Resumen Introducción: El manglar es uno de los ecosistemas más importantes del planeta, debido al papel ecológico que desempeña en las costas, ya que es el hábitat, o bien el área de refugio y alimentación para diversas especies. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad y fluctuación anual de la comunidad de cerambícidos, así como la distribución vertical de la riqueza de especies asociadas al borde e interior de un manglar en Tabasco, México. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó de agosto 2016 a julio 2017. La captura de insectos se realizó con trampas de intercepción cebadas con alcohol etílico al 70 % a 1.5, 6 y 12 m de altura, en el borde e interior del manglar. Resultados: Se recolectaron un total de 382 especímenes de tres subfamilias, pertenecientes a 36 especies de 25 géneros; Laminae fue la subfamilia más diversa con 24 especies, seguida de Cerambycinae con 11. En el borde del manglar se capturaron 31 especies y en el interior 21. El índice 1D, determinó que el borde fue 2.51 más diverso que el interior, con una similitud del 61 %, al compartir 16 especies. La fluctuación de las comunidades en el borde e interior presentó notables diferencias durante el año de muestreo. En el borde, la mayor riqueza de especie se registró a los 6 m de altura y en el interior a 1.5 m y 6 m. Conclusión: Los estudios relacionados con la distribución vertical de este grupo de insectos, aunado al incremento del tiempo de recolecta y utilizando técnicas complementarias, podrían dar mejores resultados para inventariar el mayor número de especies en los ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: The mangrove is one of the most important ecosystems on the planet, due to the ecological role it plays on coastlines, it provides development, protection, and feeding areas for various species. Objective: To determine the diversity and annual fluctuation of the cerambycid community, as well as the vertical distribution of species richness associated with the edge and interior of a mangrove in Tabasco, Mexico. Methods: The sampling was carried out from August 2016 to July 2017. The capture of insects was performed with interception traps baited with ethanol 70 % at 1.5, 6, and 12 m height, on the edge and interior of the mangrove. Results: A total of 382 specimens were collected, belonging to three subfamilies, 25 genera, and 36 species; Laminae was the subfamily most diverse with 24 species, followed by Cerambycinae with 11 species. At the edge of the mangrove 31 species were captured, and 21 in the interior. The 1D index determined that the edge was 2.51 more diverse than the interior, with a similarity of 61 %, sharing 16 species. The fluctuation of the communities on the edge and interior presented remarkable differences during the sampling year. On the edge, the greatest species richness was recorded at 6 m height and in the interior at 1.5 m and 6 m. Conclusions: Studies related to the vertical distribution of this group of insects, together with the increase in collection time and using complementary techniques, could give better results to inventory a larger number of species in the ecosystems.

Resumen El pez cachorrito de Sonoyta (Cyprinodon eremus) es una especie en peligro de extinción endémica de la cuenca del Río Sonoyta en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de Estados Unidos. Para ayudar en los esfuerzos de conservación de esta especie en México, se estableció una población de refugio en un estanque artificial en 1988 en el Centro Ecológico de Sonora en Hermosillo, Sonora mediante la translocación de individuos de la población del Río Sonoyta. Usamos métodos morfométricos multivariados para delinear las variaciones en la forma del cuerpo en la población del refugio después de 29 años de aislamiento en comparación con individuos silvestres recolectados de la misma muestra. Se observaron variaciones significativas en la forma del cuerpo entre las poblaciones del refugio y las silvestres. Estas variaciones son potencialmente atribuibles a diferentes condiciones ambientales que influyeron en las poblaciones silvestres y del refugio.

Abstract The Sonoyta pupfish (Cyprinodon eremus) is an endangered species endemic to the Sonoyta River basin, in northwestern México and southwestern United States. To assist the conservation efforts for this species in México, a refuge population was established in an artificial pond in 1988 at Centro Ecológico de Sonora in Hermosillo, Sonora by translocating individuals from the Sonoyta River population. We used multivariate morphometric methods to delineate body shape variations in the refuge population after 29 years of isolation, in comparison with wild individuals collected from the same sample. Significant variations were observed in body shape between refuge and wild populations. These variations are potentially attributable to different environmental conditions that influenced the refuge and wild populations.

