Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the diversity, composition, and structure of the woody vegetation in a section of LDF in Lerma, Campeche. Between August and September 2018, 10 plots of 10 × 10 m2 (1 000 m2 in total) were delimited, measuring all woody individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH = 1.30 cm). The structure of the site was described based on the relative values of density, frequency, and dominance (IVI), as well as the distribution of diameter classes. Diversity was estimated with the Shannon-Wiener index (H'), while equity was measured by the Pielou index. 40 woody species were recorded, belonging to 35 genera and 19 families. The H' index had a value of 2.92, and the Pielou index was 0.79, the density was 8 950 ind ha-1. Gymnopodium floribundum (204 individuals) and Lonchocarpus xuul (129) were the most abundant species. Bursera simaruba and Lysiloma latisiliquum showed higher diameter values (36 and 28.6 cm DBH, respectively). The families Rubiaceae (eight species), Fabaceae (five species), Ebenaceae and Polygonaceae (three species each) were the most representative. The species with the highest IVI were Gymnopodium floribundum (48.24%), Lonchocarpus xuul (29.12%), Bursera simaruba (26.11%) and Lysiloma latisiliquum (24.98%), these species being the most important in the structure of the LDF in the site. The distribution of the diameter classes suggests that the section of the LDF in Lerma Campeche is in an adequate state of regeneration.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación leñosa en una sección de la selva baja caducifolia (SBC) en Lerma, Campeche. Entre agosto y septiembre 2018, se delimitaron 10 parcelas de 10 × 10 m2 (1 000 m2 en total) midiendo todos los individuos de 1 cm de DAP (diámetro a la altura del pecho, 1.30 m). Se describió la estructura del sitio basado en los valores relativos de densidad, frecuencia y dominancia (IVI), así como la distribución de clases diamétricas. La diversidad se estimó con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’), mientras que la equidad fue medida por el índice de Pielou. Se registraron 40 especies leñosas, pertenecientes a 35 géneros y 19 familias. El índice H’ tuvo un valor de 2.92, y el índice de Pielou fue de 0.79, la densidad fue de 8 950 ind ha-1. Gymnopodium floribundum (204 individuos) y Lonchocarpus xuul (129 individuos) fueron las especies más abundantes. Bursera simaruba y Lysiloma latisiliquum mostraron valores diamétricos más altos (36 y 28.6 cm de DAP, respectivamente). Las familias Rubiaceae (ocho especies) y Fabaceae (cinco especies), fueron las más representativas. Las especies con mayor IVI fueron Gymnopodium floribundum (48.24%), Lonchocarpus xuul (29.12%), Bursera simaruba (26.11%) y Lysiloma latisiliquum (24.98%), siendo estas especies las más importantes en la estructura de la SBC en el sitio. La distribución de las clases diamétricas sugiere que la sección de la SBC en Lerma Campeche se encuentra en un adecuado estado de regeneración.

Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

Abstract At Cerro de la Muerte, mosses and lichens are extracted for commercial use, and despite their socioeconomic and ecological importance in the high-altitude towns and ecosystems of Costa Rica, few studies have been assess their biological importance. In this study, some of the biological characteristics of mosses and lichens were evaluated to improve their conservation in Cerro de la Muerte. Two sites were selected, one disturbed (pasture) and one not disturbed (protected area), where transects and subplots were established to determine the diversity of species in both sites. In these same transects, samples of mosses and lichens were collected to determine the relative growth rate (TCR) and water retention capacity. A dominance of the moss Leptodontium sp. for the distrubed site, while in protected site the dominant moss is Sphagnum sp. The highest TCR and water retention capacity was found in Sphagnum sp. with 70%, and 26% Leptodontium sp. Therefore, to conserve the mosses and lichens in the highlands of Cerro de la Muerte and the ecosystems that depend on these organisms, it is important to keep harvesting mosses of the genus Leptodontium sp. for commercialization, since this will control its dominance in the disturbed site, and the second in dominance in the protected site. This species has a high five-month TCR and a low water retention capacity.

