Abstract Introduction: A recent revision of the generic classification of the Trochilidae based on DNA sequences revealed many inconsistencies with the current generic classification, largely based on plumage characters subject to homoplasy, especially in the Trochilini, the largest tribe. A thorough generic reorganization brought the classification into accord with the phylogeny, but due to lack of genetic data, two species remained unclassified. One of these was the Mangrove Hummingbird, “Amazilia” boucardi, endemic to Costa Rica and included in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Objective: To obtain molecular evidence to clarify the generic relationships of “A.” boucardi. Methods: We isolated DNA from tissues of this species and amplified 4 nuclear and 4 mitochondrial fragments and compared these with homologous fragments from 56 species in the Trochilini, constructing phylogenetic trees with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results: Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the placement of boucardi in the Trochilini and definitely excluded it from Amazilia but placed it with high confidence in the genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, within which its closest relative is C. coeruleogularis, which also inhabits mangroves. Conclusions: Our genetic data based on nuclear and mitochondrial regions clearly indicate the relationship of A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Moreover, it is also supported by their habitat distribution in the mangroves of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Western Panama. Therefore, we suggested to exclude A. boucardi as “incertae sedis”.

Resumen Introducción: Una revisión reciente de la clasificación de la familia Trochilidae con base en secuencias de ADN demostró muchas incongruencias con la clasificación genérica previa, que había sido hecho con base en caracteres del plumaje muy sujetos a homoplasia, especialmente en la tribu más grande, Trochillini. Una reorganización de los géneros logró llevar su clasificación genérica a la concordancia con la filogenia, pero debido a la ausencia de datos genéticos, dos especies permanecieron sin clasificar. Una de estas fue el colibrí de manglar Amazilia boucardi, una especie endémica de Costa Rica, considerada como amenazada en la lista roja de la UICN. Objetivo: Obtener evidencia molecular para esclarecer las relaciones genéricas de A. boucardi. Métodos: Se aisló ADN de tejidos de esta especie y se amplificaron 4 fragmentos de ADN del núcleo y 5 de la mitocondria, y se compararon con fragmentos homólogos de 56 especies en la tribu Trochillini, generando árboles filogenéticos con métodos de máxima verosimilitud y bayesiano. Resultados: Los análisis filogénticos obtenidos confirmaron la ubicación de boucardi en Trochilini y definitivamente la excluyó del género Amazilia, pero la ubicó con un alto grado de confianza en el género Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, dentro los cuales su pariente más cercano es C. coeruleogularis, que también habita manglares. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos genéticos basados en regiones nucleares y mitocondriales indican claramente la relación entre A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Es más, lo anterior se sustenta por su distribución en los manglares de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá. Por lo tanto, sugerimos excluir a A. boucardi como “incertae sedis”.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

Abstract A recent examination of Philometra nematodes from mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) from the Karachi coast, Kemari was done in the years 2021–2022. The present study reported three new species of genus Philometra (Costa, 1845) (Nematoda: Philometridae) Philometra kolachii, Philometra lutjani and Philometra kemarii. A total of 140 fish samples were examined, and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. In Pakistan, literature on Philometrid nematodes is limited, therefore, this research would be helpful for the documentation and enhancement of nematods in Pakistan. Forsskal, Forsskal (Forsskal 1775 coast 20212022 2021 2022 2021–2022 Costa, Costa (Costa 1845 Nematoda (Nematoda Philometridae kolachii kemarii 14 examined 7 5428 54 28 54.28% Pakistan limited therefore 177 2021202 202 2021–202 184 1 542 5 2 54.28 17 202120 20 2021–20 18 54.2 20212 2021–2 54. 2021–

Resumo Um exame recente dos nematóides Philometra do pargo vermelho de mangue Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) da costa de Karachi, Kemari, foi feito nos anos 2021 e 2022. O presente estudo relatou três novas espécies do gênero Philometra (Costa, 1845) (Nematoda: Philometridae): Philometra kolachii, Philometra lutjani e Philometra kemarii. O total de 140 amostras de peixes foram examinadas e 76 estavam infectadas. A intensidade de peixes infectados foi de 54,28%. No Paquistão, a literatura sobre os nematóides Philometrid é limitada, portanto, esta pesquisa seria útil para a documentação e aprimoramento dos nematóides no Paquistão. Forsskal, Forsskal (Forsskal 1775 Karachi Kemari 202 2022 Costa, Costa (Costa 1845 Nematoda (Nematoda Philometridae Philometridae) kolachii kemarii 14 7 infectadas 5428 54 28 54,28% Paquistão limitada portanto 177 20 184 1 542 5 2 54,28 17 18 54,2 54,