Resumen Introducción: Los arrecifes de coral del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco son uno de los ecosistemas más prístinos de la Tierra. El erizo de mar Diadema mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) es un habitante común con un papel ecológico esencial en este ecosistema único. Objetivo: En este estudio, identificamos los depredadores predominantes de D. mexicanum y estimamos las tasas de consumos predatorias. También determinamos las tasas predatorias de diferentes tamaños de erizo de mar en sitios con disponibilidad de refugio contrastante. Métodos: Utilizamos grabaciones de video de campo y experimentos de marcaje. Resultados: El pez ballesta Sufflamen verres y el lábrido Bodianus diplotaenia fueron identificados como depredadores de tamaños pequeños y medianos de D. Mexicanum; los lábridos Thalassoma grammaticum y B. diplotaenia (juvenil) y el tetraodóntido Arothron meleagris fueron intento de depredadores; y Canthigaster punctatissima y Holacanthus passer fueron carroñeros. Los erizos de mar de gran tamaño (> 30 mm) también fueron depredados durante el experimento de marcaje. Además, se encontró un efecto claro del sitio en la supervivencia de los diferentes tamaños de erizo de mar. No se encontraron diferencias en la biomasa de los depredadores del erizo de mar entre sitios, lo que señala la importancia de la complejidad del sitio en la supervivencia. En sitios con complejidad estructural alta y media, los individuos grandes tuvieron mejor supervivencia, mientras que en sitios de complejidad baja apenas hubo diferencias en las tasas de supervivencia entre los tres tamaños. Nuestros resultados también muestran que una alta abundancia de peces depredadores, por encima de 0.04 ind m-2, asegura bajas densidades de erizos de mar. A pesar de no ser registrado durante las grabaciones de video, se observó en una ocasión a una langosta depredando sobre un erizo de gran tamaño. Conclusiones: Este estudio identifica el grupo de peces clave con grandes tasas de depredación sobre Diadema en el Parque Nacional, lo que sugiere que las medidas de protección han beneficiado positivamente las poblaciones de peces depredadores y langostas.

Abstract Introduction: The coral reefs of Isla del Coco National Park are some of the most pristine ecosystems on Earth. The sea urchin Diadema mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) is a common inhabitant with a pivotal role in the ecology of this unique ecosystem. Objective: In this study, we identified the predominant predators of D. mexicanum and estimated the predatory consumption rates. We also determined predation rates at different sea urchin sizes and at sites with contrasting refuge availability. Methods: We use field video recording observations and tethering experiments. Results: The balistid Sufflamen verres and the labrid Bodianus diplotaenia were identified as predators of small and medium size D. mexicanum; the labrids Thalassoma grammaticum and B. diplotaenia (juvenile) and the tetraodontid Arothron meleagris were attempted predators; and Canthigaster punctatissima and Holacanthus passer were scavengers. Larger sea urchins (> 30 mm) were also preyed upon during the tethering experiments. Furthermore, a clear effect of the site on survival of the different sea urchins’ sizes was noted. No difference in the sea urchin predator biomass was found among sites, which highlights the importance of site complexity on survival. At high and medium complexity sites, large individuals had better survival, while at the low complexity site, there was almost no differences in survival rates among the three size classes. Our results also show that a high abundance of these predatory fishes, above 0.04 ind m-2, guarantees a low sea urchin density. Below this threshold, a higher variability in sea urchin density is observed Despite not being registered with the video recordings, lobsters were observed once preying upon a large sea urchin individual. Conclusions: This study identifies a keystone fish guild with high predation rate for Diadema in the National Park, which suggests that protective actions have positively benefited predatory fish and lobster populations.

Resumen Los márgenes de las rutas que contienen vegetación natural brindan condiciones biológicas estables y promueven la biodiversidad. Estas áreas son importantes para mejorar los servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron i) evaluar la diversidad de insectos como visitantes florales (excluyendo apiformes), y la riqueza de especies de plantas en los márgenes de las rutas, ii) determinar los Grupos Funcionales de insectos registrados como visitantes florales en los márgenes de rutas, y iii) analizar el rol ecológico de los insectos presentes en ocho márgenes de rutas ubicados en la región centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de cuatro rutas provinciales (N°. 6, 10, 62 y 64) y la ruta nacional N°. 19; de noviembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se registraron un total de 1614 insectos, Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) y Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fueron las especies más abundantes. Las familias Brassicaceae, Apiaceae y Asteraceae recibieron el mayor número de visitas de insectos. Se registraron un total de 225 interacciones planta-insecto. Se discute la importancia de los márgenes de ruta con vegetación natural para proporcionar alimento y refugio a insectos polinizadores, depredadores, parasitoides, herbívoros y descomponedores.

Abstract The roadside margins that contain natural vegetation provides biological stable conditions and promote biodiversity. These areas are important to enhance ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. The aims of this study were i) to assess the diversity of insects as floral visitors (excluding apiformes), and plant species richness in roadside margins, ii) to determine the Functional Groups of insects recorded as floral visitors of roadside margins, and iii) to analyze the ecological role of insects presents in eight roadside margins located in the central-eastern region of the Santa Fe province. The study was conducted along four provincial roads (No. 6, 10, 62, and 64) and the national road No. 19, on November 2013 to September 2015. A total of 1614 insects were recorded. Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were the most abundant species. The families Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae received the highest number of insect visits. A total of 225 plant-insect interactions were recorded. The importance of roadside margin with natural vegetation to provide food and shelters for pollinators, predators, parasitoids, herbivores, and decomposers insects is discussed.

ABSTRACT Environmental education increases citizens' awareness and knowledge about ecotourism, which is a type of tourism that relates to nature and other activities. In addition, it has several segments with different motivations. This study aimed to: 1 Identify the motivations in ecotourism. 2 Analyze the different segments in ecotourism. To this end, a quantitative study was conducted through an in situ sample in two protected areas: the Puntilla de Santa Elena Fauna Production Reserve and the Manglares el Morro Wildlife Refuge. The statistical techniques used were factor analysis and the k-means grouping method. Six motivational factors were obtained: self-development and interpersonal relationships, construction of personal relationships, escape and defensive ego function, rewarding oneself, novelty, nature. In addition, three segments were obtained: multiple motives, reward and escape, and nature. This study will help tourism-related institutions to develop strategies to improve the experience of tourists based on Environmental Education.