Resumen En el Cerro de la Muerte se extraen musgos y líquenes para comercializar, sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia socioeconómica y ecológica en los ecosistemas de altura de Costa Rica, se han registrado pocos estudios sobre sus características biológicas. En este estudio se evaluaron las características biológicas de musgos y líquenes para mejorar su conservación en el Cerro de la Muerte. Se seleccionaron dos sitios, uno intervenido (potrero) y otro no intervenido (área protegida), donde se establecieron transectos y subparcelas para determinar la diversidad de especies en ambos sitios. En esos mismos transectos se recolectaron muestras de musgos y líquenes para conocer la tasa de crecimiento relativa (TCR) y la capacidad de retención de agua. Se observó dominancia del musgo Leptodontium sp. para el sitio intervenido, mientras que en el sitio no intervenido el musgo dominante es Sphagnum sp. La TCR y la capacidad de retención de agua más alta la tuvo el Sphagnum sp., con 70 %, seguido de Leptodontium sp., con un 26 %. Por tanto, para conservar los musgos y líquenes en las tierras altas del Cerro de la Muerte y los ecosistemas que dependen de estos organismos, se consideró viable seguir cosechando para la comercialización el musgo del género Leptodontium sp., debido a que es el de mayor dominancia en el sitio intervenido, y el segundo en dominancia en el sitio no intervenido, con una alta TCR a cinco meses y una baja capacidad de retención de agua.

ABSTRACT: The zooplankton species present in Argopecten purpuratus “fan shell” culture areas were determined in Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; The physical and chemical parameters were related to the composition of the zooplankton; The sampling unit was 100 ml of water, in which zooplankton, temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity were evaluated. 180 samples were collected from 5 sampling points, chosen at random, using drag and vertical sampling, for six months. ; species are determined using taxonomic keys and the appropriate equipment to evaluate physical and chemical factors. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with decisions of 95% confidence. The results indicate that the phyllum Arthropoda predominates in the zooplankton and within it, the Copepoda class; The physical and chemical values were within the established ranges. Concluding that of 100% of individuals of the zooplankton species community present in the evaluated areas, 69.84% of them belong to the Phylum Arthropoda; and that the zooplankton community remains in dynamic equilibrium due to low dominance and high values of species richness, diversity and equitability.

RESUMEN: Se determinaron las especies de zooplancton presentes en áreas de cultivo de Argopecten purpuratus “concha de abanico” Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; se relacionaron los parámetros físicos y químicos con la composición del zooplancton; la unidad muestral fue de 100 ml de agua, en la que se evaluó zooplancton, temperatura, pH, oxígeno y salinidad, fueron colectadas 180 muestras en 5 puntos de muestreo elegidos al azar, muestreos por arrastre y vertical durante seis meses; determinándose las especies con el uso de claves taxonómicas y oxímetro, peachímetro y refractómetro para evaluar factores físicos y químicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con decisiones de 95% de confianza. Los resultados indican que en el zooplancton predomina el phyllum Arthropoda y dentro de él, la clase Copepoda; los valores físicos y químicos se hallaron dentro de los rangos establecidos. Concluyéndose que del 100% de las especies de zooplancton presentes en las áreas evaluadas, el 69,84% pertenecen al phylum Arthropoda; y que, la comunidad de zooplancton se mantiene en equilibrio dinámico debido a una baja dominancia y valores elevados de riqueza de especies, diversidad y equitabilidad.

ABSTRACT Holopelagic Sargassum has been causing massive strandings on tropical Atlantic Ocean shorelines. Describing the microbiome associated with Sargassum and how it changes after stranding is important to identify potential microbial introductions to coastal environments, as well as sources of potential biotechnological resources. In this study, stranding simulation exploratory experiments were conducted for S. fluitans III and S. natans VIII on shipboard with minimum external influence. Samples for microbiome identification were collected just after removing healthy Sargassum from the seawater (0 hr) and after 24 and 48 hrs of stranding simulation under environmental conditions. The bacterial community was identified by sequencing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable regions, generating a total of 1,565 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). Of those, 588 were shared between Sargassum species and only 25 persisted throughout the stranding. Stranding also changed the dominance of Microtrichales and Rhodobacterales orders at 0 hr to Alteromonadales and Vibrionales after 24 hrs of exposure, the latter representing up to 92% of the relative abundance in the bacterial community. The increase in Vibrionales reinforces the need to monitor stranding sites for any potential pathogenic bacteria. At the functional level, phototrophs were the main group at 0 hr, shifting to chemoheterotrophs and fermentation within the first 24 hrs of Sargassum exposure to air conditions. The fermentative groups native to Sargassum use stranded biomass as substrate for growth, and therefore constitute the bacteria with higher biotechnological potential. shorelines environments resources study S influence ( 2 4 conditions V3V4 VV V3 V4 V V3-V regions 1565 1 565 1,56 ASVs. ASVs . (ASVs) those 58 92 level growth V3V 156 56 1,5 (ASVs 5 9 15 1,

