ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

ABSTRACT Planting is considered one of the most essential steps in coffee growing. Lack of uniformity in planting may compromise future operations. Therefore, verifying planting operations quality is fundamental to optimizing production processes and reducing costs. This study aimed to investigate planting techniques through Statistical Process Control (SPC) and aerial images. Carried out in two areas, managed manually and semi-mechanized in the Bom Jardim Farm (MG - Brazil). Data were collected through Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Quality control charts and density maps were used to identify variations in distribution and spacing between plants and planting rows. It was found that the planting carried out manually was 4.7% wider than projected due to spacing reduction from 0.5 m to 0.48 m. The semi-mechanized system displayed a deficit of 7% compared to the projected planting system, using 0.55 m between plants. The density map showed the most significant planting alignment variations. Despite displaying lower results than the manual system, the semi-mechanized system improvements are valid for their minimal average variations. Thus, correcting points found outside the limits can increase the efficiency of semi-mechanized planting. growing Therefore costs SPC (SPC images areas semimechanized semi mechanized MG Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) RPA. RPA (RPA) rows 47 4 7 4.7 05 0 5 0. 048 48 0.4 055 55 Thus (RPA 4. 04

ABSTRACT Traditional agroecosystems (TA) are considered more resilient to climatic extremes due to higher crop diversity and agroecological approach. The TA of Tének were studied to evaluate their drought tolerance. Open-ended questionnaire surveys, field visits, and botanical collections, with the participation of local farmers, were considered. Cultivated plant diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), and the Morisita-Horn index (CMH) in ten different agroecosystems in April and August. Remote sensing methods included the triangular greenness index (TGI). Additionally, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) were determined, covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The cultivated plant richness (P > 0.5382) and their abundance (P > 0.3622) did not change from April to August considering the total analyzed parcels. However, differences between types of agroecosystems were observed because higher diversity corresponded to managed jungle (teʼlom) (Hʼ = 1.5-1.7), and some parcels cultivated with maize (milpa) (Hʼ = 1.02-1.54). Nevertheless, in August, lower similarity was observed in milpa (CMH = 0.23-0.87) due to the absence of maize (Zea mays L.) and other herbaceous annual crops. Landscape interconnection can be affirmed with TGI correlations obtained by comparison of different TA. The negative SPI values were associated with a decrease of NDVI, but Tének polyculture agroecosystems maintained higher NDVI values compared to rainfed monocropping during the analyzed period. Tének polyculture agroecosystems exhibited higher drought tolerance, although maize and other herbaceous plants are susceptible to disappearing during prolonged drought events, thereby increasing food insecurity.

Abstract Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHI) are formed through processes that include decreasing vegetation and increasing materials that are more conductive to heat. To investigate this phenomenon, the objective of this work is to comparatively verify the surface temperature and geospatial indicators to analyze environmental variation in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study method is remote sensing, with data from the Landsat 8 satellite over a ten-year timeframe. The variables include land cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and land surface temperature (LST), thereby obtaining the Urban Thermal Field Variation Index (UTFVI) and estimating SUHI formation. The results allowed for the presentation of a progression of variables, highlighting the recurrent formation of SUHI in the central and eastern regions of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Conversely, the southern and extreme northern districts exhibited the best NDVI indices and low LST values. (SUHI heat phenomenon Paulo Brazil sensing tenyear ten year timeframe cover NDVI, , (NDVI) Builtup Built up NDBI, NDBI (NDBI) LST, (LST) UTFVI (UTFVI Conversely values (NDVI (NDBI (LST

Resumo A partir dos processos de diminuição da vegetação e aumento de materiais mais condutivos ao calor há a formação de ilhas de calor de superfície (SUHI, do inglês Surface Urban Heat Island). Com o intuito de investigar o fenômeno, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar comparativamente a temperatura de superfície (LST, do inglês Land Surface Temperature) e indicadores geoespaciais para análise da variação ambiental na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. O método do estudo é sensoriamento remoto, com dados provenientes do satélite Landsat 8 em um recorte temporal de dez anos. As variáveis são a cobertura do solo, o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NVDI, do inglês Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), o Índice de Diferença Normalizada de Áreas Construídas (NDBI, do inglês Normalized Difference Built-up Index) e o LST, obtendo em decorrência o Índice de Variação do Campo Térmico Urbano (UTFVI, do inglês Urban Thermal Field Variation Index) e estimando a formação de SUHI. A partir dos resultados apresentou-se uma progressão das variáveis, destacando a formação recorrente de SUHI na região central e zona leste de São Paulo, Brasil. Em contrapartida, os distritos ao sul e extremo norte apresentaram os melhores índices de NDVI e baixos valores de LST. SUHI, (SUHI Island. Island . Island) fenômeno LST (LST Temperature Paulo Brasil remoto anos solo NVDI, NVDI (NVDI Index, Index , NDBI, NDBI (NDBI Builtup Built up UTFVI, UTFVI (UTFVI apresentouse apresentou se contrapartida

Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Abstract Introduction: Bio bays in Puerto Rico play an important socio-economic role and declines in dominant bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense are concerning. Studies show erratic blooms with is weak correlation to in situ environmental factors. Our study examines shorter field and longer proxy records on dinoflagellate density at Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF). Objectives: To quantify temporal changes in dinoflagellate density in a long-term monitoring study, understand how the marine environment modulates those changes, and determine the wider impacts of a fluctuating climate and extreme events on proxies for dinoflagellate density. Methods: Bimonthly samples were collected from 2016 to 2021 at three sampling sites in LGF. Dinoflagellates density was estimated by Sedgewick Rafter counting cells. Environmental conditions were obtained from Rio Fajardo 5007100 station and NOAA buoy 41056. Marine climate and biotic proxies were obtained from remote sensing measurements. Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlations and cross-correlations in the shorter field and longer proxy records were used to evaluate environmental controls on LGF dinoflagellate blooms. Results: Six years of field monitoring densities found a low period in 2016-2017, frequent and intense blooms in 2018-2021 punctuated by hurricanes. Generally low values were recorded in late winter in contrast with higher values in late summer (Aug-Nov). Light winds and mixed layer response to seasonal warming in the form of high tides and low salinity, were found to sustain dinoflagellate reproduction. Conclusions: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are vital to coastal tourism and require resource management. LGF results show that: 1) dinoflagellate counts fluctuate widely, 2) fluorescing dinoflagellates are sensitive to environmental conditions because of limited seasonality and narrow physiological range, 3) hurricanes play a role by ‘raking and refreshing’ the coastal lagoon for subsequent biotic reproduction, and 4) intra-seasonal fluctuations of density and proxies relate to air-sea thermodynamic conditions, the salinity budget and sea level.

Resumen Introducción: Las bahías bioluminiscentes en Puerto Rico desempeñan un papel socioeconómico importante y disminuciones del dinoflagelado bioluminiscente dominante Pyrodinium bahamense son preocupantes. Los estudios muestran proliferaciones erráticas débilmente correlacionadas con factores ambientales locales. Objetivos: Cuantificar cambios en la densidad de dinoflagelados a largo plazo en la Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF), comprender cómo el ambiente marino modula esos cambios y determinar los impactos de eventos climáticos extremos en la densidad de dinoflagelados. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras bimestrales del 2016-2021 en tres sitios de la LGF. La densidad se estimó mediante el conteo de células de Sedgewick Rafter. Condiciones ambientales se obtuvieron de la estación Río Fajardo 5007100 y de la boya NOAA 41056. El clima marino y los indicadores bióticos se obtuvieron por mediciones de teledetección. Se utilizaron correlaciones Kruskal Wallis, Spearman y las correlaciones cruzadas en los registros de campo corto y proxy largos para evaluar los controles ambientales en las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados LGF. Resultados: En seis años de monitoreo se encontraron densidades bajas entre el 2016-2017 y proliferaciones frecuentes e intensas en 2018-2021 marcadas por huracanes. Se registraron valores bajos a finales del invierno, en contraste con valores más altos a finales del verano (agosto-noviembre). Vientos ligeros y la respuesta de capas mixtas al calentamiento estacional en forma de mareas altas y baja salinidad, mantienen la reproducción de los dinoflagelados. Conclusiones: Los dinoflagelados bioluminiscentes son vitales para el turismo costero y requieren manejo de los recursos. En general: 1) los recuentos de dinoflagelados fluctúan ampliamente, 2) los dinoflagelados fluorescentes son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales debido a su estacionalidad limitada y estrecho rango fisiológico, 3) los huracanes juegan un rol de rastrillar y refrescar la laguna costera para su posterior reproducción, y 4) fluctuaciones intra-estacionales se relacionan con las condiciones termodinámicas aire-mar, el balance de salinidad y el nivel del mar.

