Abstract: The objective of this research focuses on the numerical solution, simulation, and thermal behavior of the refrigerants R32 and R600a, the first being an industrial refrigerant and the other a hydrocarbon, the element to be studied is the internal temperature of a vehicle cabin, the air crosses the evaporator of the air conditioning system by analyzing the coil-type crossflow heat exchanger. Likewise, it is important to know the energy capacity that each refrigerant has to cool or heat the vehicle cabin to, after a mathematical analysis, contrast the information through numerical simulation of CFD fluids with specialized software in this case Fluent from ANSYS.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación se centra la solución numérica, simulación y comportamiento térmico de los refrigerantes R32 y R600a, siendo el primero un refrigerante industrial y el otro un hidrocarburo, el elemento a estudiar es la temperatura interna de una cabina vehicular, el aire cruza el evaporador del sistema de aire acondicionado mediante el análisis del intercambiador de calor de flujo cruzado tipo serpentín. Asimismo, es importante conocer la transferencia de calor que tiene cada refrigerante para enfriar o calentar la cabina del vehículo, para en un análisis matemático posterior llevar un contraste de la información mediante la simulación numérica de fluidos CFD con un software especializado en este caso Fluent de ANSYS. Se encontró que el refrigerante R600a es una alternativa para los sistemas de aire acondicionado vehicular y el R32 no es tan aplicable para estos casos.

RESUMEN Quizás uno de los objetivos más importantes del desarrollo sostenible para los países en desarrollo es mejorar la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables en todos los sectores en general y en el sector agrícola en particular. El proceso de pre-enfriamiento ayuda a mantener la calidad y prolongar la vida útil de las frutas y verduras. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo fabricar un preenfriador solar evaporativo indirecto (IESP) para reducir las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha de productos agrícolas. El cultivo de tomate fue elegido para ser preenfriado como ejemplo de cadenas de valor agrícolas. Las variables experimentales incluyeron tres temperaturas del agua de enfriamiento (15, 10 y 5 °C) y dos velocidades del aire que pasó por el gabinete de enfriamiento (1,5 y 2,5 m s-1). Los resultados mostraron que a una velocidad del aire de 1,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 19,4, 25,5 y 34,7% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. A una velocidad del aire de 2,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 23,1, 28,8 y 37,2% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. El desempeño del IESP bajo estas condiciones fue de 15,4 oC, 91,5% HR, 0,338 TR carga frigorífica y 37,2% COPcyc. El consumo total de energía fue de 6,4 kWh día-1. El rendimiento del preenfriador solar resultó ser una solución muy viable para las demandas de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones hortícolas, especialmente en ciudades con un clima muy cálido, para evitar que las verduras y frutas se deterioren después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Perhaps one of the most important goals of sustainable development for developing countries is to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources in all sectors in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The pre-cooling process helps to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to fabricate an indirect evaporative solar precooler (IESP) to reduce post-harvest loss for agricultural products. Tomato crop was chosen to be pre-cooled as an example of agricultural value chains. Experimental variables included three temperatures of cooling water (15, 10 and 5 °C) and two air velocities that passed through the cooling cabinet (1.5 and 2.5 m s-1). The results showed that at 1.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 19.4, 25.5 and 34.7% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. At 2.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 23.1, 28.8 and 37.2% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 oC, respectively. The performance of the IESP under these conditions was 15.4 oC, 91.5% RH, 0.338 TR refrigeration load and 37.2% COPcyc. Total energy consumption was 6.4 kWh day-1. The solar pre-cooler performance proved a very feasible solution to the demands of small and medium horticultural holdings, especially in cities with a very hot climate to keep vegetables and fruits from deteriorating after harvest.

Abstract The development of living beings depends on the health and chemical quality of the available water. In recent years, the importance of the environment in the spread of resistant and multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics has been observed, a situation that has placed the problem of antibiotic resistance on a broader level and which is being studied from the perspective “One Health”. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics in irrigation water samples from the Chibunga river. Fourteen water samples of 100 mL each were collected in sterile containers and aseptically, were kept under refrigeration until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample was seeded by the surface seeding method on blood, cystine electrolyte deficient, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella and thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agars, incubating in all cases at a temperature of 37 °C for a maximum time of 48 hours. The identification of bacterial colonies was carried out through physiological and biochemical tests according to the identification schemes indicated by MacFaddin. The resistance/sensitivity to antibiotics of the identified colonies was carried out by the disk diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Two species of multi-resistant bacteria were identified, including strains of Morganella morgani and Plesiomonas shigelloides resistant to antibiotics of clinical use such as ceftazidime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The results show that the waters of Chibunga river harbor bacteria with multi-resistance to antimicrobials, representing a contamination risk of agricultural products harvested in its vicinity, as well as for the people who use these waters.

