RESUMO Neste artigo, refletimos, desde uma perspectiva discursiva, sobre o processo formal de elegibilidade de solicitantes de refúgio no Brasil. O objetivo central é sublinhar a dimensão performativa da produção do refugiado, aqui compreendido como um rótulo que depende de práticas discursivas - em especial narrativas -, de que participam os/as solicitantes, oficiais e demais atores sociais que compõem o sistema jurídico e burocrático do refúgio. Nessas práticas, o que parece estar em jogo são as competências narrativas do/a solicitante e entrevistadores/as em conformar a experiência de migração em uma matriz de inteligibilidades sobre o deslocamento humano e sobre o funcionamento da linguagem. A partir da análise de elementos de pelo menos duas importantes pontas do processo - textos de documentos normativos e entrevistas com voluntários que preparam solicitantes para suas entrevistas de elegibilidade -, mostramos como ideologias linguísticas, especialmente crenças sobre a natureza da construção narrativa, operam como protagonistas de tal processo institucional. artigo refletimos discursiva Brasil refugiado , osas os doa entrevistadoresas entrevistadores linguagem linguísticas narrativa institucional

ABSTRACT In this article, we reflect on the formal process of asylum eligibility in Brazil from a discursive perspective. We aim to underline the performative dimension of the refugee’s production. This label is understood here as dependent on discursive practices - especially narratives -, in which the applicants, officials, and other social actors participate. In these practices, what seems to be at stake are the narrative competencies of the asylum seeker and interviewers in shaping the migration experience into a matrix of intelligibility about human displacement and language functioning. We analyze at least two important aspects of the process: the texts of normative documents and interviews with volunteers who prepare applicants for their eligibility interviews. We then show how linguistic ideologies, especially beliefs about the nature of narrative construction, operate as protagonists of such an institutional process. article perspective refugees refugee s production , officials participate functioning ideologies construction

Resumo: O Brasil e o Uruguai são países com tradição histórica na acolhida de refugiados, especialmente daqueles que são vítimas de conflitos armados ao redor do mundo e, devido à proximidade das regiões continentais, daqueles que são forçados a abandonar seus países devido a crises políticas e financeiras. Com base nessas premissas, o presente trabalho acadêmico abordará o panorama dos direitos fundamentais dos refugiados, destacando a legislação do Brasil e do Uruguai, e explorando os desenvolvimentos específicos relacionados a novas questões de proteção de vulnerabilidades de gênero e sexualidade, assim como questões coletivas, como os impactos irreversíveis causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Por fim, pretende-se demonstrar a possibilidade de adotar novos critérios técnicos e legislativos e medidas para fortalecer a proteção dos refugiados, destacando a importância de implementar políticas públicas que atendam a um maior número de necessitados e atualizem os conceitos e instrumentos jurídicos que tratam das novas dificuldades desse cenário

Resumen: Brasil y Uruguay son países con tradición histórica en la acogida de refugiados, especialmente aquellos que son víctimas de conflictos armados en el mundo y, por las regiones continentales cercanas, aquellos que se ven obligados a abandonar sus países debido a crisis políticas y financieras. Con estas premisas, el presente trabajo académico abordará el panorama de los derechos fundamentales de los refugiados, destacando la legislación de Brasil y Uruguay, y explorando los desarrollos específicos relacionados con nuevas cuestiones de protección de vulnerabilidades de género y sexualidad, así como cuestiones colectivas, como los impactos irreversibles causados por el cambio climático. Finalmente, se pretende demostrar la posibilidad de adoptar nuevos criterios técnicos y legislativos y medidas para fortalecer la protección de los refugiados, destacando la importancia de implementar políticas públicas que abarquen a un mayor número de necesitados y actualicen los conceptos e instrumentos jurídicos que aborden las nuevas dificultades del escenario

