Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

Abstract: Since the end of the civic-military dictatorship in Chile, modifications have been made to the regulations governing punitive measures and sanctions that can marginalize students from school. In this research, we aim to examine how have been incorporated into this process expulsion or cancellation of enrollment measures as security policies in Chilean schools. To do this, we reviewed laws, decrees, and policy documents in the field of School Coexistence from the year 2000 to the present. A transition can be observed, from the initial regulations that sought to stop the excesses and abuses permitted by the legislation inherited from the military regime, towards regulations framed within a paradigm of a safe school, which emerged in the context of secondary student mobilizations.

Resumen: Desde el fin de la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile, se han hecho modificaciones a las normativas que regulan las medidas punitivas y las sanciones que pueden marginar a estudiantes de la escuela. En esta investigación, se busca revisar cómo se han instalado en ese proceso las medidas de expulsión o cancelación de matrícula como políticas de seguridad en la escuela en Chile. Para eso, se revisaron leyes, decretos y documentos de políticas en el ámbito de la Convivencia Escolar desde el año 2000 a la actualidad. Se logra apreciar una transición, desde las primeras regulaciones que buscaban detener los excesos y los abusos que permitía la legislación y que eran herencia del régimen militar; hacia regulaciones enmarcadas en un paradigma de la escuela segura, que se instala en el marco de las movilizaciones de estudiantes secundarias/os.

Resumo: Desde o fim da ditadura cívico-militar no Chile, foram feitas modificações nas normativas que regulam as medidas punitivas e as sanções que podem marginalizar estudantes da escola. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se revisar como as medidas de expulsão ou cancelamento de matrícula foram instaladas neste processo como políticas de segurança na escola do Chile. Para isso, foram revisadas leis, decretos e documentos políticos no âmbito da Convivência Escolar desde o ano 2000 até o presente. Pode-se observar uma transição, desde as primeiras regulamentações que buscavam deter os excessos e os abusos permitidos pela legislação e que eram herança do regime militar; em direção a regulamentações enquadradas num paradigma de escola segura, que se instala no contexto das mobilizações de estudantes secundários.

RESUMO A 'Era Vargas' marcou uma mudança na política económica brasileira, adotando uma abordagem desenvolvimentista. Batizada em homenagem ao presidente Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945, 1950-1954), a época focou no desenvolvimento por intermédio do Estado, que incentivou a exploração petrolífera, a siderurgia e a renovação urbana. Vargas e seus sucessores planejaram as Reformas de Base (trabalhista, fiscal, administrativa, urbana e agrária). No entanto, as forças conservadoras as impediram, apoiando os modos liberais clássicos de regulação da propriedade, desapropriação e indenização. Este estudo visa revisitar a história dessas reformas, com foco nos conceitos citados, que continuam a moldar a regulação fundiária e as formas jurídicas contemporâneas.

RESUMEN La 'Era Vargas' marcó un cambio en la política económica brasileña, adoptando un enfoque desarrollista. Nombrada en honor al presidente Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945, 1950-1954), esta era se centró en el desarrollo a través del Estado, con la explotación petrolera, la industria del acero y la renovación urbana. Vargas y sus sucesores planearon las Reformas de Base (laboral, fiscal, administrativa, urbana y agraria). Sin embargo, fuerzas conservadoras las obstaculizaron, al sostener modos de regulación clásicos liberales de propiedad, expropiación e indemnización. Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisitar la historia de estas reformas, centrándose en los conceptos citados, que continúan dando forma a la regulación de la tierra y a las formas jurídicas contemporáneas.

ABSTRACT The 'Era Vargas' brought a shift in Brazilian economic politics, using a developmentalist approach. Named after President Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a dictator from 1930 to 1945 and was later elected from 1951 to 1954, the era focused on development through public enterprises, including petroleum, steel, and urban renewal. Vargas and his successors planned the Basic Reforms, encompassing labor, tax, state, administrative, urban, and agrarian reforms. However, conservative forces hindered agrarian and urban reforms, maintaining classical liberal property and eminent domain concepts. This study aims to revisit the history of these reforms, focusing on property and eminent domain, as they continue to shape contemporary land regulations and takings.