Resumen El bienestar y desarrollo de los seres vivos depende de la calidad sanitaria y química del agua disponible. En los últimos años se ha venido observando la importancia del ambiente en la diseminación de bacterias resistentes y multirresistentes a los antibióticos, situación que ha colocado la problemática de la resistencia en un plano más amplio y que se está estudiando desde la perspectiva “One Health”. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la presencia de bacterias multirresistentes a los antibióticos en muestras de agua de riego provenientes del río Chibunga. Se recolectaron 14 muestras de agua de un volumen de 100 mL cada una, en envases estériles y de manera aséptica, las cuales fueron conservadas bajo refrigeración hasta su análisis en el laboratorio. Cada muestra fue sembrada por el método de siembra en superficie en los agares cistina electrolito deficiente, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, tiosulfato citrato bilis sacarosa y agar sangre, incubándose en todos los casos a una temperatura de 37 °C durante un tiempo máximo de 48 horas. La identificación de las colonias bacterianas se realizó mediante pruebas fisiológicas y bioquímicas de acuerdo con los esquemas de identificación indicados por MacFaddin. El perfil de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de las colonias identificadas se realizó por el método de difusión en disco de Kirby Bauer. Se lograron identificar 2 especies de bacterias multirresistentes, entre ellas, cepas de Morganella morganii y Plesiomonas shigelloides resistentes a antibióticos de uso clínico como ceftazidima, aztreonam, ciprofloxacino, ácido nalidíxico y trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol. Los resultados muestran que las aguas del río Chibunga albergan bacterias con multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos, representando un riesgo de contaminación de los productos agrícolas cosechados en sus inmediaciones, así como para las personas que utilizan estas aguas.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar efectos de prebióticos (jarabe de topinambur e inulina comercial) sobre las características de bebidas de almendras Prunus dulcisvar “Non Pareil”, inoculadas con probióticos (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus y Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). El contenido de inulina obtenido en jarabe de topinambur fue de 2,25 gramos de inulina por 100 gramos de fructanos totales, en la muestra a 7°Bx. Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de los productos fermentados durante el almacenamiento en frío (4°C) por unperíodo de 28 días. Las bebidas adicionadas con jarabe de topinambur mostraron mayor acidez (valores menores de pH y contenidosmayores de ácido láctico) y mayores densidades que el producto elaborado con inulina comercial. La adición de jarabe de topinambur afectó los parámetros de textura, los productos mostraron menor dureza, adhesividad, gomosidad y mayores valores de cohesión y elasticidad que los elaborados con inulina comercial. La muestra con mayor preferencia sensorial fue la preparada con inulina comercial y bebida vegetal filtrada. La concentración de bacterias lácticas se mantuvo mayor en las muestras con jarabe de topinambur con la misma proporción de inulina que las muestras con prebiótico comercial, después de 21 días de almacenamiento en refrigeración.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebiotics (Jerusalem artichoke syrup and commercial inulin) on the characteristics of Prunus dulcis var “Non Pareil”almond beverages, inoculated with probiotics (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The inulin content obtained in the Jerusalem artichoke syrup was 2.25 grams of inulin per 100 grams of total fructans, in the sample at 7°Bx. The fermented products were evaluated for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties during cold storage (4°C) for 28 days. The fermented beverages with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup showed higher acidity (lower pH value and higher lactic acid content), and higher density than the product made with commercial inulin. The addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup affected the textural parameters. The products showed less hardness, stickiness, gumminess and higher values of cohesiveness and elasticity than those made with commercial inulin. The sample with the highest sensory preference was the one prepared with commercial inulin and a filtered vegetable beverage. The concentration of lactic bacteria remained higher in the samples with Jerusalem artichoke syrup with the same proportion of inulin than the samples with commercial prebiotic, during 21 days of storage under refrigeration.

Resumen La recuperación de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en las destilerías de etanol es un factor importante que aporta beneficios económicos y ambientales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener un modelo de simulación validado para la evaluación de la etapa de recuperación y purificación de CO2 en una destilería cubana. La metodología empleada consistió en obtención y validación del modelo de simulación en Aspen Hysys v.10.0, evaluación de alternativas de mejoras, y realización de un análisis técnico-económico. En el desarrollo de la simulación, se seleccionó NRTL para la estimación de las propiedades para el equilibrio entre el agua y las sustancias orgánicas a bajas presiones en la fase líquida e ideal para la fase vapor. Para el refrigerante, se seleccionó el modelo de Antoine, aplicable para sistemas a bajas presiones y considerando que el comportamiento de la fase líquida es ideal. El modelo de simulación obtenido en el caso base fue validado con los datos reales del proceso con un máximo error relativo inferior al 8 %. Se evaluaron cinco alternativas del ciclo de refrigeración en las que se emplearon nuevos refrigerantes (R-404a, R-290, R-152a, R-600a, R-417a) y se analizó la influencia de las variables de operación en los indicadores de comportamiento del sistema de refrigeración. Desde el punto de vista técnico, la mejor alternativa fue el R-600a, pero en comparación con el caso base, los resultados fueron inferiores. Con el empleo de los nuevos refrigerantes, al rediseñar el ciclo de refrigeración no se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores al 60 %.

