Abstract In Portoviejo, the current use of electric vehicles (EVs) is limited compared to conventional vehicles. However, due to the implementation of laws, regulations, and policies promoting electric mobility in Ecuador, a significant increase in the integration of EVs into the city's electrical system is anticipated in the coming years. To anticipate the impact on the electrical infrastructure, a simulation is conducted using CYMDIST software on an electrical distribution feeder operated by the Public Company Corporación Nacional de Electricidad (CNEL EP), Manabí Business Unit (Portoviejo). The simulation considers three scenarios projected for 2030: 1. Baseline scenario without EV integration, 2. Unrestrained EV integration, and 3. Managed EV integration. This research aims to simulate the integration of up to 230 EVs into the network to provide benchmark data for understanding the potential impacts on the feeder as EV adoption increases, with vehicles being charged over extended periods. The investigation will highlight the importance of demand management with EV integration, demonstratingsignificant effects on the demand curve, voltage profile, and total harmonic distortion rate (THD%) of a 13.8 kV distribution feeder.

Resumen En la ciudad de Portoviejo, actualmente el uso de vehículos eléctricos (VE) es limitado en comparación con el uso de los convencionales. Sin embargo, debido a la implementación de leyes, reglamentos y regulaciones que impulsan la movilidad eléctrica en el Ecuador, se espera que en los próximos años se produzca un ingreso considerable de esta carga (VE) en el sistema eléctrico de la ciudad. En este sentido, para determinar probables afectaciones a producirse en el sistema eléctrico en el futuro, se realiza la simulación en el software CYMDIST de un alimentador de distribución eléctrico de la Empresa Pública Corporación Nacional de Electricidad CNEL EP Unidad de Negocio Manabí (Portoviejo), considerando tres escenarios de análisis proyectados al año 2030 como son: 1. Caso base sin ingreso de VE, 2. Ingreso no controlado de VE y 3. Ingreso controlado de VE. El presente trabajo simula el ingreso de hasta 230 vehículos en la red, puesto que, el objetivo del estudio es tomar datos referenciales para conocer la posible afectación en el alimentador cuando los VE se conecten de forma masiva y se carguen prolongadamente. Al final del estudio se comprobará la importancia de la gestión de la demanda cuando se produzca el ingreso de vehículos eléctricos, el cual refleja resultados importantes en la curva de demanda, perfil de voltaje y tasa de distorsión armónica THD % de un alimentador de distribución a 13,8 kV.

Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

Abstract: In the current era of exponential digital expansion, the civil liability of data handlers emerges as a crucial area of inquiry. This research is motivated by the imperative need to safeguard users’ personal information, ensuring that providers operate within a legal framework that prioritizes data security and individual privacy. The imperative becomes even more apparent deepens when considering the disparities and convergences in the legal approaches adopted in Brazil and Europe, two regions with significantly developed legal frameworks in this domain. The primary objective of this study is to analyze and compare the prevailing legal structures concerning the civil liability of data handlers. It seeks to identify the best practices and potential gaps in existing regulations, fostering critical discussions about applicable preventive and corrective measures. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparative analysis will be conducted to elucidate the fundamental similarities and differences in the civil liability policies adopted by both regions. This study aims to make a significant contribution to the growing body of legal literature that seeks to navigate the complexities of the constantly evolving digital landscape. The methodology employed in this research will be deductive, utilizing a qualitative and descriptive approach. It will commence with an extensive bibliographic review to gather secondary data from literature, legislations, and pertinent judicial cases.

