Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the adhesion quality of bonded joints in high-density wood, specifically Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus pellita, using resorcinol formaldehyde and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesives. It was used at temperatures of 160 ºC, 180 ºC and 200 °C, being compared with a control batch. The percentage of failure in the wood was analyzed to evaluate the quality of the bonding. The castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive exhibited higher values of viscosity and solid content than resorcinol formaldehyde. Eucalyptus pellita showed higher shear strength values compared to Corymbia citriodora wood. The increase in temperature reduced the shear strength for both woods. The ratio between the strength of the bonded wood and solid wood, at the same treatment temperature, often exceeded one, indicating the formation of an adhesive-fiber composite, which enhances the strength of the bonded interface, especially for C. citriodora wood. Overall, there was better bonding of Eucalyptus pellita wood with resorcinol formaldehyde, and it exhibited less thermal degradation due to lower mass loss. highdensity high density oilbased oil based adhesives 16 18 20 C °C batch woods one adhesivefiber fiber composite interface Overall loss 1 2

Resumo Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico na qualidade da adesão de juntas coladas de madeira de alta densidade, Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus pellita utilizando os adesivos resorcinol e poliuretano vegetal à base de óleo de mamona. O tratamento térmico foi realizado nas temperaturas de 160 ºC, 180 ºC e 200 °C, sendo comparadas com um lote controle. A qualidade da colagem foi avaliada através do teste de cisalhamento e análise do percentual de falha na madeira. O adesivo de poliuretano de mamona apresentou maiores valores de viscosidade e teor de sólidos, do que o resorcinol formaldeído. O Eucalyptus pellitaexibiu maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento que a madeira de Corymbia citriodora. O aumento da temperatura reduziu a resistência ao cisalhamento para ambas as madeiras. A razão entre a resistência da madeira colada com madeira solida, na mesma temperatura de tratamento, muitas vezes atingiu valores superiores a um, indicando a formação de um compósito adesivo-fibras, que aumenta a resistência da interface colada, especialmente para madeira de C. citriodora. De forma geral, houve uma melhor colagem da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita, com resorcinol formaldeído, e está exibiu menor degradação térmica, devido à menor perda de massa. densidade 16 18 20 C °C controle sólidos formaldeído madeiras solida adesivofibras, adesivofibras fibras, fibras adesivo-fibras geral térmica massa 1 2

Resumen Antecedentes: En la reforestación se recomiendan plantas nativas y en fuentes de la regeneración natural. Altos porcentajes de germinación bajo diferentes condiciones de luz y patrones fenológicos amplios incrementan la adaptación en ambientes heterogéneos. Se sugieren especies que tengan una dependencia a la inoculación con hongos micorrizógenos. Preguntas: ¿Solanum pubigerum está ampliamente distribuida en bosques templados del centro de México?, ¿en qué condiciones lumínicas germina?, ¿está en fuentes de la regeneración natural?, ¿la micorriza beneficia su germinación/crecimiento? Especie de estudio / descripción de los datos /Modelo matemático: Solanum pubigerum/distribución en bosques del centro de México, porcentajes de germinación y viabilidad, fenología reproductiva, dependencia micorrícica/Kruskal-Wallis, sincronía, correlaciones de Spearman, ANdeVA. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Bosque de Abies religiosa, Ciudad de México. Agosto 2019 - julio 2020. Métodos: Las semillas de S. pubigerum fueron expuestas a diferentes calidades de luz, su viabilidad fue monitoreada por dos años, así como su presencia en la regeneración natural. Se registró su fenología reproductiva, se inocularon plántulas con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares para evaluar su crecimiento. Resultados: La mayor germinación ocurrió en luz blanca, la viabilidad se mantuvo en altos porcentajes después de dos años. S. pubigerum está en el banco de semillas en ambas épocas, fue menos abundante en la lluvia de semillas en la época seca, con un patrón de floración-fructificación amplio. La inoculación micorrícica incrementó su germinación y crecimiento. Conclusiones: Solanum pubigerum se recomienda para reforestar bosques del centro de México por sus germinación y respuesta a la micorrización.