Abstract: The recovery of carbon dioxide (CO2) in ethanol distilleries is an important factor that provides both economic and environmental benefits. This research aims to obtain a validated simulation model for evaluating the CO2 recovery and purification stage in a Cuban distillery. The methodology used includes obtaining and validating the simulation model in Aspen Hysys v.10.0, evaluating improvement alternatives, and performing a technical-economic analysis. The simulation utilized the NRTL method to estimate properties for the equilibrium between water and organic substances at low pressures in the liquid phase and ideal for the vapor phase, and the Antoine model was used for the refrigerant in low pressure systems, assuming ideal behavior in the liquid phase. The model was validated with real process data, with a maximum relative error of less than 8%. Five refrigeration cycle alternatives were evaluated using new refrigerants (R-404a, R-290, R-152a, R-600a, R-417a), and the influence of the operating variables on the performance indicators behavior of the refrigeration system was analyzed. The best alternative from a technical point of view was R-600a, but the results were inferior compared to the base case. The redesign of the refrigeration cycle using new refrigerants did not result in efficiencies greater than 60%.

Abstract: The present study aims to know the flow patterns in two nanorefrigerants R600a / CuO and R410A / CuO throughout the forced boiling process in horizontal square pipes. Those are obtained using the thermophysical properties of the refrigerants R600a and R410A in state liquid and vapor, as well as the properties of the CuO nanoparticles. The analysis was carried out using two methods: analytical and numerical. The analytical method was established by formulas and correlations through scientific articles and books to find an improvement in the two-phase heat transfer, under the conditions at an inlet temperature of 8 ° C and with a quality range of 0 to 1. This allowed to verify that by adding nanoparticles to the refrigerant, the transition between the flow regimes increases progressively, while the quality of the vapor decreases. For the numerical method, the different transition limits are specified in a simulation process in the Ansys Fluent CFD Software, under established design conditions, which consequently increases the general efficiency of any refrigeration system.

Resumen: El presente estudio tiene como propósito identificar los patrones de flujo en los nanorefrigerantes R600a/CuO y R410a/CuO durante el proceso de ebullición forzada en tuberías cuadradas horizontales. Dichos patrones se obtienen empleando las propiedades termofísicas de los refrigerantes R600a y R410A en estado líquido y de vapor, así como, también las propiedades de las nanopartículas de CuO. El análisis se lo realizó mediante dos métodos: analítico y numérico. El método analítico se estableció mediante fórmulas y correlaciones a través de artículos científicos y libros para encontrar una mejora en la transferencia de calor de dos fases. El trabajo se llevo a cabo bajo las condiciones a una temperatura de entrada de 8 °C y con un rango de calidad de 0 a 1, comprobando que al añadir nanopartículas al refrigerante la transición entre los regímenes de flujo aumenta de manera progresiva, mientras que, la calidad de vapor reduce. Para el método numérico se procedió a especificar los diferentes límites de transición en un proceso de simulación en el Software CFD Ansys Fluent, bajo condiciones establecidas de diseño, lo que en consecuencia aumenta la eficiencia general de cualquier sistema de refrigeración.

ABSTRACT Combining refrigeration with packaging is a commonly used technique for fruits intended for export. Thus, the objective of this study was to adapt the post-harvest management of biofortified sweet potato cultivars, using packaging and refrigeration, focused on reaching distant export markets while maintaining the commercial quality. Sweet potatoes of the cultivars BRS-Amélia and Beauregard were selected after harvesting, washed, and packaged. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 × 7 factorial arrangement consisted of 4 treatments (cultivar BRS-Amélia with and without packaging; and cultivar Beauregard with and without packaging) and 7 evaluations under storage conditions: at 0, 7, 14 (under refrigeration at approximately 8 °C), 17, 20, 23, and 26 days (under room temperature conditions at approximately 25 °C). Each experimental unit contained 500 g of tubbers. The results showed that the refrigerated storage combined with packaging extended the shelf life of the evaluated sweet potatoes: 17 days for BRS-Amélia and 26 days for the cultivar Beauregard. The BRS-Amélia cultivar maintained higher firmness, soluble solids and carbohydrate contents, chroma, and antioxidant activity (FRAP method), and total phenolic contents, in both raw and cooked tissues. The cultivar Beauregard presented less dehydration and greater stability in vitamin C, total phenolic, total carotenoid, soluble carbohydrate, and starch contents in raw and cooked potatoes. Therefore, the combination of packaging and refrigeration preserved the commercial quality of biofortified sweet potatoes for export markets. Thus postharvest post harvest BRSAmélia BRS Amélia harvesting washed packaged randomized 0 1 °C, C °C , °C) 20 23 2 °C. . 50 tubbers firmness chroma FRAP method, method method) tissues carotenoid Therefore 5

RESUMO Combinar refrigeração com embalagem é uma técnica comumente utilizada para frutas destinadas à exportação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi adequar o manejo pós-colheita de cultivares de batata-doce biofortificadas, utilizando embalagem e refrigeração, com foco em atingir mercados de exportação distantes e mantendo a qualidade comercial. As batatas-doces das cultivares BRS-Amélia e Beauregard foram selecionadas após a colheita, lavadas e embaladas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 × 7 composto por 4 tratamentos (cultivar BRS-Amélia com e sem embalagem; e cultivar Beauregard com e sem embalagem) e 7 avaliações nas condições de armazenamento: aos 0, 7, 14 (sob refrigeração a aproximadamente 8 °C), 17, 20, 23 e 26 dias (sob condições de temperatura ambiente a aproximadamente 25 °C). Cada unidade experimental continha 500 g de tubérculos. Os resultados mostraram que o armazenamento refrigerado aliado à embalagem prolongou a vida útil da batata-doce avaliada: 17 dias para BRS-Amélia e 26 dias para a cultivar Beauregard. A cultivar BRS-Amélia manteve maior firmeza, solúveis sólidos e teor de carboidratos, croma e atividade antioxidante (método FRAP) e teor de fenólicos totais, tanto nos tecidos crus quanto cozidos. A cultivar Beauregard apresentou menor desidratação e maior estabilidade nos teores de vitamina C, fenólicos totais, carotenóides totais, carboidratos solúveis e amido em batatas cruas e cozidas. Portanto, a combinação de embalagem e refrigeração preservou a qualidade comercial da batata-doce biofortificada para os mercados de exportação. Assim póscolheita pós colheita batatadoce batata doce biofortificadas batatasdoces doces BRSAmélia BRS Amélia embaladas casualizado 0 1 sob °C, C °C , °C) 20 2 °C. . 50 tubérculos avaliada firmeza método FRAP totais cozidos cozidas Portanto 5

