitativa 5 2017201 201 2017-201 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-