Abstract Studies of marine and estuarine red algae (Rhodophyta) are in the early stages in the littoral of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The inventory of these organisms was made based on samples obtained from ten sampling during 2009 to 2015 in 22 localities, eight of them in marine and fourteen in estuarine environments. We found 182 species and subspecific taxa of Rhodophyta. The Rhodomelaceae family was the best represented with 65 taxa, followed by Ceramiaceae 13 and Delesseriaceae 12. Of the 182 taxa, 25 are new records Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve with Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides and M. tangerina being new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Of the 182 species, 119 of them are epiphytes, most of them, 54, grew exclusively on other macroalgae, 29 on mangrove roots and 8 on Thalassia leaves. The floristic list is accompanied by data on seasonality, reproduction, habitat, and environment. Species diversity was compared between the winter rains, dry and rainy seasons during the period study. The Rhodophyta of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is tropical, and the greatest diversity was found in the marine environment with 83 taxa and during the winter rains with 132. (Rhodophyta Kaan Ka an Mexico 200 201 2 localities environments 18 6 1 12 rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M Caribbean 11 epiphytes 54 macroalgae leaves seasonality reproduction habitat study tropical 132 20 5

Resumo: Os estudos de algas vermelhas marinhas e estuarinas (Rhodophyta) estão em fase inicial no litoral da Reserva da Biosfera de Sian Ka’na, México. O inventário desses organismos foi feito com base em amostras obtidas em oito amostragens no período do 2009 a 2015 em 22 localidades, sendo oito em ambientes marinhos e quatorze em ambientes estuarinos. Neste levantamento, foram identificadas um total de 182 espécies e táxons subespecíficos de Rhodophyta. A família Rhodomelaceae foi a mais representativa com 65 táxons, seguida por Ceramiaceae com 13 e Delesseriaceae com 12. Dos 182 táxons, 25 são referidos pela primeira vez para a Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an, sendo Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides e M. tangerina também novos registros para o Caribe mexicano. Das 182 espécies, 119 são epífitas, sendo a maioria, 54, aderidas exclusivamente em outras macroalgas, 29 em raízes de mangue e 8 em folhas de Thalassia. A lista florística apresentada é acompanhada de dados sobre sazonalidade, reprodução, habitat e ambiente. A diversidade de espécies foi comparada entre as temporadas de chuvas de inverno, seca e chuvas de verão durante o período estudado. Rhodophyta da Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an săo tropicais, e a diversidade mais representativa foi encontrada no ambiente marinho com 83 táxons e durante as chuvas de inverno com um total de 132 táxons. Resumo (Rhodophyta Kana, Kana Ka na, na Ka’na México 200 201 2 localidades estuarinos levantamento 18 6 1 12 Kaan, Kaan an, an rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M mexicano 11 epífitas maioria 54 macroalgas Thalassia sazonalidade reprodução estudado tropicais 20 5

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la variación espacio-temporal de los macrocrustáceos de la laguna Morales (LM), Tamaulipas. Se recolectaron muestras en mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) y pastos marinos (Halodule wrightii) de 4 sitios y en cada uno se determinaron parámetros fisicoquímicos. Se identificaron en total 22 especies entre ambas comunidades. La diversidad de especies fue de 18 en pastos marinos mientras que en mangle fue de 17. Las especies más abundantes y comunes fueron los anfípodos Orchestia gammarella, Gammarus mucronatus y el camarón carideo Palaemon pugio. La abundancia de organismos fue mayor en pastos marinos con 1,481 ejemplares a diferencia del manglar con 379. Por temporada, la abundancia fue mayor en secas con 1,395 ejemplares, seguido de lluvias (262) y nortes con 181. Índices de riqueza y diversidad fueron utilizados para evaluar la diversidad y abundancia. Se estimó una curva de acumulación de especies para ambas comunidades resultando una eficiencia de muestreo mayor del 90%. La importancia de este estudio radica en que existen pocos estudios taxonómicos y ecológicos de crustáceos en este sitio, siendo prácticamente nulos aquellos de variación espacio temporal.