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to identify critical aspects of the Cold Chain in the immunization process in Peru. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted, analyzing data from the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and the Ministry of Health (MINSA) for the years 2020-2021, as well as administrative records from the MINSA's Regional Health Strategies for immunizations in 2020. Technical aspects established in the Health Technical Standard for Cold Chain Management, such as obsolescence, allocation, functionality, and storage capacity were taken into account. Results: In the year 2020, at the national level, 61.8% of the cold chain equipment showed obsolescence, with some regions exceeding 75%, with Lima’s metropolitan region being the most affected at 88%. Concerning equipment allocation, 9% of the first-level health facilities lacked refrigeration equipment, with Loreto having the highest deficit (46%), followed by Huancavelica with a 21% gap. The overall equipment functionality nationwide was 84%, meaning that 16% of health facilities experienced technical failures, affecting vaccine’s storage capacity and posing risks to their safety and immunogenicity. Significant gaps were identified when considering quarterly or monthly storage for COVID-19 vaccines or other health emergencies. Conclusions: This study highlights potential risks in the operability and storage capacity of the national immunization program's vaccines in Peru during contingencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic or other health emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar aspectos críticos de la Cadena de Frío en el Perú Metodología: Estudio descriptivo. Se analizaron datos del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) y del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) de los años 2020-2021, así como los registros administrativos de las Estrategias Sanitarias Regionales de inmunizaciones del MINSA en 2020. Se consideraron aspectos técnicos de la Norma Técnica de Manejo de cadena de frío, como es obsolescencia, dotación, funcionalidad y capacidad de almacenamiento. Resultados: En el año 2020, en términos de obsolescencia el 61.8% de los equipos de cadena de frío a nivel nacional presentaban obsolescencia, siendo regiones claves como Lima Metropolitana (capital del país) la más afectada con un 88%. En cuanto a la dotación de equipos, el 9% de los establecimientos de salud del primer nivel carecen de equipos de refrigeración, siendo Loreto la región con mayor déficit 46%, seguida de Huancavelica con un 21% de brecha. En términos de funcionamiento, se registra que el 84% de los equipos a nivel nacional funcionan, y el 16% reportan fallas técnicas, lo cual representa alto riesgo en la seguridad y potencia inmunogénica de las vacunas a prever. En términos de capacidad, al considerar el almacenamiento trimestral o mensual para las vacunas contra la COVID-19 u otras emergencias sanitarias se identificaron brechas significativas. Conclusiones: Existen riesgos en la operatividad, suministro y capacidad de almacenamiento de las vacunas del esquema nacional de inmunizaciones de Perú incluso ante emergencias sanitarias.

Abstract Munguba butter has bioactive compounds such as vitamin E and phytosterols, which has valued its application in the development of new products, with advantages in its use in emulsified formulations. Therefore, the objective was to develop and evaluate the stability of a nanoemulsion containing munguba butter as the oily phase. Munguba butter was extracted by the ultrasound assisted method and its HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) was determined. Next, formulations varying the concentration of butter from 1-40% were developed and classified into liquid or solid emulsion and phase separation. Liquid emulsions were evaluated for hydrodynamic particle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential (ζ), rheological characterization, and stability assays. The butter had an HLB of 6.98. The NE 1.0% formulation was selected and demonstrated to be unstable at high temperatures (45 ± 2 °C) and remained stable at room temperature, refrigeration and light radiation for 90 days. Munguba butter, because it has high amounts of saturated fatty acids, hinders its application in the development of new products. However, the success in the development of the NE 1.0% formulation is noteworthy, remaining stable when exposed to refrigeration, room temperature and light radiation. phytosterols products Therefore hydrophiliclipophilic hydrophilic lipophilic balance determined Next 140% 140 1 40% 40 1-40 separation diameter PDI, PDI , (PDI) ζ, ζ (ζ) characterization assays 698 6 98 6.98 10 0 1.0 45 (4 °C C 9 days acids However noteworthy 14 4 1-4 (PDI (ζ 69 6.9 1. ( 1- 6.