The study reported on here was intended to reveal the existence and direction of education democracy in Indonesia with regard to the regulations, the implementation models, problems, and future prospects. The data were obtained from various written materials of official government policy records, namely, laws, ministerial regulations, curriculum implementation guidebooks, discourses and policy criticisms on the implementation of education democracy in Indonesia published in mass media, articles and research journals. The data were analysed using philosophical-dialogical analysis. The findings indicate that in terms of practice, the regulations related to education democracy in the form of education autonomy still could not be implemented properly because of several constraints such as a lack of teachers' professionalism, poor and less effective management of education and learning systems which are not in line with the administrative prerequisites and principles and spirit of education autonomy. Moreover, through its policies, the government still controlled education nationally resulting in autonomy that should provide maximum freedom to the community to manage education is being eroded, which limits the autonomy of education.

Abstract In Chile, despite the fact that the General Education Law No. 20,370 establishes the need to recognize and value people in their cultural specificity, worldview and history, the Educational Policy of Vocational Technical Training does not incorporate knowledge, methods or practices of the various indigenous cultures in the learning processes. To address this problem, educational institutions should move forward in assuming an intercultural educational approach, to ensure the recognition of social and cultural diversity. Using a documentary review at the international, national and local levels, the objective of this essay is to discuss the relevance of the intercultural educational approach as an alternative theoretical support to the monocultural approach that governs the current Vocational Technical Training Policy from the analysis of the Chilean case. To achieve this, we examine the professional technical policy, its laws and regulations in force, to account for how the current school curriculum and educational processes have configured a monocultural, homogenizing and decontextualized educational system. With this analysis, a proposal is presented to modify the policy in question, to incorporate a fifth strategic pillar: Intercultural Learning, based on four lines of action: learning centered on values; articulation of pedagogical approaches; bilingual intercultural learning; and, co-constructed learning. The conclusions suggest that our proposal would be an alternative way to the Western conception to learn and build knowledge, thus responding to the historical, social, cultural and individual demands of people and their territories.

Resumen En Chile, a pesar de que la Ley General de Educación N°20.370 establece la necesidad de reconocer y valorar a las personas en su especificidad cultural, cosmovisión e historia, la Política Educativa de Formación Técnica Profesional no incorpora conocimientos, métodos o prácticas de las diversas culturas indígenas en los procesos de aprendizaje. Para enfrentar este problema, las instituciones educativas deberían avanzar en asumir un enfoque educativo intercultural para garantizar el reconocimiento de la diversidad social y cultural. Mediante una revisión documental a nivel internacional, nacional y local, el objetivo de este ensayo es discutir la pertinencia del enfoque educativo intercultural como sustento teórico-práctico alternativo del enfoque monocultural que gobierna la actual Política de Formación Técnica Profesional a partir del análisis del caso chileno. Para lograrlo, examinamos la política técnica profesional, sus leyes y normas vigentes, con el fin de dar cuenta de cómo el actual curriculum escolar y los procesos educativos han configurado un sistema educativo monocultural, homogeneizador y descontextualizado. Con este análisis, se presenta una propuesta de modificación a la política en cuestión, para incorporar un quinto pilar estratégico: Aprendizaje Intercultural, sustentado en cuatro líneas de acción: aprendizaje centrado en valores; articulación de enfoques pedagógicos; aprendizaje intercultural bilingüe y aprendizaje co-construido. Las conclusiones plantean que nuestra propuesta sería una forma alternativa a la concepción occidental para aprender y construir conocimientos, respondiendo a las demandas históricas, sociales, culturales e individuales de las personas y sus territorios.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el marco jurídico de protección del derecho a la salud de las mujeres embarazadas. Se encontró que existen leyes y políticas específicas que protegen los derechos de las embarazadas, como el acceso a la atención prenatal y obstétrica de calidad, los cuales se encuentran refrendados en cuerpos legales como la Constitución, códigos y leyes. Se identificaron brechas en la implementación y cumplimiento de estas normativas. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados, persisten desafíos significativos en términos de acceso equitativo a la atención de salud durante el embarazo, así como la persistencia de prácticas discriminatorias. Con base en estos hallazgos, se recomienda fortalecer y mejorar la implementación de las leyes y políticas existentes, así como promover una mayor conciencia y educación en materia de derechos de las embarazadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to analyze the legal framework for the protection of the right to health of pregnant women. It was found that there are specific laws and policies that protect the rights of pregnant women, such as access to quality prenatal and obstetric care, which are endorsed in legal bodies such as the Constitution, codes and laws. Gaps were identified in the implementation and compliance of these regulations. Despite the efforts made, significant challenges persist in terms of equitable access to health care during pregnancy, as well as the persistence of discriminatory practices. Based on these findings, it is recommended to strengthen and improve the implementation of existing laws and policies, as well as promote greater awareness and education regarding the rights of pregnant women.

