Abstract Purpose: To adapt and validate in Sonora the scale to measure Attitudes towards Transgender People in University Students (EATU), which measures the inclusion of trans people in Higher Education Institutions (HEIS). Methodological design: Quantitative, cross-sectional and non-experimental study. 860 participants were selected among three HEIS, with non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. A 4-point Likert-type scale survey was applied that evaluates transinclusive attitudes. Reliability was obtained with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. For validity, the sample was randomly divided into two; In subsample 1, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out and in subsample 2, the model resulting from the EFA was tested using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results: The EFA yielded a final solution EATU of 32 items grouped into 3 dimensions called sensitivity, coexistence and cisexist stigma, with values that demonstrate validity and reliability. The SEM generated a model with indices of fitness in a final solution of 17 items and 3 correlated dimensions with acceptable coefficients. Research limitations: The measurement of transinclusion attitudes in a society where it has been documented that such construct is barely being developing, and the failure to collect demographic data on the sample about their religious beliefs. Findings: A measurement instrument on transinclusive attitudes for key social actors interested in promoting the inclusion of trans people, their human rights and substantive equality.

Resumen Objetivo: Adaptar y validar en el contexto sonorense la Escala para medir Actitudes hacia las Personas Transgénero en Estudiantes Universitarios (EATU) que mide la inclusión de personas trans en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Diseño metodológico: Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y no experimental. De tres IES, participaron 860 personas seleccionadas con muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se aplicó una escala tipo Likert de 4 puntos que evalúa actitudes transincluyentes. La fiabilidad se obtuvo con alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Para la validez la muestra se dividió al azar en dos; en la submuestra 1 se llevó a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y en la submuestra 2 se probó el modelo resultante del AFE mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (MEE). Resultados: El AFE arrojó una solución final de la EATU de 32 ítems agrupados en 3 dimensiones denominadas sensibilidad, convivencia y estigma cisexista, con valores de fiabilidad superiores a .90 y de cargas factoriales superiores a .36. El MEE generó un modelo con índices de bondad de ajuste en una solución final de 17 ítems y 3 dimensiones correlacionadas con coeficientes superiores a .46. Limitaciones de la investigación: La medición de actitudes de transinclusión en una sociedad donde se ha documentado que tal constructo está en desarrollo y el no recabar datos demográficos en la muestra sobre sus creencias religiosas. Hallazgos: Un instrumento de medida sobre actitudes transincluyentes para actores sociales clave interesados en la promoción de la inclusión de las personas trans, sus derechos humanos y la igualdad sustantiva.

RESUMEN La presencia de valores morales y la práctica espiritual son aspectos de gran importancia en la vida de cualquier joven, pues sirven de resguardo frente a posibles problemas de conducta. Este estudio analizó las aproximaciones conceptuales sobre la calidad de la vida espiritual en estudiantes adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo el método PRISMA, en las bases de datos WoS, Scopus y SciELO. Se encontraron 21 artículos que mostraron estrecha relación entre las creencias, valores y expresiones emocionales de los adolescentes y su bienestar psicológico. Aquellos jóvenes que experimentaron una mayor conexión con su espiritualidad mostraron niveles más altos en las dimensiones de bienestar que intervienen en su calidad de vida: satisfacción personal, un sentido de propósito más profundo y relaciones interpersonales más saludables. Los factores culturales, las tradiciones religiosas y las normas sociales influyeron significativamente en cómo los jóvenes abordaron y comprendieron su dimensión espiritual. En conclusión, es necesario reconocer que la conexión con la dimensión espiritual puede contribuir de manera significativa al bienestar emocional y mental de los jóvenes. Asimismo, se debe tener en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se desenvuelven los adolescentes para una comprensión más profunda de su espiritualidad.

ABSTRACT The presence of moral values and spiritual practice are highly significant aspects in the life of any young person, serving as safeguards against potential behavioral issues. This study analyzed conceptual approaches as to the quality of spiritual life in adolescent students. To this end, a systematic review was carried out in the WoS, Scopus and SciELO databases by following the PRISMA method. As an outcome of this enquiry, 21 papers showcased a close relationship among the beliefs, values, emotional expressions of adolescents and their psychological well-being. Young people who felt closely connected to their spiritual side had better levels of happiness in different areas of their lives: personal satisfaction, a deeper sense of purpose and healthier interpersonal relationships. Cultural factors, religious traditions and social norms significantly had a big impact on how young people thought about and understood their spiritual dimension too. In conclusion, it is necessary to recognize that the connection with the spiritual dimension can really help young people feel better emotionally and mentally. Likewise, the cultural and social context in which adolescents operate must be taken into account for a deeper understanding of their spirituality.

