The water resources within the lower section of the Upper Vaal catchment, where the Vaal Barrage is situated, are highly utilised and developed, and water quality regulation has become a contested space between resource users and the regulators. The credibility and scientific defensibility of discharge standards in water-use licences (WULs), the relationship between upstream and downstream waste loads, the relationship between flows and water quality standards in WUL, and the water quality components of the resource quality objectives (RQOs) are being contested. This study explores the perceptions and motivations underlying these contestations as a contribution to scientific understanding of water quality management in a highly developed system. Perceived unrealistic RQOs, perceived lack of scientific credibility of the methods for deriving water quality standards in WUL, data inadequacy, as well as poor institutional capacity were identified as the top motivations for contesting applicable regulatory instruments in the catchment. Punitive measures, incentives, and education and awareness-raising were identified as key to accelerating compliance. Overall, this paper contributes to our general understanding of the intricacies of water quality management within a contested space. SIGNIFICANCE: Water quality management in South Africa is increasingly becoming a contested space, particularly in catchments that are highly developed and utilised. The findings in this study imply that (1) there is a need for a multi-pronged approach to increase water quality compliance, (2) there is a need for trust within the regulatory system to foster confidence among actors and stakeholders, and (3) transparent, open processes and scientifically credible and defensible methods, and data are needed for deriving standards in water-use licences (WULs).

Abstract Topical treatments for skin conditions offer significant benefits, yet understanding the rheological characteristics of semi-solid formulations is crucial, as they directly influence treatment adherence through their applicability. Ideally, these formulations should maintain their placement at the application site and facilitate easy spreading without requiring excessive force, particularly on painful lesions. In this study, a Python-based tool was developed to assess the rheological behavior of formulations, with a gel-cream serving as a model to demonstrate its applicability. The model formulation was created by emulsifying an oily phase, including blackcurrant oil, with an aqueous phase containing xanthan gum as a gelling agent. Rheological parameters were determined using a rotational viscometer. The prepared gel-cream exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with viscosity decreasing as rotation speed increased. The Python tool was utilized to extract information about the rheological properties of the samples. Upon applying the data to various mathematical models, it was confirmed that the formulations displayed pseudoplasticity, with the Ostwald-de-Waele model demonstrating the best fit for all evaluated formulations. This pseudoplastic behavior was further confirmed by calculating the flow index (ɳ), which was found to be lower than 1. Open-source tools are gaining popularity across various industries due to their transparency, collaborative nature, and cost-effectiveness. They enable users to enhance product properties, explore therapeutic targets, facilitate efficient collaboration, develop customized software, create predictive models, and ensure regulatory compliance. Our study offers a precise solution for determining the rheological behavior of semi-solid formulations while mitigating human estimation errors. However, it's important to note that proficiency in programming is required to utilize this tool effectively. benefits semisolid semi solid crucial applicability Ideally force lesions Pythonbased based gelcream gel cream oil agent viscometer increased samples models pseudoplasticity OstwalddeWaele Ostwald de Waele ɳ, ɳ , (ɳ) 1 Opensource Open source transparency nature costeffectiveness. costeffectiveness cost effectiveness. effectiveness cost-effectiveness targets collaboration software compliance errors However s effectively (ɳ

RESUMEN El marco normativo internacional sobre el derecho de la educación del adolescente privado de la libertad establece garantías para su cumplimiento. El artículo analiza las principales tendencias investigativas en relación con los procesos pedagógicos y legislativos en educación, referidos a los sistemas penales juveniles en países de América Latina, España y Estados Unidos. Se examinan textos producidos entre 2018 y 2022, 50 artículos resultados de investigaciones y presentes en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco y ProQuest. Esas investigaciones se enfocan en conceptos jurídicos y educativos enmarcados en cuestionamientos sobre el lenguaje y mediante categorías totalizantes y discriminatorias. Las investigaciones abogan por desarrollar líneas de acción enfocadas en el proceso restaurativo, por lo tanto, a pesar del gran avance en la defensa de los derechos humanos dentro de las unidades de atención socioeducativa para adolescentes judicializados, aún se presentan prácticas de violencia. Por lo tanto, se considera oportuno realizar intervenciones no solo con los jóvenes, sino con los demás implicados: sociedad, Estado, familia y otros, en aras de orientar las prácticas y el trabajo educativo.

