Abstract As a result of the increasing demand for Spanish language teaching for foreigners in the context of technological globalization, the 21st century demands to improve the quality of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) teacher training. This commitment implies researching the historical panorama of the teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in Costa Rica, since there were no publications, and it is expected to be an important reference for research in this field of study in the country. The methodology applied was evaluative research, which pursues the systematic study of specific issues within the context of social change. A total of 14 participants were selected by stratified sampling: teachers and coordinators of the curricular programs. The information in the historical panorama is based on the answers of the interviewees and thorough bibliographic research, which led to the proposal of three important stages of history: Stage 1 (1880s onwards), characterized by the religious order; Stage 2 (1940s onwards), where economic, social, and cultural development was promoted; and Stage 3 (1990s onwards), which is associated with educational tourism. The record of each period reflects how the centers for teaching Spanish as a Second Language were created and developed.

Resumen El siglo XXI nos compromete a mejorar la calidad de la formación del profesorado de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE), debido al aumento en la demanda de la enseñanza del español para extranjeros en el contexto de la globalización tecnológica. Este compromiso implica investigar sobre el panorama histórico que ha tenido la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua en Costa Rica, porque no había publicaciones al respecto. Se espera que esta sea un referente importante para la investigación en este campo de estudio en el país. La metodología empleada ha sido investigación evaluativa, la cual persigue el estudio sistemático de problemas concretos en un contexto de cambio social. Los participantes fueron seleccionados por muestreo estratificado: educadores y coordinadores de los programas curriculares, para un total de 14 entrevistados. La información del panorama histórico se obtuvo de las respuestas de los entrevistados y de la investigación bibliográfica minuciosa. De ahí surgió la propuesta de tres etapas importantes de la historia: Etapa 1 (década de 1880 en adelante): caracterizada por el orden religioso; Etapa 2 (década de 1940 en adelante): cuando se dio el impulso del desarrollo económico, social y cultural; y Etapa 3 (década de 1990 en adelante): la cual se asocia al turismo educacional. El registro de cada periodo refleja cómo se crearon y se fueron desarrollando los centros de enseñanza del español como segunda lengua.

Abstract The demand for cultural tourism gives raise to processes focused on a greater recognition and representation of the geographically spread historical and artistic heritage that shift the boundaries between the local and the global. In Calabria, the sacred places project (Research of the Landscape in Progress Laboratory – UNIRC) seeks to redraw historical maps and plots through new approaches and contemporary itineraries in a territory that, after the departure of the Grand Tour travelers, has experienced the condition of marginality and periphery. Calabria finds its possible salvation in the places of the sacred, i.e., historical-artistic topos. Thus, the inland landscapes -the destination of monks and mystics who fled from the Mediterranean coast in search of places of silence and meditation- are rediscovered. Paths and sanctuaries become the lines and points of a landscape design and a lost sense of inhabitation. The architectural project contributes to an action of "landscape restoration" grounded on the idea that a figurative and landscape identity has not been finished or defined. This encourages a dialogue between the ancient and the contemporary, and especially, between scenarios of the diffuse city and more recognizable places. The text introduces three examples of the project in the Calabrian territory addressing the idea of the sacred and its relationship with the place at three different scales: the itinerary, the project and history, and the project and the new symbols in the diffuse periphery.

Resumen La demanda de turismo cultural desencadena procesos centrados en un mayor reconocimiento y representación del patrimonio histórico y artístico geográficamente disperso, desplazando las fronteras entre lo local y lo global. El proyecto de lugares sagrados en Calabria (Investigación del Laboratorio Landscape_inProgress -UNIRC) pretende restaurar mapas y tramas históricas junto con nuevos enfoques e itinerarios contemporáneos, en un territorio que, tras el paréntesis de los viajeros del Grand Tour, ha experimentado una condición de marginalidad y periferia. Calabria encuentra en los lugares de lo sagrado su posible redención como topos histórico-artísticos, redescubriendo los paisajes del interior, ya destino de monjes y místicos que, desde las costas mediterráneas, huían en busca de lugares de silencio y meditación. Caminos y santuarios constituyen líneas y puntos de un diseño del territorio y de un modo de habitarlo que se ha perdido. El proyecto de arquitectura contribuye a una acción de "restauración del paisaje", en la idea de no considerar acabada y definida una identidad figurativa y paisajística. Esto favorece el diálogo entre lo antiguo y lo contemporáneo, y sobre todo entre los escenarios de la ciudad difusa y los lugares más reconocibles. El texto presenta tres ejemplos en el territorio calabrés que abordan la idea de lo sagrado y su relación con el lugar a tres escalas diferentes: el proyecto y el itinerario, el proyecto y la historia, y el proyecto y los nuevos símbolos en la periferia difusa.