Resumo: A manteiga de munguba apresenta compostos bioativos como vitamina E e fitoesteróis o que tem valorizado sua aplicação no desenvolvimento de novos produtos, havendo vantagens em sua aplicação em formulações emulsionadas. Logo, o objetivo foi desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de uma nanoemulsão contendo como fase oleosa a manteiga de munguba. A manteiga de munguba foi extraída pelo método de ultrassom e seu EHL (equilíbrio hidrófilo-lipófilo) foi determinado. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidas formulações variando as concentrações de manteiga de 1-40% sendo classificadas em emulsão líquida ou sólida e separação de fases. As emulsões líquidas foram avaliadas quanto ao diâmetro das partículas hidrodinâmicas (DLS), o índice de polidispersividade (PDI), potencial Zeta (ζ), caracterização reológica e ensaios de estabilidade. A manteiga apresentou EHL de 6,98. A formulação NE 1.0% foi selecionada e mostrou-se instável em alta temperatura (45 ± 2 °C) e manteve-se estável em temperatura ambiente, refrigeração e radiação luminosa durante 90 dias. A manteiga de munguba, por possuir altas quantidades de ácidos graxos saturados, dificulta sua aplicação no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Entretanto, ressalta-se o êxito no desenvolvimento da formulação NE 1.0% sendo estável quando exposta a refrigeração, a temperatura ambiente e a radiação luminosa. Resumo produtos emulsionadas Logo equilíbrio hidrófilolipófilo hidrófilo lipófilo hidrófilo-lipófilo determinado seguida 140% 140 1 40% 40 1-40 fases DLS, DLS , (DLS) PDI, PDI (PDI) ζ, ζ (ζ) 698 6 98 6,98 10 0 1.0 mostrouse mostrou se 45 (4 °C C mantevese manteve 9 dias saturados Entretanto ressaltase ressalta 14 4 1-4 (DLS (PDI (ζ 69 6,9 1. ( 1- 6,

Resumo O resfriamento do sêmen mantém espermatozóides viáveis para estender o período útil para fertilização artificial e evita o uso de protocolos robustos e altos custos associados à criopreservação. No entanto, as curvas de qualidade espermática do sêmen fresco e refrigerado ainda não foram comparadas para o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), que é frequentemente usado como modelo biológico. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade do sêmen de P. mesopotamicus durante 24 horas de refrigeração. Seis machos adultos foram induzidos com extrato de hipófise de carpa. Os dados de movimento espermático, integridade da membrana e morfologia foram comparados entre amostras de sêmen armazenadas por 24 horas em temperatura ambiente ou sob refrigeração a 12,63 °C. A motilidade dos espermatozoides diferiu significativamente ao longo do tempo. Após 24 horas de armazenamento, os valores de motilidade foram maiores nos espermatozoides refrigerados do que naqueles mantidos em temperatura ambiente. As taxas de sobrevivência dos espermatozoides não diferiram em 4 e 8 h após a coleta. Após 16 h, as células refrigeradas apresentaram integridade de membrana superior (82,05 ± 4,23%) em comparação àquelas armazenadas em temperatura ambiente (66,98 ± 6,45%), mantendo esse padrão até 24 h. Em termos de taxa de morfologia espermática, o sêmen de ambos os tratamentos ainda era viável para uso 8 horas após a coleta. Porém, após 16 h de armazenamento, ambos os grupos apresentaram grande redução nas taxas de normalidade, e às 24 h, todo sêmen estava inviável. Conclui-se que o sêmen de P. mesopotamicus pode ser armazenado até 8 h após a coleta quando refrigerado a 12,63 °C, sem uso de diluentes e/ou crioprotetores, mantendo qualidade suficiente para a fertilização de ovócitos. criopreservação entanto Piaractus mesopotamicus, , mesopotamicus) biológico P 2 carpa espermático 1263 12 63 12,6 C °C tempo armazenamento 1 82,05 8205 82 05 (82,0 4,23% 423 23 66,98 6698 66 98 (66,9 6,45%, 645 6,45% 6 45 6,45%) Porém normalidade inviável Concluise Conclui se eou crioprotetores ovócitos 126 12, 82,0 820 0 (82, 4,23 42 66,9 669 9 (66, 64 6,45 82, (82 4,2 66, (66 6,4 (8 4, (6 6, (

Abstract Cooling milt conserves viable spermatozoa to extend the period available for artificial fertilization and avoids the robust protocols and high costs associated with cryopreservation. Yet, the sperm quality curves of fresh and refrigerated milt have not yet been compared for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), which is often used as a biological model. This study aimed to analyze the milt quality of male P. mesopotamicus across 24 h of refrigeration. Six adult males were induced with carp pituitary extract. Sperm movement, membrane integrity, and morphology was compared between extruded milt samples stored for 24 h under either ambient temperature or under refrigeration at 12.63 °C. Sperm motility differed significantly over time. After 24 h of storage, motility values were higher in refrigerated spermatozoa than in those kept at ambient temperature. Sperm cell survival rates did not differ 4–8 h post collection. After 16 h, refrigerated cells showed superior membrane integrity (82.05 ± 4.23%) compared to those stored at ambient temperature (66.98 ± 6.45%), maintaining this pattern up to 24 h. In terms of sperm morphology rate, milt from both treatment groups was still viable for use 8 h after collection. However, after 16 h of storage, both groups exhibited a large reduction in normality rates, and at 24 h, all milt were unfeasible. In conclusion, P. mesopotamicus milt can be stored up to 8 h after collection when refrigerated at 12.63 °C, without the use of extenders and/or cryoprotectants, maintaining enough quality for egg fertilization. cryopreservation Yet Piaractus mesopotamicus, , mesopotamicus) model P 2 extract movement 1263 12 63 12.6 C °C time storage 48 4 4– 1 82.05 8205 82 05 (82.0 4.23% 423 23 66.98 6698 66 98 (66.9 6.45%, 645 6.45% 6 45 6.45%) rate However unfeasible conclusion andor cryoprotectants 126 12. 82.0 820 0 (82. 4.23 42 66.9 669 9 (66. 64 6.45 82. (82 4.2 66. (66 6.4 (8 4. (6 6. (

