Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites.

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo.

The widespread use of antibiotics in poultry breeding has led to drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. With long-term dependence on antibiotics, immunity in poultry has decreased, increased susceptibility and seriously affecting the quality of poultry protein products and consumer health. Chinese medicinal herbs come mainly from nature and are natural products, so are called green feed additives. It has become an important substitute for antibiotics in high-quality livestock products. In this study, Wanxi White Geese were used as the research object to explore the effects of Chinese medicinal herb feed additives on intestinal microorganisms. Semen Cassiae and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua increased the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in intestinal microorganisms of geese, and the number of OTUs increased with dosage. Semen Cassiae or Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua has great influence on the abundance of intestinal microbes. The relative abundance of Clostridiales was higher than the control (feeding only the basal diet) after treated with Semen Cassiae or Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua feed additives. Chinese medicinal herb feed additives inhibited Erysipelotrichales and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichales in all treated samples was lower than the control group. Alpha diversity analysis also showed that Chinese medicinal herb feed additives promoted the diversity of intestinal microorganisms. The purpose of this study is for future research and practical application of feed additives.

Abstract. Stock assessment of the striped marlin from the Mexican Pacific coast was done with historical (1963-2014) catch and effort data provided by commercial and recreational fleets, including bycatch data. Eight fishery-independent indices of relative abundance were used to fit a biomass dynamic model by maximum likelihood. For the most recent period (2015-2019), stock status was evaluated through simulations with the fitted model and available catch-per-unit-effort data of the recreational fleets as reference framework. Results indicated that up until 2014, striped marlin abundance showed 3 different trends. The first one was a decreasing trend from 1964 to 1977, where the catch and effort of commercial fleets exceeded the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the level of effort to reach MSY, respectively. The second one occurred from 1977 to 1990, and it was a stable trend with low abundance, less than the abundance when MSY is reached; this change was related to the reduction of commercial effort, although catches greater than the MSY were observed. The third one occurred from 1990 to 2014, and it showed increasing abundance due to the cessation of commercial fleets. This increase, however, has become slower because of the development of the recreational fishery and the increased bycatch. After 2014, the indicator estimated with the data from the recreational fleets suggested a shift in abundance; according to simulations, the fishing mortality was insufficient to explain this change. It is hypothesized that the natural mortality of striped marlin has been high since the mid-2010s. Conditions that could influence this situation and their implications on fishery management are discussed.

Resumen. Se evaluó el estado de explotación del marlin rayado en el Pacífico mexicano con datos históricos (1963-2014) de captura y esfuerzo de flotas comerciales y deportivas, incluso datos de captura incidental. Se estimaron 8 indicadores de abundancia relativa independientes para ajustar un modelo dinámico de biomasa por máxima verosimilitud. Para el periodo más reciente (2015-2019), se evaluó el estado de explotación a través de simulaciones hechas con el modelo ajustado, y se tomó como referencia los datos disponibles de captura por unidad de esfuerzo de las flotas deportivas. Los resultados indicaron que hasta 2014, la abundancia del marlin rayado ha pasado por 3 etapas diferentes. La primera fue una tendencia decreciente de 1964 a 1977, donde las capturas y el esfuerzo de las flotas comerciales excedieron, respectivamente, el máximo rendimiento sostenible (MRS) y el esfuerzo para alcanzar el MRS. La segunda ocurrió de 1977 a 1990, y fue una tendencia estable de baja abundancia, inferior a la abundancia cuando se alcanza el MRS; este cambio se relacionó con la reducción del esfuerzo de las flotas comerciales, aunque con capturas superiores al MRS. La tercera ocurrió de 1990 a 2014, y mostró una tendencia al incremento de la abundancia, debido al cese de operaciones de las flotas comerciales. Este incremento ha sido lento debido al desarrollo de la pesca deportiva y al incremento de las capturas incidentales. Después de 2014, el indicador para las flotas deportivas sugirió un cambio en la abundancia; de acuerdo con las simulaciones, la mortalidad por pesca fue insuficiente para explicar dicho cambio. Se plantea como hipótesis que la mortalidad natural del marlin rayado ha sido alta desde la década de 2010. Se discuten las condiciones que pudieron influir en esta situación y sus implicaciones en el manejo pesquero.