Mathematics achievement is core to South Africa's readiness for digital innovation, yet current pass rates in this subject are below the global average. Simply attributing mathematics performance to intelligence does not fully account for the multifaceted reality of achievement in the subject. The current study investigated the value of both cognitive and behavioural factors in predicting mathematics performance, as well as explored the interactions between these factors. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed. Grade 9 learners (N = 187) completed the Ravens' Standard Progressive Matrices and the Study Orientation towards Mathematics assessments to establish their fluid intelligence, study attitude, mathematics anxiety, study habits, problem-solving behaviours and study milieu. Pearson correlation coefficients established the relationships between fluid intelligence, study orientations towards mathematics, and mathematics marks. These factors were also included in a linear regression and dominance analysis to compare their relative weights in influencing mathematics performance. Study attitude and fluid intelligence were found to be the most dominant, significant factors in the model, which explained 39% of the total variance (R² = 0.390, F(6, 180), = 19.2, p < 0.001). Moderator regressions between fluid intelligence and each of the study orientations further found that fluid intelligence and study orientations, with the exception of study milieu, independently influence mathematics performance. CONTRIBUTION: This study proposes that educators and parents should support curriculum change that encourages positive attitudes towards mathematics and create supportive environments conducive to effective learning, rather than blaming a lack of cognitive potential for the disappointing mathematics pass rate.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes Francisco Dornelles’ term at the Ministry of Finance in 1985. In addition to filling the existing gap in historiography, it reconstructs the thinking and economic actions of Dornelles and Tancredo Neves. Both were conservatives, endorsing a “monetarist” diagnosis of the Brazilian crisis. This conservatism translated into a relative continuation of the austerity policy implemented by Delfim Netto. It is argued that Dornelles’ departure from the Ministry of Finance marks an important turning point in Brazil’s economic history. FGV-RJ and the “delfinist” faction of FEA-USP lose their hegemony over economic policy, creating space for other schools, such as Unicamp and PUC-Rio. 1985 historiography Neves conservatives monetarist “monetarist crisis Netto Brazils Brazil s history FGVRJ FGV RJ delfinist “delfinist FEAUSP FEA USP schools PUCRio. PUCRio PUC Rio. Rio PUC-Rio 198 19 1

RESUMO O texto analisa a gestão de Francisco Dornelles no Ministério da Fazenda em 1985. Além de preencher a lacuna existente na historiografia, reconstrói-se o pensamento e a atuação econômica de Dornelles e Tancredo Neves. Ambos eram conservadores, esposando um diagnóstico “monetarista” sobre a crise brasileira. Esse conservadorismo se traduzia em um relativo continuísmo da política de arrocho implementada por Delfim Netto. Argumenta-se que a saída de Dornelles da Fazenda marca uma importante virada na história econômica do Brasil. FGV-RJ e a ala “delfinista” da FEA-USP perdem a hegemonia sobre a política econômica, abrindo espaço para outras escolas, como Unicamp e PUC-Rio. 1985 historiografia reconstróise reconstrói Neves conservadores monetarista “monetarista brasileira Netto Argumentase Argumenta Brasil FGVRJ FGV RJ delfinista “delfinista FEAUSP FEA USP escolas PUCRio. PUCRio PUC Rio. Rio PUC-Rio 198 19 1

Abstract Knowing the current state of the urban trees is essential to support management and conservation plans that allow to maximize the services and benefits provided to society and the urban environment. The objective of this study was to know the current state of forest health of the urban trees of Colonia Contry in Monterrey, Nuevo León, through the indicators of composition, structure, and diversity, to provide information for its management and conservation. In August 2023, a census was carried out of the trees in the study area, in which the total height, crown diameter and normal diameter of everyone was obtained. Absolute and relative variables of abundance, dominance and frequency were estimated, as well as absolute and composite variables of crown surface area and crown volume. Considering these values, the value index of urban importance (IVIU) was determined. Richness and diversity were also assessed using the Margalef, Shannon-Wiener and Shannon true diversity indices. There were 21 families, 30 genera and 31 species, of which 16 are native and 15 introduced. The most representative family was Fabaceae with 7 species. The species with the highest IVIU was Fraxinus berlandieriana with 53.33%, followed by Quercus virginiana with 10.70%, the rest of the species had values lower than 10%. The Margalef index (DMg = 4.28) shows an intermediate richness; while the Shannon-Wiener indices (H = 1.55) and true Shannon diversity (1D = 4.71) indicate low diversity in the study area. The species F. berlandieriana being the largest IVIU, is considered as the one with the greatest potential to provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, important in climate change mitigation.