Resumen: En el contexto actual, marcado por la expansión digital exponencial, la responsabilidad civil de los proveedores en el tratamiento de datos sensibles emerge como un área de investigación vital. Esta investigación se justifica por la necesidad imperativa de proteger la información personal de los usuarios, asegurando que los proveedores operen dentro de un marco legal que promueva la seguridad de los datos y la privacidad individual. La justificación se profundiza al considerar las disparidades y convergencias en los enfoques legales adoptados en Brasil y Europa, dos regiones con marcos legales significativamente desarrollados en esta materia. El objetivo primordial de este estudio es analizar y comparar las estructuras legales vigentes relacionadas con la responsabilidad civil de los proveedores en el tratamiento de datos sensibles. Se espera identificar las mejores prácticas y posibles lagunas en las regulaciones existentes, fomentando una discusión crítica sobre medidas preventivas y correctivas aplicables. Posteriormente, se llevará a cabo un análisis comparativo crítico para destilar las similitudes y diferencias fundamentales en las políticas de responsabilidad civil adoptadas por ambas regiones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir significativamente al creciente cuerpo de literatura legal que busca navegar por las complejidades del mundo digital en constante evolución. La metodología empleada en esta investigación será deductiva con un enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo, comenzando con una revisión bibliográfica extensiva para recopilar datos secundarios de literatura, legislación y casos judiciales pertinentes.

Resumo: No contexto atual, marcado pela expansão digital exponencial, a responsabilidade civil dos provedores no tratamento de dados sensíveis emerge como uma área de pesquisa vital. Esta pesquisa é justificada pela necessidade imperativa de proteger as informações pessoais dos usuários, garantindo que os provedores operem dentro de um quadro legal que promova a segurança dos dados e a privacidade individual. A justificativa é aprofundada ao considerar as disparidades e convergências nos enfoques legais adotados no Brasil e na Europa, duas regiões com marcos legais significativamente desenvolvidos nesta matéria. O objetivo primordial deste estudo é analisar e comparar as estruturas legais vigentes relacionadas com a responsabilidade civil dos provedores no tratamento de dados sensíveis. Espera-se identificar as melhores práticas e possíveis lacunas nas regulamentações existentes, fomentando uma discussão crítica sobre medidas preventivas e corretivas aplicáveis. Posteriormente, será realizada uma análise comparativa crítica para destilar as semelhanças e diferenças fundamentais nas políticas de responsabilidade civil adotadas por ambas as regiões. Este Revela os resultados do desenvolvimento do projeto de pesquisa fomentado pelo Programa de Bolsas de Produtividade em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (Edital n° 10/2022), e também das discussões provenientes do Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares de Direito e Inovação da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, grupo de estudos certificado e mantido pelos autores estudo tem como objetivo contribuir significativamente para o crescente corpo de literatura legal que busca navegar pelas complexidades do mundo digital em constante evolução. A metodologia empregada nesta pesquisa será dedutiva com um enfoque qualitativo e descritivo, começando com uma revisão bibliográfica extensiva para recompilar dados secundários de literatura, legislação e casos judiciais pertinentes.

RESUMEN La 'Era Vargas' marcó un cambio en la política económica brasileña, adoptando un enfoque desarrollista. Nombrada en honor al presidente Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945, 1950-1954), esta era se centró en el desarrollo a través del Estado, con la explotación petrolera, la industria del acero y la renovación urbana. Vargas y sus sucesores planearon las Reformas de Base (laboral, fiscal, administrativa, urbana y agraria). Sin embargo, fuerzas conservadoras las obstaculizaron, al sostener modos de regulación clásicos liberales de propiedad, expropiación e indemnización. Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisitar la historia de estas reformas, centrándose en los conceptos citados, que continúan dando forma a la regulación de la tierra y a las formas jurídicas contemporáneas.

ABSTRACT The 'Era Vargas' brought a shift in Brazilian economic politics, using a developmentalist approach. Named after President Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a dictator from 1930 to 1945 and was later elected from 1951 to 1954, the era focused on development through public enterprises, including petroleum, steel, and urban renewal. Vargas and his successors planned the Basic Reforms, encompassing labor, tax, state, administrative, urban, and agrarian reforms. However, conservative forces hindered agrarian and urban reforms, maintaining classical liberal property and eminent domain concepts. This study aims to revisit the history of these reforms, focusing on property and eminent domain, as they continue to shape contemporary land regulations and takings.