Resumen Introducción: Los ensilajes del pasto king grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) y cáscaras de piña (Ananas comosus) son alternativas de alimento para ganado en condiciones de escasez alimentaria. Objetivo: Describir las dinámicas de la microbiota presente en los ensilajes de king grass y piña durante el proceso de fermentación usando secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS) y evaluar el efecto de protección de Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 como inoculante de ensilaje ante Listeria monocytogenes. Métodos: Usamos un diseño aleatorio no restringido para caracterizar la microbiota presente en ensilajes de king Grass cosechados 70 días después de rebrote y de cáscaras de piña. Inoculamos mezclas de pasto y cáscara con L. paracasei_6714 o L. monocytogenes, o ambos, con un tratamiento control sin inocular. El perfil nutricional y de fermentación fue evaluado luego de 30 días. Después de 15 y 30 días de fermentación, usamos un análisis de para determinar la dinámicas y diversidad de la microbiota en los ensilajes inoculados y control. Resultados: Los contenidos de materia seca y digestibilidad, no difirieron significativamente; sin embargo, hubo diferencias en proteína cruda, pH y ácidos orgánicos. Obtuvimos 4 432 secuencias variantes de amplicon de Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes y de Patescibacteria. La abundancia relativa de cada filo vario dependiendo del material y periodo de fermentación. Similitudes de filo fueron mayores al 70 % (pero no mayor que 50 % con Bray-Curtis a nivel de especie). Conclusión: Estas comunidades bacterianas parecen cumplir un papel importante durante la fermentación del ensilaje. Un manejo apropiado del proceso de ensilaje puede reducir o eliminar baterías patogénicas.

Abstract Introduction: King grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) and pineapple peel (Ananas comosus) silages are food alternatives for livestock in conditions of feed shortage. Objective: To describe the dynamics of the microbiota present in king grass and pineapple silage during the fermentation process using next generation sequencing (NGS) and to evaluate the protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 as a silage inoculum against Listeria monocytogenes. Methods: We used an unrestricted randomized design to characterize the microbiota present in silages made from king grass harvested 70 days after regrowth and pineapple peel. We inoculated mixtures of grass and peel with L. paracasei_6714 or L. monocytogenes, or both, with a non-inoculated treatment as control. The nutritional and fermentative profile was evaluated after 30 days. After 15 and 30 days of fermentation, we used 16S rRNA analysis to determine the dynamics and diversity of the microbiota in the inoculated and control silages. Result: Dry matter content and digestibility did not differ significantly; however, there were differences in crude protein, pH and organic acids. We obtained 4432 amplicon sequence variants of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and Patescibacteria. The relative abundance of each phylum varied depending on the material and fermentation period. Phylum similarity was over 70 % (but not greater than 50 % with Bray-Curtis at the species level). Conclusion: These bacterial communities seem to have an important role during silage fermentation. Proper management of silage processing can reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria.