Abstract Fires affect more natural surfaces than any other disturbance factor on the planet. They result from the interaction of fuel, dry environmental conditions, and an ignition source. In the state of Michoacán conditions are conducive for the annual occurrence of numerous fires. Remote sensing offers global, consistent and objective information on fires, with the generation of series of burned areas, such as the 500m MCD64A1 generated from MODIS data. The objective of this work was to analyze this series to know the fires that occurred in the entity between 2015 and 2022, considering vegetation covers affected (INEGI Series VII) precipitation and temperature. An average of 3 340.87 pixels with fires were recorded annually; 2021, during confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic, was the year with the most fires (5 269 pixels) and 2022 with the fewest (2 398). The fires are concentrated in the driest and hottest months, mainly May (1551.00 pixels on average) and April (958.38 pixels); the highest number was recorded in April 2021 (2 347 pixels), and the second month with the most detections was May 2020 (2 094 pixels). Most events are associated with agricultural burning (48.41%), mainly in irrigated land, in spring and winter. Forest fires significantly affect temperate forests and associated secondary vegetation (32.85%); in tropical deciduous forest areas (17.14%), fires occur mostly in secondary vegetation. In years with an early onset of rains (2015 and 2018), fewer fires accumulated.

Resumen Los incendios afectan a más superficies naturales que cualquier otro factor de disturbio en el Planeta. Resultan de la coincidencia de combustible, condiciones ambientales secas y una fuente de ignición. En el estado de Michoacán existen las condiciones propicias para la ocurrencia anual de numerosas conflagraciones. La teledetección ofrece información global, consistente y objetiva sobre los incendios, con la generación de series de áreas quemadas, como MCD64A1 de 500m, generada con datos MODIS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar esta serie para conocer los incendios ocurridos en la entidad entre 2015 y 2022, considerando las coberturas afectadas (Serie VII de INEGI), la precipitación y la temperatura. Se contabilizaron al año, en promedio 3 340.87 pixeles con incendios; 2021, durante la pandemia de Covid-19, fue el año con el mayor número de registros (5 269 pixeles) y 2022 con menos (2 398). Los incendios se concentraron en mayo (1551.00 pixeles en promedio) y abril (958.38 pixeles); el máximo número de incendios se detectó en abril de 2021 (2 347 pixeles), seguido de mayo de 2020 (2 094 pixeles). La mayoría de los eventos se asocian a quemas agrícolas (48.41%) en terrenos de riego, en primavera e invierno; los incendios forestales afectan sobre todo a bosques templados y a la vegetación secundaria asociada (32.85%); en zonas de bosque tropical caducifolio (17.14%), los incendios ocurren, en su mayoría, en vegetación secundaria. En los años con un inicio temprano de la temporada de lluvias (2015 y 2018) se acumularon menos incendios.

ABSTRACT The integration of cutting-edge precision agriculture technologies into avocado production is a promising strategy to boost productivity and profitability in this thriving industry. While previous reviews have explored the application of emerging technologies in avocado cultivation, there is a gap in the analysis of patent production. This research aims to bridge that gap by identifying trends in both scientific and technological innovations related to precision agriculture in avocado. Through a bibliometric analysis using data from Scopus and Lens.org, this study reveals that scientific production is primarily concentrated in industrialized countries, with limited research output from major avocado-producing nations. The focus of research has been on remote sensing and image processing techniques. In terms of technological development, innovations in agricultural data capture, collection, and processing, as well as components for agricultural machinery, have been the most prevalent. Market-available technologies are designed to predict crop yields and assess the impact of abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation. By adopting these precision agriculture tools, avocado farmers can make data-driven decisions to optimize resource use, improve crop health, and ultimately enhance overall farm performance.