ABSTRACT The international regulatory framework on the right to education of adolescents deprived of freedom establishes guarantees for its compliance. This paper aims to analyze the main research trends in relation to pedagogical and legislative processes in education, referred to juvenile penal systems in Latin American countries, Spain, and the United States. To that end, Texts produced between 2018 and 2022 were examined. 50 articles attestable in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco, and ProQuest databases were also explored. These sources focus on legal and educational concepts framed within reconsiderations about language, and through totalizing and discriminatory categories. The sources advocate developing lines of action focused on the restorative process. Despite the great progress in the defense of human rights within the socio-educational care units for judicialized adolescents, violent practices are still perceivable. In consequence, interventions not only with youngsters but with the others involved are to be carried out, namely: society, State, family, and others, in order to guide educational practices and work.

The international regulatory framework on the right to education of adolescents deprived of freedom establishes guarantees for its compliance. This paper aims to analyze the main research trends in relation to pedagogical and legislative processes in education, referred to juvenile penal systems in Latin American countries, Spain, and the United States. To that end, Texts produced between 2018 and 2022 were examined. 50 articles attestable in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco, and ProQuest databases were also explored. These sources focus on legal and educational concepts framed within reconsiderations about language, and through totalizing and discriminatory categories. The sources advocate developing lines of action focused on the restorative process. Despite the great progress in the defense of human rights within the socio-educational care units for judicialized adolescents, violent practices are still perceivable. In consequence, interventions not only with youngsters but with the others involved are to be carried out, namely: society, State, family, and others, in order to guide educational practices and work.

El marco normativo internacional sobre el derecho de la educación del adolescente privado de la libertad establece garantías para su cumplimiento. El artículo analiza las principales tendencias investigativas en relación con los procesos pedagógicos y legislativos en educación, referidos a los sistemas penales juveniles en países de América Latina, España y Estados Unidos. Se examinan textos producidos entre 2018 y 2022, 50 artículos resultados de investigaciones y presentes en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco y ProQuest. Esas investigaciones se enfocan en conceptos jurídicos y educativos enmarcados en cuestionamientos sobre el lenguaje y mediante categorías totalizantes y discriminatorias. Las investigaciones abogan por desarrollar líneas de acción enfocadas en el proceso restaurativo, por lo tanto, a pesar del gran avance en la defensa de los derechos humanos dentro de las unidades de atención socioeducativa para adolescentes judicializados, aún e presentan prácticas de violencia. Por lo tanto, se considera oportuno realizar intervenciones no solo con los jóvenes, sino con los demás implicados: sociedad, Estado, familia y otros, en aras de orientar las prácticas y el trabajo educativo.

Freshwater recreational angling is growing in popularity internationally. Due to the potential negative environmental impacts, various regulatory systems exist. In South Africa, freshwater recreational angling is regulated through a complex legal framework, consisting of national and provincial legislation dating back to the 1960s.The legislation also relates to historical and current provincial boundaries, adding to the regulatory complexity. Due to this complexity, the question arises whether freshwater recreational bank anglers in South Africa are aware of the regulatory requirements applicable to them. Low levels of awareness could lead to non-compliance, which would suggest an ineffective regulatory system. The aim of this research was thus to determine the environmental regulatory awareness of freshwater recreational bank anglers in South Africa. This was achieved through a literature review of national and provincial legislation, as well as the rules applicable to organised freshwater recreational bank angling. An online survey was completed by 100 members of the South African Freshwater Bank Angling Federation (SAFBAF). The results of the survey ndicate that the regulatory awareness of the sample of SAFBAF freshwater recreational anglers is low in certain key areas, such as bag and size limits for specific fish species, catch and release requirements, as well as legal definitions for alien and invasive and TOPS species listings. However, the low level of awareness can be ascribed to the complex regulatory system and not unwillingness of anglers to comply per se. It is recommended that (i) a single consolidated and simplified regulatory system for freshwater recreational bank angling be developed, and (ii) that angling organisational and competition rules be aligned with relevant regulatory requirements, to improve overall awareness and promote higher levels of regulatory compliance.