ABSTRACT Background. Corals play a fundamental role in reef structure and function because of their ability to deposit calcium carbonate and contribute to the formation of complex three-dimensional structures. However, the functioning potential of a reef community, in terms of its building capacity, is affected by the relative abundance of coral species on the reef. Objectives. Evaluate the physical functionality of coral reefs at six sites in the Parque Nacional Zona Marina del Archipiélago Espíritu Santo (PNZMAES). Methods. The Reef Functional Index (RFI) was implemented as a metric of physical functionality; this tool considers the calcification rate, structural complexity, and abundance of coral species at each site. Results. Las Navajas and San Gabriel sites had the highest coral cover, with 74.72 % and 60.14 %, respectively, while La Ballena was the site with the lowest coral cover (6.77 %). In terms of IFA, the sites with the highest index were Las Navajas (0.68) and San Gabriel (0.65), dominated by Pocillopora meandrina and Pocillopora verrucosa corals, respectively. The site with the lowest IFA was La Ballena (0.35), with Pocillopora verrucosa being the predominant coral. Coral species of the genus Pocillopora were predominant in all sites and contributed the most to the Reef Function Index. Conclusions. The Reef Function Index helped to complement the information on the coral assemblage in the PNZMAES and to understand the performance of coral species in the reef functioning of the Mexican Pacific.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los corales desempeñan un papel fundamental en la estructura y función del arrecife debido a su capacidad para depositar carbonato de calcio y contribuir con la formación de estructuras tridimensionales complejas. Sin embargo, el potencial de funcionamiento de una comunidad arrecifal, en términos de su capacidad de construcción, es afectado por la abundancia relativa de las especies de coral que se encuentran en el arrecife. Objetivos. Evaluar la funcionalidad física de los arrecifes de coral en seis sitios del Parque Nacional Zona Marina del Archipiélago Espíritu Santo (PNZMAES). Métodos. Se implementó el Índice Funcional Arrecifal (IFA) como métrica de funcionalidad física; esta herramienta considera la tasa de calcificación, la complejidad estructural y la abundancia de las especies de coral en cada sitio. Resultados. Los sitios Las Navajas y San Gabriel presentaron la cobertura de coral mayor con 74.72 % y 60.14 %, respectivamente, mientras que La Ballena fue el sitio con menor cobertura coralina (6.77 %). En cuanto al IFA, los sitios que presentaron el mayor valor fueron Las Navajas (0.68) y San Gabriel (0.65), dominados por los corales Pocillopora meandrina y Pocillopora verrucosa, respectivamente. El sitio con menor IFA fue La Ballena (0.35), donde Pocillopora verrucosa predominó. Las especies de coral del género Pocillopora son los que predominaron en todos los sitios y los que tuvieron una mayor contribución al IFA. Conclusiones. El IFA ayudó a complementar la información del ensamblaje de corales en el PNZMAES y a entender el desempeño que tienen las especies de coral en el funcionamiento arrecifal del Pacífico mexicano.

Resumen Se evaluó el estado de los recursos hidrobiológicos (RHB) de tres Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) del Pacífico de Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural (PNN) Utría, PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga. Para el análisis se utilizaron cuatro indicadores pesqueros: 1) Abundancia relativa dada como el desembarco por unidad de esfuerzo (DPUE); 2) Esfuerzo (h); 3) Talla (cm); y 4) Porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la talla media de madurez sexual (TMM). Los indicadores de DPUE y esfuerzo, obtuvieron calificaciones bajas de acuerdo con las categorías construidas por Herrera (2020), a excepción del PNN Utría. Con respecto a los indicadores “tallas” y “porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la TMM”, estos presentaron calificaciones bajas, y están estrechamente relacionados con las reducidas tallas de captura en las áreas. Dadas las evidencias de que los recursos en las AMPs están en una condición que no es sostenible (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga), es necesario avanzar en el establecimiento de medidas de manejo (tallas mínimas de captura, vedas temporales y espaciales, control de selectividad de artes de pesca), que resulten en la reducción del esfuerzo por pesca y el aumento de capturas por encima de la TMM de las especies.

Abstract The state of the hydrobiological resources (HBR) of three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the Colombian Pacific was evaluated: Utría National Natural Park (NNP), Uramba Bahía Málaga NNP and Sanquianga NNP. Four fishery indicators were used for the analysis: 1) relative abundance given as landing per Unit Effort (LPUE); 2) effort (h); 3) size (cm); and 4) percentage of individuals captured below the average size at sexual maturity (ASM). The LPUE and effort indicators obtained low ratings in the MPAs according the categories constructed in Herrera (2020), with the exception of PNN Utría. Regarding the indicators "sizes" and "percentage of individuals captured below the ASM, these presented low scores, and are closely related to the reduced sizes of capture in the areas. Given the evidence that the resources in the MPAs are in a condition that is not sustainable (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga and PNN Sanquianga), it is necessary to advance in the establishment of management measures (minimum catch sizes, time and space closures, selectivity control of fishing gear), which result in the reduction of fishing effort and the increase of catches above the TMM of the species.