RESUMEN La integración de tecnologías de agricultura de precisión de vanguardia en la producción de aguacate es una estrategia prometedora para impulsar la productividad y la rentabilidad en esta próspera industria. Si bien revisiones anteriores han explorado la aplicación de tecnologías emergentes en el cultivo de aguacate, existe un vacío en el análisis de la producción de patentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo cerrar esa brecha identificando tendencias en innovaciones científicas y tecnológicas relacionadas con la agricultura de precisión en el aguacate. A través de un análisis bibliométrico utilizando datos de Scopus y Lens.org, este estudio revela que la producción científica se concentra principalmente en los países industrializados, con una producción de investigación limitada de las principales naciones productoras de aguacate. La investigación se ha centrado en las técnicas de teledetección y procesamiento de imágenes. En términos de desarrollo tecnológico, las innovaciones en captura, recolección y procesamiento de datos agrícolas, así como en componentes para maquinaria agrícola, han sido las más predominantes. Las tecnologías disponibles en el mercado están diseñadas para predecir el rendimiento de los cultivos y evaluar el impacto de factores abióticos como la temperatura, la humedad y las precipitaciones. Al adoptar estas herramientas de agricultura de precisión, los productores de aguacate pueden tomar decisiones basadas en datos para optimizar el uso de recursos, mejorar la salud de los cultivos y, en última instancia, mejorar el rendimiento general de la finca.

ABSTRACT The soil organic carbon (SOC) content under climate change scenarios is essential, especially in areas of difficult access such as the high-altitude Tropical paramos. This study aimed to correlate the digital elevation model (DEM) derivatives, spectral indices from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, and WorldClim data with in situ SOC content in the PNR-Cortadera paramo (Boyaca, Colombia). Based on 169 soil samples collected at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black method. SOC contents ranged from 25 to 200 t HA-1 at 0-15 cm and from 33 to 466 t ha-1 at 15-30 cm. Altitude, temperature, NDVI, TWI0-15 cm, MRVBF, LS factor0-15 cm and VH band polarization showed the highest correlations and the lowest variance inflation factor. The highest SOC contents are located in the central and southern area of the paramo due to the higher altitude, greater precipitation and presence of vegetation cover.

RESUMEN El contenido de carbono orgánico (COS) del suelo bajo escenarios de cambio climático es esencial, especialmente en áreas de difícil acceso como los páramos tropicales de gran altitud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo correlacionar los derivados del modelo de elevación digital (DEM), los índices espectrales Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 y los datos de WorldClim con el contenido de COS in situ en el páramo PNR-Cortadera (Boyacá, Colombia). A partir de 169 muestras de suelo recolectadas a dos profundidades (0-15 y 15-30 cm), se determinó el carbono orgánico mediante el método de Walkley-Black. Los contenidos de COS a 0-15 cm de profundidad variaron entre 25 a 200 t ha-1 y 33 a 466 t ha-1 a 15-30 cm. La altitud, la temperatura, el NDVI, el TWI0-15 cm, el MRVBF, el factor LS0-15 cm y la polarización de la banda VH mostraron las mejores correlaciones y el menor factor de inflación de la varianza. Los mayores contenidos de COS se ubican en la zona central y sur del páramo debido a la mayor altitud, precipitación y presencia de cobertura vegetal.

ABSTRACT: The Andean Patagonian forests are characterized, on the one hand, by a high degree of naturalness and, on the other hand, by signs of degradation by grazing, unsustainable timber use, the invasion of non-native tree species and anthropogenic fire. Considering the large extent of these forests and the variety of uses, traditional forestry practices should be revised in light of modern technologies. We employed Landsat time series from 1998 to 2020, accompanied by Landsat images from 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1992 to detect the fine-scale gap dynamics of Nothofagus pumilio forests in central Patagonia, Argentina. These gaps can occur naturally (i.e. death of old trees) or can be anthropogenically induced (i.e. after logging). In total, 41 permanently established study plots covering an area of 40 ha were investigated. Our aim was to test the viability of the TimeSync method for detecting fine-scale disturbances. This method was proposed in 2010, and up to date, it has only been employed to study vegetation disturbance of a scale that affects several pixels. Our adaptation of the TimeSync method proved to be useful in identifying the time and intensity of changes in tree structure at the pixel scale. Accordingly, it can support forest monitoring and management by providing a cost-effective proxy for natural dynamics.

