Résumé Les études sur les coalitions se concentrent exclusivement sur l’aspect partisan des alliances politiques du président. Cet article analyse la présence proportionnelle des États dans les bureaux ministériels formés durant les gouvernements de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva et Dilma Rousseff. À partir du lieu d’origine politique de 265 ministres, nous avons développé un indice pour mesurer le taux de coalescence fédérative des cabinets. Cet indice estime la proportionnalité de la représentation des État au sein des équipes ministérielles année par année durant ces gouvernements. Au-delà de la surreprésentation de certains États par rapport au poids effectif de leurs caucus au Congrès national, nos résultats permettent de comparer les valeurs de la coalescence fédérative avec la coalescence partisane au fil du temps. L’indice montre que le président de la République cherche à privilégier certaines factions étatiques au sein des partis de la base alliée, exprimant ainsi une nouvelle dimension du présidentielle de coalition. laspect l aspect Cardoso Rousseff dorigine d origine 26 ministres cabinets Audelà Au delà national temps Lindice L alliée coalition 2

Resumo Estudos sobre coalizões estão focados exclusivamente no aspecto partidário das alianças políticas do presidente. O artigo analisa a presença proporcional dos estados nos gabinetes ministeriais formados nos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva e Dilma Rousseff. A partir do local de origem política de 265 ministros, desenvolvemos um índice para mensurar a taxa de coalescência federativa dos gabinetes. Esse índice estima a proporcionalidade da representação estadual das equipes ministeriais ano a ano nesses governos. Mais do que a sobrerrepresentação de alguns estados em relação ao peso efetivo de suas bancadas no Congresso Nacional, nossos resultados permitem comparar os valores da coalescência federativa com a coalescência partidária ao longo do tempo. O índice mostra que o presidente da República procura privilegiar certas facções estaduais dentro dos partidos da base aliada, expressando assim uma nova dimensão do presidencialismo de coalizão. Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tempo aliada coalizão 2

Resumen Los estudios sobre las coaliciones se centran exclusivamente en el aspecto partidista de las alianzas políticas del presidente. El artículo analiza la presencia proporcional de los estados en los gabinetes ministeriales formados por los gobiernos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva y Dilma Rousseff. Basándonos en el lugar de origen político de 265 ministros, desarrollamos un índice para medir la tasa de coalescencia federativa de los gabinetes. Este índice estima la proporcionalidad de la representación estatal de los equipos ministeriales año tras año en estos gobiernos. Más que la sobrerrepresentación de algunos estados en relación con el peso efectivo de sus grupos en el Congreso Nacional, nuestros resultados nos permiten comparar los valores de la coalescencia federal con la coalescencia de los partidos a lo largo del tiempo. El índice muestra que el Presidente de la República busca favorecer a determinadas facciones estatales dentro de los partidos de la base aliada, expresando así una nueva dimensión del presidencialismo de coalición. presidente Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tiempo aliada coalición 2

Abstract While existing studies on coalitions focus primarily on the party-level dynamics of a president’s political alliances, this paper examines the proportional representation of states within ministries during the terms of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff. Based on the political origins of 265 ministers, we developed an index to measure the extent of state-level coalescence of the ministries. This index allows us to assess the year-by-year proportionality of state-level representativeness within the ministries. More than merely identifying over-representation of certain states relative to their congressional influence, our results enable a comparative analysis of federative coalescence as compared to party coalescence over time. Our findings signal a trend in which the President of the Republic tends to favor specific state factions within allied parties, shedding light on a previously unexplored dimension of coalition presidentialism. partylevel level presidents president s alliances Cardoso Silva Rousseff 26 ministers statelevel yearbyyear year by overrepresentation influence time parties presidentialism 2