Abstract Background: Plant species used for reforestation purposes are idoneous if native, and also if they are present in regeneration sources. High germination percentages under different light conditions and a broad phenological pattern enhance adaptability to environmental heterogeneity. Preference for species responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended. Questions: Is Solanum pubigerum a widespread species in temperate forests of central Mexico?, under which light conditions germination will be the highest?, how abundant is it in natural regeneration sources?, does inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi benefit its germination and growth? Studied species / data description / Mathematical model: Solanum pubigerum/distribution in central Mexico forests, germination and viability percentages, reproductive phenology, growth dependence on AM fungi/ Kruskal-Wallis test, synchrony, Spearman correlations, ANOVA. Study site and dates: Abies religiosa forest, Mexico City. August 2019 - July 2020. Methods: Seeds of S. pubigerum were exposed to different light qualities, their viability was monitored for two years. Its presence in natural regeneration sources was registered. Reproductive phenology was recorded, and seedlings were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to assess their growth. Results: Highest seed germination occurred under white light conditions, with sustained viability after two years. The species was found in the seed bank across seasons, less abundantly in seed rain during the dry season. It exhibited extensive flowering and fruiting patterns. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly boosted seed germination and growth. Conclusions: Solanum pubigerum is suitable for reforestation in central Mexico forests due to its high germination percentages and mycorrhizal responsiveness.

ABSTRACT: A system of allometric equations was generated and evaluated to estimate the total biomass and its components during the reforestation of Pinus patula in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca State, Mexico. For this purpose, 18 trees were directly sampled, which represented the growth potential of the site. Using this destructive method, the fresh weight in situ, and samples of each component of the tree were obtained to estimate the dry weight. The total tree biomass was related to its normal diameter by adjusting allometric equations using regression techniques. The exponential equation was selected to estimate the total biomass because it presented the best statistical indicators. The exponential model was again fitted to each component by using a system of simultaneous equations. The allometric equations obtained showed good performance in estimating aerial biomass in components and total tree biomass in the reforestation of Pinus patula, with similar diameters and environmental conditions. The distribution of aerial biomass estimated in the field was 69.8 % for stems, 20.5 % for branches, and 9.7 % for foliage.

RESUMEN: Se generó y evaluó un sistema de ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa total y por componentes en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México. Se realizó un muestreo dirigido de 18 árboles que representaron el potencial de crecimiento del sitio y mediante el método destructivo se obtuvo el peso fresco in situ, así como muestras de cada componente del árbol para estimar el peso seco. Se relacionó la biomasa total del árbol con su diámetro normal a partir del ajuste de ecuaciones alométricas a través de técnicas de regresión. La ecuación exponencial fue seleccionada para estimar la biomasa total por presentar los mejores indicadores estadísticos. El modelo exponencial fue ajustado nuevamente a cada componente mediante un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas. Las ecuaciones alométricas obtenidas mostraron un buen rendimiento para estimar la biomasa aérea en componentes y árbol total en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en diámetros y condiciones ambientales semejantes. La distribución de la biomasa aérea estimada en campo fue en promedio de 69,8 % para fuste, de 20,5 % para ramas y de 9,7 % para follaje.

Abstract Introduction Reforestation and restoration of forest ecosystems are increasingly difficult with climate change. Objective Define seed transfer zones for reforestation in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve and the ‘Sembrando Vida’ program in the Meseta Purépecha to mitigate climate change. Materials and methods Maps were generated to visualize where the ideal climate conditions for reforestation are projected to occur (RCP 4.5 scenario, 2050) at different sites using seedlings collected in delimited areas under a reference climate (1961-1990). A climate zone system was used (based on the temperature of the coldest month and an aridity index) and layers of suitable climatic habitat for Pinus pseudostrobus and Abies religiosa for the reference (1961-1990) and projected (2060 decade) period. Results and discussion The areas to be reforested will be warmer in the future, requiring seed from sites, on average, 3 °C warmer. A reduction of approximately 50 % of the area of climatically favorable habitat for P. pseudostrobus and A. religiosa was estimated. This reduction occurs at the lower altitudinal limit called the 'xeric limit’; therefore, it will be necessary to replace them with species adapted to warmer sites. Conclusions Moving seed sources from warmer (+3 °C) and drier sites to currently wetter and cooler planting sites is recommended. This provides a useful tool for deciding the seed source under adaptive forest management facing climate change.