Abstract: Research on the economic valuation of temples or religious heritage is scarce and, at the same time, extremely necessary, given the growing importance of religious tourism in certain territories with significant static competitive advantages that can be economically exploited. This article quantifies the economic value of the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas, Colombia, declared of national cultural interest by the Ministry of Culture in 2006, by adapting and applying travel cost and contingent valuation methods, as well as Poisson, logit, and probit regression models to estimate the probabilities of visiting the temple and the willingness to pay of religious consumers (WTP). The probability of visiting the Sanctuary is explained by the WTP and the visitor's postgraduate education and, in turn, the WTP is determined by the final consumption expenditure, the number of visits made and the salaried status of the tourist. The logit and probit regressions predict a highly significant payment probability of 97.5%.

Resumen: Las investigaciones de valoración económica de templos o patrimonio religioso son escasas y, a la vez, sumamente necesarias, dada la importancia creciente del turismo religioso en ciertos territorios con apreciables ventajas competitivas estáticas susceptibles de explotación económica. En este artículo se cuantifica el valor económico del Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas, Colombia (declarado bien de interés cultural nacional por el Ministerio de Cultura en 2006), mediante la adaptación y aplicación de los métodos de costo de viaje y valoración contingente, así como modelos de regresión de Poisson, logit y probit en la estimación de las probabilidades de visitar el templo y la voluntad de pago de los consumidores religiosos (DAP). La probabilidad de visitar el Santuario es explicada por la DAP y la formación posgradual del visitante y, a su vez, la DAP es determinada por el gasto en consumo final, el número de visitas realizadas y la condición de asalariado del turista. Las regresiones logit y probit predicen una probabilidad de pago muy significativa de 97.5 %. Clasificación JEL: D46; D62; Z1; Z12

Abstract This research arises with the aim of analyzing the quality of the websites of European cathedrals and determining how successful their online communication strategies have been. To do, a qualitative methodology based on content analysis and virtual ethnography is applied. As a result, it is inferred that, when speaking of cathedrals, one speaks of a heritage resource highly exploited by cultural tourism on an international scale, but with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis they migrated their tourist proposals from face-to-face to virtual environments, promoting immersive tours, with the use of new technologies through its web portals. The challenge that remains to be taken up is to create, in the field of religious tourism, true user-centered experiences in a context of the metaverse and digitized and infotechnological lives. been do applied result scale COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 facetoface face environments tours portals create usercentered user centered lives COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumen Esta investigación surge con el objetivo de analizar la calidad de los sitios web de las catedrales europeas y determinar qué tan exitosas han sido sus estrategias comunicativas en línea. Para ello, se aplica una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis de contenido y la etnografía virtual. Como resultado, se infiere que al hablar de catedrales se habla de un recurso patrimonial altamente explotado por el turismo cultural a escala internacional, pero con la crisis pandémica de la COVID-19 migraron sus propuestas turísticas de la presencialidad a los entornos virtuales, potenciando recorridos inmersivos con el uso de las nuevas tecnologías a través de sus portales web. El desafío que queda por asumir es crear, en el ámbito del turismo religioso, verdaderas experiencias centradas en el usuario en un contexto del metaverso y de vidas digitalizadas e infotecnológicas. línea ello virtual resultado internacional COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 virtuales crear religioso infotecnológicas COVID1 1 COVID-

This article aimed to highlight how polemic between Muslims and Christians on halal tourism is discussed in Indonesia. The study concerned three research questions: How do Christians view halal tourism? Is the halal tourism a term that has the potential to build segregation according to the Christians' perspective? How do Muslims respond to Christians on halal tourism? By reviewing related literature and conducting interviews and analysis using reception theory, this study reached the following conclusions. Firstly, Christian religious figures view on halal tourism by varied characters: realistic, substantial and critical. Secondly, for those with oppositional views, they emphatically said that the term halal tourism had the potential to build segregation. Meanwhile, in a negotiation position, the main substantial one is still open minded for discussion if there is a concept that is formally more inclusive and from the material side representing the common will even though it was originally a will of a particular group. Thirdly, Muslims, as represented in the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), perceive that halal tourism does not interfere with other religious beliefs, but it has an economic value for the country. CONTRIBUTION: Practically, this article contributed to opening opportunities for halal tourism to be recognised by all elements in a multi-religious society. Differences in potential reception occur because the sender of the message and the recipient of the message have basic assumptions according to their respective contexts