RESUMEN La educación ambiental aumenta la concienciación y el conocimiento de los ciudadanos sobre el ecoturismo, que es un tipo de turismo que se relaciona con la naturaleza y otras actividades. Además, tiene varios segmentos con diferentes motivaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo: 1 Identificar las motivaciones en el ecoturismo. 2 Analizar los diferentes segmentos en el ecoturismo. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo mediante una muestra in situ en dos áreas protegidas: La Reserva de Producción de Fauna Puntilla de Santa Elena y el Refugio de vida silvestre Manglares el Morro. Se utilizó como técnicas estadísticas al análisis factorial y al método de agrupamiento k medias. Se obtuvieron seis factores motivacionales: el autodesarrollo y relaciones interpersonales, Construcción de relaciones personales, Escape y función defensiva del ego, Recompensarse, novedad, naturaleza. Además, se obtuvieron tres segmentos: múltiples motivos, recompensarse y escape, y naturaleza. Este estudio servirá para que las instituciones relacionadas al turismo puedan elaborar estrategias que mejoren la experiencia de los turistas fundamentados en Educación Ambiental.

Resumen El murciélago magueyero mayor (Leptonycteris nivalis) es el murciélago nectarívoro más grande de América y una de las tres especies nectarívoras migratorias de México. Se encuentra catalogada como especie ’En Peligro de Extinción’ en Estados Unidos y como ’Amenazada’ bajo la ley federal mexicana. A pesar de que L. nivalis tiene una amplia distribución en el país, solamente se ha documentado un refugio de apareamiento de esta especie: “La Cueva del Diablo”, localizada en el estado de Morelos, en el centro de México. En 1994, con la participación de investigadores origen mexicano y de Estado Unidos, a través de la USFWS, se elaboró el Plan de Recuperación de L. nivalis, donde se identificaron las acciones más urgentes y necesarias para su recuperación. Dentro de dichas acciones se encuentran la localización y protección de refugios. En este estudio identificamos áreas potenciales de distribución de refugios de apareamiento en el centro de México, realizamos visitas a las zonas predichas por los análisis para confirmar la presencia de L. nivalis y realizamos una evaluación del estado reproductivo de los individuos. Para los análisis realizamos modelos de nicho ecológico utilizando los algoritmos Maxent, Bioclim y GARP y generamos un mapa consenso de las zonas potenciales de distribución. Adicionalmente, realizamos un análisis de distancias euclidanas multidimensionales para identificar las zonas ecológicamente más similares a la “Cueva del Diablo”. Como resultado identificamos áreas potenciales en los estados de Morelos, Puebla y el Estado de México. Visitamos 17 cuevas distribuidas en 10 localidades y encontramos individuos de L. nivalis por dos años consecutivos en la “Cueva de los Coyotes”, localizada en el suroeste del Estado de México. Capturamos 18 individuos en total, incluyendo una hembra preñada. La ubicación de un refugio ocupado por la especie L. nivalis, y particularmente por una hembra preñada, nos permite reflexionar sobre las dinámicas reproductivas de la especie. En ese sentido, las poblaciones reproductivas podrían estarse separando en pequeñas colonias de apareamiento, a parte de “La Cueva del Diablo”, o las hembras preñadas podrían estarse moviendo hacia otros refugios para pasar el resto del inverno. Con el mejoramiento de las técnicas utilizadas en este estudio será posible encontrar y proteger refugios de apareamiento adicionales de L. nivalis.

Abstract The Mexican Long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) is the largest nectarivorous species in the New World, and one of three migratory nectarivores in Mexico. It is considered an ‘Endangered Species’ under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and ‘Threatened’ by the Mexican Federal List of Endangered Species. In 1994, a Recovery Plan was developed by the USFWS with the participation of Mexican and American researchers, and the most urgent actions to ensure the species protection were identified. Locating and protecting roosts are among the most urgent tasks recognized. With this study, we aimed to identify the most suitable areas potentially holding additional mating roosts of Leptonycteris nivalis, and we conducted surveys of these areas to confirm its presence, and to assess the reproductive state of individuals. We used Maxent, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), and Bioclim algorithms to generate an agreement map of the potential distribution of additional mating roosts, and we implemented a Euclidian multidimensional distances analysis to identify ecologically similar regions to “La Cueva del Diablo”, the only mating roost known for the species. We identified suitable areas in the states of Morelos, Puebla and the State of Mexico. We visited seventeen caves distributed in ten different localities in these areas. For two consecutive years, we found the species in a cave called: “La Cueva de los Coyotes”, located in the State of Mexico, where we captured eighteen individuals, including a pregnant female. The location of an unknown roost so far, occupied by individuals of L. nivalis, and among them a pregnant female, allows us to reflect about the reproductive dynamics of the species. In that sense, reproductive populations may be splitting into smaller colonies to mate, other than “La Cueva del Diablo”, or pregnant females might me moving to additional and nearby roosts to spend the rest of the winter season. Using these tools and further refinements we may be able to locate additional mating roosts, thus, providing more possibilities for the application of conservation measures for the protection of the species.

