Resumen: Las investigaciones de valoración económica de templos o patrimonio religioso son escasas y, a la vez, sumamente necesarias, dada la importancia creciente del turismo religioso en ciertos territorios con apreciables ventajas competitivas estáticas susceptibles de explotación económica. En este artículo se cuantifica el valor económico del Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas, Colombia (declarado bien de interés cultural nacional por el Ministerio de Cultura en 2006), mediante la adaptación y aplicación de los métodos de costo de viaje y valoración contingente, así como modelos de regresión de Poisson, logit y probit en la estimación de las probabilidades de visitar el templo y la voluntad de pago de los consumidores religiosos (DAP). La probabilidad de visitar el Santuario es explicada por la DAP y la formación posgradual del visitante y, a su vez, la DAP es determinada por el gasto en consumo final, el número de visitas realizadas y la condición de asalariado del turista. Las regresiones logit y probit predicen una probabilidad de pago muy significativa de 97.5 %. Clasificación JEL: D46; D62; Z1; Z12

Abstract: Research on the economic valuation of temples or religious heritage is scarce and, at the same time, extremely necessary, given the growing importance of religious tourism in certain territories with significant static competitive advantages that can be economically exploited. This article quantifies the economic value of the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas, Colombia, declared of national cultural interest by the Ministry of Culture in 2006, by adapting and applying travel cost and contingent valuation methods, as well as Poisson, logit, and probit regression models to estimate the probabilities of visiting the temple and the willingness to pay of religious consumers (WTP). The probability of visiting the Sanctuary is explained by the WTP and the visitor's postgraduate education and, in turn, the WTP is determined by the final consumption expenditure, the number of visits made and the salaried status of the tourist. The logit and probit regressions predict a highly significant payment probability of 97.5%.

Resumen La demanda de turismo cultural desencadena procesos centrados en un mayor reconocimiento y representación del patrimonio histórico y artístico geográficamente disperso, desplazando las fronteras entre lo local y lo global. El proyecto de lugares sagrados en Calabria (Investigación del Laboratorio Landscape_inProgress -UNIRC) pretende restaurar mapas y tramas históricas junto con nuevos enfoques e itinerarios contemporáneos, en un territorio que, tras el paréntesis de los viajeros del Grand Tour, ha experimentado una condición de marginalidad y periferia. Calabria encuentra en los lugares de lo sagrado su posible redención como topos histórico-artísticos, redescubriendo los paisajes del interior, ya destino de monjes y místicos que, desde las costas mediterráneas, huían en busca de lugares de silencio y meditación. Caminos y santuarios constituyen líneas y puntos de un diseño del territorio y de un modo de habitarlo que se ha perdido. El proyecto de arquitectura contribuye a una acción de "restauración del paisaje", en la idea de no considerar acabada y definida una identidad figurativa y paisajística. Esto favorece el diálogo entre lo antiguo y lo contemporáneo, y sobre todo entre los escenarios de la ciudad difusa y los lugares más reconocibles. El texto presenta tres ejemplos en el territorio calabrés que abordan la idea de lo sagrado y su relación con el lugar a tres escalas diferentes: el proyecto y el itinerario, el proyecto y la historia, y el proyecto y los nuevos símbolos en la periferia difusa.

Abstract The demand for cultural tourism gives raise to processes focused on a greater recognition and representation of the geographically spread historical and artistic heritage that shift the boundaries between the local and the global. In Calabria, the sacred places project (Research of the Landscape in Progress Laboratory – UNIRC) seeks to redraw historical maps and plots through new approaches and contemporary itineraries in a territory that, after the departure of the Grand Tour travelers, has experienced the condition of marginality and periphery. Calabria finds its possible salvation in the places of the sacred, i.e., historical-artistic topos. Thus, the inland landscapes -the destination of monks and mystics who fled from the Mediterranean coast in search of places of silence and meditation- are rediscovered. Paths and sanctuaries become the lines and points of a landscape design and a lost sense of inhabitation. The architectural project contributes to an action of "landscape restoration" grounded on the idea that a figurative and landscape identity has not been finished or defined. This encourages a dialogue between the ancient and the contemporary, and especially, between scenarios of the diffuse city and more recognizable places. The text introduces three examples of the project in the Calabrian territory addressing the idea of the sacred and its relationship with the place at three different scales: the itinerary, the project and history, and the project and the new symbols in the diffuse periphery.