RESUMO A 'Era Vargas' marcou uma mudança na política económica brasileira, adotando uma abordagem desenvolvimentista. Batizada em homenagem ao presidente Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945, 1950-1954), a época focou no desenvolvimento por intermédio do Estado, que incentivou a exploração petrolífera, a siderurgia e a renovação urbana. Vargas e seus sucessores planejaram as Reformas de Base (trabalhista, fiscal, administrativa, urbana e agrária). No entanto, as forças conservadoras as impediram, apoiando os modos liberais clássicos de regulação da propriedade, desapropriação e indenização. Este estudo visa revisitar a história dessas reformas, com foco nos conceitos citados, que continuam a moldar a regulação fundiária e as formas jurídicas contemporâneas.

Abstract: Since the end of the civic-military dictatorship in Chile, modifications have been made to the regulations governing punitive measures and sanctions that can marginalize students from school. In this research, we aim to examine how have been incorporated into this process expulsion or cancellation of enrollment measures as security policies in Chilean schools. To do this, we reviewed laws, decrees, and policy documents in the field of School Coexistence from the year 2000 to the present. A transition can be observed, from the initial regulations that sought to stop the excesses and abuses permitted by the legislation inherited from the military regime, towards regulations framed within a paradigm of a safe school, which emerged in the context of secondary student mobilizations.

Resumen: Desde el fin de la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile, se han hecho modificaciones a las normativas que regulan las medidas punitivas y las sanciones que pueden marginar a estudiantes de la escuela. En esta investigación, se busca revisar cómo se han instalado en ese proceso las medidas de expulsión o cancelación de matrícula como políticas de seguridad en la escuela en Chile. Para eso, se revisaron leyes, decretos y documentos de políticas en el ámbito de la Convivencia Escolar desde el año 2000 a la actualidad. Se logra apreciar una transición, desde las primeras regulaciones que buscaban detener los excesos y los abusos que permitía la legislación y que eran herencia del régimen militar; hacia regulaciones enmarcadas en un paradigma de la escuela segura, que se instala en el marco de las movilizaciones de estudiantes secundarias/os.

Resumo: Desde o fim da ditadura cívico-militar no Chile, foram feitas modificações nas normativas que regulam as medidas punitivas e as sanções que podem marginalizar estudantes da escola. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se revisar como as medidas de expulsão ou cancelamento de matrícula foram instaladas neste processo como políticas de segurança na escola do Chile. Para isso, foram revisadas leis, decretos e documentos políticos no âmbito da Convivência Escolar desde o ano 2000 até o presente. Pode-se observar uma transição, desde as primeiras regulamentações que buscavam deter os excessos e os abusos permitidos pela legislação e que eram herança do regime militar; em direção a regulamentações enquadradas num paradigma de escola segura, que se instala no contexto das mobilizações de estudantes secundários.

The study reported on here was intended to reveal the existence and direction of education democracy in Indonesia with regard to the regulations, the implementation models, problems, and future prospects. The data were obtained from various written materials of official government policy records, namely, laws, ministerial regulations, curriculum implementation guidebooks, discourses and policy criticisms on the implementation of education democracy in Indonesia published in mass media, articles and research journals. The data were analysed using philosophical-dialogical analysis. The findings indicate that in terms of practice, the regulations related to education democracy in the form of education autonomy still could not be implemented properly because of several constraints such as a lack of teachers' professionalism, poor and less effective management of education and learning systems which are not in line with the administrative prerequisites and principles and spirit of education autonomy. Moreover, through its policies, the government still controlled education nationally resulting in autonomy that should provide maximum freedom to the community to manage education is being eroded, which limits the autonomy of education.