RESUMEN El estuario del Guayas en Ecuador es el ecosistema estuarino más grande en América del Sur occidental. Su valor ecológico recae en la provisión de hábitats de refugio y pesquería, así como servicios de filtrado y desintoxicación proveído por organismos filtradores, vegetación y humedales. Para este análisis se usaron observaciones oceanográficas y meteorológicas para entender la variabilidad hidrodinámica de dos áreas de estudio en la parte interna del estuario, Manglares de Churute y Estero Salado, desde febrero de 2016 hasta febrero de 2017. Churute presentó menos impactos antropogénicos que Estero Salado, el cual actualmente no está acoplado al flujo del río y es altamente influenciado por Guayaquil, la segunda ciudad más grande del Ecuador, y efluentes de piscinas camaroneras adyacentes. La influencia del océano y río en Manglares de Churute se observa en los valores superiores de oxígeno disuelto (OD), y menores de salinidad, temperatura y fosfatos que en el Estero Salado, particularmente durante la temporada húmeda, cuando el río es el modo dominante del forzamiento en esos primeros meses calientes y lluviosos del año. Se encontraron niveles hipóxicos (OD debajo de 2 mg L-1) en Estero Salado en varias estaciones durante la caliente temporada lluviosa. Esta información sugiere que la variabilidad estacional (temporada seca/lluviosa) es la mayor influencia de las condiciones hidrográficas del estuario interior del Guayas, agregando variabilidad a la salinidad, turbidez, nutrientes y OD en toda la columna de agua.

ABSTRACT The Guayas estuary in Ecuador is the largest estuarine ecosystem on the Pacific coast of South America. This estuary provides nursery and fisheries habitats, as well as filtering and detoxification services provided by suspension feeders, vegetation, and wetlands. We used oceanographic and meteorological observations to understand the hydrodynamic variability of two areas in the inner part of the estuary, Manglares de Churute and Estero Salado, from February 2016 to February 2017. Churute has less anthropogenic impacts than Estero Salado, which is currently uncoupled from river flow and highly influenced by Guayaquil, the second largest city in Ecuador, and adjacent shrimp pond effluents. The influences from the ocean and river on Churute include higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and lower salinity, temperature and phosphates than in Estero Salado, particularly during the wet season when the river is the dominant mode of forcing in those warm and rainy first months of the year. Hypoxic levels (DO below 2 mg L-1) were found in Estero Salado in several stations during the hot, rainy season. These data suggest seasonal variability (dry/rainy season) influences the hydrographic conditions in the inner Guayas estuary mostly, adding variability to salinity, turbidity, nutrients and DO of the whole water column.

RESUMO Os levantamentos florísticos possibilitam ao apicultor determinar a época de permanência de colmeias em determinado local por meio da determinação das floradas. Objetivou-se realizar o levantamento florístico de remanescentes de mata nativa da região e de áreas de recuperação florestal para fins de conservação e produção, com o intuito de auxiliar os apicultores locais a definirem estratégias de exploração racional e de conservação dos remanescentes florestais e áreas de reflorestamento do Oeste paranaense. O levantamento das plantas foi realizado nas Estações Experimentais (EE) de Entre Rios do Oeste (ERO) e de Marechal Cândido Rondon (MCR), ambas vinculadas à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste) e no Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena (RB-SH), que é uma Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico (ARIE). Nas EE da Unioeste, MCR e ERO, foi delimitada, para cada ponto, uma área de 20 metros x 5 metros, pelo método de parcelas de áreas fixas retangulares e realizada a coleta de cada espécie em fase reprodutiva. Para mapeamento das áreas de coleta de plantas, foram georreferenciados quatro pontos em cada estação. As coletas foram quinzenais e mensais de dezembro de 2017 a novembro de 2019. No RB-SH, o método utilizado foi o de caminhamento nas trilhas ecológicas pré-existentes no local e o levantamento foi realizado por meio de coletas quinzenais de amostras botânicas em fase reprodutiva entre os meses de agosto de 2017 a junho de 2018. Foram coletadas 173 plantas, das quais 121 foram identificadas, sendo 103 em nível de espécie, nove em nível de gênero e nove em nível de família, pertencentes a 41 famílias botânicas. O índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) geral foi de 3,15 nats indivíduo-1, sendo os valores encontrados de 2,30 nats indivíduo-1 em MCR; 2,94 nats indivíduo-1 em ERO e 4,22 nats indivíduo-1 no RB-SH. Com relação aos índices de similaridade, o menor valor foi observado entre as áreas amostradas de RB-SH e MCR e o maior entre ERO e RB-SH. Conclui-se que as famílias botânicas Poaceae e Myrtaceae foram representativas nos méis analisados, sendo identificados nas amostras de mel de Apis mellifera os tipos polínicos Myrceugenia euosma, Urochloa arrecta, Triticum aestivum, Albizia niopoides, Avena sativa e Eugenia uniflora.