RESUMEN Los bosques estacionalmente secos (BES) se encuentran permanentemente amenazados por diversas actividades antrópicas y naturales que vienen mermando los servicios ambientales que ofrecen; en tal sentido y con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento ecológico de este tipo de ecosistema se realizó la caracterización vegetal de un BES del Marañón en el distrito de Utco, Celendín, Cajamarca, al norte de Perú. Se estratificaron tres zonas de estudio cada 300 m: desde los 850 a 1700 m snm; el muestreo se realizó en temporada húmeda utilizando 30 transectos Gentry modificados de 50 x 2 m (0.1ha), considerando una distancia mínima entre parcelas de 50 m; se registró información de composición vegetal; cuando los individuos presentaron un diámetro mayor a 1 cm se tomó el DAP y cuando fue menor a 1 cm se registro su presencia; la colecta botánica siguió la técnica convencional identificando las muestras en el herbario CPUN; se evaluaron los principales índices de diversidad y se realizó un Escalamiento Dimensional No Métrico (NMDS) con RStudio. Se registraron 52 especies y siete taxones a nivel de género distribuidos en 56 géneros y 25 familias de la subdivisión Angiospermae; 31 de hábito arbustivo, 10 herbáceas, nueve arbóreas, seis suculentas y tres trepadoras. Las familias más diversas fueron Fabaceae (11sp), Asteraceae (7sp) y Cactaceae (6sp). Se reportan 14 especies endémicas de Perú y nueve del BES Marañón. La diversidad de Margalef (DMg) y dominancia de Simpson (D) fueron altas para la Zona III; los índices de Sorensen (IS) y Jaccard (J) mostraron mayor similitud entre las Zonas I y II. La mayor abundancia y frecuencia relativa (AR FR) la tuvo Cienfuegosia tripartita (42,30%, 9,2%); la mayor área basal (AB) dominancia relativa (DR) e IVI, Eriotheca discolor (AB=629,8 m2/0,1ha, DR=84,7%, IVI=97,34). El patrón de distribución diamétrica altitudinal es predominantemente arbustivo.

ABSTRACT Seasonally dry forests (BES) are permanently threatened by several anthropic and natural activities that have been reducing the environmental services they offer; In this sense and with the purpose of contributing to the ecological knowledge of this type of ecosystem, the vegetal characterization of a BES of the Marañon was carried out in the district of Utco, Celendin, Cajamarca, in the north of Peru. Three study zones were stratified every 300 m: from 850 to 1700 m asl; Sampling was carried out in the wet season using 30 modified Gentry transects of 50 x 2 m (0.1ha), considering a minimum distance between plots of 50 m; plant composition information was recorded; when the individuals presented a diameter greater than 1 cm, the DAP was taken and when it was less than 1 cm, its presence was recorded; the botanical collection followed the conventional technique, identifying the samples in the CPUN herbarium; the main diversity indices were evaluated and a Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) was performed with RStudio. 52 species and 7 taxa at the genus level distributed in 56 genera and 25 families of the Angiospermae subdivision were recorded; 31 bushy, 10 herbaceous, nine arboreal, six succulents and three climbers. The most diverse families were Fabaceae (11sp), Asteraceae (7sp) and Cactaceae (6sp). Fourteen endemic species from Peru and nine from BES Marañon are reported. Margalef diversity (DMg) and Simpson dominance (D) were high for Zone III; Sorensen (IS) and Jaccard (J) indices showed greater similarity between Zones I and II. The greatest abundance and relative frequency (AR FR) was found by Cienfuegosia tripartita (42.30%, 9.2%); the highest basal area (BA) relative dominance (DR) and IVI, Eriotheca discolor (BA=629.8 m2/0.1ha, DR=84.7%, IVI=97.34). The elevational diametric distribution pattern is predominantly shrubby.