Resumen El artículo analiza cómo se implementó el sistema de educación pública en Ceará a partir de una política liberal. Esta política se basó en los principios de la economía política fisiocrática, del conocimiento ilustrado y racionalista y construyó la organización del sistema escolar. La construcción de un marco jurídico y administrativo para el sistema escolar desarrollado se volvió más compleja a lo largo del período analizado y se estandarizaron las prácticas educativas. Para comprender cómo se implementó este sistema educativo y seguir el debate público resultante, analizamos diferentes normativas docentes, leyes provinciales, fuentes periodísticas y datos estadísticos. Con base en esta documentación, nos damos cuenta de que el instrumento de la estadística educativa fue fundamental para que estos sujetos históricos diagnosticaran el bajo nivel de escolaridad, la insignificante oferta de educación primaria y el alto analfabetismo como barrera al desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas en la provincia. liberal fisiocrática educativas resultante docentes provinciales estadísticos documentación escolaridad provincia

Abstract The article analyzes how the public education system was implemented in Ceará based on a liberal policy. This policy was based on the principles of the physiocratic political economy of enlightened and rationalist knowledge and built the organization of the school system. The construction of a legal and administrative framework for the school system developed became more complex over the period analyzed and standardized educational practices. To understand how this educational system was implemented and follow the resulting public debate, we analyzed different teaching regulations, provincial laws, newspaper sources and statistical data. Based on this documentation, we realize that the instrument of educational statistics was fundamental for these historical subjects to diagnose the low level of schooling, the insignificant supply of primary education and high illiteracy as a barrier to the development of productive forces in the province. practices debate regulations laws data documentation schooling province

Resumo O artigo analisa como foi implantado o sistema de ensino público no Ceará a partir de uma política liberal. Esta política se embasou nos princípios da economia política fisiocrata, do saber ilustrado e racionalista, o qual construiu a organização do sistema escolar. A construção elaborada de um arcabouço jurídico e administrativo do sistema escolar ganhou complexidade ao longo do período analisado e normatizou as práticas educacionais. Para compreender como foi implantado esse sistema educacional e acompanhar o debate público dele resultante, analisamos diferentes regulamentos de ensino, leis provinciais, fontes hemerográficas e dados estatísticos. Com base nessa documentação, percebemos que o instrumento das estatísticas educacionais foi fundamental para esses sujeitos históricos diagnosticarem o baixo índice de escolarização, a insignificante oferta do ensino primário e o alto analfabetismo como uma barreira para o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas na província. liberal fisiocrata racionalista resultante provinciais estatísticos documentação escolarização província