Abstract In Chile, despite the fact that the General Education Law No. 20,370 establishes the need to recognize and value people in their cultural specificity, worldview and history, the Educational Policy of Vocational Technical Training does not incorporate knowledge, methods or practices of the various indigenous cultures in the learning processes. To address this problem, educational institutions should move forward in assuming an intercultural educational approach, to ensure the recognition of social and cultural diversity. Using a documentary review at the international, national and local levels, the objective of this essay is to discuss the relevance of the intercultural educational approach as an alternative theoretical support to the monocultural approach that governs the current Vocational Technical Training Policy from the analysis of the Chilean case. To achieve this, we examine the professional technical policy, its laws and regulations in force, to account for how the current school curriculum and educational processes have configured a monocultural, homogenizing and decontextualized educational system. With this analysis, a proposal is presented to modify the policy in question, to incorporate a fifth strategic pillar: Intercultural Learning, based on four lines of action: learning centered on values; articulation of pedagogical approaches; bilingual intercultural learning; and, co-constructed learning. The conclusions suggest that our proposal would be an alternative way to the Western conception to learn and build knowledge, thus responding to the historical, social, cultural and individual demands of people and their territories.

Resumen En Chile, a pesar de que la Ley General de Educación N°20.370 establece la necesidad de reconocer y valorar a las personas en su especificidad cultural, cosmovisión e historia, la Política Educativa de Formación Técnica Profesional no incorpora conocimientos, métodos o prácticas de las diversas culturas indígenas en los procesos de aprendizaje. Para enfrentar este problema, las instituciones educativas deberían avanzar en asumir un enfoque educativo intercultural para garantizar el reconocimiento de la diversidad social y cultural. Mediante una revisión documental a nivel internacional, nacional y local, el objetivo de este ensayo es discutir la pertinencia del enfoque educativo intercultural como sustento teórico-práctico alternativo del enfoque monocultural que gobierna la actual Política de Formación Técnica Profesional a partir del análisis del caso chileno. Para lograrlo, examinamos la política técnica profesional, sus leyes y normas vigentes, con el fin de dar cuenta de cómo el actual curriculum escolar y los procesos educativos han configurado un sistema educativo monocultural, homogeneizador y descontextualizado. Con este análisis, se presenta una propuesta de modificación a la política en cuestión, para incorporar un quinto pilar estratégico: Aprendizaje Intercultural, sustentado en cuatro líneas de acción: aprendizaje centrado en valores; articulación de enfoques pedagógicos; aprendizaje intercultural bilingüe y aprendizaje co-construido. Las conclusiones plantean que nuestra propuesta sería una forma alternativa a la concepción occidental para aprender y construir conocimientos, respondiendo a las demandas históricas, sociales, culturales e individuales de las personas y sus territorios.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el marco jurídico de protección del derecho a la salud de las mujeres embarazadas. Se encontró que existen leyes y políticas específicas que protegen los derechos de las embarazadas, como el acceso a la atención prenatal y obstétrica de calidad, los cuales se encuentran refrendados en cuerpos legales como la Constitución, códigos y leyes. Se identificaron brechas en la implementación y cumplimiento de estas normativas. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados, persisten desafíos significativos en términos de acceso equitativo a la atención de salud durante el embarazo, así como la persistencia de prácticas discriminatorias. Con base en estos hallazgos, se recomienda fortalecer y mejorar la implementación de las leyes y políticas existentes, así como promover una mayor conciencia y educación en materia de derechos de las embarazadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to analyze the legal framework for the protection of the right to health of pregnant women. It was found that there are specific laws and policies that protect the rights of pregnant women, such as access to quality prenatal and obstetric care, which are endorsed in legal bodies such as the Constitution, codes and laws. Gaps were identified in the implementation and compliance of these regulations. Despite the efforts made, significant challenges persist in terms of equitable access to health care during pregnancy, as well as the persistence of discriminatory practices. Based on these findings, it is recommended to strengthen and improve the implementation of existing laws and policies, as well as promote greater awareness and education regarding the rights of pregnant women.