ABSTRACT Floristic surveys make it possible for the beekeeper to determine the time of permanence of hives in a given location by determining the flowering. The objective was to carry out the floristic survey of remnants of a native forest in the region and areas of forest recovery for the purposes of conservation and production, in order to assist local beekeepers to define strategies for rational exploration and conservation of forest remnants and reforestation areas from western Paraná state. The plant surveys were carried out at the Experimental Stations (EE) of Entre Rios do Oeste (ERO) and Marechal Cândido Rondon (MCR), both linked to the State University of Western Paraná (Unioeste) and at the Biological Refuge of Santa Helena (RB-SH), which is an Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (ARIE). At the EE of Unioeste, MCR and ERO, an area of 20 meters x 5 meters was delimited for each point, by the method of plots of fixed rectangular areas, and the collection of each species in the reproductive phase was carried out. To map plant collection areas, four points were georeferenced in each season. The collections were biweekly and monthly from December 2017 to November 2019. At RB-SH the method used was to walk the pre-existing ecological trails at the site and the survey was carried out by means of biweekly collections of botanical samples in the reproductive phase, between August 2017 and June 2018. One hundred and seventy-three (173) plants were collected, 121 of which were identified, 103 at the species level, nine at the genus level and nine at the family level, belonging to 41 botanical families. The general Shannon-Wiener index (H’) was 3.15 nats individual-1, with the values found being 2.30 nats individual-1 in MCR; 2.94 nats individual-1 in ERO and 4.22 nats individual-1 in RB-SH. Regarding similarity indices, the lowest value was observed between the sampled areas of RB-SH and MCR and the highest between ERO and RB-SH. It is concluded that the botanical families Poaceae and Myrtaceae, were representative in the analyzed honeys, being identified in the honey samples of Apis mellifera the pollen types Myrceugenia euosma, Urochloa arrecta, Triticum aestivum, Albizia niopoides, Avena sativa and Eugenia uniflora.

Resumo A Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico (ARIE), popularmente conhecida como “Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena”, faz parte do Bioma Mata Atlântica, uma das 78 ecorregiões mapeadas pelo IBAMA como unidade básica de planejamento e prioridades para a conservação da biodiversidade nacional. Foram realizadas coletas trimestrais de novembro de 2017 a novembro de 2019 para inventariar a ictiofauna desta Unidade de Conservação. Os espécimes foram capturados com o auxílio de redes de emalhar, peneira e rede de arrasto. No total, foram amostrados 3.919 exemplares pertencentes a duas classes, oito ordens, 27 famílias e 74 espécies. Characiformes e Siluriformes apresentaram a maior riqueza de espécies; somando um total de 40 (54%) e 17 (23%) espécies, respectivamente. Geophagus sveni (181 indivíduos = 17%), Trachelyopterus galeatus (109 indivíduos = 10%) e Schizodon borellii (105 indivíduos = 10%) foram as espécies de peixes mais abundantes capturadas com rede de espera. Moenkhausia foi o gênero mais abundante capturado com rede de arrasto e peneira, com destaque para as espécies Moenkhausia bonita (930 indivíduos = 33%) e Moenkhausia gracilima (845 indivíduos = 30%). Além disso, duas espécies “ameaçadas” (Brycon orbignyanus e Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) foram registradas. Assim, apresentamos um inventário atualizado das espécies pertencentes à ictiofauna da ARIE, podendo contribuir para futuros planos de manejo voltados para esta Unidade de Conservação. ARIE , (ARIE) Refúgio Helena, Helena Helena” Atlântica 7 nacional 201 Conservação emalhar 3919 3 919 3.91 classes ordens 2 4 54% 54 (54% 1 23% 23 (23% respectivamente 181 (18 17%, 17% 17%) 109 (10 10% 10 105 espera 930 (93 33% 33 845 (84 30%. 30 30% . 30%) disso ameaçadas “ameaçadas Brycon corruscans registradas Assim (ARIE 20 391 91 3.9 5 (54 (23 18 (1 93 (9 84 (8 39 9 3. (5 (2 ( 8

Abstract The Relevant Ecological Interest Area (REIA), popularly known as “Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena”, is part of the Atlantic Forest Biome and one of the 78 ecoregions mapped by IBAMA as basic unit for planning priorities focused on national biodiversity conservation. Quarterly collections were carried out from November 2017 to November 2019 to inventory the ichthyofauna of this Conservation Unit. Specimens were captured with the aid of gillnets, fishing sieve and seine. In total, 3,919 specimens belonging to two class, eight orders, 27 families and 74 species were sampled. Characiformes and Siluriformes presented the highest species richness; they accounted for 40 (54%) and 17 (23%) species, respectively. Geophagus sveni (181 individuals = 17%), Trachelyopterus galeatus (109 individuals = 10%) and Schizodon borellii (105 individuals = 10%) were the most abundant fish species captured with gillnet. Moenkhausia was the most abundant genus captured with seine and fishing sieve, with emphasis on species Moenkhausia bonita (930 individuals = 33%) and Moenkhausia gracilima (845 individuals = 30%). Moreover, two “endangered” species (Brycon orbignyanus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) were registered. Therefore, we present an updated inventory of species belonging to the ichthyofauna of REIA, and it may contribute to future management plans focused on this Conservation Unit. REIA , (REIA) Refúgio Helena, Helena Helena” 7 conservation 201 Unit gillnets total 3919 3 919 3,91 class orders 2 sampled richness 4 54% 54 (54% 1 23% 23 (23% respectively 181 (18 17%, 17% 17%) 109 (10 10% 10 105 gillnet 930 (93 33% 33 845 (84 30%. 30 30% . 30%) Moreover endangered “endangered Brycon corruscans registered Therefore (REIA 20 391 91 3,9 5 (54 (23 18 (1 93 (9 84 (8 39 9 3, (5 (2 ( 8