Resumen Conocer el estado actual del arbolado urbano, es fundamental para sustentar planes de manejo y conservación que permitan incrementar a su máximo los servicios y beneficios que proveen a la sociedad y al medio urbano. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado actual de salud forestal del arbolado urbano de la Colonia Contry en Monterrey, Nuevo León, a través de los indicadores de composición, estructura y diversidad, con la finalidad de aportar información para su gestión y conservación. En agosto del 2023, se realizó un censo de los árboles existentes en el área de estudio, en el cual se obtuvo la altura total, diámetro de copa y diámetro normal de cada individuo. Se estimaron las variables absolutas y relativas de abundancia, dominancia y frecuencia; así como las variables absolutas y compuestas de área de la superficie de copa y volumen de copa. Considerando estos valores, se determinó el índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). También se evaluó la riqueza y diversidad mediante los índices de Margalef, Shannon-Wiener y diversidad verdadera de Shannon. Se registraron 21 familias, 30 géneros y 31 especies, de las cuales 16 son nativas y 15 introducidas. La familia más representativa fue Fabaceae con 7 especies. La especie con mayor IVIU fue Fraxinus berlandieriana con 53.33%, seguida de Quercus virginiana con 10.70 %, el resto de las especies presentaron valores menores al 10%. El índice de Margalef (DMg = 4.28) muestra una riqueza intermedia; mientras que los índices de Shannon-Wiener (H´ = 1.55) y diversidad verdadera de Shannon (1D = 4.71) indican una diversidad baja en el área de estudio. La especie F. berlandieriana al ser la de mayor IVIU, se considera como la de mayor potencial actual para proveer servicios ecosistémicos como el secuestro de carbono, importante en la mitigación del cambio climático.

Objectives: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly indicated for refractory psychiatric disorders. However, little research has compared response across diagnoses. Here, we aimed to evaluate the relative impact of diagnosis and clinical staging as response predictors in a cross-diagnostic sample. Methods: In a retrospective cohort of adult inpatients (n=287) who underwent at least six sessions of ECT, we investigated predictors of complete response (a clinical global impression of 1) to ECT. We use adjusted regression models to estimate the impact of clinical diagnosis and staging on complete response and dominance analysis to assess the relative importance of these predictors. Results: Those for whom a depressive episode was a primary indication for treatment were the most likely to have complete improvement, while those with psychosis were the least likely; clinical stage had a significant influence on outcome in all diagnoses. A diagnosis of psychosis was the strongest predictor of non-response. Conclusions: A diagnosis of psychosis (mainly schizophrenia) was the strongest predictor of non-response. We also found that clinical staging can aggregate information on ECT response that is independent of clinical diagnosis. Objectives (ECT disorders However diagnoses Here crossdiagnostic cross diagnostic sample Methods n=287 n287 n 287 (n=287 1 Results improvement nonresponse. nonresponse non response. non-response Conclusions mainly schizophrenia n=28 n28 28 (n=28 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 n= (n= (n