Today, tourism, with its distinct and unique features, has become one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world economy and has provided a platform for changes in geographical spaces. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of religious tourism on the economic development of traditional settlements. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The independent variable is 'religious tourism', which is quantified by 10 components, and the dependent variables are 'income' and 'employment' in tourist areas, which are studied with 10 components in Russia, respectively. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS software, then a Pearson's correlation test and simple linear regression were used. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to show the traditional spatial weighting of the study. The regression results show that religious tourism has been effective by 0.77 on income, 0.66 on employment, and 0.72 on the economy of traditional settlements. In fact, the development of religious tourism in areas with religious and traditional rituals has had a positive effect on creating employment, increasing income and economic prosperity. In general, religious tourism, with its structural and functional features, is considered an important factor in revitalising the economy of regions with this privilege. CONTRIBUTION: This article has proven the strong role of religious tourism on the economy and tourism industry in Russia with a quantitative analysis, which deserves the attention of cultural and tourism policymakers. In addition, the results of this research can be considered by other countries with different religions.

Tourism, as an industry, has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy these days and has specific features that are different from other industries. In the tourism industry, production and consumption points occur spatially at the same time. In addition, the tourism industry contributes to the economic growth of developed regions and can simultaneously distribute the wealth created geographically. It is notable that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused many challenges in the tourism industry regarding the presence of tourists in tourism centres and the closing of all tourism service chains, including food, entertainment, transportation and travel services worldwide. Tourism-related businesses, which are considered as invisible export and one of the engines of development and occupation, have been rendered obsolete. In other words, the businesses, as well as multiple units and activities in the related chain, have been damaged and employees of this industry have lost their jobs. This has led to the recession and regressive course of the developing and large industry of tourism in the world. It is worth noting that the tourism industry includes various sections, the most important of which is religious tourism. All religions in the world have different religious places, works, traditions and customs, which have become amongst the most important tourist attractions. Meanwhile, Muslims and the religion of Islam play a significant role in this branch of tourism. The Hajj, pilgrimage to holy places and the existence of mourning ceremonies or religious celebrations of Muslims are amongst the largest religious tourism events in the world. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religious tourism in Iraq in 2021. This field study was conducted on 4500 Muslim managers and staff of restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, clothing stores and souvenir shops around the holy shrines of imams and religious places in Karbala, Najaf, Kufa, Samarra and Kazemi. According to the results, the tourism of Iraq, which is mainly limited to Muslim religious sites in several major Iraqi cities, has also seen a decline in the number of religious tourists. The negative effects of COVID-19 on religious tourism have also been proved statistically by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), as µ ≥ 3 has been counted in all indices. CONTRIBUTION: Our findings offered new insights into the impact of COVID-19 on tourism, based on statistical analysis. In this study, the authors showed how COVID-19 affects various aspects of religious tourism, which has not been addressed in previous researches

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, a través del modelo de irritación Doxey, los impactos del turismo en la población de Cañadas de Nanchititla, con respecto al evento religioso de Semana Santa. Se trabajó bajo un enfoque metodológico mixto que consistió en realizar entrevistas con personas vinculadas directa e indirectamente con la festividad, además de aplicar un cuestionario a residentes de la localidad. Los principales hallazgos indican que varios pobladores se encuentran en la primera etapa del modelo, debido a los impactos económicos que tiene la festividad en la localidad, aunque existen algunos casos en etapa de apatía. De esta manera, se concluye la utilidad del modelo para el estudio de los impactos y actitudes de la comunidad local, pero este modelo no se puede aplicar de forma lineal; además, se tiene que agregar algunos elementos como la tipología turística y la temporalidad de las actividades turísticas.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse, through the Doxey irritation model, the tourism impacts on the population of Cañadas de Nanchititla, with respect to the religious event Holy Week. This work adopted a mixed methodological approach, which consisted of conducting interviews with people directly and indirectly linked to the festivity, along with the application of a questionnaire to residents. The main findings indicate that several residents are in the first stage of the model due to the economic impact of the festival on the locality, although there are some cases in the apathy stage. Thus, it is concluded that the model is useful for the study of the impacts and attitudes of the local community, but this model cannot be applied in a linear way; also, elements such as the tourist typology and the temporality of the tourist activities have to be added.