RESUMEN: Los bosques andino-patagónicos están caracterizados por haber sido poco intervenidos por el hombre, pero también por mostrar signos de degradación por pastoreo, explotación maderera, invasión de especies exóticas y fuegos de origen antrópico. Considerando la gran extensión de estos bosques y la variedad de usos, las prácticas forestales tradicionales deberían revisarse a la luz de las tecnologías modernas. Con las restricciones dadas por la disponibilidad de imágenes de archivo, analizamos series temporales Landsat comprendidas entre 1998 y 2020, acompañadas por imágenes Landsat de 1985, 1986, 1987 y 1992, con el objetivo de detectar la dinámica de claros que ocurre a escala fina en el bosque de Nothofagus pumilio de la región andino-patagónica central de Argentina. Estos claros pueden ocurrir naturalmente (i.e. muerte de árboles viejos) o pueden ser antropogénicos (i.e. raleos). En total, se investigaron 41 puntos establecidos permanentemente en un predio de 40 ha. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la viabilidad del método TimeSync para detectar disturbios de escala fina. Este método fue propuesto en 2010 y, a la fecha, fue solamente empleado para estudiar disturbios en la vegetación de una escala tal que afectan varios píxeles. Nuestra adaptación del método TimeSync demostró utilidad para identificar el tiempo e intensidad de los cambios en la estructura forestal a escala de píxel. Debido a ello, el método podría contribuir al monitoreo y manejo del bosque al proveer una variable proxy, muy económica de medir, de las dinámicas naturales.

Abstract Introduction Floods are a common phenomenon in flat ecosystems with deficiencies in river drainage, impacting the local and regional economy. They can be identified and analyzed by remote sensing. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two normalized water indices during periods of maximum and minimum annual precipitation for the identification of flooding in the Salado River Basin, Argentina. Materials and methods The years with maximum and minimum annual precipitation in the period 2001-2020 were derived from satellite estimates of monthly precipitation provided by NASA through Google Earth Engine. Floods were identified using Landsat images, applying two normalized water indices (NDWI -Normalized Difference Water Index- and modified NDWI) to evaluate their performance in generating binary images that better represent the reality of the study area. Results and discussion Both indices showed good capability in identifying permanent or semi-permanent watercourses and water bodies; however, only the NDWI demonstrated higher effectiveness in identifying flooded areas with shallow depths (5 to 15 cm). The use of the Landsat mid-infrared band (1 566 - 1 651 µm) is less sensitive to water sediment load and can reflect subtle differences in it, providing a greater ability to delineate the water-soil boundary. Conclusion The use of NDWI showed a suitable behavior for the identification of flooded areas in very low slope ecosystems

Resumen Introducción Los anegamientos son fenómenos frecuentes en ecosistemas llanos con deficiencias en el drenaje fluvial que afectan la economía local y regional. Estos pueden ser identificados y analizados mediante teledetección. Objetivo Evaluar el desempeño de dos índices normalizados de agua, en épocas de precipitación anual máxima y mínima, para la identificación de anegamientos en la cuenca del río Salado, Argentina. Materiales y métodos Los años con precipitación anual máxima y mínima en el periodo 2001-2020 se obtuvieron de estimaciones satelitales de precipitación mensual provistas por la NASA a través de Google Earth Engine. Los anegamientos se identificaron con imágenes Landsat, a través de la aplicación de dos índices normalizados de agua (NDWI, por sus siglas en inglés -Normalized Difference Water Index- y NDWI modificado) con la finalidad de evaluar su desempeño en la obtención de imágenes binarizadas que representen mejor la realidad del área de estudio. Resultados y discusión Ambos índices tuvieron buena capacidad para la identificación de los cursos y cuerpos de agua permanente o semipermanente; sin embargo, solo el NDWI demostró mayor capacidad para la identificación de áreas anegadas con escasa profundidad (5 a 15 cm). El empleo de la banda del infrarrojo medio de Landsat (1 566 - 1 651 µm) es menos sensible a la carga de sedimentos del agua y es capaz de reflejar diferencias sutiles en ella, lo que proporciona una mayor capacidad para delinear el límite agua-suelo. Conclusión El empleo del NDWI demostró un comportamiento adecuado para la identificación de zonas anegadas en ecosistemas de muy baja pendiente.