Resumen: El agua fue un elemento primordial en el sistema religioso andino pues, por su carácter liminar, enlazaba los ámbitos celeste, terrestre y el interior de la tierra, así como el mundo de los vivos con el de los muertos, además de destacarse por su carácter purificador. La hipótesis que guía este trabajo es la existencia de un axis mundi constituido simbólicamente por el agua, la cual fue personificada en deidades que establecían una interacción entre los tres sectores del cosmos. Para ello, con un enfoque desde la antropología simbólica y la historia de las religiones, se analizaron documentos coloniales que consignaron las creencias que estuvieron vigentes en el periodo prehispánico. De esta manera, se pretende ofrecer una nueva perspectiva sobre el agua en tanto elemento sagrado en la cosmovisión andina.

Abstract: Water was a primordial element in the Andean religious system because, due to its liminal nature, it connected the celestial, terrestrial, and interior realms of the earth, as well as the world of the living with that of the dead, while also standing out for its purifying nature. The hypothesis that guides this work is the existence of an axis mundi symbolically constituted by water, which was personified in deities that established an interaction among the three sectors of the cosmos. To do this, with a focus on Symbolic Anthropology and the History of Religions, colonial documents that recorded the beliefs that were in effect during the pre-Hispanic period were analyzed. In this way, the intent is to offer a new perspective on water as a sacred element in the Andean cosmovision.

Abstract: The Province of Corrientes is subject to a strong symbolic charge of a deep religious-popular tradition in which its beliefs, promises, devotions, customs, gratitude, etc., are expressed through acts of faith. Among them, we can mention one of the most popular and massive practices of Northeastern Argentina (NEA), the Pilgrimage to the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Itatí. This study will address the Pilgrimage of the Three Towns: Paso de la Patria, Santa Ana de los Guácaras, and San Cosme, characterized by being one of the oldest and most traditional religious-cultural manifestations of the NEA since 1900. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to make a brief historical overview of the devotion to the Virgin of Itatí, recovering the First Traditional Pilgrimages and the Three Towns. On the other hand, it is proposed to analyze how the pandemic and post-pandemic have affected the perceptions, experiences and/or religious practices of the devotees of the Virgin of Itatí. The methodology corresponds to the qualitative perspective, using the tools of the ethnographic and historical hermeneutics method.

Resumen: La Provincia de Corrientes está sujeta a una fuerte carga simbólica de una profunda tradición religioso-popular en la que se expresan, mediante actos de fe, sus creencias, promesas, devociones, costumbres, agradecimientos, etc. Entre ellas se puede mencionar una de las prácticas más populares y masivas del nordeste argentino (NEA), la Peregrinación hacia la Basílica Nuestra Señora de Itatí. El presente estudio abordará la Peregrinación de los Tres Pueblos: Paso de la Patria, Santa Ana de los Guácaras y San Cosme, caracterizada por ser una de las manifestaciones religio-culturales más antiguas y tradicionales del NEA que se desarrolla desde el año 1900.El objetivo de este artículo consiste en, por un lado, realizar un breve recorrido histórico sobre la devoción a la Virgen de Itatí recuperando las Primeras Peregrinaciones Tradicionales y de los Tres Pueblos; por otro lado, se propone analizar cómo la pandemia y post pandemia, han incidido en las percepciones, vivencias y/o prácticas religiosas de los devotos a la Virgen de Itatí. La metodología corresponde a la perspectiva cualitativa, utilizando las herramientas del método etnográfico y el método de la hermenéutica histórica.

Abstract: Regardless of time and space, all societies have myths. Societies have created, and developed fictional universes, which are prolific in the creation of mythologies and religions -structured or not. In these universes of fiction, comics, a media that is little addressed in studies on religion -and conferences-, also dedicate a space to the religious beliefs and devotional practices of many of their characters. Within the comics, it is common to refer to the superhero genre, since it is one of the most famous and, in the latter, it is practically inevitable to refer to Superman at any given point. More than eighty years have passed since 1938, when Superman was first created. Enough time has passed for there to be a whole mythology about the character; his beliefs and the religious issue of his planet of origin are known. Through a review of printed and audiovisual sources, this paper seeks to address the beliefs, practices and devotions of that universe in order to discover and understand that fictional worlds can be the means of entry of new myths.