Abstract: Brazil and Uruguay have a historical tradition of welcoming refugees, especially those who are victims of armed conflicts around the world, and, due to their proximity to neighboring regions, those forced to leave their countries due to political and financial crises. With these premises, this academic paper will explore the landscape of fundamental rights for refugees, focusing on the legislation of Brazil and Uruguay. It will also delve into specific developments related to new issues of protection concerning gender and sexuality vulnerabilities, as well as collective issues, such as the irreversible impacts of climate change. Finally, the paper aims to demonstrate the possibility of adopting new technical and legislative criteria and measures to strengthen refugee protection. The importance of implementing public policies that reach a greater number of people in need and that update the legal concepts and instruments to address the emerging challenges is highlighted

The inclusion of culturally and linguistically diverse learners in schools remains a global challenge and South African schools are no exception. The increasing number of national and international immigrants and refugees contributes to cultural and linguistic diversity (CLD) in classrooms. Teachers thus grapple with the inclusion of CLD learners. In this study we explored the perspectives of teachers on strategies that could enhance the inclusion of CLD learners in secondary schools. We contend that the inclusion of CLD learners has not been fully addressed in South African schools. A qualitative phenomenological design located within the interpretivism paradigm was used. We employed culturally responsive pedagogy as theoretical framework for the study. From a population of South African teachers in Gauteng, South Africa, 12 secondary school teachers were sampled through critical case sampling. Data were generated through interviews. Research findings identify the need for amendment of government policies, in-service training, and workshops for teachers, incorporating ethnically and culturally diverse content during instruction. Within this study, we extend awareness of the strategies that teachers in CLD classrooms can use to enhance inclusive education and propose further strategies that can also be considered in teaching in CLD classrooms. It is concluded that there is a great need to incorporate inclusive education in the higher education curriculum to capacitate pre-service teachers on the inclusion of learners - CLD learners included.

Zimbabwe has consistently experienced an influx of refugees despite its shrinking economy. This places a heavy burden on the state to provide social protection to refugees. There are limited studies that focus on the dynamics of refugee protection in resource-constrained countries like Zimbabwe, often characterized as being only immigrant-sending countries. We use data from 12 in-depth interviews with key informants to explore how the prolonged socio-economic crisis has impacted the state's ability to provide social protection to refugees in Zimbabwe. The study also explores the relationship between the state and other stakeholders in hosting refugees in Zimbabwe. The findings suggest that socio-economic challenges in a shrinking economy affect the protection outcomes of refugees regardless of the presence of a robust refugee regime in the country.

This paper considers the implications of migration to Europe for West African governments in relation to other forms of politically relevant mobilities. This helps to understand what governments in West Africa prioritize when it comes to migration policy. No doubt, there is an increasing European influence on the migration agenda. However, despite this influence, there are still other West African interests when it comes to migration governance. These are diverse, covering development and humanitarian concerns, and include pro-active diaspora policies, restrictive immigration regimes due to economic protectionism and security concerns, as well as protecting migrants and displaced people. Thus, different countries in the region have varying sets of political priorities, though underlined by a broader unpolitical nature of migration of the everyday. The paper is based on over 130 interviews with policymakers, politicians, civil society activists, and academic experts in Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and the Gambia in 2019. It adds to the literature on the agency of migration states in the Global South.

Resumo O artigo surge a partir de uma investigação baseada em etnografia: observação participante, recolha de histórias de vida, entrevistas e testemunhos de refugiados e migrantes, residentes em Portugal. Centramo-nos numa experiência particular de projeto/investigação que designámos Living in a Different Culture (LDC) (2017/2019), destinada a migrantes que tinham em comum o objetivo de se tornarem estudantes universitários, antes da migração. O LDC apoiou os estudantes que queriam continuar a sua formação académica e aqueles que queriam encontrar caminhos alternativos de inclusão e autonomia, utilizando novas competências e conhecimentos académicos. Incluiu um curso sobre sociedade e cultura portuguesas, usando uma lente antropológica, aulas de português, entre outras disciplinas. Vários alunos continuaram os seus estudos, ou encontraram trabalho dentro da sua área de especialização. Destacámos obstáculos relacionados com ciclos de vida precária e violência estrutural. Argumentamos que, desvalorizando conhecimentos e competências de migrantes e refugiados, a sociedade de acolhimento perde recursos importantes para o seu próprio desenvolvimento. Concluímos, afirmando que projetos como o LDC exigem um compromisso de longo prazo, com apoio interinstitucional, uma estratégia de sustentabilidade e uma abordagem descolonial.

