Abstract Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with economic repercussions for pig farmers worldwide as it causes low feed efficiency and, therefore, less weight gain in the fattening stage. The effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (EP, plant extracts) on the productive performance of fattening pigs and on the health of a herd affected by PRRS was evaluated. Nine-hundred and sixty fattening pigs with an initial average weight of 5.21 ± 0.065 kg was randomly assigned to one of four treatments, T1, control; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. The variables analyzed were weight at day 70 of life (P70), weight at market (PM), daily weight gain at day 70 of life (GDP70), daily weight gain to market (GDPM), feed conversion at day 70 of life (CA70) and feed conversion at market (CAM). T2 and T4 diets exceeded the control and T3 in P70 and GDP (P < 0.05), T2 and T4 did better than the control and T3 in CA70 (P < 0.05). T2, T3, and T4 surpasssed the control in PM (P < 0.05). All pigs had antibodies against PRRS throughout the study, although pigs in the second fattening cycle showed higher IgG values for T2 and T4. The cost of production for T2, T3 and T4 was lower for GDPM, CAM and PM. In conclusion, the treatments T2, T3, and T4 were superior to the control in PM and therefore, the use of DHA and phylogens wasp cost-effective.

Resumen El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad que impacta económicamente a la porcicultora, pues provoca baja eficiencia alimenticia y menor ganancia de peso en la fase de engorda. Se evaluó el efecto de adicionar la dieta con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) sobre el desempeño productivo de cerdos en engorda y en la salud de una piara con PRRS. Novecientos sesenta cerdos con un peso promedio inicial de 5.21 ± 0.065 kg fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos: T1, testigo; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. Las variables fueron: peso al día 70 (P70), peso a la salida al mercado (PM), ganancia diaria de peso al día 70 (GDP70), ganancia diaria de peso al mercado (GDPM), conversión alimenticia al día 70 (CA70) y conversión alimenticia a la salida al mercado (CAM). P70 y GDP mostraron que las dietas T2 y T4 (P < 0.05) superaron al testigo y a T3. En CA70, los cerdos de T2 y T4 fueron mejores que el testigo y T3 (P < 0.05). En PM, T2, T3 y T4 superaron al testigo (P < 0.05). Todos los cerdos fueron positivos a PRRS durante todo el estudio, aunque los cerdos del segundo ciclo de engorda mostraron más IgG en T2 y T4. El costo de producción para T2, T3 y T4 fue menor para GDPM, CAM y PM. En conclusión, las dietas experimentales fueron superiores al testigo en PM y, por ende, el uso de DHA y fitogénicos resultó rentable.

Abstract Introduction. The amount of usable water is currently limited due to the deterioration of its sources and indiscriminate use. An alternative to this problem is producing under green houses, where it is possible to obtain better water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing crop evapotranspiration (ETc) without compromising its productive potential. Objective. To evaluate the effect of 3 levels of volumetric moisture content depletion in coir on the vegetative-generative behavior of hydroponic tomato and sweet pepper produced under greenhouse cultivation. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during August to December 2020 and January 2021, at Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Three treatments were applied: 11, 22 and 32% of water depletion in the substrate. Morphophysiological and reproductive parameters such as: the leaf area (AF), the number of leaves (NH), width (AH) and length of the leaf (LH), the length (LT) and the diameter of the stem (DT), the number of nodes (NN), dry matter (DM), stomatal conductance (gs), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), water use efficiency (WUE), the total yield (Rt), the commercial (Rc) of first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3) and waste fruits (Fd) were evaluated. Results. In the tomato treatments (TT) there was no effect on NH, LT, LH and NN; on the other hand, differences were reported in AH, DT and in MS, with treatment TT11 obtaining the higher values. The sweet pepper (TC), the treatment TC11 was statistically superior to the other treatments in number (NH), width (AH) and length (LH) of the leaf, in number of nodes (NN), production of fresh (MF) and dry matter (MS) and in diameter of the stem (DT), while there were no differences between treatments in stem length (LT). There were no differences in ETc and Rt, for both crops, but there was a difference in the commercial yield once it was divided by quality of fruit, TT11 presented the highest production of first and second fruit quality, while treatment TC11 presented the highest production of first, second and third fruit quality. For both crops, there were significant differences between treatments in terms of stomatal conductance. TT11 and TC11 treatments obtained the highest value of EUA with 37.32 kg.m-3 and 21.46 kg.m-3, respectively. Conclusion. In both crops, treatments with 11 and 22% water depletion showed an adequate balance between vegetative and productive growth, which was reflected in greater production of better quality commercial fruits, less waste and greater WUE.

Resumen Introducción. El uso de agua dulce en agricultura se encuentra limitado debido al deterioro de sus fuentes y su uso indiscriminado. El riego deficitario en agricultura protegida es una alternativa para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua, a través de la reducción de la evapotranspiración del cultivo, sin comprometer su potencial productivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de 3 niveles de agotamiento del contenido de humedad volumétrica en un sustrato de fibra de coco, sobre el comportamiento vegetativo-generativo de los cultivos de tomate y chile dulce hidropónicos en invernadero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. En ambos cultivos se aplicaron 3 tratamientos con 11, 22 y 32% de agotamiento hídrico en el sustrato, en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron parámetros morfofisiológicos y productivos tales como área foliar (AF), número de hojas (NH), ancho (AH) y longitud de hoja (LH), longitud (LT) y diámetro del tallo (DT), número de nudos (NN), materia seca (MS), conductancia estomática (gs), evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc), eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA), rendimiento de fruto comercial (Rc) de primera (F1), segunda (F2) y tercera (F3), fruto de desecho (Fd) y rendimiento total (Rt). Resultados. En los tratamientos en tomate (TT) no hubo efecto sobre el NH, LH, LT y NN; mientras que con TT11 se obtuvieron valores superiores en AH, DT y MS. En chile dulce (TC), el TC11 obtuvo mayor NH, AH, LH, NN, DT y MS que los demás tratamientos; mientras que no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos en LT. En ambos cultivos, no hubo efecto sobre la ETc y el Rt, sin embargo, con 11% de agotamiento se obtuvo mayor producción comercial de F1 y F2 por lo que consecuentemente hubo mayor EUA con 37,32 kg.m-3 y 21,46 kg.m-3, respectivamente. Para ambos cultivos, la gs fue diferente entre tratamientos. Conclusión. En ambos cultivos, los tratamientos con 11 y 22% de agotamiento hídrico evidenciaron un adecuado balance entre crecimiento vegetativo y productivo, que se reflejó en mayor producción de frutos comerciales de mejor calidad, menos desecho y mayor EUA.