RESUMEN Los bosques estacionalmente secos (BES) se encuentran permanentemente amenazados por diversas actividades antrópicas y naturales que vienen mermando los servicios ambientales que ofrecen; en tal sentido y con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento ecológico de este tipo de ecosistema se realizó la caracterización vegetal de un BES del Marañón en el distrito de Utco, Celendín, Cajamarca, al norte de Perú. Se estratificaron tres zonas de estudio cada 300 m: desde los 850 a 1700 m snm; el muestreo se realizó en temporada húmeda utilizando 30 transectos Gentry modificados de 50 x 2 m (0.1ha), considerando una distancia mínima entre parcelas de 50 m; se registró información de composición vegetal; cuando los individuos presentaron un diámetro mayor a 1 cm se tomó el DAP y cuando fue menor a 1 cm se registro su presencia; la colecta botánica siguió la técnica convencional identificando las muestras en el herbario CPUN; se evaluaron los principales índices de diversidad y se realizó un Escalamiento Dimensional No Métrico (NMDS) con RStudio. Se registraron 52 especies y siete taxones a nivel de género distribuidos en 56 géneros y 25 familias de la subdivisión Angiospermae; 31 de hábito arbustivo, 10 herbáceas, nueve arbóreas, seis suculentas y tres trepadoras. Las familias más diversas fueron Fabaceae (11sp), Asteraceae (7sp) y Cactaceae (6sp). Se reportan 14 especies endémicas de Perú y nueve del BES Marañón. La diversidad de Margalef (DMg) y dominancia de Simpson (D) fueron altas para la Zona III; los índices de Sorensen (IS) y Jaccard (J) mostraron mayor similitud entre las Zonas I y II. La mayor abundancia y frecuencia relativa (AR FR) la tuvo Cienfuegosia tripartita (42,30%, 9,2%); la mayor área basal (AB) dominancia relativa (DR) e IVI, Eriotheca discolor (AB=629,8 m2/0,1ha, DR=84,7%, IVI=97,34). El patrón de distribución diamétrica altitudinal es predominantemente arbustivo.

ABSTRACT Seasonally dry forests (BES) are permanently threatened by several anthropic and natural activities that have been reducing the environmental services they offer; In this sense and with the purpose of contributing to the ecological knowledge of this type of ecosystem, the vegetal characterization of a BES of the Marañon was carried out in the district of Utco, Celendin, Cajamarca, in the north of Peru. Three study zones were stratified every 300 m: from 850 to 1700 m asl; Sampling was carried out in the wet season using 30 modified Gentry transects of 50 x 2 m (0.1ha), considering a minimum distance between plots of 50 m; plant composition information was recorded; when the individuals presented a diameter greater than 1 cm, the DAP was taken and when it was less than 1 cm, its presence was recorded; the botanical collection followed the conventional technique, identifying the samples in the CPUN herbarium; the main diversity indices were evaluated and a Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) was performed with RStudio. 52 species and 7 taxa at the genus level distributed in 56 genera and 25 families of the Angiospermae subdivision were recorded; 31 bushy, 10 herbaceous, nine arboreal, six succulents and three climbers. The most diverse families were Fabaceae (11sp), Asteraceae (7sp) and Cactaceae (6sp). Fourteen endemic species from Peru and nine from BES Marañon are reported. Margalef diversity (DMg) and Simpson dominance (D) were high for Zone III; Sorensen (IS) and Jaccard (J) indices showed greater similarity between Zones I and II. The greatest abundance and relative frequency (AR FR) was found by Cienfuegosia tripartita (42.30%, 9.2%); the highest basal area (BA) relative dominance (DR) and IVI, Eriotheca discolor (BA=629.8 m2/0.1ha, DR=84.7%, IVI=97.34). The elevational diametric distribution pattern is predominantly shrubby.

RESUMO Com a era pós-pandêmica e a guerra na Ucrânia como pano de fundo, a inflação na economia argentina tende a se acelerar. Essa situação se baseia em uma trajetória anterior de aumento de preços, marcada por um aumento significativo em 2018 e 2019. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica estruturalista, especialmente com base nas contribuições de Júlio Olivera, este artigo aborda o impacto da concorrência imperfeita (resultante não apenas dos movimentos de oligopólios, mas também de grupos econômicos) nessa dinâmica inflacionária. Para isso, analisa a trajetória dos preços industriais por setor, após estabelecer uma classificação com base no nível de concentração e na dominância dos grupos econômicos. Os resultados sugerem que os setores oligopolistas dominados por grupos econômicos sofreram aumentos de preços além do choque dos preços internacionais entre o terceiro trimestre de 2020 e o mesmo período de 2022, o que tende a sustentar o processo inflacionário em um nível mais alto. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL E31, L11, L13 CONTEÚDO Introdução; 1. Inflação pós-pandemia e seus antecedentes; 2. Oligopólios, grupos econômicos e mudanças nos preços relativos; 3. Reflexões finais; Referências.