Abstract Does French legislation encourage integration and post-national citizenship? Although French national identity and integration literature reaffirms the exhaustion of the French model and politics for integration, and although traces of economic and social segregation are still observed, data from the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques and the Migrant Integration Policy Index indicate instead a growing care, from 2015 onwards, to include non-nationals into French society. In light of this mismatch between literature and data, this study tests the hypothesis that the legislative acts published by Paris display a propensity towards welcoming and guaranteeing rights regardless of the immigrants’ nationality. To that end, our research design is multi-method. First, we applied content analysis to 40 regulations referring to immigration, nationality, and citizenship in the period from 2001 to 2022. Then, correspondence analysis was used to gauge the correlation between the proposed categories. Corroborating our hypotheses, the results suggest that (i) French laws, decrees, and ordinances have set norms that are more focused on respecting and welcoming immigrants; and that (ii) there is a correlation between the norms that include non-nationals and those that dissociate the guarantee of rights from nationality. In this way, the present study contributes to the literature on migration flows in the 21st century, especially the guarantee of Human Rights and dignity in French society. postnational post observed care 201 onwards nonnationals non nationals society immigrants nationality end multimethod. multimethod multi method. method multi-method First 4 immigration 200 2022 Then categories hypotheses i (i laws decrees ii (ii way st century 20 202 2

RESUMO Este artigo examina o desenvolvimento histórico do conceito de flexibilização laboral na Europa Ocidental, especialmente durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Através da revisão e análise de pesquisas sobre a flexibilização laboral e suas implicações, nosso objetivo é enriquecer a compreensão histórica das transformações no mundo do trabalho. Desde a década de 1970, a crise dos sistemas laborais no Ocidente desafiou os modelos de proteção ao trabalhador e segurança social. As disparidades existentes entre os países europeus em relação à flexibilização laboral e suas múltiplas repercussões no âmbito social podem ser atribuídas a diversos fatores, como a influência dos sindicatos, as regulamentações trabalhistas e as políticas governamentais. Explorar a evolução histórica da flexibilização laboral como conceito é essencial para entender como ela se tornou um quadro conceitual que orienta as reformas e mudanças no âmbito laboral. Ocidental 197 1980 implicações trabalho fatores sindicatos governamentais 19 198 1

ABSTRACT This article examines the historical development of the concept of labor flexibility in Western Europe, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. Through the review and analysis of research on labor flexibility and its implications, our goal is to enrich the historical understanding of transformations in the world of work. Since the 1970s, the crisis of labor systems in the West has challenged models of worker protection and social security. Disparities among European countries regarding labor flexibility and its multiple repercussions in the social sphere can be attributed to various factors, such as the influence of unions, labor regulations, and government policies. Exploring the historical evolution of labor flexibility as a concept is essential for understanding how it has become a conceptual framework guiding reforms and changes in the labor sphere. Europe s 1980s implications work security factors unions regulations policies

RESUMEN Este artículo examina el desarrollo histórico del concepto de flexibilización laboral en Europa occidental, especialmente durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980. A través de la revisión y análisis de investigaciones sobre la flexibilización laboral y sus implicaciones, nuestro objetivo es enriquecer la comprensión histórica de las transformaciones en el mundo del trabajo. Desde la década de 1970, la crisis de los sistemas laborales en Occidente desafió los modelos de protección al trabajador y la seguridad social. Las disparidades existentes entre los países europeos en lo que respecta a la flexibilización laboral y sus múltiples repercusiones en el ámbito social pueden atribuirse a diversos factores, tales como la influencia de los sindicatos, las regulaciones laborales y las políticas gubernamentales. Explorar la evolución histórica de la flexibilización laboral como concepto es esencial para entender cómo ha llegado a convertirse en un marco conceptual que guía las reformas y cambios en el ámbito laboral. occidental 197 1980 implicaciones trabajo factores sindicatos gubernamentales 19 198 1