RESUMEN Las lombrices de tierra son componente esencial de la macro-fauna del suelo para mantener su calidad. La labranza puede afectar de forma negativa a sus poblaciones, que normalmente varían con factores ambientales. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres sistemas de labranza en la población de lombrices de tierra, en presencia de factores temperatura, precipitación y humedad relativa ambientales en dos ciclos de cultivo de maíz forrajero. Se evaluaron la siembra directa (SD), labranza vertical (LV) y labranza convencional (LC), en bloques completos al azar en parcelas de 6 x 40 m con tres repeticiones. Se cuantificaron las lombrices en verano-otoño de 2020 y 2021; antes de la labranza y después de la siembra, control mecánico de malezas y cosecha; LC y LV provocaron la disminución de lombrices mientras que SD promovió un aumento; en especial cuando los factores ambientales generaron las condiciones óptimas para las lombrices.

ABSTRACT Earthworms are an essential component of the soil macro fauna to maintain its quality. Tillage can negatively affect earthworm populations; environmental factors are vital for their abundance or decline. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of tillage systems on the earthworm population in the presence of environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity in forage maize. Direct Seeding (SD), Vertical Tillage (LV), and Conventional Tillage (LC) were evaluated in complete blocks at random in plots of 6 x 40 m with three replications. The number of worms was measured during summer-fall 2020 and 2021, before tillage, after sowing, mechanical weed control, and harvest. LC and LV caused a decrease in individuals after their application. On the contrary, SD promoted an increase in the number of individuals. At SD treatment, more individuals were reached when temperature and precipitation were optimal.

Resumen A pesar de que Staphylococcus aureus incrementa su abundancia relativa en la psoriasis cuando se compara con el microbioma de personas sanas, no es el microorganismo más importante subyacente a la enfermedad. Sin embargo, existen pocos datos sobre el papel y las características moleculares de las cepas de S. aureus en pacientes con psoriasis. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la portación nasal de este microorganismo, sus características fenotípicas y moleculares, y el impacto de factores del hospedador sobre dicha portación en estos pacientes. Se analizó la presencia de S. aureus en hisopados nasales de 46 voluntarios sanos y 50 pacientes con psoriasis mediante técnicas microbiológicas convencionales. Se encontró mayor portación en pacientes con psoriasis que en el grupo control (37,24% vs. 22,98%, respectivamente) y esta estuvo asociada al sexo (masculino), la edad (adultos) y la gravedad de la enfermedad (más frecuente en casos moderados a graves). El 12% de los aislamientos de S. aureus mostraron resistencia a betalactámicos, con resistencia acompañante a macrólidos, aminoglucósidos y fluoroquinolonas en grado variable. No se encontró resistencia a rifampicina, vancomicina, mupirocina o trimetroprima/sulfametoxazol. Se realizó una caracterización molecular preliminar de los aislamientos por amplificación de genes de virulencia mediante PCR. Si bien se identificaron factores relacionados con el hospedador que incrementan la portación nasal de S. aureus en pacientes con psoriasis, la caracterización molecular de las cepas no reveló ninguna característica genotípica predominante asociada a esta afección. Se necesitan más estudios genómicos y transcriptómicos para profundizar en esta caracterización.

Abstract Although Staphylococcus aureus increases its relative abundance in psoriasis when compared with the microbiome of healthy subjects, it is not the most important microorganism underlying this disease. However, there is scant data on the role and molecular features of S. aureus strains in psoriasis; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate nasal carriage of this microorganism, its phenotypic and molecular characteristics as well as the impact of host factors on its carriage in psoriatic patients. The presence of S. aureus was analyzed in nasal swabs from 46 healthy volunteers and 50 psoriatic patients by conventional microbiology techniques. Nasal carriage of S. aureus was higher in psoriatic patients than in the control group (37.24% vs 22.98%, respectively), being associated to sex (male), age (adults) and severity of the disease (more frequent in moderate and severe cases). Determination of antibiotic resistance detected 12% of (-lactam resistant isolates, with variable accompanying resistance to macrolides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. No resistance to rifampicin, vancomycin, mupirocin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was found. A preliminary molecular characterization of the isolates was performed by PCR amplification of virulence genes. Molecular characterization of the strains did not reveal a predominant strain in psoriatic patients. Although we established host factors related to increased carriage of S. aureus in psoriatic patients, we could not establish the predominance of one type of strain. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the isolated strains would be necessary to address this point.