Resumen Introducción La reforestación y restauración de los ecosistemas forestales son cada vez más difíciles en el contexto del cambio climático. Objetivos Definir zonas de transferencia de semillas para reforestación en la Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca y el programa ‘Sembrando Vida’ en la Meseta Purépecha, para compensar el cambio climático. Materiales y métodos Se generaron mapas para visualizar dónde se predicen las condiciones climáticas idóneas para la reforestación con plántulas de semilla colectada en zonas delimitadas bajo un clima de referencia (1961-1990) que se proyecta ocurrirá (escenario RCP 4.5, 2050) en sitios distintos. Se utilizó una zonificación climática (basada en la temperatura del mes más frío e índice de aridez) y capas de hábitat climático propicio para Pinus pseudostrobus y Abies religiosa del periodo de referencia (1961-1990) y proyectado (década 2060). Resultados y discusión Las áreas por reforestar serán más cálidas en el futuro, por lo que se requiere semilla de sitios, en promedio, 3 °C más cálidos. Se estimó una reducción de aproximadamente 50 % de la superficie del hábitat climático propicio de P. pseudostrobus y A. religiosa. Tal reducción ocurre en el límite inferior altitudinal denominado ‘límite xérico’, por lo que será necesario el reemplazo de estas por especies adaptadas a sitios más cálidos. Conclusiones Se recomienda el traslado de las fuentes de semillas de lugares más cálidos (+3 °C) y secos a sitios de plantación actualmente más húmedos y fríos. Este enfoque proporciona una herramienta útil para decidir la fuente de semilla bajo un manejo forestal adaptativo ante el cambio climático.

SUMMARY: The main objective of this study is to isolate, select, and determine the vegetal growth-promoting capacity of rhizobacteria of Algarrobo trees and stumps at the seed and laboratory levels, with the purpose of selecting strains that could be used for reforestation of dry forest in Piura. Two composite samples of rhizosphere soil were obtained: one from stumps (felled trees) and the other from algarrobo trees, of which 16 and 18 bacterial strains were isolated, respectively. Measurements at a laboratory level included free nitrogen fixation, indolacetic acid, cellulolytic, and phosphate solubilizing production capacity. For each soil sample, five strains were selected with complementary (not antagonistic) properties to make an inoculating liquid and evaluate its effect on seed growth: 53 % for stumps, 37 % for trees, and 34 % for control (water). Inoculant strains were molecularly identified as Actinomycetes and other strains as Bacillus sp., B. paramycoides, B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis, and B. subtilis. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the rhizosphere of a dry forest carob, whether as a tree or stump, is an important source of rhizobacteria with plant-promoting capacity, which can be used to reforest the dry forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este estudio es aislar, seleccionar y determinar la capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal de rizobacterias en el tocón y el árbol de algarrobo a nivel de laboratorio y de semillas, con el fin de poder tener un banco de cepas que pueda usarse para la reforestación del bosque seco en Piura. Se obtuvieron dos muestras compuestas de suelo rizosférico: una de tocones (árboles talados) y otra de árboles de algarrobo, de las cuales se aislaron 16 y 18 cepas bacterianas, respectivamente. A nivel de laboratorio, se evaluó la capacidad de fijar nitrógeno libre y producir ácido indolacético, actividad celulolítica y solubilizadora de fosfatos. Por cada muestra de suelo se escogieron cinco cepas con propiedades no antagonistas sino más bien complementarias entre sí, para hacer un inoculante líquido y evaluar su efecto en la germinación de semillas. Se encontró porcentajes de germinación de 53 % para tocones, 37 % para árboles y 34 % para el control (agua). Las cepas de los inoculantes fueron identificadas molecularmente como un Actinomicetos y otras cepas de Bacillus sp., B. paramycoides, B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis y B. subtilis. Por lo tanto, se demostró que la rizosfera de algarrobo de bosque seco, ya sea como árbol o tocón, es una fuente importante de rizobacterias con capacidad promotora vegetal, que puede ser usada para reforestar el bosque seco.

Abstract The Saman tree (Samanea saman) is a native species with a significant and economic importance in Costa Rica due to its high-quality wood and versatile range of uses. It is ability to compete with other reforestation species and suits specific niche markets increses its value. This research aimed to develop a methodology of in vitro culture for cenízaro, as a key tool for breeding and germplasm conservation programs in Costa Rica. Experiments were focused on using greenhouse-reproduced material, both inside and outside of a microtunnel environment. Two disinfectant agents, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and mercury chloride (HgCl2), were assessed at varying concentrations and exposure durations. In vitro establishment success rates for material from the microtunnel greenhouse were less than 12.5 %. Conversely, material from outside the microtunnel showed remarkable in vitro establishment rates, surpassing 72.3 %. The most effective disinfection treatment for achieving contamination free shoots involved an incubation in 1 % v/v NaClO for 20 minutes, yielding the highest percentage of contamination-free shoots, corresponding to 85.47 %. As for apex disinfection, employing a 0.2 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 5 minutes proved optimal, resulting in 100 % establishment of explants devoid of contaminants.