ABSTRACT With the post-pandemic era and the war in Ukraine as a backdrop, inflation in the Argentine economy has tended to accelerate. This situation builds upon a prior trajectory of rising prices, marked by a significant increase in 2018 and 2019. From a structuralist theoretical perspective, particularly drawing on Julio Olivera's contributions, this article addresses the impact of imperfect competition (resulting not only from the moves of oligopolies but also from economic groups) on this inflationary dynamic. To this end, it analyzes the trajectory of industrial prices by sector, after establishing a classification based on the level of concentration and the dominance of economic groups. Findings suggest that oligopolistic sectors dominated by economic groups experienced price increases beyond the shock of international prices between the third quarter of 2020 and the same period in 2022, which tends to sustain the inflationary process at a higher level. JEL CLASSIFICATION E31, L11, L13 CONTENTS Introduction; 1. Post-Pandemic Inflation and Its Antecedents; 2. Oligopolies, Economic Groups, and Changes in Relative Prices; 3. Final Reflections; References.

RESUMEN En el marco de la post pandemia y la guerra en Ucrania se tendió a acelerar la inflación en la economía argentina. Esta situación se erige sobre un recorrido de elevación de precios previo, marcado por un salto de nivel en los años 2018 y 2019. Desde una perspectiva teórica estructuralista, en particular sobre los aportes de Julio Olivera, el artículo aborda la incidencia de la competencia imperfecta (no solo producto del accionar de los oligopolios sino también de los grupos económicos) frente a esta dinámica inflacionaria. Para ello se analiza la trayectoria de precios industriales por rama, luego de establecer una clasificación de las mismas según nivel de concentración y el predominio o no de grupos económicos. Como consecuencia se afirma que las ramas oligopólicas con predominio de grupos económicos registraron incrementos de precios más allá del shock de precios internacionales entre el tercer trimestre del 2020 y el mismo período del 2022, lo que tiende a sostener el proceso inflacionario en un nivel superior. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL E31, L11, L13 CONTENIDO Introducción; 1. La inflación pospandemia y sus antecedentes; 2. Oligopolios, grupos económicos y modificaciones en los precios relativos; 3. Reflexiones finales; .Referencias

RESUMO: Microrganismos na rizosfera desempenham um papel importante no crescimento e saúde das plantas. Em todo o mundo, vários patógenos do solo atacam o Capsicum annuum causando danos significativos e perdas econômicas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar se a diversidade e composição das comunidades microbianas no solo da rizosfera de plantas de C. annuum é alterada significativamente pela murcha. Usamos o gene 16S rRNA para bactérias e a região espaçadora transcrita interna para fungos para caracterizar os microbiomas da rizosfera de plantas saudáveis e plantas com murcha. Os filos bacterianos mais abundantes foram Proteobacteria e Gemmatimonadetes, enquanto os filos fúngicos foram Ascomycota e Mucoromycota. A diversidade alfa bacteriana não mostrou diferenças significativas na riqueza e diversidade, mas mostrou uma diferença significativa na uniformidade e dominância das espécies. Táxons raros estavam presentes em condições saudáveis e murchas com abundância relativa < 1%. Em fungos, todos os estimadores avaliados apresentaram redução significativa na condição de murcha. A diversidade beta apresentou diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades bacterianas e fúngicas, que foram segregadas de acordo com as condições fitossanitárias. O mesmo aconteceu ao comparar a diversidade alfa e beta deste estudo baseado na agricultura orgânica com a de outros estudos baseados na agricultura convencional. Uma diferença significativa foi observada com os estimadores analisados segregando as comunidades da rizosfera dependendo do método de cultivo utilizado. Por fim, a análise de abundância diferencial não apresentou resultados significativos nas comunidades bacterianas; entretanto, nas comunidades fúngicas, os gêneros Fusarium, Thanatephorus, Rhizopus, Curvularia, Cladosporium e Alternaria foram mais abundantes na rizosfera de plantas murchas do que saudáveis. Várias espécies desses gêneros foram previamente relatadas como fitopatógenos de várias plantas, incluindo C. annuum.