Resumen: Todas las sociedades tienen mitos, sin importar la época ni el lugar. Esas mismas sociedades han creado y desarrollado universos de ficción, los cuales son prolíficos en la creación de mitologías y religiones -estructuradas o no-. En esos universos ficticios, los cómics, un medio poco abordado en los estudios -y en los congresos- sobre religión, también dedican espacio a las creencias religiosas y las prácticas devocionales de muchos de sus personajes. Dentro de los cómics, es común remitirse al género de los superhéroes, ya que es uno de los más famosos y, dentro de este último, es prácticamente inevitable referirse en algún momento a Supermán. Han pasado más de ochenta años desde 1938, cuando Supermán fue creado; eso ha sido suficiente para que exista toda una mitología acerca del personaje, se conozcan sus creencias y se conozca la cuestión religiosa de su planeta de origen. Mediante una revisión de fuentes impresas y audiovisuales, en este trabajo se busca abordar las creencias, prácticas y devociones de ese universo con el fin de descubrir y comprender que los mundos ficticios pueden ser el medio de entrada de nuevos mitos.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract This article addresses the themes of embodiment of tradition and the building of new religious identities by the case study of a Vedanta group in Rio de Janeiro. From the historical context of the transnational movements that have propagated practices and beliefs of Hindu origin, we present the interlocutors’ religious identifications and lifestyles. We then discuss the tensions and contradictions involved in the discourses, to some extent ambiguous, about autonomy and belonging. The data collected in the field reveals the meanings of a life of yoga and the different levels of engagement with the Hindu tradition and its practices and rituals. Beyond the notion of conversion, we argue that the construction of this neo-Hindu identity not only involves restrictions and adaptations to traditional precepts, but also a creative experience of transformation through the choice of certain prescriptions, identifications, and behaviours. Janeiro origin interlocutors lifestyles discourses ambiguous belonging rituals conversion neoHindu neo precepts prescriptions behaviours

Resumo Esse artigo aborda temas de materialização da tradição e de construção de novas identidades religiosas pelo estudo de caso de um grupo de Vedanta no Rio de Janeiro. A partir do contexto histórico do movimento transnacional que propagou práticas e crenças de origem hindu, apresentamos as identificações religiosas e modos de vida dos interlocutores. Discutimos então as tensões e contradições envolvidas nos discursos, até certo ponto ambíguos, sobre autonomia e pertencimento. Os dados coletados no campo revelam os significados de uma vida de yoga e os diferentes níveis de envolvimento com a tradição hindu e suas práticas e rituais. Para além da noção de conversão, argumentamos que a construção dessa identidade neo-hindu não apenas envolve restrições e adaptações a preceitos tradicionais como a experiência criativa da transformação pela escolha de certas prescrições, identificações e comportamentos. Janeiro interlocutores discursos ambíguos pertencimento rituais conversão neohindu neo prescrições comportamentos

Abstract Introduction: Between 1500 and 1822, Brazil was under the colonial rule of Portugal, and it was only in 1808 that the first two official medical schools were opened in its territory. For more than three centuries after the European discovery of Brazil, the lack of local institutions to train health professionals was a problem for a population vulnerable to both tropical and imported diseases. In this context, the knowledge, beliefs and practices of Jesuit priests, indigenous shamans and enslaved Africans predominated, often with conflicting perspectives. Development: This essay aims to address the teaching of health care in colonial Brazil and reflect on this historical period and its influences on the training of doctors in the country. Conclusion: Medical education is currently facing many challenges, and we understand that pedagogical, scientific and technological advances must be adopted, but without disregarding the historical and cultural context and the plurality of the population and the national health system. More than five hundred years have passed since the arrival of the Portuguese, and to this day Brazil remains a country with unique territorial, ethnic, cultural, economic and religious complexity. Introduction 150 1822 Portugal 180 territory diseases knowledge priests predominated perspectives Development Conclusion challenges pedagogical adopted system Portuguese territorial ethnic complexity 15 182 18 1