Abstract This article aims to examine the evolution of China’s foreign policy from the adoption of the “peaceful rise” policy to the present one which stems from the concept of the “Chinese dream” presented by Xi Jinping. The analysis is carried out in the light of major traditional international relations theories and introduces the doctrine underpinning the “Chinese dream” known as Tianxia. It finds that western traditional doctrine lacks rigorous consideration of Asian historical and cultural singularities that prevent them from fully explaining the international actions of the People’s Republic of China. In particular, China’s increasing assertiveness in its international relations along with its economic, military and technological advances, as well as the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, have exacerbated differences with the West. It is imperative to provide diplomacy with tools to assess the international context and the opposing positions of the West and the PRC that considers a theoretical framework that incorporates elements such as Tianxia, not as a substitute for Western tradition frameworks of analysis, but to enrich them. This is particularly true for the defense and projection of the interests of developing countries, which will require extensive diplomatic skills to navigate this complex context effectively as proactive players rather than bystanders in the international arena.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la evolución de la política exterior china desde la adopción de la política del “ascenso pacífico” hasta la actual, basada en el concepto del “sueño chino” expuesto por Xi Jinping. El análisis se lleva a cabo a la luz de las principales teorías de relaciones internacionales tradicionales e introduce la doctrina que sustenta al “sueño chino” conocida como Tianxia. Se encuentra que la doctrina occidental tradicional carece de una consideración rigurosa de las aristas históricas y culturales asiáticas y esto le impide explicar plenamente el comportamiento internacional de la República Popular China (RPC). En particular, la creciente asertividad de China en sus relaciones internacionales junto a sus avances económicos, militares y tecnológicos, así como los conflictos militares en Ucrania e Israel, han exacerbado las diferencias con Occidente. Es imperativo dotar a la diplomacia de herramientas que permitan valorar el contexto internacional y las posiciones contrapuestas entre Occidente y la RPC a partir de un marco teórico que incorpore elementos como el Tianxia, no en sustitución de los esquemas de análisis de tradición occidental, sino en adhesión, para enriquecerlos. Esto es particularmente cierto, para la defensa y proyección de los intereses de los países en desarrollo, los cuales requerirán de amplias destrezas diplomáticas para navegar este complejo contexto de manera efectiva, como actores proactivos y no espectadores en la arena internacional.

Resumen En este artículo se sustenta que el servicio de educación indígena de Baja California, el cual opera desde hace más de 40 años, posee características que lo distinguen de otros similares que se desarrollan en diversos estados de la república mexicana. En este caso, su crecimiento está articulado a los procesos de migración interna, cuya diversidad cultural y lingüística está presente en las aulas. Para lograr una descripción pormenorizada de sus principales rasgos, se realizó un análisis estadístico con información obtenida de las bases de datos de la Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, de la prueba Planea, de la estadística educativa del Formato 911, así como de entrevistas aplicadas a informantes clave. Los resultados permiten identificar el tipo de organización de los centros escolares, los perfiles académico y lingüístico del profesorado y del alumnado, así como sus especificidades y retos para continuar brindando el servicio.

Abstract In this article it is founded that the indigenous education service in Baja California, which has been operating for more than forty years, has acquired characteristics that distinguish it from other similar services that operate in different states of the Mexican Republic. In this case, its growth is linked to internal migration processes. Hence, the cultural and linguistic diversity in the classrooms. In order to achieve a detailed description of their characteristics, a statistical analysis was carried out with information from the databases of the Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, the PLANEA test, and the educational statistics of the Formato 911, as well as interviews with key informants. The results allow to identify the type of organization of the schools and the academic and linguistic profiles of teachers and students, as well as their specificities and challenges to continue providing the service.

RESUMEN La empleabilidad es un proceso complejo, caracterizado en los últimos años por disímiles requerimientos, por lo que representa un reto para los graduados de las universidades, debido a la exigencia de competencias profesionales y sociales que demanda el mercado. Dada la preocupación existente, para garantizar de forma eficaz el proceso de empleo de los graduados de las carreras de turismo en las Universidades de Santiago de los Caballeros, de la República Dominicana, se realizó un diagnóstico que permitió la identificación de los factores que inciden en el proceso.

ABSTRACT Employability is a complex process, characterized in recent years by dissimilar requirements, which represents a challenge for university graduates, due to the demand for professional and social competencies demanded by the market. Given the existing concern to effectively guarantee the employment process of the graduates of the tourism careers in the Universities of Santiago de los Caballeros, in the Dominican Republic, a diagnosis was carried out to identify the factors that affect the process.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, labour law seeks to prevent and punish harassment at work, understood as "persistent and demonstrable" conduct with the purpose of undermining the dignity of the worker. Likewise, criminal law criminalises sexual harassment, understood as the act of using one's superiority for non-consensual sexual purposes. This criminal offence seeks to protect freedom, integrity and sexual training. This article analyses, using a gender perspective, the fragmentation that has occurred so far as a result of this double regulation in scenarios of sexual harassment in the workplace and which the Congress of the Republic seeks to remedy with the issuing of Act 2365, 2024. We present six tensions or points in common between labour and criminal regulations. We conclude the article by proposing three lines of research: (1) on the barriers to access to justice for sexual harassment, (2) to continue feminist dogmatic research and (3) on the forms of control in labour settings.