Resumen Los sistemas de cría son el núcleo de la importante industria nacional de carne bovina de Argentina. Los objetivos fueron: i) caracterizar la situación productiva de sistemas de cría tradicionales, nombrado BASE, del norte de la provincia de Santa Fe ii) identificar tecnologías para su mejora productiva iii) cuantificar el impacto productivo y económico de la adopción de las tecnologías identificadas. Para caracterizar el sistema BASE se sistematizó la información disponible que fue validada en un taller con expertos referentes de la zona. Para identificar tecnologías de mejora, se implementó una encuesta a asesores referentes de la región. Finalmente, para cuantificar el impacto de la adopción de mejoras en el sistema BASE se realizó un estudio de simulación. Los resultados demostraron que los sistemas de cría tradicionales tienen baja eficiencia productiva y reproductiva (45 kg de PV ha-1 año-1 y 48% de destete, respectivamente) y baja adopción de tecnologías de manejo del rodeo y producción forrajera. Las tecnologías identificadas fueron manejo del pastoreo, capacitación del productor y el personal de campo y estacionamiento del servicio. La simulación demostró que mejoras en producción y uso de forrajes y manejo de rodeo podrían incrementar la producción de carne y el margen bruto del sistema BASE en un 70% y 96%, respectivamente.

Abstract Cow-calf systems are at the core of Argentina´s significant national beef industry. The objectives were: i) to characterize the productive state of traditional cow-calf systems, named BASE, from the northern region of Santa Fe province, ii) to identify technologies for the productive improvement of the BASE system, and iii) to quantify the productive and economic impact of the adoption of the identified technologies. To characterize the BASE system, the available published data were systematized and validated in a workshop with leading regional experts in the field. To identify the technologies for improvement, a survey was conducted among regional farm advisors. Finally, to quantify the impact of adopting improvements in the BASE system, a modelling study was conducted. The results showed that traditional cow-calf systems have low productive and reproductive efficiency (45 kg LW ha-1 year-1 and 48% weaning rate) and little adoption of herd management and forage production technologies. The technologies identified were grazing management, training of farmers and farm staff, and seasonal mating. The modelling study showed that improvements in the production and use of forage and herd management practices would increase beef production and the gross margin of the BASE system by 70% and 96%, respectively.

Resumo A sexagem das espécies é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo populacional. Em tartarugas, cágados e jabutis, a sexagem geralmente é feita de acordo com características secundárias, como morfologia do plastrão ou técnicas de eversão do falo. Neste artigo, apresentamos o método de eversão do falo e comparamos sua eficiência com outras técnicas existentes. Este novo método visa encurtar o tempo de manejo e reduzir os efeitos colaterais físicos nos animais, promovendo o manejo clínico e reprodutivo do cágado-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e espécies relacionadas. Uma amostra de cinquenta indivíduos foi coletada na região central do estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. O método proposto consiste em remover a cabeça de sua posição de repouso. Os métodos que obtiveram índice de sucesso superior a 80% foram comparados entre si quanto ao tempo de estimulação necessário para a eversão do falo. O método aqui proposto alcançou 100% de eficiência na determinação do sexo de espécimes com comprimento de carapaça linear entre 10 e 34 cm. Além disso, quando comparado ao segundo método mais eficiente, reduziu substancialmente o tempo necessário para o manejo dos espécimes (91%), evitando possíveis sequelas nos indivíduos manuseados.

Abstract The sexing of species is an important tool for population management. In tortoises and turtles, sexing is usually done according to secondary characteristics, such as plastron morphology or phallus eversion techniques. In this paper, we present the phallus eversion method and compare its efficiency to other existing techniques. This new method aims at shortening the management time and reducing the physical aftereffects on the animals, fostering the clinical and reproductive management of Geoffroy’s side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) and related species. A sample of fifty individuals was taken in the central region of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. The proposed method consisted of moving the head from its resting position. The methods achieving a success rate higher than 80% were compared to each other as for the stimulation time required for phallus eversion. The method as here proposed achieved 100% efficiency in the sex determination of specimens with a linear carapace length between 10 and 34 cm. Also, when compared to the second most efficient method, it substantially reduced the time needed for managing the specimens (91%), avoiding possible sequelae in the individuals handled.

ABSTRACT: Pineapple is a tropical fruit with high demand by the fruit market in Brazil. Fruits of the cultivar ´Turiaçu` stans out in local consumer markets due to its excellent quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate ecophysiological responses of ´Turiaçu` pineapple plants at the vegetative and reproductive stages to soil fertilization and crop location, and their effects in fruit yield. The study was conducted in the cities of São Luís and Turiaçu, MA, Brazil. Plants under mineral and organic fertilization in two locations, São Luís and Turiaçu, and in two seasons, dry and rainy season, were evaluated during dry and rainy seasons. Chlorophyll index, photochemical efficiency, gas exchange, and fruit yield were evaluated. The pineapple plants presented decrease in the photosynthetic activity, at both developmental stages and in both seasons, when grown in São Luís. The CO2 photosynthetic assimilation decreased. The PSI and PSII activity, according with photosynthetic index, was more sensitive at the reproductive than at the vegetative stage. The organic fertilization was not appropriate for the ´Turiaçu` pineapple crops, regardless of the crop location. The fruit yields were 54.4% and 57.9% lower in São Luís, under mineral and organic fertilization, respectively. Thus, the ecophysiology of ´Turiaçu` pineapple was more affected by water availability than by soil fertility in the municipality of Turiaçu. ABSTRACT Brazil Turiaçu ´Turiaçu quality location MA locations seasons season index efficiency exchange activity CO decreased stage crops 544 54 4 54.4 579 57 9 57.9 respectively Thus 5 54. 57.