Resumo O estudo fundamenta-se em uma análise geral das geociências do colapso nos campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, na cidade de Juan C. Bonilla, México. A técnica de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada no desenvolvimento, permitindo a interpretação de combinações de bandas e a determinação da geometria, geologia, geomorfologia e cartografia do local. É apresentada uma análise resumida do trabalho realizado, além de modelos de simulação do gasto hidrológico e da aceleração da água nos taludes estruturais de escoamento. Esses dados foram utilizados para o mapeamento final e a modelagem gráfica. Foi realizado um estudo geomorfológico, geológico e topográfico do local, utilizando técnicas telemétricas aéreas e de satélite. Também foi utilizado um software especializado para levantamentos geodésicos e mapeamento em modelos 2D e 3D da área de análise. Os levantamentos do local foram realizados com o objetivo de conhecer o formato da estrutura e identificar áreas de risco potencial para a população próxima ao colapso. Foram obtidas ortofotos para calcular e determinar a inclinação por distância-elevação, aceleração-altura, fluxo de água e força, o que serviu para concluir as possíveis causas que levaram ao colapso e para ter dados técnicos suficientes que foram compartilhados com as autoridades de proteção civil.

Abstract This paper presents a general analysis from the geosciences of structural collapses. The analysis was conducted in the crop fields of Santa María Zacatepec, in the city of Juan C. Bonilla, Mexico. The analysis implemented the Remote Sensing technique, facilitating the interpretation of band combinations and determining the geometry, geology, geomorphology and cartography of the site under study. A summary analysis of the work performed is presented, in addition to showing simulation models of the hydrological outflow and water acceleration in the runoff structural slopes, data that were used for the final mapping and graphic modeling. A geomorphological, geological, and topographical study of the site was conducted, using satellite and aerial telemetric techniques. Specialized software was also used for geodetic surveys, mapping in 2D and 3D models of the analysis area. Surveys of the site were carried out to determine the shape of the structure and identify potentially risk areas for the population near the collapse events. Orthophotos were obtained to calculate and determine the slope by distance-elevation, acceleration-height, water flow and force, which served to conclude the possible causes that led to the collapses and have sufficient technical data that were shared with the civil protection authorities.

Resumen El trabajo se basa en un análisis general desde las geociencias del colapso en los campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, de la ciudad Juan C. Bonilla. En el desarrollo se aplica la técnica de Percepción Remota, permitiendo interpretar combinaciones de bandas y determinar la geometría, geología, geomorfología y cartografía del sitio. Se presenta un análisis resumido del trabajo que se realizó, además de mostrar modelos de simulación del gasto hidrológico y la aceleración del agua en las pendientes estructurales de escorrentía, datos que se usaron para la cartografía y modelado gráfico finales. Se realizó un estudio geomorfológico, geológico y topográfico del lugar, con técnicas telemétricas satelitales y aéreas; también se utilizó software especializado que se aplicó para levantamientos geodésicos, realizando cartografía en modelos 2D y 3D del área de análisis. Las prospecciones del lugar se realizaron con el objetivo de conocer la forma de la estructura e identificar áreas potencialmente riesgosas para la población cercana al colapso. Se obtuvieron ortofotos para calcular y determinar la pendiente por distanciaelevación, la aceleración-altura, el gasto y la fuerza del agua; que sirvió para concluir las posibles causas que ocasionaron el colapso, y contar con datos técnicos suficientes que se compartieron con las autoridades de protección civil.

Resumen Los bosques de galería son comunidades forestales que crecen a lo largo de los ríos y arroyos. Proporcionan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos, pero al igual que otras asociaciones vegetales están severamente amenazadas por actividades antrópicas como la agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el estado actual de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares, Nuevo León por medio de un análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal en cuatro periodos: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 y 1995-2022. Para el análisis se utilizaron imágenes de alta resolución espacial de los satélites Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 y Birdseye. Se determinó el cambio neto y el cambio relativo porcentual para cada tipo de uso de suelo a lo largo del tiempo, así como la tasa anual de cambio mediante la ecuación propuesta por Puyravaud. Los resultados indican una pérdida de cobertura de los bosques de galería y un aumento del área agrícola. En un periodo de 27 años (1995-2022), la tasa anual de cambio registrada fue de -0.55 %; por el contrario, para la agricultura fue de 0.51 %. Con base en los valores obtenidos, se concluye que la superficie de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares tiende a disminuir, en función del tiempo para convertirse en tierras agrícolas. Es importante detener esta tendencia, ya que los bosques de galería desempeñan un papel importante en la protección de la biodiversidad, los recursos hídricos y edáficos, por lo que deben ser recuperados y conservados.