Abstract: The Yungang Grottoes are one of China’s four major grotto sites and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study examines how to incorporate social rights and religious traditions into the grotto space via architecture. Focuses on three main areas: 1. An examination of the historical context surrounding the creation of the Tanyao Five Caves. 2. An exploration of the internal structure of the Tanyao Five Caves through the analysis of spatial elements, such as points, lines and surfaces. 3. At the micro level, this study incorporates human vision and perception within the cave environment, it identifies three parallel dimensions that influence spatial perception: physical, psychological and perceptual spaces. This blend contributes to the establishment of a religious ideal within the grottoes, where architecture seamlessly intertwines the divine and the human, resulting in a rich spatial experience defined by uniqueness, diversity and unity. Abstract Chinas China s Site areas 1 2 elements points surfaces 3 level environment physical spaces grottoes uniqueness unity

Resumo: As Grutas de Yungang constituem um dos quatro principais locais de grutas da China e um Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO. Este estudo examina como incorporar direitos sociais e tradições religiosas no espaço da gruta, por meio da arquitetura. O foco está em três áreas principais: 1. Um exame do contexto histórico que envolve a criação das Tanyao Five Caves. 2. Uma exploração da estrutura interna das Tanyao Five Caves, através da análise de elementos espaciais, como pontos, linhas e superfícies. 3. Em nível micro, este trabalho incorpora a visão e a percepção humanas no ambiente da caverna, identificando três dimensões paralelas que influenciam a percepção espacial: espaços físicos, psicológicos e perceptuais. Essa combinação contribui para o estabelecimento de um ideal religioso dentro das grutas, onde a arquitetura entrelaça perfeitamente o divino e o humano, resultando em uma rica experiência espacial definida pela singularidade, diversidade e unidade. Resumo UNESCO gruta 1 Caves 2 espaciais pontos superfícies 3 micro caverna físicos perceptuais humano singularidade unidade

This article aimed to highlight how polemic between Muslims and Christians on halal tourism is discussed in Indonesia. The study concerned three research questions: How do Christians view halal tourism? Is the halal tourism a term that has the potential to build segregation according to the Christians' perspective? How do Muslims respond to Christians on halal tourism? By reviewing related literature and conducting interviews and analysis using reception theory, this study reached the following conclusions. Firstly, Christian religious figures view on halal tourism by varied characters: realistic, substantial and critical. Secondly, for those with oppositional views, they emphatically said that the term halal tourism had the potential to build segregation. Meanwhile, in a negotiation position, the main substantial one is still open minded for discussion if there is a concept that is formally more inclusive and from the material side representing the common will even though it was originally a will of a particular group. Thirdly, Muslims, as represented in the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), perceive that halal tourism does not interfere with other religious beliefs, but it has an economic value for the country. CONTRIBUTION: Practically, this article contributed to opening opportunities for halal tourism to be recognised by all elements in a multi-religious society. Differences in potential reception occur because the sender of the message and the recipient of the message have basic assumptions according to their respective contexts

Today, tourism, with its distinct and unique features, has become one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world economy and has provided a platform for changes in geographical spaces. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of religious tourism on the economic development of traditional settlements. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The independent variable is 'religious tourism', which is quantified by 10 components, and the dependent variables are 'income' and 'employment' in tourist areas, which are studied with 10 components in Russia, respectively. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS software, then a Pearson's correlation test and simple linear regression were used. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to show the traditional spatial weighting of the study. The regression results show that religious tourism has been effective by 0.77 on income, 0.66 on employment, and 0.72 on the economy of traditional settlements. In fact, the development of religious tourism in areas with religious and traditional rituals has had a positive effect on creating employment, increasing income and economic prosperity. In general, religious tourism, with its structural and functional features, is considered an important factor in revitalising the economy of regions with this privilege. CONTRIBUTION: This article has proven the strong role of religious tourism on the economy and tourism industry in Russia with a quantitative analysis, which deserves the attention of cultural and tourism policymakers. In addition, the results of this research can be considered by other countries with different religions.