ABSTRACT: Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in the growth and health of plants. Around the world, diverse soil-borne pathogens attack Capsicum annuum causing significant damage and economic losses. This study determined whether the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of C. annuum plants is significantly changed by wilt disease. We used the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer region for fungi to characterize the rhizosphere microbiomes of healthy and wilted plants. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, while the most abundant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Mucoromycota. The bacterial α-diversity did not show significant differences in richness and diversity, but did show a significant difference in evenness and dominance of species. Rare taxa were present in both healthy and wilted conditions with relative abundances < 1%. In the fungi, all evaluated estimators showed a significant reduction in the wilted condition. The β-diversity showed significant differences in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities, which were segregated according to plant health conditions. The same occurred when comparing the alpha and beta diversity of this study based on organic agriculture with that of other studies based on conventional agriculture. We observed a significant difference with estimators analyzed by segregating rhizosphere communities depending on the farming method used. Finally, the differential abundance analysis did not show significant results in the bacterial communities; however, in the fungal communities, Fusarium, Thanatephorus, Rhizopus, Curvularia, Cladosporium, and Alternaria were more abundant in the rhizosphere of wilted than healthy plants. Species from these genera have been previously reported as phytopathogens of several plants, including C. annuum.

Abstract The urban forest is commonly associated to city parks and gardens; however, cemeteries are also an important component of this type of forest. Cemeteries have the particularity to be a multifunctional services provider, because in addition to the funerary services that they facilitate, usually they have extensive tree covers that improve the aesthetics, functionality and environmental conditions of the place and the urban surroundings. The characteristics of the tree cover of Dolores Civil Cemetery was never determined before, and no information exists about the structure of the tree cover, the physical and sanitary condition of trees, as well as the environmental services that provide. Dolores cemetery is the oldest of its kind and the largest in Mexico City (112 ha), (and probably of the country), and preserves historic and emblematic sites like the Pantheon of Illustrious Persons. Tree cover diagnostic was implemented through a sampling inventory with 102 sites of 600 m2, where 1051 arboreal individuals (dbh of 5 cm and over), and 30 young trees were recorded from 44 species. Frequency and relative dominance of the species were determined, as well as the mean values in such aspects as height, dbh, basal diameter, crown coverture, physical and sanitary conditions, and maintenance requirements. The entire tree cover characteristics was estimated considering the sampling data, in addition to the environmental services that provide and their economic value. This publication creates a precedent, which could be useful to improve the condition of the tree cover in the cemetery by the personnel in charge.

Resumen El bosque urbano suele asociarse generalmente a parques y jardines; sin embargo, los cementerios también son componentes importantes del mismo y cuentan con una característica multifuncional, pues además del servicio funerario que proporcionan a la sociedad, suelen tener cubiertas arboladas que contribuyen a mejorar estética y ambientalmente, tanto el cementerio como la trama urbana cercana. El arbolado del Panteón Civil Dolores era un recurso ignorado, pues nunca se había determinado su estructura y condición física y sanitaria, fundamental para definir acciones para su mejora, así como los servicios ambientales que aporta. El cementerio civil es el más antiguo en su tipo y el de mayor superficie (112 ha) de la Ciudad de México y probablemente del país, aunado a que cuenta con sitios históricos y emblemáticos como la Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres. Se realizó el diagnóstico del arbolado por medio de un muestreo, utilizando 102 sitios de 600 m2, en el cual se registraron 1051 individuos con un diámetro normal superior a 5 cm y 30 brinzales, pertenecientes a 44 especies arbóreas. Se determinó, asimismo, la frecuencia y dominancia relativa de las especies, valores dasométricos promedio, características físicas y sanitarias del arbolado y requerimientos de mantenimiento. Con base en dicha información, se estimaron los parámetros de toda la cubierta arbórea del cementerio, así como de los servicios ambientales que generan y el valor económico que implican. Esta publicación sienta un precedente en el estudio del arbolado en los cementerios, que se espera sirva de referencia para su mejora.

Resumen Los humedales altoandinos son sistemas frágiles, vulnerables a la actividad humana y al cambio climático. La región de Arequipa (Perú) posee ecosistemas lóticos y lénticos altoandinos con impactos por la ganadería, piscicultura y represamiento. Se evaluó la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de los humedales de Callalli-Oscollo y el posible efecto de las actividades humanas. Desde noviembre de 2017 a octubre de 2018 se realizaron muestreos en 4 estaciones en ambientes lóticos y 2 en lénticos. Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Para evaluar la estructura comunitaria se registró la riqueza, la abundancia relativa, la diversidad de Shannon-Wiener, la dominancia de Simpson, la equidad de Pielou y la diversidad verdadera. Se aplicaron los índices ABI, BMWP/Bol y nPeBMWP para evaluar la calidad ecológica de los ambientes lóticos. En éstos se registraron 30 familias, siendo las más abundantes Chironomidae, Naididae, Limnesiidae, Elmidae, Baetidae y Lumbriculidae. La calidad ecológica fue buena, con excepción de la estación vinculada a la presa que fue dudosa. Los ambientes lénticos registraron 26 familias, siendo las más abundantes Cyprididae, Naididae y Corixidae. Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en ambientes altoandinos reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes vinculados con la actividad humana registran menor calidad ecológica.