RESUMEN El turismo místico, con sus espacios mágicos, en la actualidad es una modalidad turística en auge, desde décadas pasadas a nivel internacional se desarrolla esta tipología de turismo en gran parte del mundo y va creando de forma paulatina un segmento dentro del mercado turístico muy diferente al turismo de masas y más relacionada al turismo cultural y religioso, aunque sean modalidades turísticas diferentes. Hay autores que enmarcan al Turismo Místico, dentro de una macro-categoría, es decir, que en ella se incluyen otras modalidades como el Turismo Espiritual, el Turismo Energético, New Age, el Turismo Esotérico, el Turismo Chamánico o ritual, y otros, pero al igual que estos, requieren de espacios mágicos, lo inmaterial del patrimonio y lo espiritual de cada territorio para su desarrollo. No obstante, como refieren algunos autores: No es preciso que sea cierto, lo importante es que exista la creencia, con que algunos lo crean o quieran jugar a creerlo es suficiente. Con el fin de analizar las potencialidades de la ciudad de Yaguarón, dentro de esta modalidad, se analizan aspectos conceptuales, características, ejemplos y recursos del patrimonio inmaterial de la ciudad plausibles de emplearlos para el desarrollo del Turismo Místico.

ABSTRACT Mystical tourism, with its magical spaces, is currently a booming tourism modality, since decades past at an international level this type of tourism has been developed in much of the world and is gradually creating a very different segment within the tourism market to mass tourism and more related to cultural and religious tourism, although they are different tourist modalities. There are authors who frame Mystical Tourism, within a macro-category, that is, it includes other modalities such as Spiritual Tourism, Energy Tourism, New Age, Esoteric Tourism, Shamanic or ritual Tourism, and others, But like these, they require magical spaces, the intangible heritage and the spiritual of each territory for their development. However, as some authors refer: It does not have to be true, the important thing is that the belief exists, that some believe it or want to play to believe it is enough. In order to analyze the potential of the city of Yaguarón, within this modality, conceptual aspects, characteristics, examples and resources of the intangible heritage of the city are analyzed, which are plausible to use them for the development of Mystical Tourism.

Resumo Turismo religioso ou turismo de peregrinação é uma das atividades que gera um impacto econômico considerável no estado de Jalisco. Um dos locais de grande importância que o estado possui é o município de San Juan de los Lagos, que tem mais de 400 anos com a celebração de 2 de fevereiro do chamado festival Candlemas e que recebe cerca de 700 mil peregrinos de diferentes partes do México e estrangeiros. Portanto, sua atividade gera ou fomenta uma identidade que se reflete nos recursos gráficos aplicados á promoção, comunicação e divulgação de produtos ou serviços do local, estes mostram um estilo eclético que proporciona uma personalidade que se evidencia nas características particulares de seus visitantes, que adicionam uma variedade de nuances, uma vez que eles vêm de diferentes classes sociais. Também integra a personalidade de seus habitantes que são de diferentes comunidades, que influenciam a identidade das pessoas. Interessante identificar e analisar a forma como se constitui a identidade do município, por meio da soma de diferentes fatores que se refletem em peças gráficas ou elementos gráficos, que vestem o ambiente do município.

Abstract Religious tourism or pilgrimage tourism is one of the activities that generates a considerable economic impact in the state of Jalisco. One of the sites of great importance that the state has is the municipality of San Juan de los Lagos, which is more than 400 years old with the celebration of February 2 the so-called Candlemas festival and which receives about 700 thousand pilgrims from different parts of Mexico and foreigners. Therefore, its activity generates or fosters an identity that is reflected in the graphic resources applied to the promotion, communication and dissemination of products or services of the place, these show an eclectic style that provides a personality that is evident in the particular characteristics of its visitors, which add a variety of nuances, since they come from different social classes. It also integrates the personality of its inhabitants who are from different communities, which influence the identity of the people. It is interesting to identify and analyze the way in which the identity of the municipality is constituted, by means of the sum of different factors that are reflected in graphic pieces or graphic elements, that dress the environment of the municipality.