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of macrocrustaceans from Morales Lagoon (LM), Tamaulipas. Samples were collected among red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and seagrass (Halodule wrightii) from 4 sites. In each community physicochemical parameters were determined. A total of 22 species were identified among both communities. The maximum species diversity was 18 for seagrasses while in mangrove it was 17 species. The most abundant and common species were the amphipods Orchestia gammarella, Gammarus mucronatus and the caridean shrimp Palaemon pugio. The abundance of organisms was greater in seagrass with 1,481 while in the mangrove was 379 specimens. The abundance was greater in dry season with 1,395 specimens, followed by rainy season (262) and “nortes” season (181). Richness and diversity indices were used to assess species diversity and abundance. A species accumulation curve was estimated for both communities resulting in a sampling efficiency greater than 90%. The importance of this study lies in the fact that there are few taxonomic and ecological studies of crustaceans in this site, being those which deal with the spatial and temporal variation of taxa practically nonexistant.

Resumen Introducción: Rhizophora mangle se considera un nicho para microorganismos con enzimas degradantes potencialmente novedosas y complejas. Objetivo: Caracterizar poblaciones de Vibrio con métodos dependientes de cultivo, provenientes de muestras de sedimentos y de agua recolectadas a lo largo de un transecto de R. mangle compuesto por tres sitios. Métodos: Las cepas se caracterizaron según su distribución, diversidad, degradación de materia orgánica y parámetros ambientales. Resultados: Las densidades bacterianas estuvieron fuertemente asociadas con la temperatura y la salinidad. Un total de 87 secuencias de buena calidad que representan los aislamientos de los tres sitios se agruparon en 8 OTUs (Unidad taxonómica operativa). La asignación taxonómica indicó que los miembros dominantes eran Vibrionaceae. Los análisis de diversidad beta mostraron que las comunidades bacterianas se agruparon por fuente de la muestra en lugar de distribución espacial, y se encontró que la diversidad alfa era mayor en el agua que en los sedimentos. El 3 % de las cepas de muestras de agua fueron capaces de degradar carboxi-metilcelulosa con índices enzimáticos más bajos en comparación con el 4 % de las cepas de muestras de sedimentos que mostraron los índices enzimáticos más altos. Dos cepas identificadas como Vibrio agarivorans degradaron celulosa y agarosa, produciendo los índices enzimáticos más altos. Conclusiones: Encontramos mayor densidad bacteriana y diversidad en comunidades bacterianas de muestras de agua que en las de sedimento, con diferentes OTUs, incluyendo aquellos similares a Ferrimonas, Providencia, o Shewanella, que no fueron aislados en el sedimento. OTUs de Vibrio degradaron celulosa en ambos tipos de muestras. Los resultados del estudio resaltan la importancia de mangle rojo como hábitat de Vibrio y reservorio de fuentes potenciales de enzimas con aplicaciones biotecnológicas.

Abstract Introduction: Rhizophora mangle is considered an ecological niche for microorganisms with potentially novel and complex degrading enzymes. Objective: To characterize Vibrio populations using culture-dependent methods, using samples collected from sediments and water along a red mangrove transect composed of three sites. Methods: Strains were characterized according to their distribution, capacity to degrade of organic matter and other environmental parameters. Additionally the sequence diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Bacterial densities were strongly associated with temperature and salinity. A total of 87 good-quality sequences representing the isolates from the three sites, were binned into eight OTUs (Operational taxonomic units). Taxonomic assignment indicated that the dominant members were Vibrionaceae. Beta diversity analyses showed that bacterial communities clustered by sample source rather than spatial distribution, and that alpha diversity was found to be higher in water than in sediment. Three percent of the strains from water samples could degrade carboxyl-methyl cellulose with the smallest enzymatic indexes compared to 4 % of the strains from sediment samples that showed the highest enzymatic indexes. Two strains identified as Vibrio agarivorans degraded cellulose and agarose, producing the highest enzymatic indexes. Conclusions: We found higher bacterial densities and diversity in the bacterial communities of the water samples compared to the sediment, with different OTUs including those similar to Ferrimonas, Providencia, or Shewanella which were not isolated in the sediment. Vibrio OTUs were shown to degrade cellulose in both sample types. The results of this study highlight the importance of red mangroves as Vibrio habitats and as reservoirs of potential enzyme sources with biotechnological applications.