RESUMO: O abacaxi é uma fruta tropical com alta demanda pelo mercado de frutas no Brasil. Os frutos da cultivar ´Turiaçu`se destacam nos mercados consumidores locais pela excelente qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas ecofisiológicas de plantas de abacaxizeiro ´Turiaçu`nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo à adubação do solo e ao local de cultivo, e seus efeitos na produção de frutos. O estudo foi realizado nas cidades de São Luís e Turiaçu, MA, Brasil. Plantas sob adubação mineral e orgânica foram avaliadas durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Foram avaliados teores de clorofila, eficiência fotoquímica, trocas gasosas e produção de frutos. As plantas de abacaxi apresentaram diminuição da atividade fotossintética, em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento e em ambas as estações, quando cultivadas em São Luís. A assimilação fotossintética de CO2 diminuiu. A atividade de PSI e PSII foi mais sensível na fase reprodutiva do que na fase vegetativa. A adubação orgânica não foi adequada para as lavouras de abacaxi ´Turiaçu`, independente do local de cultivo. As produtividades de frutos foram 54,4% e 57,9% menores em São Luís, sob adubação mineral e orgânica, respectivamente. Assim, a ecofisiologia do abacaxi de ´Turiaçu`foi mais afetada pela disponibilidade hídrica do que pela fertilidade do solo no município de Turiaçu. RESUMO Brasil Turiaçuse Turiaçu se qualidade Turiaçunos cultivo MA chuvosa clorofila fotoquímica CO diminuiu vegetativa ´Turiaçu` 544 54 4 54,4 579 57 9 57,9 respectivamente Assim Turiaçufoi ´Turiaçu 5 54, 57,

ABSTRACT The forests that surround the cities of Mexico, Puebla and Tlaxcala are a source of environmental services for 25 million people. Pinus montezumae Lamb. is an abundant species in the area that is under anthropocentric pressure. The objective of the study was to determine the repopulation capacity of Pinus montezumae through its seed production capacity related with environmental (climate, soil) and ecological variables (tree density). In eight populations, 10 cones per tree were collected from 15 trees per population (1200 cones). Data analysis was carried out by parametric and non-parametric methods according to the behavior of each variable. Correlations were estimated using the Pearson and Spearman method. In all variables, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between populations and 3 out of 11 variables between trees. On average, 132 developed seeds were obtained per cone, 55% full, 43% empty and 2% pest-ridden. Production efficiency, reproductive efficiency and endogamy index were 0.33, 28.7 and 0.43, respectively. Some seasonal climatic factors showed associations with seed production. A lower seed production potential (r < -0.70) was observed in populations with high temperature and low precipitation and a higher seed weight when the average temperature increased (r = 0.74). Organic matter has a negative influence on seed weight (r = -0.94), while more acidic soils have greater potential for seed production (r = 0.76). Stand density did not show any significant correlation (p<0.05; r<±0.26). Despite the high fragmentation and low stand density in the populations, the reproductive indicators do not show a deficiency in the production of full seed, which indicates a correct natural regeneration process by seed. The substantial increase in temperature and reduction in precipitation could reduce the species' seed production and its ability to repopulate naturally. This warns of the need for adequate management of forests under an unfavorable climate scenario, and one that is focused on the renewal of populations through reforestation programs. Mexico 2 people Lamb pressure climate, (climate soil density. . density) 1 1200 (120 cones. cones) nonparametric non variable method p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 13 cone 55 43 pestridden. pestridden pest ridden. ridden pest-ridden 033 33 0.33 287 28 7 28. 043 0.43 respectively r 0.70 070 70 -0.70 0.74. 074 0.74 74 0.74) 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 -0.94) 0.76. 076 0.76 76 0.76) r<±0.26. r026 r<±0.26 26 r<±0.26) naturally scenario programs 120 (12 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 5 4 03 0.3 04 0.4 0.7 07 -0.7 09 0.9 9 -0.94 r02 r<±0.2 12 (1 p<0. p0 (p<0. 0. -0. -0.9 r0 r<±0. ( p<0 (p<0 -0 r<±0 p< (p< - r<± (p r<