Resumen El cenízaro (Samanea saman), es una especie nativa de Costa Rica, de reconocido valor económico por la calidad de la madera y la variedad de usos; estas características le permiten competir con otras especies usadas para reforestación, con el fin de generar productos dirigidos a mercados selectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro de cenízaro como herramienta biotecnológica para un programa de mejoramiento genético y conservación de germoplasma en Costa Rica. El ensayo se estableció a partir de material reproducido en invernadero, tanto en microtúnel como fuera de este. Posteriormente, se evaluaron dos agentes desinfectantes, hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) y cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2), en diferentes concentraciones y tiempos de exposición. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro inferiores al 12,5 % al emplear material proveniente del invernadero microtúnel; mientras que, el material proveniente fuera del microtúnel, presentó porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro superiores a 72,3 %. La desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) al 1 % v/v durante 20 minutos presentó el mayor porcentaje de nudos libres de contaminación y correspondiente al 85,47 %. Por otro lado, la desinfección de ápices con cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) al 0,2 % p/v durante 5 minutos, presentó el mayor porcentaje de ápices libres de contaminación (100 %).

ABSTRACT Cloud forests have high relative humidity associated with horizontal precipitation and temperature. This combination of factors causes the ecosystems to remain permanently humid. Horizontal precipitation is a process by which horizontally moving water droplets come into contact with vegetation. However, little has been researched and disseminated on the behavior of horizontal precipitation in the mountainous zone, because there is no practice in its measurement and collection method, particularly in the mountainous ecosystem of the Gran Piedra. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavior of horizontal rainfall in the period July 2022 - June 2023 and to identify the types of synoptic situations (TSS) that condition the occurrence of fog. For its determination, an equipment was built and a method for its collection was developed. This research contributes to obtain a continuous database for a better knowledge management related to horizontal rainfall and its contribution to reference mountain ecosystems. It was demonstrated that the integrated analysis of climate factors and synoptic patterns allows a better explanation of the occurrence of horizontal rain in the region. This provides valuable information for the planning of reforestation, conservation and development of these ecosystems.

RESUMEN Los bosques nublados tienen una alta humedad relativa asociada a la precipitación horizontal y a la temperatura. Esta combinación de factores causa que los ecosistemas se mantengan permanentemente húmedos. La precipitación horizontal es un proceso mediante el cual las gotas de agua en movimiento horizontal entran en contacto con la vegetación. Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado y difundido sobre el comportamiento de la misma en la zona montañosa, por no existir una práctica en su medición y método de colección, en particular en el ecosistema montañoso de la Gran Piedra. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el comportamiento de la lluvia horizontal en el periodo de julio de 2022 - junio de 2023 e identificar los tipos de situaciones sinópticas (TSS) que condicionan la ocurrencia de niebla. Para su determinación se construyó un equipo y se desarrolló un método para su colección. Con esta investigación se contribuye a la obtención de una base de datos continua para una mejor gestión del conocimiento, relacionado con la lluvia horizontal y su aporte a los ecosistemas montañosos de referencia. Se demostró que el análisis integrado de los factores del clima y patrones sinópticos permite una mejor explicación de la ocurrencia de la lluvia horizontal en la región. Esto establece una valiosa información para la planeación de los procesos de reforestación, conservación y desarrollo de estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Cedrela odorata is a species of economic importance due to the quality of its wood and is currently planted through reforestation programs and commercial forestry plantations. Propagation in forest nurseries is carried out by seed that is harvested regardless of its physical quality and origin. The objective of the present research was to assess the physical quality and germination parameters of seeds from Cedrela odorata plus trees. Seeds were collected from 10 trees distributed within an altitudinal gradient of 10 to 700 m in the Soconusco region of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. 20 days after collection, the purity, 100-seed weight, moisture content, and viability of the seeds were determined, as were their germination capacity, average daily germination, peak value, and germination value. The seeds’ physical quality and viability differed (p≤0.0001) between trees. The average germination capacity of the seeds was 65.8 %. Viability, germination capacity, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value were positively associated with the altitude; seeds from trees located at altitudes above 400 m recorded higher values. Seeds from higher trees differ in physical quality, viability, and germination parameters, a fact which establishes the importance of the altitudinal origin in seed collection.