Resumo Introdução: Entre os anos de 1500 e 1822, o Brasil esteve sob o domínio colonial de Portugal, e apenas em 1808 as duas primeiras escolas oficiais de Medicina foram abertas em seu território. Por mais de três séculos após o descobrimento, a falta de instituições locais para formar profissionais de saúde foi um problema diante de uma população vulnerável tanto às doenças tropicais quanto às enfermidades importadas. Nesse contexto, predominava a disseminação de conhecimentos, crenças e práticas dos padres jesuítas, pajés indígenas e africanos escravizados, frequentemente com perspectivas conflitantes. Desenvolvimento: Este ensaio tem como objetivos abordar o ensino dos cuidados de saúde no Brasil colonial e refletir sobre esse período histórico e suas influências para a formação de médicos no país. Conclusão: A educação médica tem enfrentado atualmente muitos desafios, e entendemos que os avanços pedagógicos, científicos e tecnológicos devem ser adotados, sem desconsiderar os contextos histórico e cultural, e a pluralidade da população e do sistema de saúde nacional. Mais de 500 anos se passaram desde a chegada dos portugueses, e ainda hoje o Brasil continua sendo um país com complexidades territorial, étnica, cultural, econômica e religiosa ímpares. Introdução 150 1822 Portugal 180 território descobrimento importadas contexto conhecimentos jesuítas escravizados conflitantes Desenvolvimento Conclusão desafios pedagógicos adotados cultural nacional 50 portugueses territorial étnica ímpares 15 182 18 5 1

Abstract Introduction: Scientific research indicates that spirituality plays an important role in the daily life of most patients. Moreover, there are studies indicating that religious activities and beliefs may be related to better health and quality of life1. Objective: to evaluate the level of spirituality of medical students and graduated physicians, in addition to analyzing the teaching of the “Medicine and Spirituality” interface in medical school. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by applying questionnaires to medical students and doctors at a Brazilian public medical school. Results: a total of 234 participants were evaluated. Most believe in a higher power. Spirituality was higher among doctors who had already graduated and among females. Most believe that university education does not prepare doctors to address the topic with the patients. Despite this limitation, most have already discussed spirituality with their patients. Conclusion: Doctors and medical students consider it important to contemplate spiritual aspects of patients using an ecumenical and respectful approach. Nevertheless, they consider they were not sufficiently prepared in medical school for this approach. Introduction Moreover life1 Objective physicians Medicine Methodology crosssectional cross sectional Results 23 evaluated power females limitation Conclusion approach Nevertheless 2

Resumo Introdução: Pesquisas científicas indicam que a espiritualidade desempenha um papel importante na vida da maioria dos pacientes. Além disso, atividades e crenças religiosas podem, de acordo com algumas pesquisa, estar relacionadas à melhor saúde e qualidade de vida1. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o nível de espiritualidade de estudantes de Medicina e de médicos já formados, e analisar o ensino da interface “medicina e espiritualidade” na escola médica. Método: Realizamos um estudo transversal descritivo por meio da aplicação de questionários a estudantes de Medicina e médicos de uma escola médica pública brasileira. Resultado: Avaliaram-se 234 participantes. A maioria acredita em uma força superior. A espiritualidade foi maior entre médicos já formados e entre pessoas do sexo feminino. A maioria acredita que a formação universitária não prepara o médico para abordar o tema com os pacientes. Apesar dessa limitação, a maioria já abordou a espiritualidade com seus pacientes. Conclusão: Médicos e estudantes de Medicina consideram importante contemplar, de maneira ecumênica e respeitosa, aspectos espirituais dos pacientes. Apesar disso, consideram que não receberam preparo suficiente na escola médica para essa abordagem. Introdução pacientes disso podem pesquisa vida1 Objetivo medicina Método brasileira Resultado Avaliaramse Avaliaram se 23 participantes superior feminino limitação Conclusão contemplar respeitosa abordagem 2

Abstract: Because of the constant changes in the religious landscape of Latin America, teaching evolution has become a contentious issue. This study examines teachers’ perspectives on evolution in three Latin American countries with varying degrees of secularism: Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The importance of God in the evolution of species was analyzed using the responses to question B.48 of the Biohead-Citizen questionnaire. Despite their religious beliefs, Argentinian and Uruguayan teachers did not consider God’s role in evolution. In contrast, many Brazilian teachers attempted to integrate science and religion in the context of evolution, believing that God was essential to the evolutionary process. Semi-structured interviews and other questionnaire responses supported these findings. Abstract America issue secularism Argentina Brazil Uruguay B48 B 48 B.4 BioheadCitizen Biohead Citizen beliefs Gods s contrast process Semistructured Semi structured findings B4 4 B.