RESUMEN Los bosques que rodean las ciudades de México, Puebla y Tlaxcala son fuente de servicios ambientales para 25 millones de personas. Pinus montezumae Lambert es una especie abundante en la zona que está bajo presión antropocéntrica. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la capacidad de repoblamiento a través del análisis de indicadores reproductivos y su relación con 26 variables ambientales (clima, suelo) y ecológicas (densidad de árboles). En ocho poblaciones se recolectaron 10 conos sanos por árbol, de 15 árboles por población (1200 conos). Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas GLIMIX y Kruskal–Wallis, según el comportamiento de cada variable. Las correlaciones se estimaron por el método de Pearson y Spearman. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en todas las variables entre poblaciones y en 3 de 11 variables entre árboles. Se obtuvo un promedio 132 semillas desarrolladas por cono, 55% de ellas se encontraban llenas, 43% vanas y 2% plagadas. La eficiencia de producción, eficiencia reproductiva y el índice de endogamia fueron 0.33, 28.7 y 0.43, respectivamente. Algunas variables ambientales mostraron asociaciones con la producción de semilla. Se observó menor potencial de producción de semilla (r < -0.70) en poblaciones con elevada temperatura y baja precipitación, además de mayor peso de semilla al aumentar la temperatura media (r = 0.74). El peso de semilla disminuye a menor disponibilidad de materia orgánica (r = -0.94), mientras que suelos más ácidos poseen mayor potencial de producción de semilla (r = 0.76). La densidad no presentó correlación significativa con ninguna variable (p<0.05; r<±0.26). A pesar de la alta fragmentación y baja densidad de árboles en las poblaciones, los indicadores reproductivos no muestran deficiencia en la producción de semilla llena, siendo indicio de un correcto proceso de regeneración natural por semilla. El aumento sustancial de la temperatura y la reducción de la precipitación podría reducir la producción de semilla de la especie y su capacidad de repoblarse naturalmente. Esto advierte la necesidad de un manejo adecuado de los bosques bajo un escenario climático desfavorable, enfocado a la renovación de las poblaciones por medio de programas de reforestación. México 2 personas antropocéntrica clima, clima (clima suelo . árboles) 1 árbol 1200 (120 conos. conos) KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis Kruskal–Wallis Spearman p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 13 cono 55 llenas 43 plagadas 033 33 0.33 287 28 7 28. 043 0.43 respectivamente r 0.70 070 70 -0.70 0.74. 074 0.74 74 0.74) 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 -0.94) 0.76. 076 0.76 76 0.76) r<±0.26. r026 r<±0.26 r<±0.26) llena naturalmente desfavorable reforestación 120 (12 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 5 4 03 0.3 04 0.4 0.7 07 -0.7 09 0.9 9 -0.94 r02 r<±0.2 12 (1 p<0. p0 (p<0. 0. -0. -0.9 r0 r<±0. ( p<0 (p<0 -0 r<±0 p< (p< - r<± (p r<

Abstract The objectives were to evaluate the effects of recipient category, season and administration of a gonadorelin analogue at the time of fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET) on pregnancy per FTET at 30 and 60 days after oestrus and on pregnancy losses (PL). Recipients were randomly assigned to: treated group (n = 624), in which recipients received an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg of gonadorelin (Fertagyl®) at FTET; or a control group (n = 687) that remained untreated. Recipients were previously treated with a synchronisation protocol based on progesterone and oestradiol. All embryos were produced in vitro. The data with binomial distribution were analysed by multivariate logistic regression, using the GLIMIX procedure of SAS. Higher P/FTET was observed at 30 days (45.8 vs. 40.0%; P = 0.03) and 60 days (43.0 vs. 37.0%; P = 0.01) in the treated group. There was a tendency toward reduced PL in the treated group (4.0 vs. 7.0%; P = 0.09). Dry cows (2.70%) and lactating cows (2.47%) had less PL (P = 0.001) compared with heifers (10.42%). In the spring/summer season the P/ FTET at 60 days was smaller (P =0.024). Greater PL tended to occur in the warmer season. Treatment with gonadorelin at the time of bovine ET increased the pregnancy per ET at days 30 and 60 and reduced PL. Additionally, dry and lactating recipient cows showed a lower PL rate compared to heifers. Furthermore, ET performed in the warmer seasons of the year resulted in a lower pregnancy rate at day 60 and greater PL. category fixedtime fixed (FTET 3 6 . (PL) n 624, 624 , 624) 02 0 2 0. Fertagyl® Fertagyl (Fertagyl® 687 untreated oestradiol vitro regression SAS PFTET 45.8 458 45 8 (45. vs 40.0% 400 40 0.03 003 03 43.0 430 43 (43. 37.0% 370 37 0.01 001 01 4.0 4 (4. 7.0% 70 7 0.09. 009 0.09 09 0.09) 2.70% 270 (2.70% 2.47% 247 47 (2.47% 0.001 0001 10.42%. 1042 10.42% 10 42 (10.42%) springsummer spring summer =0.024. 0024 =0.024 024 =0.024) Additionally Furthermore (PL 62 (Fertagyl 68 45. (45 40.0 0.0 00 43. (43 37.0 4. (4 7.0 2.70 27 (2.70 2.47 24 (2.47 0.00 000 104 10.42 1 (10.42% 002 =0.02 40. 37. ( 7. 2.7 (2.7 2.4 (2.4 10.4 (10.42 =0.0 2. (2. 10. (10.4 =0. (2 (10. =0 (10 (1

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da administração de análogo da gonadorelina no momento da transferência de embrião em tempo fixo (TETF), da categoria da receptora e da estação do ano na prenhez por TETF aos 30 (P/TETF 30) e 60 (P/ TETF60) após o estro e nas perdas gestacionais (PG). As receptoras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente: grupo tratado (n = 624), onde as receptoras receberam injeção intramuscular de 0,2 mg de gonadorelina (Fertagyl®) na TETF e grupo controle (n =687) permaneceu sem tratamento. As receptoras foram previamente tratadas com protocolo de sincronização à base de progesterona e estradiol. Todos os embriões foram produzidos in vitro. Os dados foram analisados por regressão logística multivariada, utilizando o procedimento GLIMIX do SAS. Foi detectada maior P/TETF30 (45,8 vs. 40,0%; P =0,03) e P/TETF60 (43,0 vs. 37,0%; P =0,01) no grupo tratado. Houve tendência de redução da PG no grupo tratado (4,0 vs. 7,0%; P =0,09). Vacas secas (2,70%) e vacas em lactação (2,47%) apresentaram menor PG (P =0,001), em comparação com novilhas (10,42%). Na estação primavera/verão a P/TETF60 foi menor (P = 0,024). Maior PG tendeu a ocorrer na estação mais quente. O tratamento com gonadorelina no momento do TETF aumentou a prenhez por TE aos dias 30 e 60 e reduziu o PG. Vacas receptoras secas e lactantes apresentaram menor taxa de PG em comparação com novilhas. Além disso, a TE realizada nas estações mais quentes do ano resultou em menor taxa de prenhez aos 60 dias e maior PG. Objetivouse Objetivou se TETF, , (TETF) 3 P/TETF PTETF 6 P/ TETF60 . (PG) aleatoriamente n 624, 624 624) 02 0 2 0, Fertagyl® Fertagyl (Fertagyl® =687 687 estradiol vitro multivariada SAS PTETF30 TETF30 P/TETF3 45,8 458 45 8 (45, vs 40,0% 400 40 =0,03 003 03 PTETF60 P/TETF6 43,0 430 43 (43, 37,0% 370 37 =0,01 001 01 4,0 4 (4, 7,0% 70 7 =0,09. 009 =0,09 09 =0,09) 2,70% 270 (2,70% 2,47% 247 47 (2,47% =0,001, 0001 =0,001 =0,001) 10,42%. 1042 10,42% 10 42 (10,42%) primaveraverão primavera verão 0,024. 0024 0,024 024 0,024) quente disso (TETF TETF6 (PG 62 (Fertagyl =68 68 PTETF3 TETF3 45, (45 40,0 =0,0 00 PTETF6 43, (43 37,0 4, (4 7,0 2,70 27 (2,70 2,47 24 (2,47 000 =0,00 104 10,42 1 (10,42% 002 0,02 =6 40, =0, 37, ( 7, 2,7 (2,7 2,4 (2,4 10,4 (10,42 0,0 =0 2, (2, 10, (10,4 (2 (10, (10 (1