Abstract Gallery forests are plant communities that grow along rivers and streams. They provide numerous ecosystem services, but like other vegetation associations they are strongly threatened by anthropic activities such as agriculture. The objective of the present study was to know the current state of the gallery forests of Linares municipality, state of Nuevo León, by means of a multitemporal analysis of land use change and vegetation cover in four periods: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 and 1995-2022. The analysis used high-resolution space images from the Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 and Birdseye satellites. The net change and relative percentage change for each type of land use was determined over time, as well as the annual rate of change using the equation proposed by Puyravaud. As a result, a loss of coverage of gallery forests and an increase in agricultural area was found. Over a period of 27 years (1995-2022), the annual rate of change for gallery forests was -0.55 %, whereas for agriculture it was 0.51 %. Considering the values obtained, it is concluded that the area of the gallery forests of Linares municipality tends to decrease according to the time to become agricultural land. It is important to stop this trend, as gallery forests play an important role in protecting biodiversity, water and soil resources and must be recovered and preserved.

Abstract The high mountain area of the Central Andes of Argentina (30-37°S and 69.5°-70.5°W) is a sector of approximately 40,000 km², locate dover 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l, and sparsely populated. This region is highly valued by local populations for being producers of surface and underground water which provide shire source for millions of in habitants located downstream. In this context, high altitude wetlands, locally known as vegas, and glaciers represent tout standing components of the hydrological cycle of the high mountain area, affected by a changing climate and who se problematic have been addressed separately in most of the local investigations. However, both land covers are hydrological connected in certain areas. Therefore, in the search for a more comprehensive understanding of high mountain ecosystems, in this thesis was investigated comparatively the current spatial distribution (year 2020) and recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) of wetlands and glaciers and their relationship to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Geotechnologies, constituted the methodological foundation of this thesis. The indices NDVI and NDSI were used in the identification and characterization of the area covered by wetlands and clean-ice glaciers respectively. The study of the current situation (2020) was performed with Sentinel 2 images and the recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) with Landsat (5, 7, 8) scenes. The analysis related to temperature and precipitation were based in the processing of the product TerraClimate. Most of the information was obtained and processed, initially, in Google Earth Engine, a platform of geospatial data, which allow researchers to virtually process data at different spatiotemporal scales. The analyses were completed with the use of statistical tools and spatial statistics. As a result, it was possible to identify an area of 475 km² of wetlands and 1260 km² of glaciers (550 km² and 710 km² of clean-ice and covered ice respectively) for 2020. Between the years 1986 and 2020 was observed a significant increase in temperature and particularly from year 2010 a significant decrease in precipitation. In this context the area covered by wetlands did not change significantly but the glaciated area diminished significantly in around 36%. The strip between 34°S and 35°S to the west of the region, was identified as the area where wetlands and glaciers are closest to each other and where this proximity and the greater availability of water, as a result of the melting ice, has had a positive impact on the productivity of wetlands located approximately 5 km away from these glaciers.