Resumo A percepção tradicional de direitos e obrigações mútuos no mundo em desenvolvimento estava praticamente limitada apenas aos seres humanos. Felizmente, esse entendimento convencional está crescendo para incluir todos os seres vivos no âmbito de certos direitos básicos. Também está abordando aquelas criaturas que coexistem naturalmente com as sociedades humanas ou estão associadas à subsistência e interdependência delas. Isso significa que deve haver um corpo prescrito de regras e regulamentos para regular a conduta humana na sociedade. No Paquistão, o despertar social para os direitos dos animais, apoiado por campanhas internacionais, levou as instituições estatais a criar um corpo adequado de regras e regulamentos para a proteção dos direitos dos animais. O objetivo de desenvolver a compreensão necessária é, em primeiro lugar, esclarecer: o que é um direito e o que é uma obrigação? Em segundo lugar, qual deve ser a natureza desses direitos e obrigações? Devem ser apenas específicos dos seres humanos ou existem outros seres que também possuem certos direitos? Se outros seres vivos e espécies têm direitos, como esses direitos devem ser conferidos e regulamentados? Quem está obrigado a fornecer esses direitos? Quem é o responsável por garantir o cumprimento de tais obrigações? Está ficando mais claro que, assim como os seres humanos, os animais têm certos direitos enquanto seres vivos. Quase todas as religiões do mundo prescreveram certos direitos a eles que estão criptografados em seus livros sagrados. A maioria das pessoas está ciente do conceito básico de observar o comportamento suave e gentil apenas para animais de estimação. Hoje, sabemos cientificamente que a humanidade e os animais têm uma inevitabilidade coexistente. Ao observar o comportamento e a sensação mútuos, o mundo concedeu direitos especiais aos animais, fazendo leis e atos. A implementação desses direitos só pode ser feita por meio do entendimento mútuo dos cidadãos sob a supervisão das agências de aplicação da lei. É responsabilidade do Estado e dos cidadãos dos Estados proteger conjuntamente os animais quando seus direitos estão sendo violados.

Abstract The traditional perception of mutual rights and obligations in the developing world was practically confined to human beings only. Fortunately, this conventional understanding is growing to include all living beings in the scope of certain basic rights. It is also addressing those creatures which are co-existing with human societies naturally or are associated for their subsistence and interdependence. It means that there should be prescribed body of rules and regulations to regulate human conduct in the society. In Pakistan social awakening for animal rights supported by international campaigns have urged state institutions to make adequate body of rules and regulations for protection of animal rights. Purpose of developing required understanding, at the first place is to clarify what is a right and what is an obligation? Secondly what should be the nature of these rights and obligations. Should these be only specific to human beings or there are other beings who also possess certain rights? If other living beings, species have rights, how these rights are to be conferred and regulated? Who is under obligation to provide these rights? Who is liable and responsible to ensure observance of such obligations? It is becoming clearer that like human beings’ animals do have certain rights as living beings. All most all religions of the world have prescribed certain rights to them which are encrypted in their holy books. Most of the people are aware of basic concept of observing mild and kind behavior towards pet animals only. Today we scientifically know that humanity and animals have co-existing inevitability. By observing mutual behavior and sensation, the world has provided special rights to the animals by making laws and Acts. Implementation of those rights can only be made through mutual understanding of the citizens under the supervision of law enforcing agencies. It is the responsibility of state and citizens of the states jointly to protect the animals when their rights are being violated.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender e interpretar a través de un estudio hermenéutico la legislación sobre el depósito legal en los países latinoamericanos integrantes de la Asociación de Estados Iberoamericanos para el Desarrollo de las Bibliotecas Nacionales de Iberoamérica (ABINIA) -se excluyen España y Portugal-, a los efectos de establecer un estado del arte crítico sobre la situación. El estudio se basó en una investigación documental con una estrategia cuanti y cualitativa. Como metodología para identificar e interpretar las legislaciones sobre el depósito legal, se aplicaron un análisis de contenido comparativo y una lectura hermenéutica de los textos. Se concluye que existe una gran dependencia del ISBN para poder cumplir con la normativa del depósito legal y se puede afirmar que el depósito legal no representa la totalidad del patrimonio documental de un país, sino solo una parte que está sujeta a las legislaciones vigentes y a las posibilidades de cumplirlas. Existe, además, una falta de precisión de muchos aspectos del depósito legal en las legislaciones analizadas.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to understand and interpret through a hermeneutic study the legislation on legal deposit in the Latin American countries members of the Association of Ibero-American States for the Development of National Libraries of Ibero-America (ABINIA) -excluding Spain and Portugal-, in order to establish a critical state of the art on the situation. The study was based on documentary research with a quantitative and qualitative strategy. A comparative content analysis and a hermeneutic reading of the texts were applied as a methodology to identify and interpret the legislation on legal deposit. It is concluded that there is a great dependence on the ISBN in order to comply with legal deposit regulations and it can be stated that legal deposit does not represent the totality of a country's documentary heritage, but only a part of it, which is subject to the legislation in force and the possibilities of complying with it. There is also a lack of precision in many aspects of legal deposit in the legislations analyzed.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender e interpretar, através de um estudo hermenêutico, a legislação sobre o depósito legal nos países latino-americanos membros da Associação de Estados Ibero-americanos para o Desenvolvimento das Bibliotecas Nacionais na Ibero-América (ABINIA), excluindo Espanha e Portugal, a fim de estabelecer um estado da arte crítico sobre a situação. O estudo baseou-se numa investigação documental com uma estratégia quantitativa e qualitativa. A análise comparativa de conteúdo e a leitura hermenêutica dos textos foram aplicadas como metodologia para identificar e interpretar a legislação sobre o depósito legal. Conclui-se que existe uma grande dependência do ISBN para o cumprimento das normas de depósito legal e que o depósito legal não representa a totalidade do património documental de um país, mas apenas uma parte dele, que está sujeita à legislação em vigor e às possibilidades de a cumprir. Além disso, em muitos aspectos do depósito legal, as legislações analisadas são pouco precisas.