Abstract: International Law has ruled international relations and ways of waging war for centuries. Technological development has expanded the battlefields to cyberspace, a favorable means to escape from any regulatory compliance. In response to the effort of the NATO Center for Cooperative Cyber Defense, with the promulgation of the Tallin 2.0 Manual, and in an exercise of adaptation and reinterpretation, by analogy, of the work of the General Assembly of the United Nations, it is proposed to reflect on problems that must be addressed from International Law and that constitute a risk for democracy and the protection of human rights, to determine normative validity in the face of technological development, the appearance of new weapons, with their capacity of mass destruction, actors in conflicts, such as contractors, and barriers in determining responsibility for the operations committed in this environment.

Resumen: El derecho internacional ha regido las relaciones entre los Estados y los modos de hacer la guerra durante siglos. El desarrollo tecnológico ha ampliado los campos de batalla al ciberespacio, un medio favorable para escapar a cualquier cumplimiento normativo. Atendiendo al esfuerzo del Centro de Excelencia Cooperativa de Ciberdefensa de la OTAN, con la promulgación del Manual Tallin 2.0, y en un ejercicio de adaptación y reinterpretación, por analogía, de la labor de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas, se propone la reflexión ante problemáticas que deben afrontarse desde el derecho internacional y que constituyen un riesgo para la democracia y la protección de los derechos humanos, para determinar la vigencia normativa ante el desarrollo tecnológico, la aparición de nuevas armas, con su capacidad para producir destrucción en masa, actores en los conflictos, como los contratistas, y las barreras en la determinación de responsabilidad por las operaciones cometidas en este medio.

Abstract: Regulatory compliance has become a difficult task to assume for corporations, considering the various requirements established in the legal system, together with those that an organization can formulate as compliance objectives. One aspect that can contribute to facilitate this work lies in understanding that regulatory compliance involves the development of management models, which have common elements, among which is to have a compliance officer. This research contrasts what has been said about the compliance officer in the instruments that include the following compliance models: the anti-money laundering and financing of terrorism model, based on Law 19.913 (2003); the prevention of crimes model, enshrined in Law 20.393 (2009, art. 4), on criminal liability of legal persons; and the one based on the National Economic Prosecutor’s Office recommendations, and the requirements of the Court for the Protection of Free Competition. This exercise is intended as a background for the design of comprehensive compliance programs in corporations.

Resumen: El cumplimiento normativo se ha convertido en una tarea difícil de asumir para las sociedades anónimas, considerando los diversos requerimientos establecidos en el ordenamiento jurídico, junto con aquellos que puede formular una organización determinada como objetivos de compliance. Un aspecto que puede contribuir a facilitar esta labor radica en entender que el cumplimiento normativo supone la elaboración de modelos de gestión que tienen elementos comunes, entre los cuales se encuentra el de contar con un oficial de cumplimiento. Se contrasta lo señalado acerca del oficial de cumplimiento en los instrumentos que recogen los siguientes modelos de compliance: el de prevención del lavado de activos y del financiamiento del terrorismo, construido a partir de lo dispuesto en la Ley N° 19.913 (2003); el de prevención de delitos consagrado en la Ley N° 20.393 (2009, art. 4), sobre responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas; y aquel formulado en materia de libre competencia, a partir de las recomendaciones de la Fiscalía Nacional Económica y las exigencias del Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre Competencia. Este ejercicio pretende servir de antecedente para el diseño de programas integrales de compliance en las sociedades anónimas.