Resumo: Na América Latina, o ensino da evolução se tornou um tema delicado devido às constantes mudanças no panorama religioso. Este estudo analisa as concepções dos professores sobre a evolução em três países latino-americanos: Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai, com diferentes níveis de secularismo. A importância de Deus na evolução das espécies foi analisada por meio das respostas à pergunta B.48 do questionário Biohead-Citizen. As respostas dos professores argentinos e uruguaios não consideraram Deus importante para a evolução, apesar de serem majoritariamente religiosos. Em contraste, muitos professores brasileiros buscaram integrar a ciência com a religião no contexto da evolução e acreditam que Deus é importante para o processo evolutivo. Entrevistas semiestruturadas e outras respostas do questionário confirmaram essas conclusões. Resumo Latina religioso latinoamericanos latino americanos latino-americanos Argentina Uruguai secularismo B48 B 48 B.4 BioheadCitizen. BioheadCitizen Biohead Citizen. Citizen Biohead-Citizen religiosos contraste evolutivo conclusões B4 4 B.

Résumé Les théories élaborées sous l’inspiration de l’Occident dans la Psychologie a créé des lacunes en omettant d’inclure les spécificités des groupes ethniques, religieux et culturels. Ce scenario donne naissance à plusieurs mouvements récents qui prônent une psychologie douée d’une sensibilité culturelle. Ce contexte inclut l’Islam qui, en plus des croyances et des pratiques, impose des normes et des préceptes qui influencent le mode de vie de l’individu. Cette étude esquisse une réflexion théorique sur la psychologie islamique, soulignant les possibilités et les limites d’intégrer des épistémologies religieuses comme ressource potentielle dans la psychologie de la religion. Les aspects conceptuels, origines historiques et fondements théoriques et méthodologiques de cette nouvelle approche, qui prend de plus en plus de place dans les institutions du monde entier et dans la recherche, sont abordés. linspiration l inspiration lOccident Occident dinclure d inclure ethniques culturels dune culturelle lIslam Islam pratiques lindividu. lindividu individu. individu l’individu islamique dintégrer intégrer religion conceptuels approche recherche abordés

Resumen El predominio de teorías formuladas bajo la inspiración del estilo de vida occidental en el campo de la Psicología generó vacíos al no incluir especificidades de algunos grupos étnicos, religiosos y culturales. En este escenario surgieron movimientos recientes que abogan por una psicología culturalmente sensible, que incluya las particularidades y matices de estos grupos. Este contexto incluye el Islam, una religión que no solo se limita a creencias, prácticas y rituales religiosos, sino que también abarca normas y preceptos que influyen en el estilo de vida del individuo. El objetivo de este estudio es esbozar una reflexión teórica sobre la psicología islámica, demarcando posibilidades y límites de la integración de epistemologías religiosas como recurso potencial en el campo de la Psicología de la Religión. Se abordan aspectos conceptuales, orígenes históricos y fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de este enfoque, que ha ganado espacio en instituciones de todo el mundo y en el campo de la investigación. étnicos culturales sensible Islam creencias individuo islámica Religión conceptuales enfoque investigación

Abstract The psychological theories formulated under inspiration from the Western lifestyle created gaps by failing to include ethnic, religious, and cultural specificities. From this scenario emerged several recent movements which advocate a culturally sensitive psychology that encompass ethnic nuances and particularities. This context includes Islam, a religion that encompasses beliefs, practices, and rituals, as well as norms and precepts that influence the individual’s lifestyle. This study outlines a theoretical reflection on Islamic psychology, demarcating the possibilities and limits of integrating religious epistemologies in Psychology of Religion. Conceptual, historical, theoretical, and methodological aspects of this new approach, which has been gaining space in institutions worldwide and in the research field, are addressed in this study. specificities particularities Islam beliefs practices rituals individuals individual s Religion Conceptual historical approach field

Resumo O predomínio de teorias formuladas sob inspiração do estilo de vida ocidental no campo da psicologia acabou criando lacunas ao deixar de incluir especificidades de alguns grupos étnicos, religiosos e culturais. Esse cenário impulsionou vários movimentos recentes, que defendem uma psicologia culturalmente sensível que possa incluir as nuances e particularidades desses grupos. Inclui-se nesse contexto o Islã, uma religião que não se restringe somente às crenças, práticas e rituais religiosos, mas que engloba normas e preceitos que influenciam o estilo de vida do indivíduo. Este estudo tem como objetivo delinear uma reflexão teórica a respeito da psicologia islâmica, demarcando possibilidades e limites da integração de epistemologias religiosas como recurso potencial no campo da psicologia da religião. São abordados aspectos conceituais, origens históricas e fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos dessa nova abordagem, que vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço em instituições ao redor do mundo e no campo de pesquisa. étnicos culturais recentes Incluise Inclui Islã crenças indivíduo islâmica conceituais abordagem pesquisa