Abstract This article results from research comprised of fieldwork ethnography, participant observation, collection of life stories, interviews and testimonials of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants, living in Portugal. We focus on a particular experience of the research named Living in a Different Culture (LDC), which took place between 2017 and 2019, aimed at participants who shared the goal of becoming university students, before migration. LDC supported students who wanted to continue their academic training and those wanting to find alternative pathways of inclusion and autonomy, using new academic skills and knowledge. The project included a tailored course in Portuguese society and culture, created with an anthropological lens, Portuguese language classes and other disciplines. Several of the students who attended the course, in both academic years, continued their studies, or found work within their area of expertise. Obstacles highlighted in the paper perpetuated cycles of precarious living and structural violence. We argue that by devaluing migrants and refugees’ knowledges and skills, host society loses important resources to its own development. We conclude by stating that projects such as LDC require a long-term commitment with interinstitutional support, a sustainability strategy, and a decolonial mindset.

Abstract Assessment is a key part in the process of teaching and learning a foreign or additional language. In the field of Spanish as a language of migration, there is a need for a level test which fits the specific needs of migrant and refugee learners and allows teachers to assess their oral skills in Spanish. This paper describes the design and empirical validation of a multilevel test in which 30 participants and 40 experts in foreign language assessment have participated. Results reveal that both the test and the rubric are valid and reliable assessment tools as shown by statistically significant data. This test is expected to be available for teachers and volunteers who teach Spanish to migrants and refugees.

Resumen La evaluación es una parte fundamental del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera o lengua adicional. En el ámbito del español como lengua de migración, existe la necesidad de contar con una prueba que, ajustándose a las particularidades de los aprendices migrantes y refugiados, permita evaluar su nivel de competencia comunicativa oral en español. Este artículo describe el diseño y la validación empírica de un examen multinivel que se ha implementado con 30 informantes y en el que han participado 40 especialistas en enseñanza de segundas lenguas y evaluación de competencias orales. Tras el proceso de validación, los resultados reflejan que tanto la prueba como la escala de evaluación son instrumentos válidos y fiables, al aportar valores estadísticamente significativos. Esta prueba, ya validada con anterioridad, prevé estar accesible para profesores y voluntarios que enseñan español en contextos de migración y refugio.

Migration, a prevalent global phenomenon, significantly impacts health, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. This article presents a rapid review aimed at mapping projects, lessons and policies concerning sexual and reproductive health (SRH), HIV and migration in southern Africa. Utilising a population-concept-context framework, the review focuses on understanding the scope, nature and extent of interventions, identifying lessons learnt, and assessing existing policies and strategies. A comprehensive search strategy and screening process resulted in 19 studies and reports for inclusion. The review highlighted diverse projects across southern Africa, addressing SRH and HIV among migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Projects ranged from peer-education interventions to community-based referral systems, aiming to improve knowledge, access and outcomes related to SRH and HIV. The lessons learnt emphasised the importance of community involvement, healthcare worker (HCW) training and inclusive policies to address migrants' diverse needs effectively. Additionally, projects facilitated cross-border collaborations and policy integration, enhancing access to SRH-HIV services and migrant health rights. Despite these efforts, challenges persist, including gender-based violence, financial barriers and xenophobic attitudes among HCWs. Limited access to comprehensive sexuality education and social protection for migrants underscores the need for further policy development and implementation. Nevertheless, existing policies, such as Botswana's inclusive HIV treatment policy and South Africa's National Strategic Plan for HIV, TB and STIs, demonstrate steps towards ensuring migrants' rights to healthcare.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo analizar las dinámicas migratorias que se llevan adelante en África Occidental a partir del interrogante que se desprende de los discursos dominantes respecto de la supuesta invasión de migrantes africanos a Europa, especialmente después de 2015. Desde ese año, la consigna más frecuente ha sido “Grandes oleadas de refugiados arriban a Europa”. Sin embargo, la realidad muestra que no existe tal invasión en términos cuantitativos absolutos, además de profundizarse el discurso racista y xenófobo que habla de “crisis migratoria” para alertar sobre una presunta invasión de africanos al continente, cuando casi un 80% de quienes emigran de sus países se dirige a otro país del continente africano y tan solo el, aproximadamente, 20% restante “intenta” cruzar a Europa. Y este último dato representa un porcentaje de población extremadamente reducido en relación con la población europea. A partir del trabajo de campo en Senegal, Malí, Burkina Faso y Níger, realizado para una tesis de doctorado, las reflexiones en torno al problema planteado se orientan a desmontar ideas ampliamente difundidas por medios de comunicación y determinados ámbitos académicos en relación con las migraciones subsaharianas en dirección a Europa, en muchos casos fundamentadas por representaciones vinculadas a “la huida del continente”, “las guerras”, “los conflictos étnicos” y “la invasión de migrantes a Europa”, entre otras.