Abstract This study evaluated the productive and reproductive performances of Santa Inês sheep and their Dorper crossbreeds during the lactation period amidst the dry season in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. Conducted at the experimental goat farm of the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus IV, Catolé do Rocha, the investigation included a cohort of 24 ewes (12 Santa Inês and 12 Dorper crossbreeds [comprising 87.5% Dorper and 12.5% Santa Inês]) and 30 lambs (10 males and 20 females). Observations were recorded from birth and continued at 30-day intervals up to 90 days. Using a two-way ANOVA with a 2 x 2 factorial design (two genetic groups and two sexes), the study monitored both ewes and lambs. The animals adhered to traditional regional management, grazing in paddocks by day and secured in shelters by dusk. The study found that both Santa Inês and Dorper crossbred ewes produced similar quantities of milk (P=0.8310) for the first 60 days of lactation. There was no discernible effect of the ewes’ genetic backgrounds on their live weights, body condition scores at lambing, throughout the subsequent 30, 60, and 90 days of lactation, or on the overall productive efficiency and total weight of weaned lambs per ewe. In contrast, Dorper lambs demonstrated a higher weaning weight (P=0.0349) and greater weight gain (P=0.0403). The study also noted that the sex of the lambs did not notably influence their performance within the first 90 days of suckling. semiarid semi arid Brazil UEPB, UEPB , (UEPB) IV Rocha (1 1 comprising 875 87 5 87.5 125 12.5 Inês] 3 10 females. females . females) 30day 9 twoway way sexes, sexes sexes) management dusk P=0.8310 P08310 P 0 8310 (P=0.8310 6 weights lambing ewe contrast P=0.0349 P00349 0349 (P=0.0349 P=0.0403. P00403 P=0.0403 0403 (P=0.0403) suckling (UEPB ( 8 87. 12. P=0.831 P0831 831 (P=0.831 P=0.034 P0034 034 (P=0.034 P0040 P=0.040 040 (P=0.0403 P=0.83 P083 83 (P=0.83 P=0.03 P003 03 (P=0.03 P004 P=0.04 04 (P=0.040 P=0.8 P08 (P=0.8 P=0.0 P00 (P=0.0 (P=0.04 P=0. P0 (P=0. P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de ovinos da raça Santa Inês e mestiços da raça Dorper criados em sistema tradicional de produção durante a fase de amamentação na época seca do ano no semiárido paraibano. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinovinocultura da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba/UEPB/Campus-IV, Catolé do Rocha/PB. Foram utilizadas 24 ovelhas multíparas, sendo 12 da raça Santa Inês e 12 mestiças da raça Dorper (87,5% Dorper + 12,5% Santa Inês) paridas com 30 ovinos jovens, sendo 10 machos e 20 fêmeas. O período experimental se iniciou no momento do parto e os dados foram coletados ao nascimento, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade. Foi utilizada análise de variância para as ovelhas e para os cordeiros esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois grupos genéticos e dois sexos). Os cordeiros permaneceram com suas mães em piquetes durante o dia e à noite no aprisco, manejo tradicional da região. As ovelhas Santa Inês e mestiças Dorper produziram quantidades de leite semelhantes (P=0,8310) até os 60 dias de lactação. O grupo genético das ovelhas não influenciou os pesos vivos e escore de corporal ao parto, 30, 60 e 90 dias de lactação, como também a eficiência produtiva e peso total de crias desmamadas por ovelha. Os cordeiros e cordeiras Dorper apresentaram maiores pesos vivos (P=0,0349) e ganhos de peso (P=0,0403), por outro lado, o sexo dos ovinos jovens não influenciou o desempenho até os 90 dias de amamentação. Objetivouse Objetivou paraibano Paraíba/UEPB/CampusIV, ParaíbaUEPBCampusIV Paraíba/UEPB/Campus IV, Paraíba UEPB Campus IV Paraíba/UEPB/Campus-IV RochaPB Rocha PB Rocha/PB multíparas 1 87,5% 875 87 5 (87,5 125 12,5 3 fêmeas nascimento 6 9 idade sexos. sexos . sexos) aprisco região P=0,8310 P08310 P 0 8310 (P=0,8310 lactação ovelha P=0,0349 P00349 0349 (P=0,0349 P=0,0403, P00403 P=0,0403 , 0403 (P=0,0403) lado CampusIV Paraíba/UEPB/CampusIV ParaíbaUEPBCampus 87,5 8 (87, 12, P=0,831 P0831 831 (P=0,831 P=0,034 P0034 034 (P=0,034 P0040 P=0,040 040 (P=0,0403 87, (87 P=0,83 P083 83 (P=0,83 P=0,03 P003 03 (P=0,03 P004 P=0,04 04 (P=0,040 (8 P=0,8 P08 (P=0,8 P=0,0 P00 (P=0,0 (P=0,04 ( P=0, P0 (P=0, P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the performance of reproductive culled lambs kept in confinement, through weight gain, carcass yield, and the state of non-carcass components using two high concentrate diets (90%). One diet was formulated on the property compared to commercially available concentrate. The cost-benefits of each diet were analyzed and compared. We used 24 Corriedale lambs, aged 180 days weighing an average of 28 ± 4 kg. The animals were randomly separated into two groups: the commercial concentrate group (CC) which received 0.4% and 4% of their live weight in Tifton hay and commercial concentrate, respectively, and the property concentrate group (CP) received hay and a high-concentrate diet produced on the property (using whole grain corn as a base), in the same proportions. The study was conducted, for a period of 55 days, along with ten days of adaptation, until they reached 40 ± 2 kg body weight (BW). Animals in the property concentrate group achieved a higher average daily gain (0.232 kg/day), but there was no significant difference in carcass yield between the groups The weights of non-carcass components such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys with fat were higher in the concentrate group. The property concentrate group presented a net income of R$ 0.40, while the animals that received the commercial concentrate presented a negative income of R$ - 0.45, per day. Therefore, the use of a high-grain diet produced on the property under the conditions of this study allowed for better weight gain, and a better cost-benefit ratio. confinement noncarcass non 90%. 90 90% . (90%) costbenefits cost benefits 18 CC (CC 04 0 0.4 respectively CP (CP highconcentrate base, base , base) proportions conducted 5 adaptation BW. BW (BW) 0.232 0232 232 (0.23 kg/day, kgday kg/day day kg/day) liver spleen R 040 0.40 045 45 0.45 Therefore highgrain costbenefit benefit ratio 9 (90% 1 0. (BW 0.23 023 23 (0.2 (90 0.2 02 (0. (9 (0 (