Resumen Antecedentes: estudios previos reportan la presencia de grasas saturadas y grasas trans en productos de panadería, relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, se desconoce la procedencia y calidad de las materias primas grasas utilizadas por los panaderos en Medellín. Objetivo: caracterizar las materias primas grasas utilizadas para la preparación de productos de panadería. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, de tipo exploratorio, con 24 muestras. Por cada muestra se realizó una encuesta a los panaderos para evaluar la calidad de las grasas y un análisis por cromatografía de gases para cuantificar 17 grasas saturadas y grasas trans. Resultados: el promedio de grasas trans en las materias primas grasas fue de 0,46 g en 100 g, mientras la normatividad permite 5 g en 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); el 42,1 % del contenido graso proviene de grasas saturadas; y algunas materias primas grasas no cumplen con la normatividad vigente para el etiquetado de alimentos envasados, pues no tienen rotulado nutricional. Conclusiones: en ninguna de las 24 materias primas grasas evaluadas cromatográficamente se cuantificó un contenido de grasas trans superior a lo permitido por la Resolución 2508, lo cual evidencia el esfuerzo de la industria de alimentos. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia del etiquetado para asegurar su cumplimiento.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have reported the presence of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery products, which are related with chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the origin and quality of the primary fat ingredients and products used by bakers in the city of Medellin is currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this paper is to characterize the primary fat ingredients used for the preparation of bakery products. Materials and Methods: An exploratory transversal descriptive study, with 24 bakery samples belonging to three groups according to socioeconomic level. For each sample, a survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of fat and an analysis by gas chromatography was done to quantify 17 saturated and trans fatty acids was. Results: The average trans fatty acid content in the margarines is 0.46 g per 100 g, however regulatory entities allow 5 g per 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); 42.1% of fat content comes from saturated fatty acids and some primary fat ingredients do not comply with current regulations for packaged foods. Conclusions: None of the 24 fat ingredient chromatographic evaluations was quantified with trans fatty acids content higher than that allowed by Resolution 2508. This proves the effort of the food industry, however it is necessary to maintain the surveillance of the labeling to ensure compliance.

With the increasing competition in global mineral markets, designers are attempting to drive down overall mining costs. The demands for steeper pit slopes have triggered developments in the field of modern and comprehensive slope design. Risk-based optimization techniques are one of the most challenging state-of-the-art solutions for enhancing conventional procedures. Recognizing risk aspects has a fundamental role in updating the methods. Considering geotechnical and mine planning issues, this study describes the consequences of varying slope angles on final pit walls. Twenty-three risk elements are introduced and discussed in four groups: economic, technical, strategic, and regulatory compliance. Related examples are given on the state of the elements, and possible ways to achieve them from overall slope optimization studies of the Sungun copper mine in Iran. The circumstances indicate that decisions on optimized slopes do not relate only to geotechnical studies, but that relevant consequences depend on the four groups. Evaluation of the elements can promote slope optimization based on the concepts of risk.

Abstract: The article presents theoretical approaches developed within the field of youth studies from a historical perspective. The theories analyzed were selected in order to add a sociological perspective to the debate while laying the foundations of a notion of "grammar of youth". This concept shows the authors’ concern about the relationship between the structure of activities and approaches offered by contemporary societies to young men and women, and on the regulatory frameworks underlying the expectations placed on its compliance.

Resumen: El artículo expone enfoques teóricos desarrollados dentro del campo de los estudios de juventud desde una perspectiva histórica. Las teorías en análisis fueron seleccionadas con el objetivo de aportar al debate desde la perspectiva sociológica, al tiempo que sentar bases para el desarrollo de la idea de “gramática de la juventud”. Una noción que expresa la preocupación de los autores por dar cuenta de la estructura de actividades y accesos que las sociedades contemporáneas ofrecen a los y las jóvenes, y de los marcos normativos que subyacen en el contorno de las expectativas que se depositan en su cumplimiento.

Resumo: O artigo apresenta enfoques teóricos desenvolvidos dentro do campo dos estudos de juventude a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. As teorias em análise foram selecionadas com o objetivo de contribuir para o debate a partir da perspectiva sociológica, ao mesmo tempo que estabelecem as bases para o desenvolvimento da ideia de “gramática da juventude”. Uma noção que exprime a preocupação dos autores por mostrar a estrutura das atividades e acesos que as sociedades contemporâneas oferecem aos e às jovens, e dos marcos regulatórios que subjazem no contorno das expectativas depositadas em seu cumprimento.

The advent of multikinase inhibitors therapy has led to a radical change in the treatment of patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma. The ANMAT (the Argentinian regulatory health agency) has currently approved sorafenib for patients with radioiodine resistant differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and vandetanib for patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (progressive and/or symptomatic disease). It has been demonstrated by phase III clinical trials that these drugs improve progression free survival in this group of patients. Although they have a precise indication, an interdisciplinary team in close contact with a committed patient, are required for their effective management. The adverse events of these drugs are common, but many of them may ameliorate over time, and most of them are manageable, even without the need for dose reduction or drug withdrawal. Knowledge of the correct management of the adverse events is a fundamental tool for the medical team and for the patient to prevent or minimise them, to avoid serious complications and to obtain better patient compliance. The primary objective of this article is to provide a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of the adverse events produced by the multikinase inhibitors, and to present the initiative of the Hospital de Clinicas in order to implement these guidelines.