Respeitando o princípio da anualidade das leis eleitorais, as reformas políticas têm ocorrido em anos ímpares por iniciativa do Congresso Nacional. Somam-se a elas, o papel ativo da justiça na interpretação das regras vigentes e na formulação de resoluções que alteram a lógica do regramento que norteia os pleitos. Com base em tais aspectos, o principal objetivo desse artigo é compreender, a partir de informações disponíveis nos repositórios de dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), o quanto as alterações legais são capazes de alterar o perfil das candidaturas e, adicionalmente, o quanto impactam em quem serão os eleitos. Diante de tal esforço, este trabalho partirá da hipótese basilar de que o perfil das candidaturas, em maior medida, e dos eleitos, sob menor impacto, mudam de acordo com variações de natureza institucional-legal. Reforçaria tal argumentação o fato de que variáveis que não passaram por alterações legais no período de 2002 a 2022 não sofrem movimentações dignas de destaque quando consideradas candidaturas e pessoas eleitas ao cargo de deputado federal. São exemplos de variáveis que passaram por mudanças, ou foram diretamente impactadas pela lei: o total de candidaturas, o total de partidos, a média de candidaturas por partidos, as candidaturas femininas, as candidaturas de pessoas negras e as candidaturas sob coligações. Em contrapartida, o total de eleitos, a média de idade, o percentual de jovens, a escolaridade, o estado civil, a busca pela reeleição e a naturalidade dos candidatos – estado onde nasceram – não passaram por alterações. eleitorais Nacional Somamse Somam se elas pleitos aspectos compreender TSE, TSE , (TSE) adicionalmente eleitos esforço medida impacto institucionallegal. institucionallegal institucional legal. legal institucional-legal 200 202 federal mudanças lei partidos femininas coligações contrapartida idade jovens escolaridade civil (TSE 20 2

En respectant le principe de l’annualité des lois électorales, les réformes politiques ont eu lieu les années impaires à l’initiative du Congrès national. S’ajoute à cela le rôle actif de la justice dans l’interprétation des règles en vigueur et dans la formulation de résolutions modifiant la logique de la réglementation qui guide les élections. Sur la base de ces aspects, l’objectif principal de cet article est de comprendre, à partir des informations disponibles dans les bases de données du Tribunal supérieur électoral (TSE), dans quelle mesure les modifications légales sont capables de modifier le profil des candidatures et, en outre, de savoir dans quelle mesure elles impactent les élus. Dans cet effort, ce travail partira de l’hypothèse fondamentale selon laquelle le profil des candidatures, dans une plus large mesure, et des élus, dans une moindre mesure, changent en fonction de variations d’ordre institutionnel-légal. Cette argumentation serait renforcée par le fait que les variables qui n’ont pas subi de modifications légales entre 2002 et 2022 ne subissent pas de mouvements significatifs lorsqu’on considère les candidatures et les personnes élues au poste de député fédéral. Les exemples de variables qui ont subi des changements ou qui ont été directement impactées par la loi sont le nombre total de candidatures, le nombre total de partis, le nombre moyen de candidatures par parti, les candidatures féminines, les candidatures de personnes noires et les candidatures dans le cadre de coalitions. En revanche, le nombre total d’élus, l’âge moyen, le pourcentage de jeunes, le niveau d’éducation, l’état civil, la recherche de réélection et le lieu de naissance des candidats – l’État où ils sont nés – n’ont pas subi de modifications. lannualité l annualité électorales linitiative initiative national Sajoute S ajoute linterprétation interprétation élections aspects lobjectif objectif comprendre TSE, TSE , (TSE) outre élus effort lhypothèse hypothèse dordre d ordre institutionnellégal. institutionnellégal institutionnel légal. légal institutionnel-légal nont n 200 202 lorsquon lorsqu on fédéral partis parti féminines coalitions revanche délus, délus d’élus lâge âge jeunes déducation, déducation éducation, éducation d’éducation létat état civil lÉtat État (TSE 20 2