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de borregas de descarte reprodutivo em sistema de confinamento por meio do ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e de componentes não carcaça utilizando duas dietas de alto concentrado (90%), uma formulada na propriedade em comparação com concentrado comercial e analisar qual o melhor custo-benefício. Utilizou-se 24 borregas, da raça Corriedale, com idade de 180 dias, 28 ± 4 kg de peso vivo, confinadas. Os animais foram aleatoriamente separados em dois grupos: grupo Concentrado Comercial recebeu 0,4% do peso vivo de feno de tifton e 4% peso vivo do concentrado comercial, e o grupo Concentrado Propriedade recebeu feno e dieta de alto concentrado produzida na propriedade, tendo como base milho em grão inteiro, na mesma proporção, por um período de 55 dias, mais 10 dias de adaptação, quando atingiram 40 +/-2 kg PV. Os animais do grupo Concentrado Propriedade obtiveram ganho médio diário superior (0,232 kg/dia), porém não houve diferença significativa no rendimento de carcaça entre os grupos, e os componentes não carcaça como fígado, baço e rins com gordura obtiveram maiores pesos no grupo Concentrado propriedade. Quanto a avaliação econômica, o grupo Concentrado Propriedade apresentou receita líquida de R$ 0,40 enquanto os animais que receberam o concentrado comercial apresentaram receita negativa de R$ - 0,45, por dia. Desta forma, podemos concluir que o uso da dieta de alto grão produzida na propriedade, nas condições deste estudo, permitiu melhor ganho de peso, resultando em um melhor custo benefício. 90%, 90 90% , (90%) custobenefício. custobenefício benefício custo-benefício Utilizouse Utilizou se 2 Corriedale 18 confinadas grupos 04 0 0,4 inteiro proporção 5 1 adaptação +/2 +/ +/- PV 0,232 0232 232 (0,23 kg/dia, kgdia kg/dia dia kg/dia) fígado econômica R 040 045 45 0,45 forma 9 (90% 0, + 0,23 023 23 (0,2 (90 0,2 02 (0, (9 (0 (

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the ecophysiological responses of soybean subjected to soil flooding. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications. A 3 x 3 factorial scheme was used, consisting of three soybean genotypes (tolerant, sensitive and a commercial cultivar), and three water conditions (control treatment - soil was maintained at 70% of field capacity throughout the plant cycle; soil flooding for 10 days in the vegetative period + 10 days in the reproductive period; and soil flooding for 10 days only in the reproductive period). Three evaluations were carried out regarding chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange: after flooding in the vegetative period (V2); after flooding in the reproductive period (R2), and ten days after draining the water. Tolerant genotypes and sensitive genotypes experienced reductions in photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance when subjected to water stress in the reproductive stage. However, under stress in the vegetative stage, only the tolerant and sensitive genotypes reduced the actual quantum efficiency and electron transport rate, and at the moment of flooding in the reproductive stage, all had changes and did not show recovery for these variables. As for non-photochemical quenching, only the sensitive genotype increased the rate, under stress in stages V2/R2 and R2. The local commercial cultivar is more adapted to soil flooding conditions, as it shows better physiological responses to adapt to soil flooding conditions. replications used tolerant, (tolerant cultivar, , cultivar) control 70 cycle 1 period. . period) exchange V2 V (V2) R2, R2 R (R2) stage However variables nonphotochemical non photochemical quenching V2R2 VR V2/R 7 (V2 (R2 V2R (V (R