Resumen Cedrela odorata es una especie de importancia económica por la calidad de su madera; en la actualidad se planta mediante programas de reforestación y plantaciones forestales comerciales. Su propagación en los viveros forestales se realiza por semilla que se recolecta sin considerar su calidad física y procedencia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad física y parámetros germinativos de semillas de árboles superiores de C. odorata. Las semillas se recolectaron en 10 árboles superiores distribuidos en un gradiente altitudinal de 10 a 700 m en la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Después de 20 días de la recolecta se determinó la pureza, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de humedad y viabilidad de semillas, así como la capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo. La calidad física y la viabilidad fue diferente (p≤0.0001) entre los árboles. La capacidad germinativa promedio de las semillas fue de 65.8 %. La viabilidad, capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo presentaron asociación positiva con la altitud; las semillas de los árboles ubicados en altitudes superiores a los 400 m presentaron mayores valores. Las semillas de los árboles superiores difieren en calidad física, viabilidad y parámetros germinativos, por lo que se establece la importancia del origen altitudinal en la recoleta de semillas.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the morpho-physiological adaptations of Araucaria angustifolia saplings under different shade conditions. Saplings were grown for 21 months under full sunlight (S0%) and three shade levels: 30%, 50%, and 80% (S-30%, S-50% and S-80%, respectively). Growth, light-harvesting pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence, and anatomical leaf structure were analyzed. Plants in S-0% and S-30% showed higher stem diameter, total and root dry mass, Dickson quality index, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio, carotenoids content, and electron transport rate. Conversely, shaded plants (S-50% e S-80%) exhibited physiological adaptations, compensating for the decreased light supply by primarily increasing the amount of chlorophyll and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and reducing the thickness of their leaves. These results indicate that, despite the physiological plasticity to shade in Araucaria, the saplings grow better under a high-irradiance environment or low-shade condition (S-30%). In this sense, shaded cultivation of this species should be avoided in nurseries and reforestations due to the significant total dry mass reduction. This study highlights the importance of optimal light intensity to promote the growth of this endangered species. morphophysiological morpho conditions 2 S0% S0 S (S0% levels 30 30% 50 50% 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, S-80% respectively. respectively . respectively) Growth lightharvesting harvesting carotenoids, , carotenoids) fluorescence analyzed 0% 0 S-0 S30% S-30 diameter index achlorophyll ratio content rate Conversely (S-50 S80% leaves that highirradiance high irradiance lowshade low S30%. (S-30%) sense reduction (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-80 S- S-3 (S-5 (S (S-3 S-8 (S-

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as adaptações morfofisiológicas de mudas de Araucaria angustifolia sob diferentes condições de sombreamento. As mudas foram cultivadas durante 21 meses em pleno sol (S0%) e em três níveis de sombreamento: 30%, 50% e 80% (S-30%, S-50% e S-80%, respectivamente). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, pigmentos de captação de luz (clorofila e carotenoides), fluorescência da clorofila e a estrutura anatômica da folha. As mudas sob S0% e S30% apresentaram maior diâmetro do caule, massa seca total e radicular, índice de qualidade de Dickson, relação clorofila a/clorofila b, teor de carotenoides e taxa de transporte de elétrons. Plantas sob S-50% e S-80% apresentaram adaptações fisiológicas, compensando a diminuição da disponibilidade de luz principalmente aumentando a quantidade de clorofila a e a eficiência quântica do fotossistema II, e reduzindo a espessura da folha. Esses resultados indicam que, apesar da plasticidade fisiológica da araucária à sombra, as mudas crescem mais em ambientes de alta irradiação ou baixo sombreamento (S-30%). Assim, plantios sombreados desta espécie devem ser evitados em viveiros e reflorestamentos devido à significativa redução do acúmulo de massa seca. Este estudo destaca a importância da intensidade ideal de luz para melhorar o crescimento de mudas desta espécie que está ameaçada de extinção. 2 S0 S (S0% 30 30% 50 80 S30%, S30 (S-30% S50% S50 S-50 S80%, S80 80%, respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) carotenoides, , carotenoides) folha caule radicular Dickson aclorofila b elétrons S80% S-80 fisiológicas II sombra S30%. (S-30%) Assim extinção (S0 3 5 8 S3 (S-30 S5 S-5 S8 S-8 (S (S-3 S- (S-