Abstract Although Mexican law provides norms that protect gender equality, actual gender equality has not yet been achieved, as shown by the so-called “salary gap,” which states that a woman in Mexico must work 51 days more than a man to earn the same. The objective of this paper is to show that the mere promulgation of regulations or the threat of sanctions for non-compliance does not necessarily lead to an immediate change in social reality, but rather that it is necessary for the state to take other measures that go beyond the creation of laws and penalties. In other words, it must work toward premium law. Through an analytical, historical, descriptive and comparative law study, it will be concluded that the public measures reviewed in our country on this matter are still insufficient, since gender inequality prevails, contrary to the constitutional and legal design that propagates the opposite, namely: equality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a different type of measures that encourage employers to balance the working conditions and situations in companies so as to achieve the desired equality, such as: Tax incentives, credit incentives, requiring employment quotas, gender equality in hiring, or awarding badges that indicate egalitarian industries, among others.

Resumen Si bien es cierto que el Derecho mexicano contempla normas protectoras de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, aún no se consigue una igualdad sustantiva de género, lo cual se demuestra con la denominada “brecha salarial”, que implica que una mujer en México tiene que trabajar 51 días más que un hombre para ganar lo mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evidenciar que la simple enunciación normativa o la amenaza de sanción ante el incumplimiento, no conduce necesariamente a un cambio inmediato de la realidad social, sino que es necesario que el Estado tome otra especie de acciones, más allá de la producción de leyes y el castigo. O sea, dirigirse hacia un derecho premial. A través de un estudio analítico, histórico, descriptivo y de derecho comparado, se llegará a la conclusión de que las políticas públicas que en esta materia se han verificado en nuestro país, aun son insuficientes, pues impera la desigualdad de género, contrario al diseño constitucional y legal que propugna por lo contrario; a saber: la igualdad. En esa virtud, se impone sugerir otra especie de medidas que incentiven a los empleadores a equilibrar en las empresas las condiciones y situaciones laborales que conduzcan a la igualdad deseada, como pudiesen ser: los beneficios fiscales, las ventajas crediticias, la exigencia de cuotas de género en la contratación o el otorgamiento de distintivos que destaquen a las industrias igualitarias, entre otros.