ABSTRACT Banana is a climacteric fruit with short post-harvest shelf-life, undergoing significant changes during ripening. Refrigerated storage is considered the most efficient method to preserve the quality of fruit by slowing down their metabolism. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of 'BRS-Princesa' bananas stored under refrigeration, focusing on determining their post-harvest shelf-life. The fruit were stored in a cold chamber at temperature of 14±1 °C and relative air humidity of 75±1% for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. They were removed from the cold chamber after each period and kept at 25±1 °C in a climate-controlled environment (CCE) until they presented a fully yellow peel (ripening stage 6). The fruit were evaluated immediately after removal from the cold chamber and when they reached the ripening stage 6. Refrigeration affected all physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit evaluated after removal from the cold chamber. However, when the fruit were fully ripe, pulp yield, soluble solids content, and total soluble sugars presented no significant difference, indicating a similar ripening to the control group. Fruit stored for 21 and 28 days showed chilling injury. 'BRS-Princesa' bananas can be stored at 14 °C for up to 14 days, without losses in fruit appearance and quality, thus extending the time for fruit consumption by 8 days when compared to fruit stored in the CCE (25±1 °C). postharvest post harvest shelflife, shelflife shelf life, life shelf-life metabolism Thus BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa refrigeration shelflife. life. 141 1 14± C 751 75 75±1 0 7 2 251 25 25± climatecontrolled climate controlled (CCE 6 . 6) However ripe yield content difference group injury (25± °C. °C) 75± (25 (2 (

RESUMO A banana é um fruto climatérico de vida pós-colheita curta e que sofre mudanças acentuadas durante seu amadurecimento. O armazenamento refrigerado é considerado a forma mais eficaz de preservar a qualidade dos frutos, diminuindo seu metabolismo. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicoquímicas de bananas 'BRS-Princesa' armazenadas sob refrigeração, visando determinar o período de vida útil pós-colheita. Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria, em temperatura de 14±1 ºC e 75±1% UR por períodos de 0, 7,14, 21 ou 28 dias. Após cada período, os frutos foram retirados da câmara fria e mantidos em temperatura ambiente (25±1 ºC) até apresentarem coloração da casca completamente amarela (estádio 6 de maturação). As avaliações foram realizadas logo após a retirada dos frutos da refrigeração e quando os frutos atingiram o estádio 6. A refrigeração afetou todas as variáveis de qualidade físico-química dos frutos avaliados após a retirada da câmara fria. Porém, quando os frutos atingiram o completo amadurecimento, as variáveis rendimento da polpa, sólidos solúveis e açúcares solúveis totais não apresentaram diferença significativa, indicando um amadurecimento semelhante ao controle. Frutos armazenados por 21 e 28 dias apresentaram índices de injúrias por frio. As bananas 'BRS-Princesa' podem ser armazenadas a 14 °C por um período de até 14 dias, sem prejuízo à boa aparência e qualidade dos frutos, com incremento de 8 dias na possibilidade de consumo dos frutos, quando comparados ao controle. póscolheita pós colheita metabolismo Assim BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa póscolheita. colheita. 141 1 14± 751 75 75±1 0 714 7 7,14 2 25±1 251 25 (25± maturação. maturação . maturação) físicoquímica físico química Porém polpa significativa controle frio C 75± 71 7,1 25± (25 7, (2 (

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation the diet of pigs with grape pomace preserved in silage form (GPS) and its interaction with indoor and outdoor production systems, with and without access to vegetation, on the attributes of meat quality produced. Analyzes of proximal composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, shear force, texture profile and sensory analysis were performed. During cold storage, oxidative stability and objective color were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed in a 3x2 factorial design (production systems (S) x GPS-feed (F)) and the interaction between them (S*F). The results showed that there was no interaction between the production system and GPS feeding for the attributes evaluated. The proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the muscle remained unchanged. Additionally, it provides higher subjective and objective tenderness, higher red color intensity, and reduces lipid oxidation under refrigeration. The supplementation of pig feed with GPS improve the quality of the meat and constitute a sustainable alternative for the winemaking residue. (GPS vegetation produced content force storage analyzed 3x S (S GPSfeed F (F) S*F. SF S*F . (S*F) evaluated unchanged Additionally tenderness intensity refrigeration residue (F (S*F