Abstract This research arises with the aim of analyzing the quality of the websites of European cathedrals and determining how successful their online communication strategies have been. To do, a qualitative methodology based on content analysis and virtual ethnography is applied. As a result, it is inferred that, when speaking of cathedrals, one speaks of a heritage resource highly exploited by cultural tourism on an international scale, but with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis they migrated their tourist proposals from face-to-face to virtual environments, promoting immersive tours, with the use of new technologies through its web portals. The challenge that remains to be taken up is to create, in the field of religious tourism, true user-centered experiences in a context of the metaverse and digitized and infotechnological lives.

Resumen Esta investigación surge con el objetivo de analizar la calidad de los sitios web de las catedrales europeas y determinar qué tan exitosas han sido sus estrategias comunicativas en línea. Para ello, se aplica una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis de contenido y la etnografía virtual. Como resultado, se infiere que al hablar de catedrales se habla de un recurso patrimonial altamente explotado por el turismo cultural a escala internacional, pero con la crisis pandémica de la COVID-19 migraron sus propuestas turísticas de la presencialidad a los entornos virtuales, potenciando recorridos inmersivos con el uso de las nuevas tecnologías a través de sus portales web. El desafío que queda por asumir es crear, en el ámbito del turismo religioso, verdaderas experiencias centradas en el usuario en un contexto del metaverso y de vidas digitalizadas e infotecnológicas.

RESUMEN El tipo de turismo cuya principal motivación es la fe, también llamado “turismo religioso”, mueve a miles de personas en el mundo para visitar lugares sagrados. Asimismo, personas no religiosas son atraídas por estos destinos por curiosidad o con la finalidad de adquirir conocimientos histórico-culturales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revelar cómo pequeños pueblos pueden servirse del turismo religioso como contribución al desarrollo local sustentable. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, esta investigación fue exploratoria, descriptiva y cualitativa. Se realizó sobre la base de una revisión bibliográfica y visitas de observación a los lugares con la aplicación de entrevistas abiertas. Se estudiaron dos pequeños poblados: en Brasil, Lunardelli, donde se encuentra el Santuario de Santa Rita de Casia; y en Cuba, El Rincón, donde se halla el Santuario Nacional de San Lázaro.

ABSTRACT The type of tourism whose main motivation is faith, also called “religious tourism”, moves thousands of people in the world to visit sacred places. Likewise, non-religious people are attracted to these destinations out of curiosity or in order to acquire historical-cultural knowledge. The present study aims to reveal how small towns can use religious tourism as a contribution to sustainable local development. From the methodological point of view, this investigation, due to its characteristics, is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative. It was carried out on the basis of a bibliographic review and visits to observe the places, employing open interviews. Two small towns were studied, in Brazil, Lunardelli, the Sanctuary of Santa Rita de Casia. In Cuba, the analysis centres on El Rincón, the town where the San Lázaro National Sanctuary is located.

Resumen La Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios, conocida como una de las iglesias de índole pentecostal más grandes de Brasil, se destaca porque uno de sus recintos más emblemáticos: el Templo de Salomón, caracterizado por su gran infraestructura y por la diversidad temática de sus cultos con un uso de diversos objetos simbólicos, permite que muchas personas tanto locales como extranjeras se sientan atraídas para visitarlo y, a su vez, brinda un turismo religioso que, aunque diferente al turismo católico sobresaliente en Latinoamérica, tiene patrones de similitud en lo que concierne a el mercado religioso y a los objetos sagrados. A lo anterior se suma la circulación económica generada tanto en el país mismo por el advenimiento y movimiento de extranjeros, como en la iglesia misma al recibir a sus visitantes. No obstante, ¿cuáles son los mecanismos utilizados por la Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios en el Templo de Salomón, con los que promueve y mantiene el consumo turístico y religioso dentro de su congregación? Entretanto, para responder a esta pregunta, fue necesario el trabajo de campo y la asistencia constante a la iglesia, junto a una observación participante, con el fin de realizar un recorrido, no solamente sobre la percepción de su oferta turística en su organización, distribución e implementación de bienes religiosos de marketing dentro del culto y fuera del templo, sino también para conocer quiénes son ese tipo de visitantes o turistas y las motivaciones que los llevan a asistir a este lugar. Así las cosas, se concluye que la iglesia a través del Templo de Salomón ofrece todo un atractivo turístico tanto para creyentes como para no creyentes que, en ambos casos, buscan una experiencia turística única que supla su necesidad espiritual o, en efecto, su curiosidad turística. Descriptores: marketing, religión, templo, turismo.