RESUMEN En México se ha reportado la presencia de ocho familias y un total de 140 especies de murciélagos, de las cuales, siete familias y 55 especies se encuentran en el Estado de Sinaloa. Sin embargo, existen lugares como el área natural protegida de jurisdicción estatal “Sierra de Navachiste” registrada como área sujeta a Conservación Ecológica, donde los estudios sobre las poblaciones de murciélagos son escasos o inexistentes. Como consecuencia, se desconocen sus necesidades ambientales y las amenazas a las que se enfrentan sus poblaciones. Pese a registrarse una baja riqueza de especies en el presente estudio (cinco especies), se reporta la especie migratoria Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. Este murciélago está incluido en la lista roja de la IUCN (Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza) como especie "vulnerable", y en México figura como especie de "protección especial". La especie L. yerbabuenae es considerada una mutualista clave dentro del ecosistema debido a su función como polinizador de los cactus columnares dominantes, y por esparcir sus semillas a través del consumo de sus frutos, promoviendo la dispersión de estas plantas, y manteniendo la estructura y salud del ecosistema. Debido a la importancia de la Sierra Navachiste como refugio de al menos cinco especies de murciélagos, incluida una especie migratoria y protegida, es necesario establecer un plan de manejo para proteger a las poblaciones de quirópteros que depende de ella.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, studies on bats have reported the presence of eight families and a total of 140 species, of which seven families and 55 species are reported for the state of Sinaloa. However, the Sierra de Navachiste, México is a natural protected area of state jurisdiction registered as an area subject to Ecological Conservation. studies on bat populations in this area are scarce or nonexistent, resulting in their environmental needs, current threats and the impact they have at population level being unknown. Despite finding a low species richness (five species), the migratory species Leptonycteris yerbabuenae was caught in Sierra de Navachiste. This bat is included on the IUCN red list (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) as a "vulnerable" species, and in Mexico it is listed as "Special protection" species. This bat is considered a keystone mutualist within the ecosystem due to its function as pollinator of the dominant columnar cacti and spreading its seeds though fruit consumption. These activities promote the dispersal of these plants and maintains the structure and health of the ecosystem. Due to the importance of the Sierra Navachiste as a refuge for at least five bat species, including one migratory and protected species, it is necessary to establish a management plan in order to protect the chiroptera community that depends on it.

Resumo O artigo apresenta, de forma resumida, a prática artística de Frans Krajcberg (1921 - 2017), focando essencialmente no Sítio Natura construído em 1966 pelo autor, na Mata Atlântica, no sul da Bahia. Espaço, para o qual foi criado um fundo para a construção da “Fundação Museu Ecológico e Artístico Frans Krajcberg” para preservar do lugar e das suas funções pedagógicas. É abordado, ainda, os desenvolvimentos recentes de que a floresta tem sido alvo, com reflexo direto sobre o projeto Museu Ecológico, tornando-se ainda mais urgente a reflexão que Krajcberg tanto defendeu.

Abstract The article summarizes the artistic practice of Frans Krajcberg (1921 - 2017), focusing essentially on the Natura Site built in 1966 by the author, in the Atlantic Forest, in southern Bahia. Space, for which a fund was created to build the "Frans Krajcberg Ecological and Artistic Museum Foundation" to preserve the place and its pedagogical functions. The recent developments that the forest has been subject to are also discussed, with direct reflection on the Ecological Museum project, making the reflection that Krajcberg defended so much even more urgent.

Resumo: Objetivo A Mata Atlântica é um bioma brasileiro cuja biota desempenha um papel fundamental na preservação da qualidade da água. Os hifomicetos têm um papel importante nos ecossistemas aquáticos, pois são capazes de decompor a matéria orgânica e, consequentemente, contribuem com a ciclagem de nutrientes, mantendo a vida aquática. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a diversidade e composição da comunidade de hifomicetos aquáticos em duas áreas de Mata Atlântica no estado de Pernambuco (Refúgio Ecológico de Charles Darwin) e Alagoas (Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada), além de comparar essas comunidades com os fatores abióticos da água. Métodos Para isso, foram realizadas quatro coletas de folhas submersas em decomposição, para avaliação da comunidade de fungos, e água para aferição dos parâmetros: acidez, alcalinidade, cloretos, condutividade elétrica, coliformes totais, cor, DBO, DQO, OD, nitrogênio total, pH, sólidos totais, sulfatos, temperatura e turbidez, e cálculo do Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA). As coletas foram realizadas entre julho/2018 e maio/2019, em seis pontos ao longo de um riacho em cada área de estudo. Resultados Foram identificados 53 táxons e registradas 1926 ocorrências em 2592 fragmentos foliares. Houve predomínio de Blodgettia aquatica, Blodgettia indica, Flagellospora penicillioides, Flagellospora sp., Mycoleptodiscus disciformis, Triscelophorus monosporus e Xylomyces acerosisporus, havendo similaridade dessas e de outras espécies entres as áreas estudadas. No período chuvoso houve maior ocorrência de hifomicetos aquáticos nas duas áreas, porém, a diversidade de fungos foi maior no Refúgio Charles Darwin. Fatores abióticos como temperatura, OD e pluviosidade influenciam na ocorrência de hifomicetos, no entanto, nenhuma estrutura de comunidade foi detectada ou fortemente correlacionada com as variáveis abióticas estudadas. Conclusões As áreas apresentaram valores adequados para as variáveis indicativas da qualidade da água e alta riqueza de espécies de hifomicetos, demonstrando a importância da proteção legal para conservação de áreas naturais.