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas ecofisiológicas de soja submetida ao alagamento do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Foi utilizado um esquema fatorial 3 x 3, composto por três genótipos de soja (tolerante, sensível e uma cultivar comercial); e três condições hídricas (tratamento controle - solo foi mantido a 70% da capacidade de campo 11 durante todo o ciclo da planta; alagamento do solo por 10 dias no período vegetativo + 10 dias no 12º período reprodutivo; e alagamento do solo por 10 dias apenas no período reprodutivo período. Foram realizadas três avaliações quanto à fluorescência da clorofila a trocas gasosas: após a inundação do período vegetativo (V2); após o alagamento do período reprodutivo (R2), e dez dias após a drenagem da água. Os genótipos tolerantes e sensíveis sofreram redução na taxa fotossintética e na condutância estomática quando submetidos ao estresse hídrico na fase reprodutiva. Porém, sob estresse na fase vegetativa, apenas os genótipos tolerantes e sensíveis reduziram a eficiência quântica atual e a taxa de transporte de elétrons, e no momento do alagamento na fase reprodutiva, todos sofreram alterações e não apresentaram recuperação para essas variáveis. Quanto à quenching não fotoquímico, apenas a sensitiva aumentou a taxa, nas tensões nos estágios V2/R2 e R2. A cultivar comercial local é mais adaptada às condições de alagamento do solo, pois apresenta melhores respostas fisiológicas de adaptação às condições de alagamento do solo. repetições tolerante, tolerante (tolerante comercial) tratamento 70 1 planta º gasosas V2 V (V2) R2, R2 R , (R2) água reprodutiva Porém vegetativa elétrons variáveis fotoquímico V2R2 VR V2/R 7 (V2 (R2 V2R (V (R

Abstract Reproductive control is one of the biggest challenges in tilapia production and triploidy was developed as an alternative to sterilization. In general, polyploids present chromosomal instability but for triploid Nile tilapia it has yet to be reported. This study evaluated the chromosomal instability from juveniles to adulthood, growth performance and gonadal status of tilapia hatched from eggs submitted or not to heat shock for triploid induction. Nile tilapia oocytes were fertilized (1,476 oocytes), half of the eggs were subjected to a four-minute shock in 41 °C water four minutes after fertilization and the other half were not (Control group). The eggs were incubated (at 27°C) and 160 larvae from the treated group hatched and survived after yolk sac absorption. The determination of ploidy was performed by flow cytometry at 85th (juveniles) and 301st (adults) days of age post yolk sac absorption. At the time of the first cytometry analysis there were 73 surviving juveniles from the treated group, and only 14 were confirmed triploid. However, at the analysis of adult ploidy, one out of 8 surviving adult tilapias from the 14 confirmed triploid juveniles remained triploid. Gonadal histology showed that the non-remaining triploids continued to produce gametes. The growth performance of triploid tilapia was initially superior to that of diploid tilapia during the juvenile phase, but similar in adults. Once the chromosome sets are lost and the tilapias become diploid again, at least in tissues with a high proliferation rate, such as the hematopoietic tissue that was analyzed (and possibly in gonads), all possible advantages of triploids are probably lost. Thus, our results suggest that, due to genomic instabilities, the triploid generation of tilapia has low efficiency. sterilization general reported adulthood induction 1,476 1476 1 476 (1,47 oocytes, , oocytes) fourminute minute 4 C Control group. . group) 27°C 27C 27 16 absorption th (juveniles st adults (adults 7 However nonremaining non remaining gametes phase again rate gonads, gonads gonads) Thus instabilities efficiency 1,47 147 47 (1,4 2 1,4 (1, 1, (1 (

Abstract Reviewing the current state of knowledge on reproductive performance and productive traits in rams has many advantages. First, the compilation of this information will serve as a literature resource for scientists conducting research around the world and will contribute to the understanding of the data collected and interpreted by researchers on the different hormonal strategies used to improve reproductive performance in rams. Second, it will allow scientists to identify current knowledge gaps and set future research priorities in ram reproduction. Rams play an important role in the global flock economy, but their reproductive analysis has been limited in the use of hormonal technologies to increase the productivity of sheep flocks. In this review, we cite the most important works on six hormones that, in one way or another, modify the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, at different doses, in and out of the reproductive season, breeds, application methods, among other factors. The overall aim is to increase the reproductive efficiency of rams in different scenarios and, in some cases, of other species due to the lack of limited information on rams. advantages First Second reproduction economy flocks review that another hypothalamuspituitarygonadal hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis doses season breeds methods factors cases

Abstract In reproductive technologies, uncovering the molecular aspects of oocyte and embryo competence under different conditions is crucial for refining protocols and enhancing efficiency. RNA-seq generates high-throughput data and provides transcriptomes that can undergo additional computational analyses. This study presented the transcriptomic profiles of in vitro matured oocytes and blastocysts produced in vitro from buffalo crossbred (Bubalus bubalis), coupled with gene co-expression and module preservation analysis. Cumulus Oophorus Complexes, obtained from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, were subjected to in vitro maturation to yield metaphase II oocytes (616) or followed in vitro fertilization and culture to yield blastocysts for sequencing (526). Oocyte maturation (72%, ±3.34 sd) and embryo development (21.3%, ±4.18 sd) rates were obtained from three in vitro embryo production routines following standard protocols. Sequencing of 410 metaphase II oocytes and 70 hatched blastocysts (grade 1 and 2) identified a total of 13,976 genes, with 62% being ubiquitously expressed (8,649). Among them, the differentially expressed genes (4,153) and the strongly variable genes with the higher expression (fold-change above 11) were highlighted in oocytes (BMP15, UCHL1, WEE1, NLRPs, KPNA7, ZP2, and ZP4) and blastocysts (APOA1, KRT18, ANXA2, S100A14, SLC34A2, PRSS8 and ANXA2) as representative indicators of molecular quality. Additionally, genes exclusively found in oocytes (224) and blastocysts (2,200) with specific biological functions were identified. Gene co-expression network and module preservation analysis revealed strong preservation of functional modules related to exosome components, steroid metabolism, cell proliferation, and morphogenesis. However, cell cycle and amino acid transport modules exhibited weak preservation, which may reflect differences in embryo development kinetics and the activation of cell signaling pathways between buffalo and bovine. This comprehensive transcriptomic profile serves as a valuable resource for assessing the molecular quality of buffalo oocytes and embryos in future in vitro embryo production assays. technologies efficiency RNAseq RNA seq highthroughput high throughput analyses Bubalus bubalis, bubalis , bubalis) coexpression co Complexes slaughterhousederived slaughterhouse derived ovaries 616 (616 526. 526 . (526) 72%, 72 (72% 334 3 34 ±3.3 sd 21.3%, 213 21 (21.3% 418 4 18 ±4.1 41 7 grade 2 13976 13 976 13,97 62 8,649. 8649 8,649 8 649 (8,649) them 4,153 4153 153 (4,153 foldchange fold change 11 BMP15, BMP15 BMP (BMP15 UCHL1 UCHL WEE1 WEE NLRPs KPNA7 KPNA ZP2 ZP ZP4 APOA1, APOA1 APOA (APOA1 KRT18 KRT ANXA2 ANXA S100A14 SA S A SLC34A2 SLCA SLC PRSS Additionally 224 (224 2,200 2200 200 (2,200 components metabolism proliferation morphogenesis However bovine assays 61 (61 52 (526 72% (72 33 ±3. 21.3% (21.3 ±4. 1397 97 13,9 6 864 8,64 64 (8,649 4,15 415 15 (4,15 BMP1 (BMP1 (APOA KRT1 S100A1 SLC34A 22 (22 2,20 220 20 (2,20 (6 5 (52 (7 ±3 21.3 (21. ±4 139 9 13, 86 8,6 (8,64 4,1 (4,1 (BMP S100A (2 2,2 (2,2 ( (5 ± 21. (21 8, (8,6 4, (4, 2, (2, (8, (4 (8