Abstract The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, known as one of the largest Pentecostal churches in Brazil, stands out because one of its most emblematic enclosures, the Temple of Solomon, which is characteristic for its great infrastructure and for the thematic diversity of its cults with the use of various symbolic objects, makes many local and foreign people feel attracted to visit it and in turn, a religious tourism is generated that although different from the outstanding Catholic tourism in Latin America, has similar patterns in both religious market and sacred objects. Added to this is the economic circulation generated both in the country itself by the arrival and movement of foreigners, and in the church itself upon receiving its visitors. But then, what are the mechanisms used by the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God in Solomon's Temple, with which it promotes and maintains tourism and religious consumption within its congregation? So, to answer this question, it was necessary to do field work and constant attendance at the church, together with a participant observation, to take a tour not only to perceive its tourist offer in its organization, distribution and implementation of marketing religious goods inside the church and outside the temple; but also, to know who these types of visitors or tourists are through observation and short non-directive interviews to arrive at an approximation of their motivations that lead them to attend. In this case, it is concluded that the church, through the Temple of Solomon, offers a whole tourist attraction for both believers and non-believers, who, in both cases, are looking for a unique tourist experience that supplies their spiritual need or indeed, their curiosity touristic. Descriptors: tourism, religion, temple, marketing.

Resumo A Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, conhecida como uma das maiores igrejas pen-tecostais do Brasil, destaca-se por ter um dos recintos mais emblemáticos, o Templo de Salomão, que se caracteriza por sua ótima infraestrutura e pela diversidade temática de seus cultos com a utilização de diversos objetos simbólicos, faz com que muitas pessoas locais e estrangeiras se sintam atraídas por visitá-lo e a sua vez, gerar um turismo religioso que, embora diferente do destacado turismo católico da América Latina, tem padrões semelhantes por seu mercado religioso e objetos sagrados. Soma-se a isso, a circulação econômica gerada tanto no próprio país pela chegada e movimentação de estrangeiros, quanto na própria igreja ao receber seus visitantes. Mas então, quais são os mecanismos utilizados pela Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus no Templo de Salomão, com os quais promove e mantém o turismo e o consumo religioso em sua congregação? Assim, para responder a esta questão, foi necessário fazer um trabalho de campo e uma frequência constante de visita à igreja, juntamente com uma observação participante, com o fim de fazer um tour não só para perceber a sua oferta turística na sua organização, distribuição e implementação de marketing de bens religiosos na igreja e fora do templo; mas também, para saber quem são esses tipos de visitantes ou turistas, por meio de observação e entrevistas curtas não diretivas para chegar a uma aproximação das motivações que os levam a visitar. Neste caso, conclui-se que a igreja, através do Templo de Salomão, oferece todo um atrativo turístico para crentes e não crentes, que, em ambos os casos, procuram uma experiência turística única que supra a sua necessidade espiritual ou mesmo a sua curiosidade turística. Descritores: marketing, religião, templo, turismo.