Resumo A identificação da flora com potencial meliponícola é fundamental para a preservação das abelhas, além de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo de polinizadores e reflorestamento. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os tipos de pólen encontrados nos potes de mel e pólen da abelha Melipona fasciculata em Arari-Ma, durante o período de agosto de 2022 a julho de 2023. Foram identificados 40 tipos de pólen distribuídos em 18 famílias botânicas, com destaque para Fabaceae (46,15% nos potes de pólen e 37,86% nos potes de mel), Myrtaceae (11,53% em pólen e 13,51% em mel) e Rubiaceae com 7,69% em pólen e 5,40% em mel. Sapindaceae, nos potes de mel, representou 5,40%. As demais famílias apresentaram percentuais menores, sendo 3,84% nos potes de pólen e 2,70% nos potes de mel. Quanto à similaridade, tanto nos potes de pólen quanto nos de mel, foram observados dois grupos distintos. Nos potes de pólen, o grupo A (mai-jun ~ 97%) e o grupo B (fev-mar ~ 99%) se destacaram, enquanto nos potes de mel, o grupo A (mar-abr ~ 98%) e o grupo B (jun-jul-set ~ 98%) apresentaram maiores percentuais. Essas descobertas ressaltam a ampla gama de recursos utilizados pela espécie M. fasciculata, bem como sua preferência por Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, devido à diversidade e disponibilidade dos recursos tróficos. A compreensão da flora meliponícola é fundamental para embasar estratégias eficazes de conservação, que visam não apenas garantir a sobrevivência das abelhas, mas também assegurar a continuidade da produção de mel, um recurso de grande importância para as comunidades locais. abelhas reflorestamento contexto ArariMa, ArariMa Arari Ma, Ma Arari-Ma 202 2023 4 1 botânicas 46,15% 4615 46 15 (46,15 3786 37 86 37,86 , 11,53% 1153 11 53 (11,53 1351 13 51 13,51 769 7 69 7,69 540 5 5,40 Sapindaceae menores 384 3 84 3,84 270 2 70 2,70 similaridade distintos maijun mai jun 97% 97 fevmar fev mar 99% 99 destacaram marabr abr 98% 98 junjulset jul set M tróficos conservação locais 20 46,15 461 (46,1 378 8 37,8 11,53 115 (11,5 135 13,5 76 6 7,6 54 5,4 38 3,8 27 2,7 9 46,1 (46, 37, 11,5 (11, 13, 7, 5, 3, 2, 46, (46 11, (11 (4 (1 (

Abstract The identification of meliponicultural flora is fundamental for the preservation of bees, as well as enabling the development of pollinator management and reforestation programs. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the types of pollen found in the honey and pollen pots of the Melipona fasciculata bee in Arari, State of Maranhão, between August 2022 and July 2023. 40 types of pollen were identified, distributed among 18 botanical families, with Fabaceae standing out (46.15% in pollen pots and 37.86% in honey pots), Myrtaceae (11.53% in pollen and 13.51% in honey) and Rubiaceae (7.69% in pollen and 5.40% in honey). Sapindaceae, in the honey pots, accounted for 5.40%. The other families showed lower percentages, 3.84% in the pollen pots and 2.70% in the honey pots. In terms of similarity, two distinct groups were observed in both the pollen and honey pots. In the pollen pots, group A (May-June ~ 97%) and group B (Feb-Mar ~ 99%) stood out, while in the honey pots, group A (Mar-Apr ~ 98%) and group B (Jun-Jul-Sept ~ 98%) showed the highest percentages. These findings highlight the wide range of resources used by the M. fasciculata species, as well asits preference for Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, due to the diversity and availability of trophic resources. An understanding of the meliponicultural flora is essential to support effective conservation strategies, which aim not only to guarantee the survival of the bees, but also to ensure the continued production of honey, a resource of great importance to local communities. bees programs context Arari Maranhão 202 2023 4 identified 1 46.15% 4615 46 15 (46.15 3786 37 86 37.86 , pots) 11.53% 1153 11 53 (11.53 1351 13 51 13.51 7.69% 769 7 69 (7.69 540 5 5.40 honey. . Sapindaceae percentages 384 3 84 3.84 270 2 70 2.70 similarity MayJune May June 97% 97 FebMar Feb Mar 99% 99 MarApr Apr 98% 98 JunJulSept Jun Jul Sept M species strategies communities 20 46.15 461 (46.1 378 8 37.8 11.53 115 (11.5 135 13.5 7.69 76 6 (7.6 54 5.4 38 3.8 27 2.7 9 46.1 (46. 37. 11.5 (11. 13. 7.6 (7. 5. 3. 2. 46. (46 11. (11 7. (7 (4 (1 (