ABSTRACT Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas is a fish species of great social and economic importance in the Amazon region, where they are often farmed in earthen ponds. Intensive cage aquaculture has been growing in Brazil, which could be an alternative means to farm pirarucu, reducing costs and increasing productivity. We evaluated the contribution of natural food organisms in semi-intensive (ponds) and intensive (cages) production systems, and their effect on pirarucu growth and economic performance during the first phase of grow-out. Four ponds (300 m2) and four cages (4.0 m³) were stocked, respectively, with 120 (0.4 fish m-²) and 160 (40 fish m-³) juvenile pirarucu (28.03 ± 6.34 g, 11.75 ± 0.80 cm). The study was conducted for 105 days and fish were fed with commercial feed. Fish growth and plankton intake were evaluated every two weeks. Survival rate, standard length, weight gain and final weight were higher in fish reared in earthen ponds than in cages. Feed conversion of fish kept in ponds was lower (0.96 ± 0.06) than in cages (1.20 ± 0.11). The consumption of natural food organisms was observed, despite artificial feed being fed in both systems. The relative abundance of zooplankton and insects in stomachs was directly proportional to fish weight gain in ponds, and inversely proportional in cages. Higher economic efficiency rate and lower average production cost were calculated for earthen ponds. Our results indicate that the cost-benefit of the first phase grow-out of A. gigas is better in earthen ponds.

RESUMO O pirarucu, Arapaima gigas é um peixe de grande importância econômica e social na Amazônia, onde é comumente produzido em viveiros. A produção de peixes em tanques-rede tem crescido no Brasil, e este sistema poderia ser uma alternativa para a produção do pirarucu, reduzindo custos e melhorando os parâmetros produtivos. Nós avaliamos a contribuição do alimento natural na produção em sistema semi-intensivo (viveiros) e intensivo (tanques-rede) e seus efeitos sobre os aspectos produtivos e econômicos do pirarucu na fase de recria. Quatro viveiros (300 m2) e quatro tanques-rede (4,0 m3) foram estocados, respectivamente, com 120 (0,4 peixes m-2) e 160 (40 peixes m-3) juvenis de pirarucu (28,03 ± 6,34 g e 11,75 ± 0,80 cm). O estudo foi conduzido por 105 dias e os peixes foram alimentados com ração comercial extrusada. Crescimento e ingestão de plâncton pelos peixes foram avaliados quinzenalmente. Sobrevivência, comprimento padrão, ganho de peso e peso final foram maiores nos peixes cultivados em viveiros. A conversão alimentar nos viveiros (0,96 ± 0,06) foi menor que nos tanques-rede (1,20 ± 0,11). Mesmo sendo ofertada ração, os pirarucus consumiram alimento natural nos dois sistemas de produção. A abundância relativa de zooplâncton e insetos nos estômagos foi diretamente proporcional ao ganho de peso nos viveiros, e inversamente proporcional nos tanques-rede. Um índice de eficiência econômica mais alto e custo médio de produção mais baixo foram calculados para os viveiros escavados. Nossos resultados indicam que o custo-benefício do cultivo de A. gigas durante a fase de recria é melhor em viveiros.