RESUMEN En Colombia, el derecho laboral busca prevenir y sancionar el acoso laboral, entendido como una conducta "persistente y demostrable" con el propósito de cercenar la dignidad del trabajador. Asimismo, el derecho penal tipifica el acoso sexual, comprendido como el hecho de querer valerse de la superioridad con fines sexuales no consentidos. Este tipo penal busca proteger la libertad, la integridad y la formación sexual. Este artículo analiza, utilizando una perspectiva de género, la fragmentación que se ha presentado hasta ahora a raíz de esta doble regulación en escenarios de acoso sexual laboral y que el Congreso de la República busca subsanar con la expedición de la Ley 2365 de 2024. Presentamos seis tensiones o puntos en común entre las regulaciones laborales y penales. Concluimos el artículo proponiendo tres líneas de investigación: (1) sobre las barreras de acceso a la justicia del acoso sexual, (2) continuar la investigación dogmática feminista y (3) sobre las formas de control en escenarios laborales.

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the fictionalized appearance of the male and female employee in social novels from the 1930s and 1940s in Colombia, particularly analyzing a subject reproduced as precarious, in a tragic environment and, in some cases, even considered to be in a "false" social class. First, literary works that dialogue with the social novel are analyzed, highlighting the void filled by Osorio Lizarazo and Morales Pino in terms of the incorporation of the middle-class subject in this literary stream. Then, the revelations presented by the analyzed works are explored, exposing a precarious middle-class subject, experiencing a paradoxical life or one contrary to the modernizing winds that the ruling liberal political project preached. Thus, in addition to testifying about the unjust social place given to this class, these literary works ended up -roughly- sowing more doubts than certainties about the existence or authenticity of this social class. For these purposes, along with the investigation of some works of literature on the subject, reports, newspaper articles and other statements from middle-class groups of the time will be present, which allow to support certain features and experiences of the fictional subject in question.

RESUMEN En este escrito se aborda la irrupción Accionada del empleado y empleada en novelas sociales de los años treinta y cuarenta del siglo XX en Colombia, particularmente analizando a un sujeto reproducido como precarizado, en un ambiente trágico y en algunos casos, hasta considerado en una clase social "falseada". En primer lugar se analizan obras literarias que dialogan con la novela social, resaltando el vacío llenado por Osorio Lizarazo y Morales Pino en tanto la incorporación del sujeto clase media en esta vertiente literaria. Luego, se profundiza en las revelaciones que presentan las obras analizadas, exponiendo a un sujeto de clase media precarizado, experimentando una vida paradójica o contraria a los vientos modernizantes que el gobernante proyecto político liberal pregonaba. Así, además de la testificación sobre el injusto lugar social que se le daba a esta clase, estas obras literarias terminaron -grosso modo- sembrando más dudas que certezas sobre la existencia o autenticidad de esta clase social. Para estos objetivos, junto a la indagación de algunas obras de literatura al respecto estarán presentes informes, notas periodísticas y otras declaraciones de gremios de clase media de la época, los cuales permiten sustentar ciertos rasgos y vivencias del sujeto ficcionado en cuestión.

RESUMO Este artigo aborda a emergência ficcional do empregado nos romances sociais das décadas de 1930 e 1940 na Colômbia, analisando particularmente um sujeito reproduzido como precário, em um ambiente trágico e, em alguns casos, até considerado em uma classe social "falsificada". Primeiramente são analisadas obras literárias que dialogam com o romance social, destacando o vazio preenchido por Osorio Lizarazo e Morales Pino no que diz respeito à incorporação do sujeito da classe média nesta vertente literária. Em seguida, aprofundam-se as revelações apresentadas pelas obras analisadas, expondo um sujeito precário de classe média, vivenciando uma vida paradoxal ou contrária aos ventos modernizadores que o projeto político liberal dominante proclamava. Assim, além de testemunharem sobre o lugar social injusto atribuído a esta classe, estas obras literárias acabaram - grosso modo - semeando mais dúvidas do que certezas sobre a existência ou autenticidade desta classe social. Para estes objetivos, a par da investigação de algumas obras da literatura a este respeito, serão apresentadas reportagens, notas jornalísticas e outros depoimentos de corporações de classe média da época, que nos permitem sustentar determinados traços e experiências do sujeito ficcional em pergunta.