Abstract: The proper choice of raw materials and manufacturing parameters for Cross Laminated Timber is essential to promote the proper bonding of the lamellas, aiming at their application in construction. However, few Brazilian species are currently used in the production of Cross Laminated Timber. The aim of this work was to characterize the bonding quality of four Brazilian reforestation species (Pinus elliottii (pino ellioti), Eucalyptus grandis (eucalipto), Toona ciliata (toona) and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (lazcar)) in the manufacture of Cross Laminated Timber with two-component polyurethane adhesive and five different pressure levels (from 0,1 MPa to 1,3 MPa). Bonding quality was evaluated through delamination and glue line shear tests based on the European standard. Delamination was affected by the wood species, and the best adhesion occurred for the Cross Laminated Timber manufactured with Pinus elliottii (pino ellioti) and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (lazcar) at the bonding pressure of 0,7 MPa. Cross Laminated Timber bonding pressure did not affect the percentage of wood in the shear test fractured surface, whereas higher density Cross Laminated Timber showed higher percentages.

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2

ABSTRACT The forests that surround the cities of Mexico, Puebla and Tlaxcala are a source of environmental services for 25 million people. Pinus montezumae Lamb. is an abundant species in the area that is under anthropocentric pressure. The objective of the study was to determine the repopulation capacity of Pinus montezumae through its seed production capacity related with environmental (climate, soil) and ecological variables (tree density). In eight populations, 10 cones per tree were collected from 15 trees per population (1200 cones). Data analysis was carried out by parametric and non-parametric methods according to the behavior of each variable. Correlations were estimated using the Pearson and Spearman method. In all variables, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between populations and 3 out of 11 variables between trees. On average, 132 developed seeds were obtained per cone, 55% full, 43% empty and 2% pest-ridden. Production efficiency, reproductive efficiency and endogamy index were 0.33, 28.7 and 0.43, respectively. Some seasonal climatic factors showed associations with seed production. A lower seed production potential (r < -0.70) was observed in populations with high temperature and low precipitation and a higher seed weight when the average temperature increased (r = 0.74). Organic matter has a negative influence on seed weight (r = -0.94), while more acidic soils have greater potential for seed production (r = 0.76). Stand density did not show any significant correlation (p<0.05; r<±0.26). Despite the high fragmentation and low stand density in the populations, the reproductive indicators do not show a deficiency in the production of full seed, which indicates a correct natural regeneration process by seed. The substantial increase in temperature and reduction in precipitation could reduce the species' seed production and its ability to repopulate naturally. This warns of the need for adequate management of forests under an unfavorable climate scenario, and one that is focused on the renewal of populations through reforestation programs. Mexico 2 people Lamb pressure climate, (climate soil density. . density) 1 1200 (120 cones. cones) nonparametric non variable method p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 13 cone 55 43 pestridden. pestridden pest ridden. ridden pest-ridden 033 33 0.33 287 28 7 28. 043 0.43 respectively r 0.70 070 70 -0.70 0.74. 074 0.74 74 0.74) 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 -0.94) 0.76. 076 0.76 76 0.76) r<±0.26. r026 r<±0.26 26 r<±0.26) naturally scenario programs 120 (12 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 5 4 03 0.3 04 0.4 0.7 07 -0.7 09 0.9 9 -0.94 r02 r<±0.2 12 (1 p<0. p0 (p<0. 0. -0. -0.9 r0 r<±0. ( p<0 (p<0 -0 r<±0 p< (p< - r<± (p r<