ABSTRACT The pineapple, the most important fruit in the state of Paraíba, is characterized as an important generator of employment, income and regional development. With the increase in production, challenges arise in reaching distant competitive markets, including exports, making refrigerated storage necessary. However, pineapple, a tropical fruit, is subject to Chilling Injury (CI) when stored under sub-optimal temperatures, below 12 °C, which provide internal browning (IB) and quality loss. The use of pulsed electric field (PEF), a non-thermal technology, can be an alternative in ensuring the control of IB in pineapple. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of PEF application on IB, enzyme expression and activity, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of ‘Pérola’ pineapple. Initially, to define the best strategy, 8 kV/cm of PEF was applied to pineapples directly and indirectly (drinking water), in 4 levels of electrical pulses: 0 (control), 5, 20 and 35, proving to be the most efficient the indirect pulses. From these results, a completely randomized design was used, with indirect application of PEF at the four levels in pineapples, with 5 periods of evaluations at refrigeration at 5 °C, followed by transferring at each period for two more days to the room condition, in 4 replicants (3 fruit / rep). The indirect application of 35 pulses provided a reduction in expression and enzyme activity, IB and maintained the functional potential, being a promising alternative for the storage of pineapple under sub-optimal temperatures. Paraíba employment development production markets exports necessary However CI (CI suboptimal sub optimal temperatures 1 C °C (IB loss PEF, , (PEF) nonthermal non thermal technology Therefore ‘Pérola Pérola Initially strategy kVcm kV cm drinking water, water water) control, (control) 2 results used condition 3 ( rep. rep . rep) potential (PEF (control

ABSTRACT: The objective was to analyze Sporophila nigricollis and Sporophila caerulescens in terms of body conditions, parasitological, bacteriological, external biometric measurements, and histological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract. We used 115 individuals apprehended from 2020 to 2021 and sent to the Wild Animal Triage Center, Paraíba, Brazil. Concerning weight, S. nigricollis, females and males presented 9.36±1.36g and 9.70±1.39g, and S. caerulescens with 10.5±0.70g and 11.75±1.28g, being the second heaviest. The body condition in 69.62% of S. nigricollis and 62.50% of S. caerulescens was good. In the fecal microbiological examination, 40.25% of S. nigricollis and 40% of S. caerulescens were positive for Isospora sp. Dispharynx sp. was reported for the first time in S. nigricollis and S. caerulescens. In fecal bacteriology, 95.65% of S. nigricollis were identified with Gram-positive cocci and 73.91% with Gram-positive bacilli. Forty-one animals died and were placed under refrigeration for 48 hours; of these, 31.16% of S. nigricollis and 37.50% of S. caerulescens presented inadequate body conditions. 19.51% had gastrointestinal tract engorgement with hemorrhagic points, and 14.63% had hepatic alteration due to yellowish coloration. The study contributes with subsidies for the taxonomic elucidation of the genus Sporophila, in addition to the knowledge of the conditions in which birds are found in sorting centers, once the destination of most of the seized animals is the release, thus, a potential source of pathogens to the natural environment. ABSTRACT parasitological bacteriological measurements 11 202 Center Paraíba Brazil weight S 936136g g 9 36 1 36g 970139g 70 39g 9.70±1.39g 105070g 10 5 0 70g 1175128g 75 28g 11.75±1.28g heaviest 6962 69 62 69.62 6250 50 62.50 good examination 4025 40 25 40.25 sp bacteriology 9565 95 65 95.65 Grampositive Gram 7391 73 91 73.91 bacilli Fortyone Forty one 4 hours these 3116 31 16 31.16 3750 37 37.50 1951 19 51 19.51 points 1463 14 63 14.63 coloration centers release thus environment 20 3 7 696 6 69.6 625 62.5 402 2 40.2 956 95.6 739 73.9 311 31.1 375 37.5 195 19.5 146 14.6 69. 62. 40. 95. 73. 31. 37. 19. 14.

RESUMO: O objetivo foi analisar Sporophila nigricollis e Sporophila caerulescens quanto às condições corporais, parasitológicas, bacteriológicas, medidas biométricas externas e análise histológica do trato gastrointestinal. Foram utilizados 115 indivíduos apreendidos entre 2020 e 2021 e encaminhados ao Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Paraíba, Brasil. Quanto ao peso, S. nigricollis, fêmeas e machos apresentaram, 9,36±1,36g e 9,70±1,39g, e S. caerulescens com 10,5±0,70g e 11,75±1,28g, sendo o segundo mais pesado. A condição corporal em 69,62% de S. nigricollis e 62,50% de S. caerulescens foi boa. No exame microbiológico fecal, 40,25% de S. nigricollis e 40% de S. caerulescens foram positivos para Isospora sp. Dispharynx sp. foi relatada pela primeira vez em S. nigricollis e S. caerulescens. Na bacteriologia fecal, 95,65% dos S. nigricollis foram identificados com cocos Gram-positivos e 73,91% com bacilos Gram-positivos. Quarenta e um animais morreram e foram colocados sob refrigeração por 48 horas; destes, 31,16% de S. nigricollis e 37,50% de S. caerulescens apresentaram condições corporais inadequadas. 19,51% apresentaram ingurgitamento do trato gastrointestinal com pontos hemorrágicos e 14,63% alteração hepática devido à coloração amarelada. O estudo contribui com subsídios para a elucidação taxonômica do gênero Sporophila, além do conhecimento das condições em que as aves se encontram nos centros de triagem, uma vez que a maior parte dos animais apreendidos tem como destino a soltura, sendo assim, uma potencial fonte de patógenos para o ambiente natural. RESUMO parasitológicas bacteriológicas 11 202 Silvestres Paraíba Brasil peso S 936136g g 9 36 1 36g 970139g 70 39g 9,70±1,39g 105070g 10 5 0 70g 1175128g 75 28g 11,75±1,28g pesado 6962 69 62 69,62 6250 50 62,50 boa fecal 4025 40 25 40,25 sp 9565 95 65 95,65 Grampositivos Gram 7391 73 91 73,91 Grampositivos. positivos. 4 horas destes 3116 31 16 31,16 3750 37 37,50 inadequadas 1951 19 51 19,51 1463 14 63 14,63 amarelada triagem soltura assim natural 20 3 7 696 6 69,6 625 62,5 402 2 40,2 956 95,6 739 73,9 311 31,1 375 37,5 195 19,5 146 14,6 69, 62, 40, 95, 73, 31, 37, 19, 14,