Abstract The main objective of this work is to analyze the migratory dynamics that are carried out in West Africa based on the question that emerges from the dominant discourses regarding the alleged invasion of African migrants to Europe, especially after 2015. Since that year, the most frequent slogan has been that of “Large waves of refugees arrive in Europe”. However, reality shows that there is no such invasion in absolute quantitative terms, but there is an increasingly racist and xenophobic discourse that speaks of the “migration crisis”, which alerts about an alleged invasion of Africans to the continent, when, in fact, almost 80% of those who emigrate from their countries go to another country on the African continent and only the remaining 20% “try” to cross to Europe. And this last figure represents an extremely small percentage of the population in relation to the European population. Based on fieldwork in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger carried out for a doctoral dissertation, the reflections on the problem posed are aimed at dismantling ideas widely disseminated by the media and certain academic fields in relation to migrations and sub-Saharan movements towards Europe, in many cases based on representations linked to “the flight from the continent”, “wars”, “ethnic conflicts” and “the invasion of migrants to Europe”, among others.

The central argument of this paper is that interventions of humanitarian organizations at the Zimbabwe-South Africa border reveal the importance placed on making very clear distinctions between those needing protection and those who do not. This is the case even in times wherein migrants have other protection needs that fall outside these boundaries or intersect with those of others. These boundaries are retained in the stable definitions of migrant in/vulnerability that have been legitimized by the increased emphasis of two separate frameworks: one, the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) for managing migration and the other, the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) that determines a set of stable norms for international refugee protection. These mandates are also connected to other tidy, established identities of vulnerability that pertain to gender, health, legal standing, and persecution. In contexts marked by conflicting and overlapping experiences for persons on the move, and mixed migration flows, these ideas are unstable as a way of governing migration. This is because they can also reproduce and intensify social divisions that may lead to inconsistencies and unethical practices in international protection and migration governance for irregular migrants, as well as failures to respond to "the 'social life' of vulnerability." We propose this novel concept in the paper to capture and reimagine the limits and possibilities for protection.

Abstract This thesis analyzes the antiterrorism and counterterrorism systems of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico in response to global Islamic terrorism, particularly following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Although these countries have centered their efforts on immediate threats, such as organized crime, they are not fully prepared to face Islamic terrorism. Antiterrorism laws in these countries need improvements to effectively address this global threat. Public policies on intelligence, cybersecurity, and control of weapons of mass destruction are crucial, but require greater coordination and effectiveness. Counterterrorism forces have significant capabilities but face challenges in terms of training and resources. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of terrorist networks, increasing the risk of attacks in Latin America, which must strengthen its security measures and international cooperation. The growth of the Muslim population and the arrival of Syrian refugees present both opportunities and challenges, underscoring the need for integration policies and prevention of radicalization. The fight against terrorism requires a multidimensional approach, integrating legal, operational, preventive, and international cooperation measures. Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico must adapt and strengthen their security systems to effectively confront global Islamic terrorism.