Résumé La formation de la colonie d’immigrés lettons à Varpa, à l’intérieur de São Paulo, a eu son début en 1922. Dû aux conditions sanitaires et alimentaires précaires, des morts ont commencé à avoir lieu, surtout chez des enfants âgés jusqu’à 14 ans. L'objectif était d'analyser des textes sur la finitude de la vie, de la revue Rihta Rasa, parue entre 1925 et 1926. Nous avons analysé cinq nouvelles et un poème qui font référence au processus santé-maladie-mort. Le matériel a ciblé les enfants, conditions qui a conduit à des comportements et à des croyances des adultes y fictionnalisés. La pratique religieuse et convictions protestante, de la domination baptiste, a fonctionné comme un lien entre les membres de la communauté, ce qui a eu des conséquences aussi sur ses représentations de l’enfance et da la finitude. La présence systématique de telles ressources a indiqué la fréquence de la mort d’enfants, ce qui a actualisé l’emploi de la rhétorique chrétienne nature-éternité comme forme d’éduquer et affronter les pertes, surtout les plus précoces. dimmigrés d immigrés Varpa lintérieur l intérieur Paulo 1922 précaires lieu jusquà jusqu 1 ans Lobjectif L objectif danalyser analyser vie Rasa 192 1926 santémaladiemort. santémaladiemort santé maladie mort. santé-maladie-mort fictionnalisés protestante baptiste communauté lenfance enfance denfants, denfants d’enfants lemploi emploi natureéternité nature éternité déduquer éduquer pertes précoces 19

Resumen La formación de la colonia de inmigrantes letones en Varpa, en el interior de São Paulo, comenzó en 1922. Por las precarias condiciones sanitarias y alimentarias, comenzaron a producirse muertes, especialmente entre los niños menores de 14 años. El objetivo fue analizar cinco cuentos y un poema que se referían al proceso salud-enfermedad-muerte, de la revista Rihta Rasa, publicados en 1925 y 1926. El material se enfocaba en la infancia, que orientaba la conducta y las creencias de los personajes ficcionales. La práctica religiosa, vinculada al predominio de las creencias protestantes baptistas, actuó como vínculo entre los miembros de la comunidad, lo que se expresó en sus representaciones sobre la infancia y la finitud de la vida. La presencia de estos recursos indicaba la frecuencia de las muertes infantiles y el uso de la retórica cristiana como forma de educar sobre las muertes, incluidas las prematuras. Varpa Paulo 1922 alimentarias 1 años saludenfermedadmuerte, saludenfermedadmuerte salud enfermedad muerte, muerte salud-enfermedad-muerte Rasa 192 1926 ficcionales religiosa baptistas comunidad vida prematuras 19

Abstract The formation of the Latvian immigrant colony in Varpa, in the interior of São Paulo, began in 1922. Due to precarious sanitary and food conditions, deaths began to occur, especially among children under the age of 14. The aim was to analyze texts about the finitude of life from the Rihta Rasa magazine, published in 1925 and 1926. We analyzed five short stories and one poem that referred to the health-disease-death process. The material gave centrality to children, a condition that directed the conduct and beliefs of the fictionalized characters. Religious practice, linked to the predominance of Baptist Protestant beliefs, acted as a link between the members of the community, which was also expressed in their representations of childhood and finitude. The presence of such resources signaled the frequency of child deaths and updated the use of Christian nature-eternity rhetoric as a way to educate about loss, including early losses. Varpa Paulo 1922 conditions occur 14 magazine 192 1926 healthdiseasedeath health disease death process characters practice community natureeternity nature eternity loss losses 1 19

Resumo A formação da colônia de imigrantes letões em Varpa, interior de São Paulo, iniciou em 1922. Devido às precárias condições sanitárias e de alimentação, mortes começaram a ocorrer, em especial de crianças de até 14 anos. O objetivo foi analisar textos sobre a finitude da vida, da revista Rihta Rasa, em suas publicações de 1925 e 1926. Foram analisados cinco contos e um poema que remetiam ao processo de saúde-doença-morte. Observou-se que o material deu centralidade às crianças, condição que direcionou condutas e crenças dos personagens ficcionalizados. A prática religiosa, articulada à predominância das crenças do protestantismo batista, funcionou como elo entre os membros da comunidade, o que se expressou também em suas representações da infância e da finitude. A presença regular de tais recursos sinalizou a frequência do óbito de crianças e atualizou o emprego da retórica cristã natureza-eternidade, como forma de educar sobre as perdas, inclusive as precoces. Varpa Paulo 1922 alimentação ocorrer 1 anos vida Rasa 192 1926 saúdedoençamorte. saúdedoençamorte saúde doença morte. morte saúde-doença-morte Observouse Observou ficcionalizados religiosa batista comunidade naturezaeternidade, naturezaeternidade natureza eternidade, eternidade natureza-eternidade perdas precoces 19