Abstract The search for safer foods has led to increased research attention to discover natural alternatives to synthetic additives that are used in the food industry. Natural preservatives, such as essential oils (EOs) from plants, could increase fish conservation and even positively affect human health. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita EO on the physicochemical characteristics and concentration of microorganisms in chilled tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomum) meat. Mentha piperita EO was prepared at three concentrations (0%, 0.25% and 0.50%) in a solution containing distilled water, propylene glycol and Tween. The meat samples remained immersed in this solution for 60 min; then, they were packed in plastic packages and stored under refrigeration (± 0.4 °C) for 14 days. During this storage, pH, total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB-N), peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and counts of strict and facultative aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were determined. The major constituents found in M. piperita EO were geranial (32.28%), neral (18.64%) and geranic acid (6.98%). None of the EO concentrations affected TVB-N, but there were some changes to the pH. Both 0.25% and 0.50% EO reduced the formation of peroxides and TBARS. The growth of microorganisms was reduced by treatment with 0.50% EO. Based on the findings, 0.50% EO was more effective in reducing the deterioration of meat kept refrigerated for up to 14 days. industry preservatives EOs (EOs plants health Therefore Colossoma brachypomum 0%, 0 (0% 025 25 0.25 050 50 water Tween 6 min then ± ( 04 4 0. °C C 1 days storage pH TVBN, TVBN TVB N , (TVB-N) TBARS (TBARS determined M 32.28%, 3228 32.28% 32 28 (32.28%) 18.64% 1864 18 64 (18.64% 6.98%. 698 6.98% . 98 (6.98%) N, TVB-N 0.50 findings 0% (0 02 2 0.2 05 5 (TVB-N 322 32.28 3 (32.28% 18.64 186 (18.64 69 6.98 9 (6.98% 0.5 32.2 (32.28 18.6 (18.6 6.9 (6.98 32. (32.2 18. (18. 6. (6.9 (32. (18 (6. (32 (1 (6 (3

Resumo A busca por alimentos mais seguros levou a uma maior atenção da pesquisa para encontrar alternativas naturais aos aditivos sintéticos usados na indústria alimentícia. Os conservantes naturais, como os óleos essenciais (OE) de plantas, podem aumentar a conservação dos peixes e até afetar positivamente a saúde humana. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do OE de Mentha piperita nas características físico-químicas e concentração de microrganismos em carne resfriada de tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomum). O OE de M. piperita foi preparado em três concentrações (0%, 0,25% e 0,50%) em solução contendo água destilada, propilenoglicol e Tween. As amostras de carne permaneceram imersas nesta solução por 60 min; em seguida, foram acondicionados em embalagens plásticas e armazenados sob refrigeração (± 0,4°C) por 14 dias. Durante esse armazenamento foram determinados pH, bases nitrogenadas voláteis totais (BNVT), peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e contagens de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios estritos e facultativos. Os principais constituintes encontrados no OE de M. piperita foram geranial (32,28%), neral (18,64%) e ácido gerânico (6,98%). Nenhuma das concentrações de OE afetou as BNVT, mas houve algumas alterações no pH. Tanto 0,25% quanto 0,50% de OE reduziram a formação de peróxidos e TBARS. O crescimento de microrganismos foi reduzido no tratamento com 0,50% de OE. Com base nos resultados, a concentração de 0,50% de OE foi mais eficaz na redução da deterioração da carne mantida refrigerada por até 14 dias. alimentícia (OE plantas humana Portanto físicoquímicas físico químicas Colossoma brachypomum. brachypomum . brachypomum) M 0%, 0 (0% 025 25 0,25 050 50 destilada Tween 6 min seguida ± ( 0,4°C 04C C 4 1 dias pH BNVT , (BNVT) TBARS (TBARS facultativos 32,28%, 3228 32,28% 32 28 (32,28%) 18,64% 1864 18 64 (18,64% 6,98%. 698 6,98% 98 (6,98%) 0,50 resultados 0% (0 02 2 0,2 05 5 (BNVT 322 32,28 3 (32,28% 18,64 186 (18,64 69 6,98 9 (6,98% 0,5 0, 32,2 (32,28 18,6 (18,6 6,9 (6,98 32, (32,2 18, (18, 6, (6,9 (32, (18 (6, (32 (1 (6 (3