Resumen Esta tesis analiza los sistemas antiterroristas y contraterroristas de Argentina, Brasil y México frente al terrorismo islámico global, especialmente tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Aunque estos países han centrado sus esfuerzos en amenazas inmediatas como el crimen organizado, no están completamente preparados para enfrentar el terrorismo islámico. Las leyes antiterroristas en estos países necesitan mejoras para abordar eficazmente esta amenaza global. Las políticas públicas en inteligencia, ciberseguridad y control de armas de destrucción masiva son cruciales, pero requieren mayor coordinación y efectividad. Las fuerzas contraterroristas tienen capacidades importantes, pero enfrentan desafíos en términos de entrenamiento y recursos. La globalización ha facilitado la expansión de redes terroristas, aumentando el riesgo de ataques en América Latina, que debe reforzar sus medidas de seguridad y cooperación internacional. El crecimiento de la población musulmana y la llegada de refugiados sirios presentan tanto oportunidades como desafíos, subrayando la necesidad de políticas de integración y prevención de la radicalización. La lucha contra el terrorismo requiere un enfoque multidimensional, integrando medidas legales, operativas, preventivas y de cooperación internacional. Argentina, Brasil y México deben adaptarse y fortalecer sus sistemas de seguridad para enfrentar eficazmente el terrorismo islámico global.

Resumo Durante a pandemia do COVID-19, mudanças ocorreram em diversos campos, fazendo-se importante conhecer os contextos de risco social e psíquico que marcam condições de vulnerabilidade e vulneração, vividas por crianças e bebês, a despeito de crianças: refugiadas, residentes em favela e crianças vítimas de violência intrafamiliar. Objetivo: Conhecer possíveis riscos à saúde mental de crianças, em situação de vulnerabilidade, no período da pandemia de Covid-19, na realidade brasileira. Método: Estudo de mídia, com vistas à análise do contexto sociopolítico, favorecendo a visão crítica de leituras de mundo distintas, fundamental para compreensão do objeto pretendido. Resultado: A partir dos dados levantados, estruturou-se categorias específicas à cada grupo estudado, a saber: 1) crianças refugiadas: precariedade do abrigo; dimensão legal; perdas e lutos; e xenofobia. 2) crianças residentes periféricas: perdas e lutos; violência à criança; acesso à saúde; e fome. 3) violência intrafamiliar: direitos da criança em situação de violência; violência doméstica na pandemia e meios extradomiciliares que amparam a criança. Os resultados obtidos em cada um dos objetivos específicos, denunciam especificidades de cada um dos grupos: as crianças refugiadas, além de perderem direitos vivenciam perda da sua origem, dificultando o endereçamento do seu sofrimento a um “outro”. As crianças residentes em periferias, além de serem afetadas pela pandemia, sofreram efeitos da necropolitica, advinda da herança colonial. Crianças vítimas de violência intrafamiliar enfrentaram agravos decorrentes do isolamento social e adoecimnto psíquico dos cuidadores. Considera-se, por fim que sem a denúncia necessária, os riscos de esquecimento de tão grave problemática pode se fazer efetivar e os recursos necessários ao cuidado não se fazerem urgentes. A análise da mídia favoreceu lidar com uma lacuna no campo científico, possibilitando a criação de reflexões da condição de vulneração de populações invisibilizadas.

Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes occurred in several fields, making it important to know the contexts of social and psychic risk that mark conditions of vulnerability and vulnerability, experienced by children and babies, despite children: refugees, residents in favelas and children’s victims of domestic violence. Objective: To know possible risks to the mental health of children, in a situation of vulnerability, in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic, in the Brazilian reality. Method: Media study, with a view to analyzing the sociopolitical context, favoring a critical view of different world readings, fundamental for understanding the intended object. Result: From the collected data, specific categories were structured for each group studied, namely: 1) refugee children: precariousness of the shelter; legal dimension; losses and mourning; and xenophobia. 2) children living in peripheral areas: losses and bereavements; child violence; access to health; and hunger. 3) domestic violence: rights of children in situations of violence; domestic violence in the pandemic and extra-domiciliary means that support the child. The results obtained in each of the specific objectives, denounce specificities of each of the groups: refugee children, in addition to losing rights, experience the loss of their origin, making it difficult to address their suffering to an “other”. Children residing in peripheries, in addition to being affected by the pandemic, suffered the effects of necropolitics, arising from the colonial heritage. Children victims of intrafamily violence faced injuries resulting from social isolation and mental illness of caregivers. Finally, it is considered that without the necessary denouncement, the risks of forgetting such a serious problem can become effective and the resources necessary for care do not become urgent. Media analysis favored dealing with a gap in the scientific field, enabling the creation of reflections on the vulnerable condition of invisible populations.