Abstract In 1824, the legislation of the young republic determined that the states would have the right to receive the part of the decimal mass that in viceregal times belonged to the monarch. This caused conflicts between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities that can only be observed from the regional scope. The purpose of this article is to analyze how the government of Durango tried to take its corresponding part of the gross decimal, the response of the clergy to that claim, and the results of the conflict between the state and the Cathedral of Durango. For the analysis, the perspective of fiscal history is fundamental, since it enables the examination of activities related to the exercise of state power. Therefore, this work aims to broaden the knowledge of fiscal organization during the first decades of independent life in Mexico. Thus, by using state and federal legislation, both state and clerical accounting documents, and communications between both instances, it is possible to conclude that the problems in the state of Durango were not a mere reflection of the struggles of the national government.

Resumen En 1824, la legislación de la joven república determinó que los estados contarían con el derecho de recibir la parte de la masa decimal que en tiempos virreinales perteneció al monarca. Esto provocó conflictos entre la autoridad civil y la eclesiástica que sólo pueden ser observados desde el ámbito regional. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar cómo el gobierno de Durango intentó tomar su parte correspondiente de la gruesa decimal, la respuesta del clero ante esa pretensión y los resultados del conflicto entre el estado y la Catedral de Durango. Para el análisis, resulta fundamental la perspectiva de la historia fiscal, pues ésta permite indagar en las actividades propias del ejercicio del poder estatal. De tal manera que este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento sobre la organización fiscal de las primeras décadas de la vida independiente en México. Así, mediante el uso de la legislación, estatal y federal, documentos contables tanto estatales como clericales y comunicaciones entre ambas instancias es posible concluir que las problemáticas del estado de Durango no fueron un mero reflejo de las pugnas del gobierno nacional.

SUMMARY: The aim of the study is to investigate the differences in body composition between differently trained men and women. This research included 159 participants (84 male and 75 female) divided into 5 groups according to activity level: PI - physically inactive, PA - physically active, SP - strength and power athletes, EA - endurance athletes, TS - team sports athletes. The testing procedure of measuring body composition was carried out by the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, InBody 720). Of the statistical analysis, ANOVA and MANOVA were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference in body composition parameters between differently trained men and women (p = 0.000; F = 2.470; η2 = 0.356, on average). Both in groups of men and women the biggest differences were observed between PI, EA and other groups (F = from 9.656 to -1.673, p = from 0.000 to 0.043; F = from 10.966 to 1.073, p = from 0.000 to 0.050, respectively). The results showed that every physical activity is beneficial from the aspect of body composition status and that the most crucial factor in improving body composition status is the regularity of physical activity. It has been shown that regular physical activity leads to a decrease in muscle fat and an increase in muscle mass and protein. Also, it has been shown that practicing a physical activity typical for endurance sports has the most significant positive impact on body composition status and leads to a significant decrease in body fat mass.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las diferencias en la composición corporal entre hombres y mujeres con entrenamiento diferente. Esta investigación incluyó a 159 participantes (84 hombres y 75 mujeres) divididos en 5 grupos según el nivel de actividad: FI - físicamente inactivos, FA - físicamente activos, FP - atletas de fuerza-potencia, AR - atletas de resistencia, DE - atletas de deportes de equipo. El procedimiento de prueba para medir la composición corporal se llevó a cabo mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA, InBody 720). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron ANOVA y MANOVA. Los resultados mostraron que existe una diferencia significativa en los parámetros de composición corporal entre hombres y mujeres con entrenamiento diferente (p = 0,000; F = 2,470; η2 = 0,356, en promedio). Tanto en los grupos de hombres como en los de mujeres las mayores diferencias se observaron entre FI, AR y otros grupos (F = de 9,656 a -1,673, p = de 0,000 a 0,043; F = de 10,966 a 1,073, p = de 0,000 a 0,050, respectivamente). Los resultados mostraron que toda actividad física es beneficiosa desde el punto de vista del estado de la composición corporal y que el factor más crucial para mejorar el estado de la composición corporal es la regularidad de la actividad física. Se ha demostrado que la actividad física regular provoca una disminución de la grasa muscular y un aumento de la masa muscular y las proteínas. Además, se ha demostrado que la práctica de una actividad física típica de los deportes de resistencia tiene el impacto positivo más significativo en el estado de la composición corporal y conduce a una disminución significativa de la masa grasa corporal.