Tourism, as an industry, has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy these days and has specific features that are different from other industries. In the tourism industry, production and consumption points occur spatially at the same time. In addition, the tourism industry contributes to the economic growth of developed regions and can simultaneously distribute the wealth created geographically. It is notable that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused many challenges in the tourism industry regarding the presence of tourists in tourism centres and the closing of all tourism service chains, including food, entertainment, transportation and travel services worldwide. Tourism-related businesses, which are considered as invisible export and one of the engines of development and occupation, have been rendered obsolete. In other words, the businesses, as well as multiple units and activities in the related chain, have been damaged and employees of this industry have lost their jobs. This has led to the recession and regressive course of the developing and large industry of tourism in the world. It is worth noting that the tourism industry includes various sections, the most important of which is religious tourism. All religions in the world have different religious places, works, traditions and customs, which have become amongst the most important tourist attractions. Meanwhile, Muslims and the religion of Islam play a significant role in this branch of tourism. The Hajj, pilgrimage to holy places and the existence of mourning ceremonies or religious celebrations of Muslims are amongst the largest religious tourism events in the world. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism in Iraq in 2021. This field study was conducted on 4500 Muslim managers and staff of restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, clothing stores and souvenir shops around the holy shrines of imams and religious places in Karbala, Najaf, Kufa, Samarra and Kazemi. According to the results, the tourism of Iraq, which is mainly limited to Muslim religious sites in several major Iraqi cities, has also seen a decline in the number of religious tourists. The negative effects of COVID-19 on religious tourism have also been proved statistically by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), as µ ≥ 3 has been counted in all indices. CONTRIBUTION: Our findings offered new insights into the impact of COVID-19 on tourism, based on statistical analysis. In this study, the authors showed how COVID-19 affects various aspects of religious tourism, which has not been addressed in previous researches

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, a través del modelo de irritación Doxey, los impactos del turismo en la población de Cañadas de Nanchititla, con respecto al evento religioso de Semana Santa. Se trabajó bajo un enfoque metodológico mixto que consistió en realizar entrevistas con personas vinculadas directa e indirectamente con la festividad, además de aplicar un cuestionario a residentes de la localidad. Los principales hallazgos indican que varios pobladores se encuentran en la primera etapa del modelo, debido a los impactos económicos que tiene la festividad en la localidad, aunque existen algunos casos en etapa de apatía. De esta manera, se concluye la utilidad del modelo para el estudio de los impactos y actitudes de la comunidad local, pero este modelo no se puede aplicar de forma lineal; además, se tiene que agregar algunos elementos como la tipología turística y la temporalidad de las actividades turísticas.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse, through the Doxey irritation model, the tourism impacts on the population of Cañadas de Nanchititla, with respect to the religious event Holy Week. This work adopted a mixed methodological approach, which consisted of conducting interviews with people directly and indirectly linked to the festivity, along with the application of a questionnaire to residents. The main findings indicate that several residents are in the first stage of the model due to the economic impact of the festival on the locality, although there are some cases in the apathy stage. Thus, it is concluded that the model is useful for the study of the impacts and attitudes of the local community, but this model cannot be applied in a linear way; also, elements such as the tourist typology and the temporality of the tourist activities have to be added.

Resumen El turismo religioso o turismo de peregrinación es una de las actividades que genera una derrama económica considerable en el estado de Jalisco. Uno de los sitios de gran relevancia con el que cuenta el estado es el municipio de San Juan de los Lagos, que tiene más de 400 años con la celebración del 2 de febrero la llamada fiesta de la candelaria y que llega a recibir cerca de 700 mil peregrinos de diferentes partes de México y extranjeros. Por tanto, su actividad genera o propicia una identidad que se refleja en los recursos gráficos aplicados para la promoción, comunicación y difusión de productos o servicios del lugar, estos muestran un estilo ecléctico que brinda una personalidad que se evidencia en las características particulares de sus visitantes, los cuales agregan una variedad de matices, ya que provienen de distintas clases sociales. Así mismo se integra la personalidad de sus habitantes que son de distintas comunidades, los cuales influyen en la identidad del pueblo. Es interesante identificar y analizar la manera en que se constituyen las dimensiones que construyen la identidad del municipio, mediante lo verbal, la cultura, los objetos, así como las piezas gráficas que visten al municipio.