Resumen El turismo religioso o turismo de peregrinación es una de las actividades que genera una derrama económica considerable en el estado de Jalisco. Uno de los sitios de gran relevancia con el que cuenta el estado es el municipio de San Juan de los Lagos, que tiene más de 400 años con la celebración del 2 de febrero la llamada fiesta de la candelaria y que llega a recibir cerca de 700 mil peregrinos de diferentes partes de México y extranjeros. Por tanto, su actividad genera o propicia una identidad que se refleja en los recursos gráficos aplicados para la promoción, comunicación y difusión de productos o servicios del lugar, estos muestran un estilo ecléctico que brinda una personalidad que se evidencia en las características particulares de sus visitantes, los cuales agregan una variedad de matices, ya que provienen de distintas clases sociales. Así mismo se integra la personalidad de sus habitantes que son de distintas comunidades, los cuales influyen en la identidad del pueblo. Es interesante identificar y analizar la manera en que se constituyen las dimensiones que construyen la identidad del municipio, mediante lo verbal, la cultura, los objetos, así como las piezas gráficas que visten al municipio.

RESUMO A Fundação MO´Ã do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil é uma Organização Não-Governamental (ONG) de Estudos e Pesquisas para a Proteção e Desenvolvimento Ambiental e atua através de ações e projetos voltados para a Educação Ambiental. Em 2007 a Fundação MO´Ã recebeu por doação uma área de 24 hectares de Mata Atlântica que foi classificada em 2015 como Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN). Em Guimarães, Portugal, a Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Carmo é proprietária de uma área de cerca de 60 hectares onde faz a receção dos devotos e promove o manejo do espaço verde e a manutenção das infraestruturas turísticas e do património religioso. Em 2019, o Município de Guimarães apresentou a candidatura da Monte da Penha a Área Protegida de âmbito local, num processo ainda em avaliação pelo Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas. O trabalho apresentado visa inferir o papel da iniciativa privada na administração e gestão partilhada de áreas protegidas, numa análise comparativa entre a Fundação MO´Ã e a Irmandade da Penha. A partir de uma revisão sistemática em uma base de dados em periódicos (CAPES, EBSCO, SCIELO, Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal), relatórios, trabalho de campo e entrevistas, concluímos que as instituições privadas têm fundamental relevância tanto no ato de incentivar a criação de áreas protegidas, como de gerir em paralelo ao Estado estas áreas, promovendo o principal objetivo que é a conservação e/ou proteção da natureza de forma sustentável.

ABSTRACT The MO´Ã Foundation in Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of Studies and Research for Environmental Protection and Development and works through actions and projects aimed at Environmental Education. In 2007 the MO´Ã Foundation acquired an area of 24 hectares of Atlantic Forest that was classified as a Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), in 2015, after a long and complex process. In Guimarães, Portugal, the Sisterhood of Nossa Senhora do Carmo da owns about 60 hectares of the area where it receives the devotees and promotes the management of green space and the conservation of tourist infrastructure and religious heritage. In 2019, the Municipality of Guimarães submitted the application of Monte da Penha to a locally protected area, in a process still under evaluation by the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests. The work presented aims to infer the role of the private sector in the administration and shared management of protected areas, in a comparative analysis between the MO´Ã Foundation and the Sisterhood of Penha. Based on a systematic review of a database in journals (CAPES, EBSCO, SCIELO, Open Access Scientific Repositories of Portugal), documents, fieldwork and interviews, we conclude that private institutions assume a fundamental relevance in the governance of areas protected, ensuring the main objective of these: the conservation and / or protection of nature in a sustainable way.

RESUMO Que sentidos assume a noção de cultura em políticas públicas que implicam agentes religiosos no Brasil? Apresentar respostas para tal pergunta é o objetivo deste artigo. Para tanto, analisam-se três áreas nas quais ocorrem investimentos estatais relacionados à “cultura” que incidem sobre universos religiosos: projetos que buscam recursos por meio da assim chamada Lei Rouanet; projetos contemplados como Pontos de Cultura; e projetos que visam o fortalecimento do turismo cultural relacionado à religião. Com a utilização de estatísticas e o emprego de narrativas etnográficas, o texto analisa o modo como se concebe e se apropria a categoria “cultura” considerando os pressupostos das políticas públicas abordadas e as configurações assumidas por situações concretas. O pano de fundo para a análise são discussões acerca da objetificação da noção de cultura, que tem se tornado parte de vernáculos sociais e tem se vinculado a demandas por direitos ou se envolvido em amplos conflitos de interpretação. As conclusões salientam a relação dos vários sentidos assumidos por essa noção com quadros mais ou menos pluralistas acerca da diversidade religiosa no Brasil atual.