RESUMEN Los bosques que rodean las ciudades de México, Puebla y Tlaxcala son fuente de servicios ambientales para 25 millones de personas. Pinus montezumae Lambert es una especie abundante en la zona que está bajo presión antropocéntrica. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la capacidad de repoblamiento a través del análisis de indicadores reproductivos y su relación con 26 variables ambientales (clima, suelo) y ecológicas (densidad de árboles). En ocho poblaciones se recolectaron 10 conos sanos por árbol, de 15 árboles por población (1200 conos). Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas GLIMIX y Kruskal–Wallis, según el comportamiento de cada variable. Las correlaciones se estimaron por el método de Pearson y Spearman. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en todas las variables entre poblaciones y en 3 de 11 variables entre árboles. Se obtuvo un promedio 132 semillas desarrolladas por cono, 55% de ellas se encontraban llenas, 43% vanas y 2% plagadas. La eficiencia de producción, eficiencia reproductiva y el índice de endogamia fueron 0.33, 28.7 y 0.43, respectivamente. Algunas variables ambientales mostraron asociaciones con la producción de semilla. Se observó menor potencial de producción de semilla (r < -0.70) en poblaciones con elevada temperatura y baja precipitación, además de mayor peso de semilla al aumentar la temperatura media (r = 0.74). El peso de semilla disminuye a menor disponibilidad de materia orgánica (r = -0.94), mientras que suelos más ácidos poseen mayor potencial de producción de semilla (r = 0.76). La densidad no presentó correlación significativa con ninguna variable (p<0.05; r<±0.26). A pesar de la alta fragmentación y baja densidad de árboles en las poblaciones, los indicadores reproductivos no muestran deficiencia en la producción de semilla llena, siendo indicio de un correcto proceso de regeneración natural por semilla. El aumento sustancial de la temperatura y la reducción de la precipitación podría reducir la producción de semilla de la especie y su capacidad de repoblarse naturalmente. Esto advierte la necesidad de un manejo adecuado de los bosques bajo un escenario climático desfavorable, enfocado a la renovación de las poblaciones por medio de programas de reforestación. México 2 personas antropocéntrica clima, clima (clima suelo . árboles) 1 árbol 1200 (120 conos. conos) KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis Kruskal–Wallis Spearman p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 13 cono 55 llenas 43 plagadas 033 33 0.33 287 28 7 28. 043 0.43 respectivamente r 0.70 070 70 -0.70 0.74. 074 0.74 74 0.74) 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 -0.94) 0.76. 076 0.76 76 0.76) r<±0.26. r026 r<±0.26 r<±0.26) llena naturalmente desfavorable reforestación 120 (12 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 5 4 03 0.3 04 0.4 0.7 07 -0.7 09 0.9 9 -0.94 r02 r<±0.2 12 (1 p<0. p0 (p<0. 0. -0. -0.9 r0 r<±0. ( p<0 (p<0 -0 r<±0 p< (p< - r<± (p r<

Abstract We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest. dependence 1 restoration semiopen semi open range generalist them way addressed herbaceousshrub herbaceous shrub freshyfruited freshy fruited 2 betadiversity beta

Abstract Many species of Bromeliaceae store water among their leaves creating microhabitats for several biological groups. Using bromeliads in enrichment of reforestation offers an opportunity to understand the occupation of tank habitat, and the impacts of these plants in increasing biodiversity. We translocated 20 rescued individuals of tank-bromeliad Hohenbergia ramageana to enrich a reforested area in Atlantic Forest. Then, we recorded the visiting dynamics of animals in the tank habitat of H. ramageana. Ten orders of vertebrates and invertebrates visited nine terrestrial and eight epiphyte tank-habitats just one month after the translocation. Richness and composition were similar between epiphyte and terrestrial translocations. We found that precipitation explained a significant proportion of variation of the number of visited plants and richness of animal orders. Our results confirm the importance of using tank-bromeliads in reforested ecosystems and bring novelty that reintroduced bromeliads in alternative habitats also play the same role for animal groups as in their original habitat. This knowledge will orientate future plans of conservation of bromeliads and of ecosystem restoration. biodiversity 2 tankbromeliad bromeliad Forest Then H tankhabitats translocation translocations tankbromeliads restoration

Resumo Muitas espécies de Bromeliaceae armazenam água entre suas folhas criando microhabitats para diversos grupos biológicos. O uso de bromélias no enriquecimento de reflorestamentos oferece uma oportunidade para entender a ocupação do habitat tanque e os impactos dessas plantas no aumento da biodiversidade. Foram translocados 20 indivíduos resgatados da bromélia-tanque Hohenbergia ramageana para enriquecimento de uma área reflorestada de Mata Atlântica. Em seguida, foi gravada a dinâmica de visitação de animais no habitat tanque de H. ramageana. Dez ordens de vertebrados e invertebrados visitaram nove habitats tanques terrícolas e oito epífitos apenas um mês após a translocação. A riqueza e a composição foram semelhantes entre as translocações epífitas e terrícolas. Descobrimos que a precipitação explicou uma proporção significativa de variação do número de plantas visitadas e da riqueza de ordens de animais. Nossos resultados confirmam a importância do uso de bromélias-tanque em ecossistemas reflorestados e trazem novas evidências de que as bromélias reintroduzidas em habitats alternativos também desempenham o mesmo papel para grupos de animais que em seu habitat original. Esse conhecimento orientará planos futuros de conservação de bromélias e de restauração de ecossistemas. biológicos biodiversidade 2 broméliatanque bromélia Atlântica seguida H translocação broméliastanque original