Respecting the principle of annuality of electoral laws, political reforms have taken place in odd-numbered years initiated by the National Congress. In addition to these reforms, the active role of the judiciary in interpreting the current rules and formulating resolutions that alter the logic of the regulations guiding the elections is significant. Based on these aspects, the main objective of this article is to understand, based on information available in the databases of the Superior Electoral Court (TSE), the extent to which legal changes can alter the profile of candidacies and, additionally, how they impact who will be elected. In light of this effort, this work will start from the fundamental hypothesis that the profile of candidacies, to a greater extent, and of elected officials, to a lesser extent, change according to variations of an institutional-legal nature. This argument would be reinforced by the fact that variables that did not undergo legal changes between 2002 and 2022 do not undergo significant movements when considering candidacies and people elected to the position of federal deputy. Examples of variables that underwent changes or were directly impacted by the law are the total number of candidacies, the total number of parties, the average number of candidacies per party, female candidacies, candidacies of black individuals, and candidacies under coalitions. On the other hand, the total number of elected officials, the average age, the percentage of young individuals, education level, marital status, seeking re-election, and the birthplace of the candidates – the state where they were born – did not undergo changes. laws oddnumbered odd numbered Congress aspects understand TSE, TSE , (TSE) additionally effort officials institutionallegal institutional nature 200 202 deputy parties party individuals coalitions hand age level status reelection, reelection re election, election re-election (TSE 20 2

ABSTRACT Environmental changes directly influence quality of life, and environmental protection laws arise to ensure the maintenance of ecological balance. Aquatic environments have been contaminated by substances of anthropic origin, which are called effluents. Improper disposal of effluents has adverse effects on the environment and human health. In Brazilian legislation, the resolutions of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 and RE 430/2011 address the use of indicator species to evaluate the effluents’ toxicity. Despite these, much still needs to be done to control and monitor the emission of effluents in Brazilian water resources. The objective of this work was to carry out a historical survey of the regulations on the disposal of effluents in Brazil and to show the differences in each state's regulations, highlighting the indicator species accepted in each regulation and their advantages and disadvantages. In this way, this review summarizes and organizes the information of the Brazilian legislation on the disposal of effluents and helps the researcher in the area to choose between the methodologies adopted for the analysis of their environmental samples. Despite the insertion of bioassays, it is evident that the current Brazilian legislation is permissive, requiring adaptations and definitions to increase adherence to the ecotoxicological monitoring of water resources by the States. life balance origin health CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 toxicity these states state s disadvantages way samples bioassays permissive States 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

RESUMO As mudanças ambientais influenciam diretamente a qualidade de vida, e leis de proteção ambiental surgem para garantir a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. Os ambientes aquáticos têm sido contaminados por substâncias de origem antrópica, denominadas efluentes. O descarte inadequado de efluentes traz efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Na legislação brasileira, as resoluções do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) RE 357/2005 e RE 430/2011 abordam o uso de espécies indicadoras para avaliar a toxicidade dos efluentes. Apesar destas, muito ainda precisa ser feito para controlar e monitorar a emissão de efluentes nos recursos hídricos brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento histórico das regulamentações sobre o descarte de efluentes no Brasil e mostrar as diferenças nas regulamentações de cada estado, destacando as espécies indicadoras aceitas em cada regulamentação e suas vantagens e desvantagens. Dessa forma, esta revisão resume e organiza as informações da legislação brasileira sobre o descarte de efluentes e auxilia o pesquisador da área a escolher entre as metodologias adotadas para a análise de suas amostras ambientais. Apesar da inserção de bioensaios, fica evidente que a legislação brasileira atual é permissiva, exigindo adaptações e definições para aumentar a adesão ao monitoramento ecotoxicológico dos recursos hídricos pelos estados. vida ecológico antrópica humana CONAMA (CONAMA 3572005 357 2005 357/200 4302011 430 2011 430/201 destas brasileiros estado desvantagens forma bioensaios permissiva estados 357200 35 200 357/20 430201 43 201 430/20 35720 3 20 357/2 43020 4 430/2 3572 2 357/ 4302 430/

Resumo: Os principais objetivos do estudo são ampliar o conhecimento sobre o conceito de dignidade humana, como um valor social, analisar os fundamentos históricos, religiosos e filosóficos do desenvolvimento desse conceito na Europa e na Ucrânia, e caracterizar esse conceito no sistema de valores jurídicos. O artigo utiliza os seguintes métodos científicos: abordagens funcionais e dialéticas, análise lógica, síntese, análise comparativa, análise da literatura científica e generalização. O texto examina o problema da proteção da dignidade human,a como um valor natural e inalienável, a fonte dos direitos e liberdades humanas e civis, nas constituições dos Estados do mundo, nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais e na legislação criminal de alguns países. O principal resultado aponta os problemas teóricos e práticos da implementação do direito à dignidade humana, justificando a dignidade humana, nas Constituições e nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais de alguns países. O estudo foi realizado com base nas leis e regulamentações dos seguintes países: Ucrânia, República Federal da Alemanha, República da Hungria e República da Polônia. Resumo humana social históricos Ucrânia jurídicos científicos dialéticas lógica síntese comparativa generalização human inalienável civis mundo países Alemanha Polônia