ABSTRACT What meanings does the notion of culture take in public policies that involve religious agents in Brazil? Presenting answers to such a question is the aim of this article. To this end, three areas in which state investments related to “culture” target religious universes are analyzed: projects that seek resources through the so-called Rouanet Law; projects contemplated as “Points of Culture”; and projects aimed at strengthening cultural tourism related to religion. Using statistics and ethnographic narratives, the text analyzes the way in which the category of “culture” is conceived and appropriated, considering the assumptions of the public policies addressed and the configurations assumed by concrete situations. The background for this analysis concerns the objectification of the notion of culture, which has become part of social vernaculars and has been linked to demands for rights or involved in wide conflicts of interpretation. The conclusions highlight the relationship of the various meanings assumed by this notion with more or less pluralistic contexts about religious diversity in Brazil today.

RESUMEN ¿Qué sentidos asume la noción de cultura en políticas públicas que involucran a agentes religiosos en Brasil? Presentar respuestas para tal pregunta es el objetivo de este texto. Para ello, se analizan tres áreas en las cuales ocurren inversiones estatales relacionadas a la “cultura” que inciden sobre universos religiosos: proyectos que buscan recursos por medio de la así llamada Lei Rouanet; proyectos contemplados como Puntos de Cultura; y proyectos que buscan el fortalecimiento del turismo cultural relacionado a la religión. Con el uso de estadísticas y el empleo de narrativas etnográficas, el texto analiza el modo en cómo se concibe y se apropia la categoría “cultura” considerando los presupuestos de las políticas públicas abordadas y las configuraciones asumidas por situaciones concretas. El telón de fondo para el análisis son las discusiones acerca de la objetivación de la noción de cultura, que se ha tornado parte de vernáculos sociales y se ha vinculado a demandas por derechos o se ha visto involucrado en amplios conflictos de interpretación. Las conclusiones resaltan la relación de los distintos sentidos asumidos por esa noción con perspectivas más o menos pluralistas acerca de la diversidad religiosa en el Brasil actual.

RÉSUME Quelle signification la notion de culture prend dans les politiques publiques qui impliquent des agents religieux au Brésil? Le but de ce texte est de présenter des réponses à une telle question. A cet effet, on analyse trois domaines dans lesquels interviennent les investissements de l’Etat liés à la «culture» qui affectent les univers religieux: les projets de recherche de ressources à travers la Loi Rouanet; projets envisagés comme Pontos de Cultura; et des projets visant à renforcer le tourisme culturel lié à la religion. Avec l’utilisation de statistiques et l’utilisation de récits ethnographiques, le texte analyse la manière dont la catégorie “culture” est conçue et appropriée compte tenu des hypothèses des politiques publiques abordées et des configurations assumées par les situations concrètes. Le scénario de l’analyse est caracterizé par discussions sur l’objectivation de la notion de culture, qui est devenue une partie des langues vernaculaires sociales et a été liée à des revendications de droits ou impliquée dans de larges conflits d’interprétation. Les conclusions mettent en évidence la relation des différentes significations assumées par cette notion avec des images plus ou moins pluralistes de la diversité religieuse au Brésil aujourd’hui.

Abstract The paper compares two periods in the history of a Quechua community (Amantaní Island, Titicaca Lake, Peru). They were moments of social conflict, in which the Seventh-day Adventist Church played a significant role. At each moment, different indigenous sectors, with different interests, and political and economic objectives, showed greater predisposition to religious change. This demonstrates the strategic nature of the conversion. But religious change was not necessarily a conscious strategy. The islanders do not notice the relationship between interests and the option of faith. Bourdieu’s constructivist theory allows us to understand how the conversion coherently fits the objectives of each social group, even if it is not the result of planning. The research is based on three qualitative sources: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and public and private archives.