ABSTRACT Crop damage-based control threshold of 12.5% has been used to reduce the excessive use of insecticides while controlling Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation systems. However, it is necessary to develop an easy, practical, inexpensive control threshold to increase farmer eagerness in reducing pesticide use. The study aimed to evaluate a light trap captured based-control threshold for both hot pepper pests. The activity was conducted at Lembang (ca. 1250 m a.s.l.), West Java, Indonesia, from September 2022 to April 2023. Six treatments and four replicates were arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments included the use of four light trap captured based-control thresholds, i.e., ≥ 30, ≥ 25, ≥ 20, ≥ and 15 moth trap-1 wk-1; crop damage based-control threshold of 12.5%; and once per week insecticide application as a control treatment. The study found that the implementation of pests’ control threshold of ≥ 25 moth trap-1 wk-1 could reduce 75% insecticide use compared to the plant damage-based control threshold. The use of this approach could maintain high crop production and generate a return rate of 1.26. The findings will be beneficial for farmers in reducing insecticide use.

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by different Fusarium species, is the most devastating disease of small cereal grains, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) This study aimed to investigate the influence of N fertilization rates (0 kg N ha-1 - N0, 50 kg N ha-1 - N50, and 100 kg N ha-1 - N100) on Fusarium and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON and zearalenone - ZEA) contamination and some agronomic traits (plant height - PH, spike length - SL and thousand kernel weight - TKW) in two barley cultivars, NS 565 and Etincel, harvested in 2019 and 2020. Climatic conditions during two successive seasons were favourable for Fusarium infection, providing a high incidence of FHB-causing species, of which F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) strains were the most frequent (on average > 34% per treatment). The N rates and barley cultivars had nonsignificant effects on the incidence of FGSC strains. However, N rates significantly influenced mycotoxin levels in 2019, with the highest DON at N100 (5209.67 μg kg-1) and ZEA levels at N50 (47.11 μg kg-1). In 2020, there were nonsignificant differences between N rates for DON levels, while ZEA was not detected. In both years, the six-row barley ‘Etincel’ had significantly higher DON and ZEA levels than the two-row barley ‘NS 565’. Agronomic traits, PH and SL, were affected by barley cultivars, and TKW was affected by N rates and barley cultivars. The highest TKW was at N100, followed by N50 and N0.

ABSTRACT Fossil fuels, particularly oil, face sustainability challenges due to depletion and their role in increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, contributing to climate change and impacting global agriculture. Renewable energy sources like solar power offer a viable alternative. This study explores the feasibility of agro-photovoltaic (APV) systems, which integrate solar panels with agricultural land to generate electricity while cultivating crops. Specifically, the impact of APV systems on rice production and quality was investigated. Solar modules with a total capacity of 99.84 kW were installed on a 2580 m2 site, with two module configurations tested. Two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Woonkwang and Saenuri, were transplanted and monitored for growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence, as well as yield and quality. Growth analysis of rice under APV systems showed minimal impact on plant height and tiller numbers, though chlorophyll content analysis indicated delayed leaf aging and extended maturation time. Rice yield decreased due to altered panicle and spikelet numbers. Quality analysis revealed changes in head rice rate and broken rice, stressing optimal harvest timing in APV systems. Shading conditions also affected physicochemical properties and taste profiles. Yields dropped by about 20% under APV systems, but the financial returns from electricity generation significantly outweighed the crop revenue loss. Despite the high initial installation costs and regulatory challenges, APV systems present a promising dual-use approach for enhancing farm income and promoting renewable energy. Continued research and investment are essential for optimizing APV systems and expanding their adoption.

ABSTRACT Having in mind food security and the fact that basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used as fresh seasoning, the development of innovative technologies for its cultivation is required. This study aimed to isolate and characterize plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates from basil rhizospheric soil and monitor the effects of their application on basil growth under different water stress conditions. Isolation, determination of isolates biochemical and PGP properties, evaluation of isolates influences on seed germination and parameters of growth of basil plant, growing under well-watered conditions (70% water holding capacity, WHC), under water deficit stress (35% WHC), and flooded conditions (95% WHC), were done. A total of five representative bacterial isolates were selected: Two Azotobacter isolates (A13, A14), one Pseudomonas isolate (P57), and two Bacillus isolates (B79, B82). The results of this experiment revealed that rhizospheric bacteria of O. basilicum L. var. minimum have multiple biochemical and PGP properties. The most intensive reactions on tested abiotic stressors - drought (higher total phenolics, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde content) and flooding (higher superoxide dismutase activity) - were from basil plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. P57 isolate, yet along with Azotobacter sp. isolate A13. The highest number of germinated seeds was obtained with the A13 isolate (96.0%), while the highest response for vigour index was observed with Azotobacter isolates (7200.0% and 5628.0%). In well-watered conditions, basil mass inoculated with P57 was 34.2% higher than control. In drought-stressed conditions, plant mass inoculated with A13 isolate was 90% higher than control. In flooded-stressed conditions, the plant mass inoculated with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas isolates increased by more than 100%.