El advenimiento de la terapia con inhibidores multicinasas (IMK) representó un cambio radical en el tratamiento de pacientes con carcinoma avanzado de tiroides. Hasta la fecha, 2 fármacos se encuentran aprobados por la Asociación Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT) en Argentina: sorafenib, para pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides radiorresistente, y vandetanib, para aquellos con carcinoma medular de tiroides (enfermedad progresiva y/o sintomática). Los estudios de fase III han demostrado que estos fármacos aumentan significativamente la supervivencia libre de progresión en este grupo de pacientes. Si bien tienen una indicación precisa, su manejo requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario en contacto estrecho con un paciente involucrado en su tratamiento. Los efectos adversos de sorafenib y vandetanib son frecuentes, sin embargo, muchos de ellos disminuyen con el tiempo y la mayoría puede manejarse a menudo sin disminuir la dosis ni suspender el fármaco. El conocimiento del correcto manejo de los efectos adversos por parte del equipo tratante constituye una herramienta fundamental para poder educar al paciente y, consecuentemente, poder prevenirlos o minimizarlos, y de esta manera evitar complicaciones severas. El objetivo de esta publicación es brindar una guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los efectos adversos de estos IMK y, por otro lado, presentar la iniciativa del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en cuanto a la implementación de la misma.

RESUMO O Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital (SPED) foi desenvolvido com a intenção de prover maior integração entre as próprias administrações tributárias, depois entre elas e os contribuintes, através do uso de tecnologia e, consequentemente, de dados socioeconômicos padronizados num único ambiente, elevando a eficiência arrecadatória e reduzindo os custos de administração e de conformidade. Este artigo intenciona contribuir para a análise dos gastos públicos direcionados ao estabelecimento e manutenção do SPED quanto à efetividade da redução dos custos de conformidade tributária, temporários e permanentes. O método Survey não aleatório foi utilizado como mecanismo de levantamento de dados, com um questionário desenvolvido contendo 22 questões com base no modelo de previsão de impacto regulatório desenvolvido e aplicado pela Australian Taxation Office (ATO) em seu país, adaptado para identificar a redução nos custos de conformidade relacionados às três vertentes organizacionais específicas: Pessoas, Tecnologia e Contratação de Serviços de Consultoria. O questionário foi enviado por email a 20 pessoas com cargo de direção ou gerência envolvidos diretamente no projeto SPED em empresas de tamanho e segmento distintos. Responderam à pesquisa 20 das 20 empresas. As informações coletadas foram analisadas estatisticamente sob a ótica descritiva e exploratória, neste último caso utilizando-se da análise de cluster. A abordagem de pesquisa realizada atendeu tanto à pesquisa qualitativa como a pesquisa quantitativa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o SPED provocou aumento dos custos de conformidade temporários e permanentes, sobretudo, devido à estratégia de implementação definida e aplicada unicamente pela administração pública. O estudo também evidenciou que, mesmo que os gastos públicos direcionados à implantação e manutenção do SPED não sejam comparativamente semelhantes aos gastos privados direcionados para o mesmo fim, demonstrou-se tendência de transferência dos custos de administração para os custos de conformidade dos contribuintes.

ABSTRACT The Public System of Digital Bookkeeping – SPED was developed with the intention of further integration between the tax administrations themselves, then between them and the taxpayers, through the use of technology and, consequently, socioeconomic data standard, in a single environment, raising the tax collection efficiency and reducing the costs of administration and compliance. This article intends to contribute to the analysis of public investments directed to the establishment and maintenance of the project, effectively resulted in a reduction in the costs of tax compliance, temporary and permanent. Survey method was used as a non-random mechanism for data collection, with a developed questionnaire containing 22 questions based on the prediction model regulatory impact developed and applied by the Australian Taxation Office – ATO in your country, adapted to identify cost reduction compliance related to three specific organizational aspects: People, Technology and Procurement of Consulting Services. The questionnaire was emailed to 20 people with executive position or managers directly involved in the project in SPED size businesses and distinct segment. Responded to the survey 20 of the 20 companies.The data collected were analyzed through descriptive and exploratory, in the latter case using the cluster analysis. The survey approach has met both the qualitative and the quantitative research.The results indicate that the SPED caused an increase in compliance costs temporary and permanent, mainly due to the implementation strategy defined and applied solely by the public administration. The analysis also allowed evidence that even if public investments directed to the implementation and maintenance of SPED are not comparatively similar to private investments directed to the same end, it shows a tendency to shift costs of administration for compliance costs for taxpayers.