The study's main objective was to investigate the challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers and informal food traders in the agri-food value chain in Gauteng province. A sample of 32 smallholder crop farmers and 32 informal food traders was gathered using questionnaire surveys. The different challenges identified have negatively influenced the progress and development of these actors. For example, COVID-19 lockdown regulations have destroyed the trading jobs of informal food traders, directly affecting smallholder crop farmers' income. This was because informal food traders were identified as the major customers for smallholder crop farmers, as indicated by the study data. Other challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers included a small amount of arable land, lack of grower schemes, regulatory barriers, lack of agricultural management skills and extension services, and lack of credit facilities and resources. As part of the recommendations for the smallholder crop farmers, it was proposed that the Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development should improve policies on the reaction and management of shocks like COVID-19 in the economy to protect the vulnerable groups in society. Additional recommendations included addressing gender disparity in the smallholder crop farming sector as males dominated the agricultural sector; introducing easy eligibility criteria for micro-loan applications by DFIs to enable smallholder crop farmers to access loans; and the proposal for extensive arable land to aid smallholder crop farmers to expand and grow in their business trajectory. For the informal food traders, it was recommended that the municipal authority improve the by-laws that govern how informal food traders are treated.

ORIENTATION: Commitment, well-being and employer loyalty affect nurse retention. Literature shows that nurses are leaving the workforce at an alarming rate and that various factors are causing them to leave their employers RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the ethical work climate in the organisation on nurses' commitment MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The health sector is essential in promoting mental, physical and emotional health but faces a shortage of skilled workers. The work ethics climate (WEC) can play a crucial role in retaining skills RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A quantitative research approach was adopted in a non-probability convenience sample of 208 permanent nurses from a South African public hospital. Participants completed self-assessments on an ethical climate questionnaire and an organisational commitment scale (OCS), and regression analysis was used to analyse the data MAIN FINDINGS: Work ethics climate correlated with nurses' affective, continuance and normative commitment. In addition, the results indicated that WEC predicted nurses' commitment PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Public hospitals in South Africa should create policies, laws and procedures that encourage ethical behaviour characterised by honesty, justice and dignity to boost nurse commitment. Thus, the South African hospital should foster an ethical workplace and implement an ethical code CONTRIBUTION/VALUE ADD: This study contributes to the theory of ethical work climate and ethical behaviour by suggesting that nurses who positively perceive policies, rules and hospitals that have clear regulations are more likely to engage

Abstract Several countries and non-governmental organizations have discussed the use of animals in industry and biomedical areas. This work shows the progression of animal’ rights for scientific purposes in Brazil and how Brazilian Councils have advanced to follow worldwide regulations. Since the first rules about animals’ usage in Ireland in 1635, the British Cruelty to Animals Act in 1876, and the Brazilian animal protection rules in 1924 and 1934, most worldwide actions culminated in the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights (1978). In 1979, the Brazilian Law 6.638 displayed directives for didactic-scientific practice of vivisection. In 2008, the Arouca Law 11.794 filled regulatory gaps and created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA). In 2014, the CONCEA incorporated the 3R’s philosophy and recognized substitute techniques, but only in 2023 it prohibited vertebrate animals in scientific research, development and control of personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes. It is clear current Brazilian and international rules are unable to cover all aspects of animal wellbeing, even for regulations of commercial issues. Certainly, innovative tools, as organ-on-chip, in vitro techniques and bioinformatical advancements will provide a crucial animal welfare and new laws will minimize animal pain and distress, including for disregarded invertebrates. nongovernmental non governmental areas 1635 1876 192 1934 1978. 1978 . (1978) 1979 6638 6 638 6.63 didacticscientific didactic vivisection 2008 11794 11 794 11.79 CONCEA. (CONCEA) 2014 3Rs Rs 3R s R 202 research products perfumes wellbeing issues Certainly tools organonchip, organonchip organ on chip, chip organ-on-chip distress invertebrates 163 187 19 193 197 (1978 663 63 6.6 200 1179 1 79 11.7 (CONCEA 201 20 16 18 (197 66 6. 117 7 11. 2 (19 (1 (