Abstract: The main goals of the study are to expand knowledge about the concept of human dignity as a social value, analyse the historical, religious and philosophical foundations of the development of this concept in Europe and Ukraine, and characterize this concept in the system of legal values. The paper uses the following scientific methods: functional and dialectical approaches, logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature and generalization. The paper examines the problem of protecting human dignity as a natural and inalienable value, the source of human and civil rights and freedoms in the world’s states’ constitutions, decisions of constitutional courts and some countries’ criminal legislation. The main result is theoretical and practical problems of implementing the right to human dignity, and justifying human dignity in the constitutions and decisions of some countries’ constitutional courts. The study was conducted on the following countries’ basis of laws and regulations: Ukraine, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Poland. Abstract value historical Ukraine values methods approaches synthesis generalization worlds world s states countries legislation regulations Germany Poland

Resumo A percepção tradicional de direitos e obrigações mútuos no mundo em desenvolvimento estava praticamente limitada apenas aos seres humanos. Felizmente, esse entendimento convencional está crescendo para incluir todos os seres vivos no âmbito de certos direitos básicos. Também está abordando aquelas criaturas que coexistem naturalmente com as sociedades humanas ou estão associadas à subsistência e interdependência delas. Isso significa que deve haver um corpo prescrito de regras e regulamentos para regular a conduta humana na sociedade. No Paquistão, o despertar social para os direitos dos animais, apoiado por campanhas internacionais, levou as instituições estatais a criar um corpo adequado de regras e regulamentos para a proteção dos direitos dos animais. O objetivo de desenvolver a compreensão necessária é, em primeiro lugar, esclarecer: o que é um direito e o que é uma obrigação? Em segundo lugar, qual deve ser a natureza desses direitos e obrigações? Devem ser apenas específicos dos seres humanos ou existem outros seres que também possuem certos direitos? Se outros seres vivos e espécies têm direitos, como esses direitos devem ser conferidos e regulamentados? Quem está obrigado a fornecer esses direitos? Quem é o responsável por garantir o cumprimento de tais obrigações? Está ficando mais claro que, assim como os seres humanos, os animais têm certos direitos enquanto seres vivos. Quase todas as religiões do mundo prescreveram certos direitos a eles que estão criptografados em seus livros sagrados. A maioria das pessoas está ciente do conceito básico de observar o comportamento suave e gentil apenas para animais de estimação. Hoje, sabemos cientificamente que a humanidade e os animais têm uma inevitabilidade coexistente. Ao observar o comportamento e a sensação mútuos, o mundo concedeu direitos especiais aos animais, fazendo leis e atos. A implementação desses direitos só pode ser feita por meio do entendimento mútuo dos cidadãos sob a supervisão das agências de aplicação da lei. É responsabilidade do Estado e dos cidadãos dos Estados proteger conjuntamente os animais quando seus direitos estão sendo violados.