Abstract: This article revisits three works by the Brazilian anthropologist Patricia Birman, written in the 1990s, highlighting her significance for understanding social changes that - over two decades later - influence representations of cordiality and violence in Brazilian society. Through empirical evidence and engaging explanatory connections, the revisited works allow us to observe the daily experiences of the faithful; endeavors of religious authorities; and the reproduction of social inequalities through the identification of the “nation’s ailment.” This article aims to honor Patricia Birman by inquiring how the boundaries between beliefs and religious rituals are (re)moved, as well as the boundaries between religion and politics in Brazil and between religions in Brazil and what is observed elsewhere in the world. Abstract 1990s s society connections faithful authorities nations nation ailment. ailment removed, removed re moved, moved (re)moved world

Resumo: O artigo revisita três trabalhos da antropóloga Patricia Birman, escritos nos anos de 1990, evidenciando sua importância para compreender mudanças sociais que - depois de mais de duas décadas - influenciam as representações sobre cordialidade e violência na sociedade brasileira. Por meio de evidências empíricas e de instigantes costuras explicativas, os trabalhos revisitados nos permitem observar vivências cotidianas de fiéis; empreendimentos de autoridades religiosas e reprodução de desigualdades sociais por meio da localização do “mal da nação”. O objetivo do presente artigo é homenagear Patricia Birman indagando sobre como se (re)movem as fronteiras entre crenças e rituais religiosos, entre religião e política em nosso país e entre as religiões no Brasil e o que se passa no mundo. Resumo 1990 brasileira explicativas fiéis mal nação. nação . nação” removem re movem religiosos mundo 199 19 1

Abstract: Over time, arguments have been on the need to separate religion from politics in order not to render the noble objectives of both phenomena defeated. Meanwhile, the reverse has been the case and despite the fact that the Nigerian constitution proclaims Nigeria as a secular state, religion continues to cast an ominous shadow on the country’s governance and its inherent power relations. Religion has further become a tool with which people seek political power. This study, therefore, is an attempt to examine the interplay between religion and politics within the Nigerian state’s power architecture. The dimension the interplay takes, forms part of the concern of this study, so also are the political and development implications of the politicization of religion for governance in Nigeria. To achieve this, the study utilizes both primary and secondary data, whilst adopting a content-analysis approach in its analysis. Findings and analyses clearly expose the politicians’ religious intricacies in their desperation to win and maintain their grips on political power by all means, including manipulating religion for personal political ends. The implications of this, as revealed by facts, are the production of manipulative crop of leaders in governance, and creation of artificial religious crisis among adherents of different religious beliefs and faith. Tougher sanctions are recommended for criminal misuse and manipulation of religion for political ends among all cadres of the population. Abstract time defeated Meanwhile state countrys country s relations therefore states architecture takes data contentanalysis content analysis politicians means facts faith population

Resumo: Ao longo do tempo, tem-se discutido a necessidade de separar a religião da política para não tornar frustrados os nobres objetivos de ambos os fenômenos. Enquanto isso, o inverso tem acontecido e, apesar do fato de a constituição nigeriana proclamar a Nigéria como um estado secular, a religião continua a lançar uma sombra sinistra sobre a governança do país e suas relações de poder inerentes. A religião tornou-se ainda mais uma ferramenta com a qual as pessoas buscam o poder político. Este estudo, portanto, é uma tentativa de examinar a interação entre religião e política dentro da arquitetura de poder do Estado nigeriano. A dimensão que a interação assume faz parte do interesse desta pesquisa, assim como as implicações políticas e de desenvolvimento da politização da religião para o governo, na Nigéria. Para conseguir isso, o trabalho utiliza dados primários e secundários, adotando uma abordagem de análise de conteúdo em sua análise. Descobertas e análises expõem, claramente, as complexidades religiosas dos políticos em seu desespero para vencer e manter seu domínio do poder político por todos os meios, incluindo a manipulação da religião para fins políticos pessoais. As implicações disso, conforme revelado pelos fatos, são a produção de uma safra manipuladora de líderes no governo e a criação de uma crise religiosa artificial entre adeptos de diferentes crenças religiosas. Sanções mais duras são recomendadas para o uso criminoso e a manipulação da religião, para fins políticos, entre todos os quadros da população. Resumo tempo temse se fenômenos isso secular inerentes tornouse tornou estudo portanto nigeriano pesquisa secundários expõem claramente meios pessoais disso fatos população