Resumen La Organización de las Naciones Unidas ha realizado un llamamiento universal con la finalidad de contribuir a la eliminación de la pobreza, equilibrar la sostenibilidad social, económica y ambiental para el 2023, en particular se plantea lograr la cobertura sanitaria universal y el acceso a servicios de atención de salud esenciales de calidad. Estos objetivos, se encuentran alineados con los principios de Alma Ata del 78 y de Astaná del 2018 y son recogidos por el sistema de salud de Uruguay. En el presente artículo nos planteamos como objetivo, realizar un análisis crítico de su alcance, para lo cual trabajaremos con tres investigaciones realizadas en una red de policlínicas públicas de Uruguay en zona fronteriza con Brasil, analizándolas a la luz de las normativas nacionales e internacionales sobre el acceso a servicios de salud. A lo largo del mismo transitaremos por normas, leyes, experiencias diferentes y autores que ponen en cuestión las definiciones y la práctica, evidenciando las contradicciones existentes entre las definiciones de principios y las definiciones políticas, entre garantizar el derecho a la salud o la mercantilización del sistema sanitario. Lo que se evidenció en las grandes diferencias en el acceso a los servicios de salud entre los usuarios del subsector público y del subsector privado entre otras brechas de acceso a servicios de salud. Una de las conclusiones del artículo refuerza la idea de que la salud es un producto histórico en permanente cambio, dialécticamente unido a las necesidades de las personas y en contradicción con los intereses de las empresas, esta particularidad genera un espacio de permanente lucha en donde los Estados deben asumir un rol más firma en la defensa de la salud como un derecho humano fundamental.

Summary The United Nations has made a universal call with the purpose of contributing to the elimination of poverty, balancing social, economic and environmental sustainability by 2023, in particular it aims to achieve universal health coverage and access to health services. quality essential health care. These objectives are aligned with the principles of Alma Ata of 78 and Astana of 2018 and are included by the Uruguayan health system. In this article we aim to carry out a critical analysis of its scope, for which we will work with three investigations carried out in a network of public polyclinics in Uruguay in the border area with Brazil, analyzing them in light of national and international regulations on access to health services. Throughout it we will go through norms, laws, different experiences and authors who question definitions and practice, evidencing the contradictions between definitions of principles and political definitions, between guaranteeing the right to health or the commercialization of health. sanitary system. This was evident in the large differences in access to health services between users of the public subsector and the private subsector, among other gaps in access to health services. One of the conclusions of the article reinforces the idea that health is a historical product in permanent change, dialectically linked to the needs of people and in contradiction with the interests of companies, this particularity generates a space of permanent struggle where States must assume a stronger role in defending health as a fundamental human right.

Resumo As Nações Unidas fizeram um apelo universal com o propósito de contribuir para a eliminação da pobreza, equilibrando a sustentabilidade social, económica e ambiental até 2023, em particular visa alcançar a cobertura universal de saúde e o acesso aos serviços de saúde. Estes objetivos estão alinhados com os princípios de Alma Ata de 78 e Astana de 2018 e estão incluídos no sistema de saúde uruguaio. Neste artigo pretendemos realizar uma análise crítica de seu alcance, para a qual trabalharemos com três investigações realizadas em uma rede de policlínicas públicas do Uruguai na zona fronteiriça com o Brasil, analisando-as à luz das regulamentações nacionais e internacionais sobre acesso aos serviços de saúde. Ao longo dele percorreremos normas, leis, diferentes experiências e autores que questionam definições e práticas, evidenciando as contradições entre definições de princípios e definições políticas, entre a garantia do direito à saúde ou a comercialização do sistema sanitário. Isto ficou evidente nas grandes diferenças no acesso aos serviços de saúde entre os utilizadores do subsector público e do subsector privado, entre outras lacunas no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Uma das conclusões do artigo reforça a ideia de que a saúde é um produto histórico em permanente mudança, dialeticamente ligado às necessidades das pessoas e em contradição com os interesses das empresas, esta particularidade gera um espaço de luta permanente onde os Estados devem assumir uma posição mais forte. papel na defesa da saúde como um direito humano fundamental.