Abstract Religious tourism or pilgrimage tourism is one of the activities that generates a considerable economic impact in the state of Jalisco. One of the sites of great importance that the state has is the municipality of San Juan de los Lagos, which is more than 400 years old with the celebration of February 2 the so-called Candlemas festival and which receives about 700 thousand pilgrims from different parts of Mexico and foreigners. Therefore, its activity generates or fosters an identity that is reflected in the graphic resources applied to the promotion, communication and dissemination of products or services of the place, these show an eclectic style that provides a personality that is evident in the particular characteristics of its visitors, which add a variety of nuances, since they come from different social classes. It also integrates the personality of its inhabitants who are from different communities, which influence the identity of the people. It is interesting to identify and analyze the way in which the identity of the municipality is constituted, by means of the sum of different factors that are reflected in graphic pieces or graphic elements, that dress the environment of the municipality.

Resumo Turismo religioso ou turismo de peregrinação é uma das atividades que gera um impacto econômico considerável no estado de Jalisco. Um dos locais de grande importância que o estado possui é o município de San Juan de los Lagos, que tem mais de 400 anos com a celebração de 2 de fevereiro do chamado festival Candlemas e que recebe cerca de 700 mil peregrinos de diferentes partes do México e estrangeiros. Portanto, sua atividade gera ou fomenta uma identidade que se reflete nos recursos gráficos aplicados á promoção, comunicação e divulgação de produtos ou serviços do local, estes mostram um estilo eclético que proporciona uma personalidade que se evidencia nas características particulares de seus visitantes, que adicionam uma variedade de nuances, uma vez que eles vêm de diferentes classes sociais. Também integra a personalidade de seus habitantes que são de diferentes comunidades, que influenciam a identidade das pessoas. Interessante identificar e analisar a forma como se constitui a identidade do município, por meio da soma de diferentes fatores que se refletem em peças gráficas ou elementos gráficos, que vestem o ambiente do município.

ABSTRACT Mystical tourism, with its magical spaces, is currently a booming tourism modality, since decades past at an international level this type of tourism has been developed in much of the world and is gradually creating a very different segment within the tourism market to mass tourism and more related to cultural and religious tourism, although they are different tourist modalities. There are authors who frame Mystical Tourism, within a macro-category, that is, it includes other modalities such as Spiritual Tourism, Energy Tourism, New Age, Esoteric Tourism, Shamanic or ritual Tourism, and others, But like these, they require magical spaces, the intangible heritage and the spiritual of each territory for their development. However, as some authors refer: It does not have to be true, the important thing is that the belief exists, that some believe it or want to play to believe it is enough. In order to analyze the potential of the city of Yaguarón, within this modality, conceptual aspects, characteristics, examples and resources of the intangible heritage of the city are analyzed, which are plausible to use them for the development of Mystical Tourism.

RESUMEN El turismo místico, con sus espacios mágicos, en la actualidad es una modalidad turística en auge, desde décadas pasadas a nivel internacional se desarrolla esta tipología de turismo en gran parte del mundo y va creando de forma paulatina un segmento dentro del mercado turístico muy diferente al turismo de masas y más relacionada al turismo cultural y religioso, aunque sean modalidades turísticas diferentes. Hay autores que enmarcan al Turismo Místico, dentro de una macro-categoría, es decir, que en ella se incluyen otras modalidades como el Turismo Espiritual, el Turismo Energético, New Age, el Turismo Esotérico, el Turismo Chamánico o ritual, y otros, pero al igual que estos, requieren de espacios mágicos, lo inmaterial del patrimonio y lo espiritual de cada territorio para su desarrollo. No obstante, como refieren algunos autores: No es preciso que sea cierto, lo importante es que exista la creencia, con que algunos lo crean o quieran jugar a creerlo es suficiente. Con el fin de analizar las potencialidades de la ciudad de Yaguarón, dentro de esta modalidad, se analizan aspectos conceptuales, características, ejemplos y recursos del patrimonio inmaterial de la ciudad plausibles de emplearlos para el desarrollo del Turismo Místico.