Abstract: Aim The Atlantic Forest is a Brazilian biome whose biota plays a fundamental role in the preservation of water quality. Hyphomycetes play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as they can decompose organic matter and, consequently, contribute to nutrient cycling, maintaining aquatic life. The aim of this work was to determine the diversity and composition of the aquatic hyphomycetes community in two areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco (Charles Darwin Ecological Refuge) and Alagoas (Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve), in addition to comparing these communities with the water abiotic factors. Methods For this, four collections of submerged decomposing leaves, for evaluation of the fungi community, and water for measuring the parameters: acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, electrical conductivity, total coliforms, color, BOD, COD, DO, total nitrogen, pH, total solids, sulfates, temperature and turbidity, and calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) were carried out. The samplings took place between July/2018 and May/2019, at six points along a stream in each study area. Results Fifty-three taxa were identified, and 1926 occurrences were recorded in 2592 leaf fragments. There was a predominance of Blodgettia aquatica, Blodgettia indica, Flagellospora penicillioides, Flagellospora sp., Mycoleptodiscus disciformis, Triscelophorus monosporus and Xylomyces acerosisporus, with similarity of these and other species between the studied areas. In the rainy season, there was a greater occurrence of aquatic hyphomycetes in both areas; however, the diversity of fungi was greater in the Charles Darwin Refuge. Abiotic factors such as temperature, DO and rainfall influence the occurrence of hyphomycetes, however, no community structure was detected or strongly correlated with the studied abiotic variables. Conclusions The areas presented adequate values for the variables indicative of water quality and high richness of hyphomycetes species, demonstrating the importance of legal protection for the conservation of natural areas.

Resumen En México, los cafetales bajo sombra constituyen parte del paisaje agroforestal y representan el refugio de una alta diversidad biológica. Sin embargo, están sujetos a procesos de transformación derivados de las necesidades de los productores y las demandas del mercado, lo que afecta la configuración del agroecosistema. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo cuantificar las transformaciones de los usos de suelo relacionados con los cafetales en la cuenca alta de La Antigua, durante un periodo de 24 años. Se analizó la dinámica de cambio en las coberturas de uso del suelo y vegetación, mediante la generación de cartografía con la técnica de clasificación supervisada de las imágenes LANDSAT (TM, ETM y OLI) de los años de 1993, 2003 y 2017 y se analizaron los catalizadores de los cambios que determinan la configuración actual del paisaje agroforestal con base en entrevistas a actores clave de la región. Los resultados muestran que la transformación de los sistemas agroforestales de los cafetales bajo sombra se debe a los cambios de uso del suelo y los programas gubernamentales implementados en la zona. La cafeticultura representa una de las principales fuentes de ingreso en la región del Corredor Ecológico de la Sierra Madre Oriental del estado de Veracruz, por lo que se requiere el desarrollo de estrategias que garanticen el mantenimiento y la sostenibilidad de esta actividad económica en la zona para evitar los impactos potenciales al desarrollo local de las comunidades, así como la afectación o pérdida de los ecosistemas naturales remanentes en la región.

Abstract In Mexico, shade-grown coffee agroecosystems form part of the agroforestry landscape and provide shelter for a wide range of biological diversity. However, they are subject to transformation processes derived from the needs of producers and market demands, which affects the configuration of the agroecosystem. The present study aimed to quantify the transformations of land use cover related to coffee plantations in the upper La Antigua river basin, that has occurred over a period of 24 years. The dynamics of change in the coverage of land use and vegetation was analyzed, by generating cartography with the supervised classification technique of the LANDSAT images (TM, ETM, and OLI) of the years of 1993, 2003 and 2017 and the analysis of the factors that have promoted the changes that determine the current configuration of the agroforestry landscape, based on interviews with key stakeholders in the region. The results show that the transformation of the agroforestry systems in shade-grown coffee plantations is caused by land use changes and the government programs implemented in the region. Coffee growing represents one of the main sources of income in the Ecological Corridor of the Sierra Madre Oriental of the state of Veracruz, which requires the development of strategies that guarantee the maintenance and sustainability of this economic activity in the zone to avoid the potential impacts to the local development of the communities, as well as the affectation or loss of the natural ecosystems remaining in the region.