Resumen La zona de alta montaña de los Andes Centrales de Argentina (30-37°S y 69,5°-70,5°W) es un sector de aproximadamente 40.000 km², ubicado sobre 2.500-3.000 m s.n.m., y escasamente poblado. Esta región es muy valorada por las poblaciones locales por ser productora de aguas superficiales y subterráneas que abastecen de este recurso a millones de habitantes ubicados aguas abajo. En este contexto, los humedales de gran altitud, localmente conocidos como vegas, y los glaciares representan componentes destacados del ciclo hidrológico de la zona de alta montaña, afectados por un clima cambiante y cuyas problemáticas han sido abordadas por separado en la mayoría de las investigaciones locales. Sin embargo, ambas coberturas terrestres están conectadas hidrológicamente en ciertas áreas. Por lo tanto, en la búsqueda de una comprensión más integral de los ecosistemas de alta montaña, en esta tesis se investigó comparativamente la distribución espacial actual (año 2020) y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) de humedales y glaciares y su relación con las fluctuaciones de temperatura y precipitación. Las geotecnologías, constituyeron la base metodológica de esta tesis. Se utilizaron los índices NDVI y NDSI en la identificación y caracterización del área cubierta por humedales y glaciares de hielo limpio respectivamente. El estudio de la situación actual (2020) se realizó con imágenes de Sentinel 2 y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) con escenas Landsat (5, 7, 8). Los análisis relacionados con la temperatura y la precipitación se basaron en el procesamiento del producto TerraClimate. La mayor parte de la información fue obtenida y procesada, inicialmente, en Google EarthEngine, una plataforma de datos geoespaciales, que permite a los investigadores procesar virtualmente datos en diferentes escalas espaciotemporales. Los análisis se completaron con el uso de herramientas estadísticas y estadísticas espaciales. Como resultado, se pudo identificar un área de 475 km² de humedales y 1260 km² de glaciares (550 km² y 710 km² de hielo limpio y hielo cubierto respectivamente) para 2020. Entre los años 1986 y 2020 se observó un aumento significativo de temperatura y especialmente a partir del año 2010 un descenso significativo de las precipitaciones. En este contexto, el área cubierta por humedales no cambió significativamente pero el área glaciar disminuyó significativamente en alrededor del 36%. La franja comprendida entre los 34°S y 35°S al oeste de la región, fue identificada como la zona donde los humedales y los glaciares se encuentran más cercanos entre sí y donde esta proximidad y la mayor disponibilidad de agua, producto del deshielo, ha tenido un impacto positivo en la productividad de los humedales ubicados aproximadamente a 5 km de estos glaciares.

ABSTRACT Studies on using brackish water for the irrigation of ornamental species are still scarce, mainly considering qualitative aspects of the plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify salt tolerance and characterize leaf spectral responses of herbaceous ornamental species at the stage of commercial seedling production. The research was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021, under greenhouse conditions, in Fortaleza - Ceará, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with split plots, with main plots consisting of irrigation-water salinity levels (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 dS m-1), and subplots by the species Catharanthus roseus, Celosia cristata, Celosia plumosa, and Chrysanthemum coronarium, with four replications. The evaluation parameters were dry mass production, visual sensory analysis, salt tolerance, and leaf spectral responses. Plant visual quality was maintained up to 2.0 dS m-1 for Chrysanthemum coronarium and 4.0 dS m-1 for Celosia cristata, Celosia plumosa, and Catharanthus roseus, which were classified as moderately tolerant at those respective salinity levels. Salinity caused noticeable changes in leaf spectral responses, especially in the visible region. scarce plants Therefore production 202 2021 conditions Ceará Brazil irrigationwater 0.5, 05 0 5 (0.5 20 2 40 4 60 6 6.0 80 8 8. m1, m1 m 1 , m-1) roseus cristata plumosa replications analysis 2. m- 4. region 0.5 (0. 6. 0. (0 (

RESUMO Estudos sobre a utilização de águas salobras na irrigação de espécies ornamentais ainda são escassos, principalmente considerando aspectos qualitativos das plantas. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a tolerância à salinidade e caracterizar as respostas espectrais foliares de espécies ornamentais herbáceas na fase de produção de mudas para comercialização. O experimento foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021, em casa de vegetação, em Fortaleza - Ceará, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas por níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,5; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1), e as subparcelas pelas espécies Catharanthus roseus, Celosia cristata, Celosia plumosa e Chrysanthemum coronarium, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas produção de matéria seca, análise sensorial visual, tolerância à salinidade e respostas espectrais foliares. A qualidade visual foi mantida até 2,0 dS m-1 para a espécie Chrysanthemum coronarium e até 4,0 dS m-1 para as espécies Celosia cristata, Celosia plumosa e Catharanthus roseus, sendo as especies classificadas como moderadamente tolerantes nas respectivas salinidades. A salinidade provocou alterações notórias nas respostas espectrais foliares, principalmente na região do visível. escassos plantas Portanto comercialização 202 2021 vegetação Ceará Brasil casualizados subdivididas 0,5 05 0 5 (0,5 20 2 40 4 60 6 6, 80 8 8, m1, m1 m 1 , m-1) roseus cristata repetições seca 2, m- 4, salinidades visível 0, (0, (0 (