RESUMO A Fundação MO´Ã do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil é uma Organização Não-Governamental (ONG) de Estudos e Pesquisas para a Proteção e Desenvolvimento Ambiental e atua através de ações e projetos voltados para a Educação Ambiental. Em 2007 a Fundação MO´Ã recebeu por doação uma área de 24 hectares de Mata Atlântica que foi classificada em 2015 como Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN). Em Guimarães, Portugal, a Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Carmo é proprietária de uma área de cerca de 60 hectares onde faz a receção dos devotos e promove o manejo do espaço verde e a manutenção das infraestruturas turísticas e do património religioso. Em 2019, o Município de Guimarães apresentou a candidatura da Monte da Penha a Área Protegida de âmbito local, num processo ainda em avaliação pelo Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas. O trabalho apresentado visa inferir o papel da iniciativa privada na administração e gestão partilhada de áreas protegidas, numa análise comparativa entre a Fundação MO´Ã e a Irmandade da Penha. A partir de uma revisão sistemática em uma base de dados em periódicos (CAPES, EBSCO, SCIELO, Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal), relatórios, trabalho de campo e entrevistas, concluímos que as instituições privadas têm fundamental relevância tanto no ato de incentivar a criação de áreas protegidas, como de gerir em paralelo ao Estado estas áreas, promovendo o principal objetivo que é a conservação e/ou proteção da natureza de forma sustentável.

ABSTRACT The MO´Ã Foundation in Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of Studies and Research for Environmental Protection and Development and works through actions and projects aimed at Environmental Education. In 2007 the MO´Ã Foundation acquired an area of 24 hectares of Atlantic Forest that was classified as a Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), in 2015, after a long and complex process. In Guimarães, Portugal, the Sisterhood of Nossa Senhora do Carmo da owns about 60 hectares of the area where it receives the devotees and promotes the management of green space and the conservation of tourist infrastructure and religious heritage. In 2019, the Municipality of Guimarães submitted the application of Monte da Penha to a locally protected area, in a process still under evaluation by the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests. The work presented aims to infer the role of the private sector in the administration and shared management of protected areas, in a comparative analysis between the MO´Ã Foundation and the Sisterhood of Penha. Based on a systematic review of a database in journals (CAPES, EBSCO, SCIELO, Open Access Scientific Repositories of Portugal), documents, fieldwork and interviews, we conclude that private institutions assume a fundamental relevance in the governance of areas protected, ensuring the main objective of these: the conservation and / or protection of nature in a sustainable way.

RESUMO Que sentidos assume a noção de cultura em políticas públicas que implicam agentes religiosos no Brasil? Apresentar respostas para tal pergunta é o objetivo deste artigo. Para tanto, analisam-se três áreas nas quais ocorrem investimentos estatais relacionados à “cultura” que incidem sobre universos religiosos: projetos que buscam recursos por meio da assim chamada Lei Rouanet; projetos contemplados como Pontos de Cultura; e projetos que visam o fortalecimento do turismo cultural relacionado à religião. Com a utilização de estatísticas e o emprego de narrativas etnográficas, o texto analisa o modo como se concebe e se apropria a categoria “cultura” considerando os pressupostos das políticas públicas abordadas e as configurações assumidas por situações concretas. O pano de fundo para a análise são discussões acerca da objetificação da noção de cultura, que tem se tornado parte de vernáculos sociais e tem se vinculado a demandas por direitos ou se envolvido em amplos conflitos de interpretação. As conclusões salientam a relação dos vários sentidos assumidos por essa noção com quadros mais ou menos pluralistas acerca da diversidade religiosa no Brasil atual.

ABSTRACT What meanings does the notion of culture take in public policies that involve religious agents in Brazil? Presenting answers to such a question is the aim of this article. To this end, three areas in which state investments related to “culture” target religious universes are analyzed: projects that seek resources through the so-called Rouanet Law; projects contemplated as “Points of Culture”; and projects aimed at strengthening cultural tourism related to religion. Using statistics and ethnographic narratives, the text analyzes the way in which the category of “culture” is conceived and appropriated, considering the assumptions of the public policies addressed and the configurations assumed by concrete situations. The background for this analysis concerns the objectification of the notion of culture, which has become part of social vernaculars and has been linked to demands for rights or involved in wide conflicts of interpretation. The conclusions highlight the relationship of the various meanings assumed by this notion with more or less pluralistic contexts about religious diversity in Brazil today.