Abstract Vitamin B12 is a cofactor involved in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and essential for neurologic functions. Its deficiency can lead to varied manifestations. Thrombotic pseudomicroangiopathy is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia associated with dysmorphic red blood cells secondary to severe vitamin B12 deficiency, with an approximate incidence of 2.5%. It is often confused with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and treated as such. Replacement with cyanocobalamin leads to immediate improvement of symptoms without the need of other treatments. We describe three cases of patients hospitalized in a general hospital in Panama City, Republic of Panama. Two males and one female with no pathological history presenting with anemic syndrome, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and severe vitamin B12 deficiency. Clinical improvement was observed following parenteral cyanocobalamin replacement.

Resumen La vitamina B12 es un cofactor que forma parte de la síntesis de ADN, formación de glóbulos rojos y determinante de funciones neurológicas. Su deficiencia genera manifestaciones variadas. La seudomicroangiopatía trombótica se caracteriza por anemia hemolítica microangiopática y trombocitopenia asociada a eritrocitos dismórficos secundario a deficiencia severa de vitamina B12. Con una incidencia aproximada de 2.5%. A menudo es confundida con púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica y tratada como tal. La reposición con cianocobalamina produce mejoría inmediata de los síntomas, sin la necesidad de otros tratamientos. Describimos tres casos de pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital general en la ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá. Dos varones y una mujer sin antecedentes patológicos que debutan con síndrome anémico, datos de anemia hemolítica microangiopática y deficiencia severa de vitamina B12. Con mejoría clínica posterior a la reposición con cianocobalamina.

Abstract: In Senegal, women’s political praxis is specifically expressed through their wide social and religious networks, profoundly embedded with social representations of femininity, generosity, and hospitality, commonly referred to as the Wolof concept of teraanga. By way of ethnographic inquiry, this article analyzes the political processes of two women who demonstrate the postcolonial dualities of the art of governing the city: Via republican colonial inheritance, and by a teraanga republic, that is, a space in which the praxis of many political women translates the personal to the political.

Resumen: En Senegal, la praxis política de las mujeres se expresa sobre todo a través de sus amplias redes sociales y religiosas, profundamente impregnadas de representaciones sociales de la feminidad, la generosidad y la hospitalidad, comúnmente englobadas en el concepto wolof de teraanga. Este articulo analiza, de forma etnográfica, los procesos políticos de dos mujeres que muestran las dualidades poscoloniales del arte de gobernar: la forma republicana de herencia colonial, y una república de teraanga que es, por tanto, el espacio en el que la praxis de muchas mujeres políticas está convirtiendo lo personal en político.

Abstract: This article studies one aspect of the Cuban republican tradition, exploring how republican ideas were appropriated and recreated in the context of the War of Independence and through which symbols Cuban actors elaborated their own ideas regarding this political current. It concentrates on an analysis of iconography, a body of sources that has been little studied in the Cuban historiography. It identifies ambiguities and tensions that influenced the independence process, suggesting how ideas regarding independence and the republic were produced “from below” in Cuba. This article thus contributes to restoring the place of republicanism as a central tradition of Cuban political history, not as an echo of projects from abroad, but as the result of grassroots political production.

Resumen: Este texto estudia un aspecto de la tradición republicana cubana. Investiga cómo las ideas republicanas fueron apropiadas y recreadas en el contexto de la guerra de Independencia, y con qué símbolos los actores cubanos elaboraron sus propias ideas sobre esta corriente política. El artículo se concentra en el análisis de iconografía, un cuerpo de fuentes poco atendido en la historiografía cubana. Identifica ambigüedades y tensiones que influyeron en el proceso independentista para sugerir cómo se produjeron nociones republicanas “desde abajo” en Cuba torno a la independencia y la República. Con ello, el trabajo contribuye a restituir el republicanismo como una tradición central en la historia política cubana, no como un eco de proyectos de otras geografías, sino como resultado de la producción política popular.