Abstract The traditional perception of mutual rights and obligations in the developing world was practically confined to human beings only. Fortunately, this conventional understanding is growing to include all living beings in the scope of certain basic rights. It is also addressing those creatures which are co-existing with human societies naturally or are associated for their subsistence and interdependence. It means that there should be prescribed body of rules and regulations to regulate human conduct in the society. In Pakistan social awakening for animal rights supported by international campaigns have urged state institutions to make adequate body of rules and regulations for protection of animal rights. Purpose of developing required understanding, at the first place is to clarify what is a right and what is an obligation? Secondly what should be the nature of these rights and obligations. Should these be only specific to human beings or there are other beings who also possess certain rights? If other living beings, species have rights, how these rights are to be conferred and regulated? Who is under obligation to provide these rights? Who is liable and responsible to ensure observance of such obligations? It is becoming clearer that like human beings’ animals do have certain rights as living beings. All most all religions of the world have prescribed certain rights to them which are encrypted in their holy books. Most of the people are aware of basic concept of observing mild and kind behavior towards pet animals only. Today we scientifically know that humanity and animals have co-existing inevitability. By observing mutual behavior and sensation, the world has provided special rights to the animals by making laws and Acts. Implementation of those rights can only be made through mutual understanding of the citizens under the supervision of law enforcing agencies. It is the responsibility of state and citizens of the states jointly to protect the animals when their rights are being violated.

The main achievements of the huge research on the history of the Hungarian Protestantism show that at the beginning of the Protestantism the local reformers and preachers were interpreting Luther's ideas, but from the 1550s Calvin's doctrines became decisive. The reception of the great reformers' ideas was far from being evident in the practice. It means pastors and preachers in Hungary did not cite directly from the written heritage of Luther (Pelikan & Helmut 1955-1986), Calvin (Calvin 1863-1900) or Beza. They used to use the Bible itself. Nevertheless, many new and unknown problems raised, which deserved prompt and clear theological and moral advice. Most of the challenges were related to the burning, everyday questions of sexual sins and of family life. Therefore, it is not surprising that contemporary preachers were trying to commit everything to renew the public morality of people. The article intends to illuminate the evolution of the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary after the temporary 'collapse' of the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law in the 1550s. At the same time, it is raising the question, how did the 'great reformers' influence the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study intends to understand the development of Hungarian Reformed regulations of marriage in the 16th and 17th century from theological, judicial and historical perspectives.

Abstract Although Mexican law provides norms that protect gender equality, actual gender equality has not yet been achieved, as shown by the so-called “salary gap,” which states that a woman in Mexico must work 51 days more than a man to earn the same. The objective of this paper is to show that the mere promulgation of regulations or the threat of sanctions for non-compliance does not necessarily lead to an immediate change in social reality, but rather that it is necessary for the state to take other measures that go beyond the creation of laws and penalties. In other words, it must work toward premium law. Through an analytical, historical, descriptive and comparative law study, it will be concluded that the public measures reviewed in our country on this matter are still insufficient, since gender inequality prevails, contrary to the constitutional and legal design that propagates the opposite, namely: equality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a different type of measures that encourage employers to balance the working conditions and situations in companies so as to achieve the desired equality, such as: Tax incentives, credit incentives, requiring employment quotas, gender equality in hiring, or awarding badges that indicate egalitarian industries, among others.

Resumen Si bien es cierto que el Derecho mexicano contempla normas protectoras de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, aún no se consigue una igualdad sustantiva de género, lo cual se demuestra con la denominada “brecha salarial”, que implica que una mujer en México tiene que trabajar 51 días más que un hombre para ganar lo mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evidenciar que la simple enunciación normativa o la amenaza de sanción ante el incumplimiento, no conduce necesariamente a un cambio inmediato de la realidad social, sino que es necesario que el Estado tome otra especie de acciones, más allá de la producción de leyes y el castigo. O sea, dirigirse hacia un derecho premial. A través de un estudio analítico, histórico, descriptivo y de derecho comparado, se llegará a la conclusión de que las políticas públicas que en esta materia se han verificado en nuestro país, aun son insuficientes, pues impera la desigualdad de género, contrario al diseño constitucional y legal que propugna por lo contrario; a saber: la igualdad. En esa virtud, se impone sugerir otra especie de medidas que incentiven a los empleadores a equilibrar en las empresas las condiciones y situaciones laborales que conduzcan a la igualdad deseada, como pudiesen ser: los beneficios fiscales, las ventajas crediticias, la exigencia de cuotas de género en la contratación o el otorgamiento de distintivos que destaquen a las industrias igualitarias, entre otros.