The results allowing the Cuban Regulatory Agency (CECMED) to grant the Sanitary Registration to the CIMAvax-EGF cancer vaccine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are shown. This was the first registration of a therapeutic vaccine in Cuba and also the first registration of a lung cancer vaccine in the world. Hence, a unique therapeutic vaccine is offered to lung cancer patients, which will increase survival and their quality of life. For this purpose, significant preclinical, clinical, regulatory, productive and negotiation challenges were to be faced. The results obtained in these fields led to 18 scientific papers published in high impact journals and 4 invention objects, generating several patents in Cuba and other countries. In the pre-clinical setting, immunogenicity, safety and anti-tumoral effects were demonstrated in different animal species. The clinical experience began in 1995. Up to now, five phase I-II clinical trials have concluded in Cuba, two phase II have also concluded, one in Cuba and another one in Canada and the UK, and a phase II-III trial with an optimized schedule as well as a phase III trial are currently in progress in Cuba. In the regulatory field, a fast-track registration strategy was designed and performed. It required novel regulatory conceptions to develop this unique product. A scalable, reproducible and controlled productive process was carried out, together with a quality system that ensured full GMP compliance. Funds for product development came from implementing a novel negotiation strategy: negotiation of intangibles.

We study the cost-effectiveness of a transferable emissions permit system (TEPS) vis a vis a system of emissions standards. Our analysis includes along with abatement costs, the costs of enforcing the system to induce compliance. Further, the analysis considers complete and incomplete information. The numerical simulations are performe for the case of fixed sources operating under the Emissions Compensation Program (ECP) in Santiago, Chile. The results suggest that a TEPS is not oble to induce compliance at minimum enforcement costs, but this regulatory system allow the regulator to achieve the environmental target with minimum aggregate compliance costs.

Estudiamos la propiedad de costo-efectividad de un sistema de permisos de emisión transferibles (SPET) frente un sistema de estándares de emisión. Nuestro análisis agrega a los costos de abatimiento, los costos de fiscalización para inducir cumplimiento. Consideramos, además, escenarios de información completa e incompleta. Las simulaciones numéricas se basan en datos de las fuentes fijas que operan en el Programa de Compensación de Emisiones (PCE) en Santiago de Chile. Los resultados muestran que un SPET no permite obtener mejoras en calidad del aire al mínimo costo de fiscalización, pero mantiene su costo-efectividad en términos de los costos totales de cumplimiento.

Resumen En este trabajo analizamos la propiedad de costo-efectividad de un sistema de permisos de emisión transferibles (SPET) frente a una política de comando y control. En contraste con la bibliografía del tema nuestro análisis considera, además de los costos del abatimiento, los costos de la fiscalización para inducir el cumplimiento asociados a cada sistema de control. Las políticas evaluadas permitirían reducir las emisiones de material particulado en fuentes fijas en la ciudad de Talcahuano, Chile. Nuestros resultados indican que reducir el nivel agregado de emisiones de material particulado por medio de SPET es 55% más barato que el que utiliza una política de comando y control. La propiedad de costo-efectividad de la política de mercado es robusta a cambios en los parámetros utilizados. No obstante, cambios en la meta ambiental generan variaciones importantes en la magnitud del ahorro de costos entre las políticas consideradas.

Abstract This article analyzes the cost-effective property of a transferable emissions permit system (TEPS) vis à vis a command and control environmental regulation. In contrast with the previous literature, our analysis consider, in addition to the abatement costs, the cost of enforcing each regulatory system to induce compliance. The evaluated policies allow the regulator to reduce the aggregate level of emissions of particulate matter in the city of Talcahuano, Chile. Our results show that reducing the aggregate level of emissions using a TEPS is 55% cheaper than imposing a command-an-control regulation. The cost-effective property of a market-based environmental regulation is robust to different levels for the parameters used in the simulations. However, changes on the target level of the aggregate emissions causes important variations in the magnitude of cost savings between the regulatory policies considered.