Resumen El artículo compara dos períodos en la historia de una comunidad quechua (isla de Amantaní, lago Titicaca, Perú). Fueron momentos de conflicto social, en los que la Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día jugó un papel significativo. En cada momento, distintos sectores indígenas, con determinados intereses y objetivos políticos y económicos, mostraron mayor predisposición al cambio religioso. Esto demuestra el carácter estratégico de la conversión. Pero el cambio religioso no fue necesariamente una estrategia consciente. Los isleños no advierten la relación entre intereses y opción de fe. La teoría constructivista de Bourdieu permite entender cómo la conversión se adecúa coherentemente a los objetivos de cada grupo social, aunque no sea resultado de la planificación. El estudio se nutre de tres fuentes de carácter cualitativo: la observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad, y archivos públicos y privados.

Abstract Hospitality and Service Offerings in Religious Tourism. Given the growing influx of religious tourism and the assumption of the importance of relations of hospitality and religion, it is justified the present study that seeks to investigate the competitive strategy of religious tourist destinations, which has the problem of research: how hospitality actions and the offer of tourism services contribute to gain competitive advantage in a religious destination? The general objective was defined: to understand the relationship between the tourist services offered and the hospitality actions promoted by the “Santuário Nacional de Nossa Senhora Aparecida” and its contributions to the visitor. It was also sought to identify the relevance of hospitality to Sanctuary managers and visitors; to analyze the relationships between hospitality in the services offered and the strategy of competitiveness of the Sanctuary; identify the main stakeholders of the Sanctuary and the social relations existing between them. Three hypotheses were tested: (H1) the hospitality actions promoted by the Sanctuary contribute to the increase in the number of visitors; (H2) the tourist services offered by the Sanctuary positively influence visitor satisfaction and (H3) there is a relationship of hospitality between the Sanctuary and its stakeholders. An exploratory and descriptive, qualitative and quantitative empirical research was chosen, adopting the single case study method as proposed by Yin (2015), using the Bardin (1977) categorization method to content analysis performed on the information collected. The collection of evidences was carried out in a bibliographical, documentary and by means of interviews and a questionnaire based on the Likert Scale. All three hypotheses were confirmed.

Resumen Ante la creciente afluencia de turismo religioso y la importancia de las relaciones de hospitalidad y religión, se justifica el presente estudio que busca investigar la estrategia competitiva de destinos turísticos religiosos. El problema de investigación está centrado en cómo contribuyen las acciones de hospitalidad y la oferta de servicios turísticos para que un destino religioso obtenga ventajas competitivas. El objetivo general es comprender la relación entre los servicios turísticos ofrecidos y las acciones de hospitalidad promovidas por el Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora Aparecida y sus contribuciones al visitante. También se buscó identificar la relevancia de la hospitalidad para los gestores del santuario y los visitantes; analizar las relaciones entre la hospitalidad en los servicios ofrecidos y la estrategia de competitividad del santuario; e identificar a los principales stakeholders del santuario y las relaciones sociales existentes entre ellos. Se testearon 3 hipótesis: (H1) las acciones de hospitalidad promovidas por el santuario contribuyen a aumentar el número de visitantes; (H2) los servicios turísticos ofrecidos por el santuario influyen positivamente en la satisfacción de los visitantes; y (H3) existe una relación de hospitalidad entre el santuario y sus stakeholders. Se optó por un estudio empírico de carácter exploratorio, descriptivo y cuali-cuantitativo. Se adoptó el método de estudio de caso único conforme lo propuesto por Yin (2015), utilizando el método de categorización de Bardin (1977) para el análisis de contenido realizado a la información recolectada. La obtención de datos se llevó a cabo mediante la recolección bibliográfica y documental y las entrevistas. Las tres hipótesis fueron confirmadas.

ABSTRACT This paper is to specify different fundamental types of existing tourism, as well as its relevance to Ecuador. The method of content analysis and analytical-synthetic was used to clarify the points of view of various authors on the subject. From the perspectives of sustainable, responsible and ethical tourism, the essential features of rural tourism, ecotourism, agrotourism, cultural tourism, gastronomic tourism, religious tourism are specified, which are part of the broad spectrum of ways to develop this relevant activity today.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar los tipos fundamentales de turismo existente, así como su relevancia para el Ecuador. Se empleó el método de análisis de contenido y analítico-sintético para identificar los puntos de vista de diversos autores sobre el tema. Desde las perspectivas del turismo sostenible, responsable y ético, se precisan los rasgos esenciales del turismo rural, el ecoturismo, el agroturismo, el turismo cultural, el turismo gastronómico, el turismo religioso, que configuran el amplio espectro de formas de desenvolver esta importante actividad en la actualidad.