RESUMEN ¿Qué sentidos asume la noción de cultura en políticas públicas que involucran a agentes religiosos en Brasil? Presentar respuestas para tal pregunta es el objetivo de este texto. Para ello, se analizan tres áreas en las cuales ocurren inversiones estatales relacionadas a la “cultura” que inciden sobre universos religiosos: proyectos que buscan recursos por medio de la así llamada Lei Rouanet; proyectos contemplados como Puntos de Cultura; y proyectos que buscan el fortalecimiento del turismo cultural relacionado a la religión. Con el uso de estadísticas y el empleo de narrativas etnográficas, el texto analiza el modo en cómo se concibe y se apropia la categoría “cultura” considerando los presupuestos de las políticas públicas abordadas y las configuraciones asumidas por situaciones concretas. El telón de fondo para el análisis son las discusiones acerca de la objetivación de la noción de cultura, que se ha tornado parte de vernáculos sociales y se ha vinculado a demandas por derechos o se ha visto involucrado en amplios conflictos de interpretación. Las conclusiones resaltan la relación de los distintos sentidos asumidos por esa noción con perspectivas más o menos pluralistas acerca de la diversidad religiosa en el Brasil actual.

RÉSUME Quelle signification la notion de culture prend dans les politiques publiques qui impliquent des agents religieux au Brésil? Le but de ce texte est de présenter des réponses à une telle question. A cet effet, on analyse trois domaines dans lesquels interviennent les investissements de l’Etat liés à la «culture» qui affectent les univers religieux: les projets de recherche de ressources à travers la Loi Rouanet; projets envisagés comme Pontos de Cultura; et des projets visant à renforcer le tourisme culturel lié à la religion. Avec l’utilisation de statistiques et l’utilisation de récits ethnographiques, le texte analyse la manière dont la catégorie “culture” est conçue et appropriée compte tenu des hypothèses des politiques publiques abordées et des configurations assumées par les situations concrètes. Le scénario de l’analyse est caracterizé par discussions sur l’objectivation de la notion de culture, qui est devenue une partie des langues vernaculaires sociales et a été liée à des revendications de droits ou impliquée dans de larges conflits d’interprétation. Les conclusions mettent en évidence la relation des différentes significations assumées par cette notion avec des images plus ou moins pluralistes de la diversité religieuse au Brésil aujourd’hui.

Abstract The paper compares two periods in the history of a Quechua community (Amantaní Island, Titicaca Lake, Peru). They were moments of social conflict, in which the Seventh-day Adventist Church played a significant role. At each moment, different indigenous sectors, with different interests, and political and economic objectives, showed greater predisposition to religious change. This demonstrates the strategic nature of the conversion. But religious change was not necessarily a conscious strategy. The islanders do not notice the relationship between interests and the option of faith. Bourdieu’s constructivist theory allows us to understand how the conversion coherently fits the objectives of each social group, even if it is not the result of planning. The research is based on three qualitative sources: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and public and private archives.

Resumen El artículo compara dos períodos en la historia de una comunidad quechua (isla de Amantaní, lago Titicaca, Perú). Fueron momentos de conflicto social, en los que la Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día jugó un papel significativo. En cada momento, distintos sectores indígenas, con determinados intereses y objetivos políticos y económicos, mostraron mayor predisposición al cambio religioso. Esto demuestra el carácter estratégico de la conversión. Pero el cambio religioso no fue necesariamente una estrategia consciente. Los isleños no advierten la relación entre intereses y opción de fe. La teoría constructivista de Bourdieu permite entender cómo la conversión se adecúa coherentemente a los objetivos de cada grupo social, aunque no sea resultado de la planificación. El estudio se nutre de tres fuentes de carácter cualitativo: la observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad, y archivos públicos y privados.