As vacinas são frequentemente subvalorizadas ou subutilizadas por uma série de razões. A hesitação vacinal é um desafio global, sendo uma ameaça à aceitação das vacinas e aos objetivos dos programas de imunização. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever barreiras e facilitadores para a vacinação na América Latina. O desenho do estudo foi uma revisão sistemática e síntese temática de estudos qualitativos sobre conhecimento ou atitudes de adultos, pais de crianças em idade de vacinação, adolescentes e profissionais de saúde sobre vacinação na América Latina. As bases de dados analisadas foram PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO e CINAHL. Foram incluídos 56 estudos. Os facilitadores incluíram a ideia de que a vacinação era reconhecida como uma estratégia eficaz para prevenir doenças infecciosas e um requisito para o acesso à assistência social, escolaridade ou emprego. Além disso, recomendações de profissionais de saúde e experiências positivas com serviços de saúde também foram identificados como fatores facilitadores. Os principais obstáculos foram a falta de informação ou aconselhamento, problemas estruturais como escassez de vacinas e horário limitado de funcionamento, incapacidade de comprar vacinas pagas ou se transportar para unidades de saúde, certas crenças religiosas, concepções erradas sobre vacinas e preocupações de segurança. A pesquisa qualitativa pode contribuir para a compreensão das percepções e tomadas de decisão sobre a vacinação e para o desenvolvimento de políticas e intervenções para aumentar a cobertura vacinal. razões global imunização Latina adultos PubMed CENTRAL Scopus LILACS CINAHL 5 social emprego disso aconselhamento funcionamento religiosas segurança

Las vacunas suelen estar subvaloradas o desaprovechadas por diversas razones. La vacilación ante las vacunas es un desafío global y representa una amenaza para la aceptación de las vacunas y para los objetivos de los programas de inmunización. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las barreras y los facilitadores de la vacunación en América Latina. El diseño del estudio fue una revisión sistemática y una síntesis temática de estudios cualitativos sobre conocimientos o actitudes de adultos, padres de niños en edad de vacunación, adolescentes y profesionales de la salud sobre la vacunación en América Latina. Las bases de datos analizadas fueron PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO y CINAHL. Se incluyeron 56 estudios. Los facilitadores incluyeron la idea de que la vacunación era reconocida como una estrategia eficaz para prevenir enfermedades infecciosas y un requisito para el acceso a la asistencia social, la escolaridad o el empleo. También se identificaron como factores facilitadores las recomendaciones de los profesionales de la salud y las experiencias positivas con los servicios de salud. Los principales obstáculos fueron la falta de información o asesoramiento, problemas estructurales como la escasez de vacunas y los horarios de funcionamiento limitados, la imposibilidad de pagar vacunas no provistas de forma gratuita o de desplazarse a los centros de salud, ciertas creencias religiosas, conceptos erróneos sobre las vacunas y preocupaciones por la seguridad. La investigación cualitativa puede contribuir a la comprensión de las percepciones y a la toma de decisiones sobre la vacunación y al desarrollo de políticas e intervenciones para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación. razones inmunización Latina adultos PubMed CENTRAL Scopus LILACS CINAHL 5 social empleo asesoramiento limitados religiosas seguridad

Vaccines are often undervalued or underused for a variety of reasons, and vaccine hesitancy is a global challenge that threatens vaccine acceptance and the goals of immunization programs. This review aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators to vaccination in Latin America. The study design was a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies reporting on the knowledge or attitudes of adults, parents of children at vaccination age, adolescents and health professionals towards vaccination in Latin America. The databases searched were PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, and CINAHL. A total of 56 studies were included. Facilitators included vaccination being recognized as an effective strategy for preventing infectious diseases and as a requirement for access to social assistance programs, schooling or employment. Recommendations from health professionals and positive experiences with health services were also identified as facilitators. The main barriers were lack of information or counseling, structural problems such as shortages of vaccines and limited hours of operation, the inability to afford over-the-counter vaccines or transportation to health facilities, certain religious beliefs, misconceptions and safety concerns. Qualitative research can contribute to understanding perceptions and decision-making about vaccination and to designing policies and interventions to increase coverage. reasons programs America adults age PubMed CENTRAL Scopus LILACS SciELO CINAHL 5 employment counseling operation overthecounter over counter facilities beliefs concerns decisionmaking decision making coverage