Abstract High Andean wetlands are fragile systems, vulnerable to human activity and climate change. In the Arequipa region (Peru), there are high Andean lotic and lentic systems currently affected by livestock raising, fish farming, and dams. The aim of the study was to evaluate the aquatic invertebrate community in the Callalli-Oscollo wetlands and the possible impact of human activities. Samples were taken from November 2017 to October 2018 at 4 sampling stations in lotic environments and 2 in lentic environments. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the family level. The following were determined to evaluate community structure: richness, relative abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson dominance, Pielou evenness, and true diversity. The indices ABI, BMWP/Bol and nPeBMWP were applied to evaluate the ecological quality of the environments sampled. Thirty families were recorded in lotic environments, the most abundant being Chironomidae, Naididae, Limnesiidae, Elmidae, Baetidae and Lumbriculidae. The ecological quality was good, except at the station associated to the dam, where it was doubtful. Twenty-six families were recorded in lentic environments, the most abundant being Cyprididae, Naididae and Corixidae. The macroinvertebrate communities in high Andean environments reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments associated to human activity have lower ecological quality.

Abstract Protected natural areas seek the conservation of biodiversity. The objective of this study was to describe the tree species diversity and its ecological importance in the El Tecuan Ecological Park in Durango, Mexico. A systematic stratified sampling was carried out with 168 circular sites of 1 000 m2 each, distributed in 511.16 hectares of the Park, which means a sampling intensity of 3.2 %. At each site, all individuals with a greater or equal to 7.5 cm DBH were measured. The diversity of tree species was estimated with the Shannon index, while the ecological importance of the species was described with the parameters relative abundance based on the density or number of trees per hectare, relative dominance according to the basal area, relative frequency and the value of ecological importance (VIE). Results showed the presence of four genera: Arbutus (Ericaceae), Juniperus (Cupressaceae), Pinus (Pinacea) and Quercus (Fagacea). The Shannon index was 1.89, suggesting mid to high tree species diversity. The observed growing stock was 153.73 m3 ha-1 and the dominant diameter and height classes were 10 cm and 5 m, respectively. The Pinus genus had greater richness with nine species, of which P. cooperi recorded the highest density values (32.15 %), dominance (37.77 %) and of ecological importance (28.23 %), however, Quercus sideroxyla registered the highest relative frequency (18 %). The results here described will allow the development of sustainability actions for the conservation of tree species diversity in the study area.

Resumen El objetivo de las áreas naturales protegidas es la conservación de la biodiversidad. En el presente estudio se describe la diversidad de especies arbóreas y su importancia ecológica en el Parque Ecológico El Tecuán, Durango, México. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático estratificado con 168 sitios circulares de 1 000 m2, distribuidos en 511.16 hectáreas del Parque, con una intensidad de muestreo de 3.2 %. En cada sitio se midieron todos los individuos con diámetro normal superior o igual a 7.5 cm. La diversidad de especies arbórea se estimó con el Índice de Shannon, la importancia ecológica de las especies se describió con los parámetros abundancia relativa basada en la densidad o número de árboles por hectárea, dominancia relativa de acuerdo con el área basal, frecuencia relativa y el Valor de Importancia Ecológica (VIE). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de cuatro géneros: Arbutus (Ericaceae), Juniperus (Cupressaceae), Pinus (Pinacea) y Quercus (Fagacea). El Índice de Shannon fue de 1.89, que sugiere una diversidad arbórea de media a alta. Las existencias reales registradas fueron de 153.73 m3 ha-1 y las clases de diámetro y de altura dominantes de 10 cm y 5 m, respectivamente. El género Pinus tuvo la mayor riqueza de especies (nueve); de ellas, P. cooperi presentó los valores más altos de densidad (32.15 %), dominancia (37.77 %) y VIE (28.23 %); sin embargo, Quercus sideroxyla registró la mayor frecuencia relativa (18 %). Los resultados permitirán desarrollar acciones de sustentabilidad para la conservación de la diversidad arbórea del área de estudio.