Mycobacteria have been around for millions of years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) complex dates back 15.000 years, affecting humans as Tuberculosis (TB) since Neolitic period. M.tb was identified in 1882 and the first drug therapies appeared in 1946. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposes the eradication of TB. However it remains a global endemic of 10 million cases per year. To achieve its eradication, it is important to detect, treat and cure people who transmit TB early. At this time, there is a diagnosis gap of 3 million cases per year and only 70% of diagnosed cases are treated. A cure of 88% is achieved in Rifampicin-sensitive TB (RSTB) and 63% in Rifampicin-resistant cases (RRTB). To improve diagnostic sensitivity, WHO proposes algorithms including a constellation of respiratory and systemic symptoms, computer-assisted chest radiography and rapid molecular testing (RMT) instead of smear. Some algorithms should be applied in populations with the following conditions: a) less access to health system (poor communities, migrants, refugees), b) TB prevalence greater than 100 cases per 100.000 inhabitants and c) belonging to groups at high risk of TB (HIV, intra-household contacts, deprived of liberty, exposed to silica or with residual lung lesions) having prolonged cough or alterations in chest radiology. If they are subjected to RMT can reach a diagnostic sensitivity of 84%, whereas screening of respiratory symptoms in general population, gets to only a 42 % of diagnostic sensitivity. Regarding the treatment time, there are successful clinical trials that shorten therapy to 4 months in RSTB (use of fluoroquinolones and Rifapentin) and to 6 months in RRTB (Bedaquiline + Pretomanid + Linezolid and Bedaquiline + Pretomanid + Linezolid + Moxifloxacin schemes). Our country's health care system has incorporated some of these improvement strategies.

Resumen Las micobacterias existen hace millones de años. El complejo Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.TBC) data de hace 15.000 años, afectando al ser humano como Tuberculosis (TBC) desde el período neolítico. Se pudo identificar a M.TBC en 1882 y las primeras terapias con fármacos aparecieron recién en 1946. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) propone la erradicación de la TBC, sin embargo se mantiene una endemia mundial de 10 millones de casos anuales. Para cumplir este objetivo es importante descubrir precozmente a las personas que trasmiten la TBC, tratarlos y curarlos. Sin embargo existe una brecha de diagnóstico de 3 millones de casos al año y sólo el 70% de casos diagnosticados son tratados logrando una curación del 88% en TBC sensible a Rifampicina (TBCSR) y 63% en casos resistentes a Rifampicina (TBCRR). Para mejorar la sensibilidad del diagnóstico la OMS propone algoritmos que incluyen una constelación de síntomas respiratorios y sistémicos, radiografía torácica asistida por computador y pruebas moleculares rápidas (PMR) en sustitución de la baciloscopía. Algunos algoritmos en la población con menor acceso a los sistemas sanitarios (comunidades pobres, migrantes, refugiados o con prevalencia de TBC mayor a 100 casos por 100.000 habitantes) o que pertenecen a grupos de alto riesgo de TBC (VIH, contactos intra-domiciliarios, privados de libertad, expuestos a sílice o con lesiones pulmonares residuales) y que tienen tos prolongada o alteración en la radiología torácica si son sometidos a PMR pueden alcanzar una sensibilidad diagnóstica de 84% contrastando con el tamizaje de sintomáticos respiratorios en población general cuya sensibilidad diagnóstica es 42%. Respecto al tiempo de tratamiento hay ensayos clínicos exitosos que acortan la terapia a 4 meses en TBCSR (uso de fluorquinolonas y Rifapentina) y a 6 meses en TBCRR (esquema Bedaquilina - Pretomanid - Linezolid y Bedaquilina - Pretomanid - Linezolid - Moxifloxacino). Nuestro sistema sanitario ya ha incorporado algunas de estas estrategias de mejoramiento.