Resumo Este estudo foi conduzido para estimar a diversidade e a ocorrência de espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes coletadas por vinte locais de amostragem de peixes nas costas de Sindh e Baluchistão do mar da Arábia, no Paquistão, de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Além disso, as características físico-químicas da água do mar foram analisadas a partir desses peixes locais selecionados e considerados dentro dos intervalos adequados necessários para o crescimento e sobrevivência dos peixes. Um total de 8.1287 indivíduos de peixes foi coletado e identificado como 49 espécies pertencentes a 26 famílias em nosso estudo. A família mais diversificada foi Sparidae (13 espécies), seguida por Carangidae e Lutjanidae (4 espécies), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 espécies) e Sciaenidae (2 espécies). As 20 famílias restantes foram representadas por apenas uma espécie. Os valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon calculados para os quatro habitats selecionados revelaram que uma alta diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa Sonmiani (H' = 1,81), enquanto menos na costa Ormara (H' = 0,23). Da mesma forma, o índice de regularidade (E) foi alto na costa de Sonmiani (E = 0,50) e menos diversidade de peixes foi relatada na costa de Ormara (E = 0,06). A redução dos riscos para as espécies marinhas ameaçadas em habitats costeiros também requer ações de conservação em várias escalas. Assim, concluiu-se que nosso estudo pode ser valioso para fornecer mais informações sobre a diversidade de espécies de peixes finos e sua ocorrência ao longo da costa do Paquistão. Além disso, para compreender melhor os efeitos, medidas regulares de monitoramento e conservação devem ser tomadas para mitigar a influência das atividades antropogênicas e proteger a diversidade de peixes finos de um declínio maior.

Abstract This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H'=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H'=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more information’s regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline

Resumo Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70’N - 90°45’W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Abstract Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a diversidade, distribuição (C) e abundância relativa (RA) da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão. A coleta de espécimes (n = 1087) foi feita durante o período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019 em seis habitats diferentes, incluindo corpos d’água, campos de arroz, galpões de animais, ambientes internos, ralos e águas residuais. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas, spray de piretro, aspiradores e redes e posteriormente mortos, preservados e depois dispostos em caixas entomológicas para identificação. Três gêneros foram identificados, nomeadamente Culex, Anopheles e Aedes. Um total de 14 espécies foi identificado, a saber: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e An. annularis (Van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus foi encontrado constantemente distribuído na área de estudo com AR = 16,5% e C = 100%. A. annularis foi encontrada como espécie satélite, distribuída esporadicamente na área de estudo com RA = 0,9% e C = 17%. Os índices de diversidade de mosquitos nos habitats estudados foram encontrados como índice de Shannon-Wiener (2,415), índice de Simpson (9,919), índice de Fisher (2,269) e índice de Margalef (1,859). Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada na diversidade de mosquitos nos seis habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado, H = 17,5, df = 5, P = 0,003 em α = 0,05). O presente estudo abrange a fauna de mosquitos de Malakand, Paquistão, com respeito à diversidade, abundância relativa e distribuição em diversos habitats e em todas as estações do ano. Isso ajudará os cientistas que trabalham em vários campos relacionados com a epidemiologia, entomologia médica e veterinária, ecologia e áreas afins das ciências biológicas.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity, distribution (C) and relative abundance (RA) of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan. Collection of specimens (n = 1087) was made during September 2018 to July 2019 at six different habitats including freshwater bodies, rice fields, animal sheds, indoors, drains and sewage waters. Specimens were collected through light traps, pyrethrum spray, aspirators and nets and subsequently killed, preserved and then arranged in entomological boxes for identification. Three genera were identified namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes. A total of fourteen species were identified namely: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and An. annularis (van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus was found constantly distributed in the study area with RA = 16.5% and C = 100%. An. annularis was found as a satellite species, sporadically distributed in the study area having RA = 0.9% and C = 17%. Diversity indices of mosquitoes in the studied habitats were found as, Shannon-Wiener Index (2.415), Simpson Index (9.919), Fisher’s Index (2.269) and Margalef’s Index (1.859). A statistically significant difference was recorded in mosquito diversity in the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, H = 17.5, df = 5, P = 0.003 at α = 0.05). The present study encompasses mosquito fauna of Malakand, Pakistan with respect to diversity, relative abundance and distribution in diverse habitats and all seasons of the year. This will assist scientists working in various fields related with epidemiology, medical and veterinary entomology, ecology and allied areas of biological sciences.