El Centro Ecológico y Recreativo El Zapotal (CEREZ) se caracteriza por presentar uno de los últimos remanentes de selva mediana en la región central de Chiapas, México. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de algunos grupos taxonómicos de la reserva no es del todo adecuado. En este trabajo se analiza la composición y estructura, así como la distribución temporal de los escarabajos coprófagos que habitan en el CEREZ. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre febrero de 2013 y enero de 2014 utilizando trampas de caída cebadas con estiércol de seis especies de mamíferos que se mantienen en cautiverio al interior del Zoológico Miguel Álvarez del Toro (ZooMAT). Se presenta una lista anotada de 22 especies agrupadas en 12 géneros y seis tribus de Scarabaeinae. Onthophagus anthracinus, Canthon femoralis, Onthophagus landolti y Copris laeviceps aportan el 89.7% de la abundancia total. La curva de rarefacción muestra una tendencia asintótica, con un 92% de completitud. La fauna capturada muestra una marcada distribución temporal (p < 0.01), observando los valores más altos de riqueza y abundancia durante los meses de la temporada lluviosa. Los registros representan el 7.53% de la diversidad conocida en México y el 18.2% de las especies reportadas en el estado de Chiapas. A pesar de representar un pequeño remanente de selva tropical y de la constante presión antrópica generada por la zona urbana, El Zapotal conserva una fauna de escarabajos coprófagos representativa a nivel regional, resaltando la importancia de la reserva como refugio de especies.

El Zapotal Recreational Ecological Preserve (CEREZ) is characterized by presenting one of the last remnants of tropical forest in the central region of Chiapas, Mexico. However, the knowledge of some taxa of the reserve is not entirely adequate. In this work the composition and structure, as well as the temporal distribution of the dung beetles that reside in CEREZ, are analyzed. Monthly samplings were carried out between February 2013 and January 2014 using pitfall traps baited with dung of six mammal species that are kept in captivity inside the Miguel Álvarez del Toro Zoo (ZooMAT). An annotated checklist of 22 species grouped into 12 genera and six tribes of Scarabaeinae is presented. Onthophagus anthracinus, Canthon femoralis, Onthophagus landolti, and Copris laeviceps provide 89.7% of the total abundance. The rarefaction curve shows an asymptotic tendency, with 92% completeness. The captured fauna showed a marked temporal distribution (p < 0.01), observing the highest values of richness and abundance during the months of the rainy season. The records represent 7.53% of the species diversity known in Mexico and 18.2% of the reported in the Chiapas state. Despite representing a small remnant of tropical forest and the constant anthropic pressure generated by the urban area, El Zapotal conserves a representative fauna of dung beetles at the regional level, Highlighting the importance of the reserve as a refuge for species.

Resumo Os grandes estuários podem apresentar longos ramos estreitos chamados subestuários e riachos de maré. Estes subsistemas estão distribuídos ao longo da costa uruguaia no estuário do Río de la Plata e são muito importantes como áreas de reprodução e refúgio para os peixes. Pela primeira vez, a composição sazonal e abundância da comunidade de peixes do subestuário Solís Chico foi estudada usando redes de arrasto de praia e rede de emalhar. Quatorze espécies com predominância das eurialinas foram capturadas, havendo uma representação significativa das fases juvenis e espécies alvo para a pesca. A comunidade de peixes foi dominada por Odontesthes argentinensis, Platanichthys platana, Mugil liza, Brevoortia aurea, Micropogonias furnieri e Paralichthys orbignyanus, semelhante aos subestuários adjacentes. Enquanto, M. furnieri e B. aurea foram as espécies com maior número de individuos. Solís Chico apresentou espécies exclusivas com baixa abundância e ocorrência. Foi verificada uma variação sazonal da abundância de peixes, com valores maiores no outono, mostrando uma correlação positiva com a temperatura. Algumas espécies relevantes para a pesca que completam seu ciclo de vida no estuário do Río de la Plata foram capturadas (64% das espécies estudadas) no subestuário Solís Chico, indicando a importância deste ambiente como um sistema transitório para algumas espécies estuarinas de peixes.

Abstract The large estuaries can present long narrow branches called subestuaries or tidal creeks. These types of subsystems are distributed along the Uruguayan coast of the Río de la Plata estuary and are very important as nursery and refuge areas for fish. For the first time, the seasonal composition and abundance of the fish community of the Solís Chico subestuary was studied by using beach and gill nets. Fourteen species, mainly euryhaline (86%) presented a significant representation of juvenile stages. The fish community was dominated by Odontesthes argentinensis, Platanichthys platana, Mugil liza, Brevoortia aurea, Micropogonias furnieri and Paralichthys orbignyanus, similar to adjacent subestuaries. While Micropogonias furnieri and B. aurea were the most abundant species, some other species were rarely caught. A seasonal variation of the fish assemblage abundance was detected, with higher values in autumn showing a positive correlation with temperature. Species that complete their life cycle in the Río de la Plata estuary, some of which are relevant to fisheries (64% of the analyzed species) were captured in the Solís Chico subestuary. The importance of this environment as a transitional system for some estuarine fish species is advised.