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a novel Inhibin (INH) DNA vaccine (C500/pVAX-asd-IS) on the immune response, reproductive hormone levels, and spermatogenesis of rats. Forty healthy male rats were divided into four groups, and respectively immunized (thrice, 14 d apart) with 1×108, 1×109, and 1×1010 CFU of the recombinant inhibin vaccine (group C500/pVAX-asd-IS-L, C500/pVAX-asd-IS-M, and C500/pVAX-asd-IS-H) or 1×1010 CFU C500. P/N values increased after vaccination and differed (p <0.05) at 7 d, and sharply increased at 14 d following the booster vaccination (p <0.01); The weight and volume of testes in C500/pVAX-asd-IS groups were increased (p < 0.05) at decapitation, respectively; Histological evaluation showed that the number of spermatogenic cells in the lumen was increased, and the cytoplasmic remnants of sperms were allergy increased significantly compared with the control group. Oral vaccination with INH DNA reduced (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of INH B, enhanced serum concentrations of testosterone (T) and FSH. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of VIM and SMAD4 in the testes were increased in C500/pVAX-asd-IS-M and C500/pVAX-asd-IS-H groups (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The mRNA amount of INHβ-B in C500/pVAX-asd-IS-M group was greater than control group (p < 0.05).These results suggested that neutralization of endogenous INH through oral vaccination with INH DNA delivered by C500 strain successfully elicited a humoral immune response. INH gene immunization may have a positive effect on spermatogenesis and reproductive efficiency in male rats. (INH C500/pVAXasdIS C500pVAXasdIS CpVAXasdIS C500/pVAX asd IS pVAX C (C500/pVAX-asd-IS response levels thrice, thrice (thrice 1 apart 1108 108 1×108 1109 109 1×109 11010 1010 1×101 C500/pVAXasdISL, C500pVAXasdISL CpVAXasdISL L, L C500/pVAX-asd-IS-L C500/pVAXasdISM, C500pVAXasdISM CpVAXasdISM M, M C500/pVAXasdISH C500pVAXasdISH CpVAXasdISH H PN P N <0.05 005 0 05 <0.01 001 01 <0.01) decapitation B T (T FSH Furthermore SMAD C500/pVAXasdISM 0.0 0.01. 0.01 . 0.01) INHβB INHβ 0.05.These 005These These .These C50 pVAXasdIS C500pVAX CpVAX 110 10 1×10 1101 101 pVAXasdISL C500/pVAXasdISL pVAXasdISM pVAXasdISH <0.0 00 0. C5 11 1×1 <0. 1× <0

Sheep farming plays a significant role in generating economic opportunities and employment on a global scale. It is a vital support system for rural economies, mainly where agricultural alternatives are scarce, like farmers living in arid and semiarid areas. This article aims to investigate andpromote sustainable communal sheep farming practices and examine the significance of the weaning percentage and how it determines the communal wool industry's success, economic viability, and sustainability. Additionally, the article will address the challenges these farmers face in sweet-, sour-and mixed grass veld types. Furthermore, the article will explore the impact of lambing seasons and flock structures on ewe productivity and identify strategies to mitigate adverse effects in communal sheep flocks. Lastly, the article will discuss management practices in sheep production systems, considering their economic and environmental sustainability. The mean weaning percentage, a critical indicator of reproductive success and productivity, was 48.78%, reflecting substantial dispersion within a sample population of 9 603 sheep across 351 farmers' interviews. Pure breeding exhibits a 5.6% higher weaning percentage than crossbreeding. In cases where there was inbreeding, the weaning percentage was 11.3% lower than that of flocks using unrelated rams. Statistical analysis further underscores the substantial influence (p<0.001) of consistent dissemination of production and reproduction technical information, facilitated through governmental initiatives and stakeholder engagements, in driving these improvements. Best sheep and health management practices are paramount for enhancing the weaning percentage of sheep flocks. The quality of grazing and the utilisation of well-adapted breeding stock are pivotal factors. Statistical analysis reveals a significant impact (p<0.05) of rotational grazing with a herding effect (extensive grazing) compared to free grazing (continuous grazing) with minimal management. Integrating labourers into communal sheep enterprises profoundly influences various operations, notably sheep herding, where they safeguard animals, identify health issues, and guide flock movements to optimal grazing areas, enhancing nutrition and weaning percentages.