Abstract In Cuba, the production of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae comes from extractive fishing (75%) and artisanal cultivation (25%). In extractive fishing, the barking or cutting of the roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) occurs during the collection of oysters. In cultivation, mangrove trunks and branches are used for farms and for making collectors, which damages the ecosystem and reduces the supply of environmental goods and services (BSA) provided by the mangrove. With the objective of evaluating through a cost-benefit analysis the oyster farming activity in Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, Cuba, and determining the economic and environmental viability of artisanal oyster farming, productive strategies with an ecosystemic approach were applied, including an ecological value representative of the benefit gross of mangrove functions. Artisanal farming turned out to be an economically and environmentally viable production alternative, which allowed a higher average yield in oyster meat (6.4%), versus meat yield from extractive fishing (5.8%). The inclusion, in the cost-benefit analysis of the oyster farming activity, of the cost for damages and benefits to the mangrove swamp, indicates the need to include the BSA valuation in the traditional mechanisms of economic evaluation.

Resumen En Cuba, la producción de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae proviene de la pesca extractiva (75%) y del cultivo artesanal (25%). En la pesca extractiva ocurre descortezado o corte de raíces de mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) durante la recolecta de ostión. En el cultivo se utilizan troncos y ramas de mangle para las granjas y confección de colectores, lo que daña al ecosistema y reduce la oferta de bienes y servicios ambientales (BSA) que presta el manglar. Con el objetivo de evaluar mediante un análisis de costo-beneficio la actividad ostrícola en Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, Cuba, y determinar la viabilidad económica y ambiental de la ostricultura artesanal, se aplicaron estrategias productivas con enfoque ecosistémico incluyendo un valor ecológico representativo del beneficio bruto de las funciones del manglar. El cultivo artesanal realizado es una alternativa de producción económica y ambientalmente viable, con mayor rendimiento promedio en carne de ostión (6.4%), versus rendimiento en carne de la pesca extractiva (5.8%). La inclusión, en el análisis de costo-beneficio de la actividad ostrícola, del costo por daños y beneficios al manglar, indica la necesidad de incluir la valoración de BSA en los mecanismos tradicionales de evaluación económica.

ABSTRACT. The red crab Ucides occidentalis (locally called “guariche”) is widely distributed along Ecuador's coastline and is the most important crustacean fishery exploited by local coastal communities. However, a lack of information on the species' reproductive cycle has hindered conservation and sustainable management initiatives. Here we documented for the first time the complete embryonic development of U. occidentalis, based on its morphological traits. Thirteen ovigerous females were collected in the field, maintained in captivity, and fed with leaves and tender mangrove propagules. Egg samples were taken every 12 h and analyzed under the microscope to evaluate embryonic development. U. occidentalis eggs had eight different embryonic stages, which maintained their spherical shape during the entire developmental. The eggs were relatively small and uniform in size. The tenuous heart beating of the precursor coincided with the formation of chromatophores in stage V and became more frequent at stage VIII, just before hatching. The incubation period lasted 15 days. Despite the rapid development, the increase in egg size and volume was not uniform during sequential stages.

Resumo Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) é um gastrópode estuarino, de ocorrência tropical, que vive principalmente sobre troncos de espécies arbóreas de mangue. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos populacionais dessa espécie, como abundância, distribuição espaço-temporal, razão sexual e recrutamento em manguezais do estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. Os espécimes foram coletados mensalmente ao longo de 2018, em troncos do mangue vermelho Rhizophora mangle L. em duas alturas e em dois níveis horizontais. Também foram coletados espécimes que estavam na grama marinha Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Após contagem, biometria e sexagem, os espécimes foram devolvidos vivos ao ambiente. O tamanho e peso médios de L. angulifera foram maiores (p<0,05) em locais com árvores mais altas e menos esparsas e a distribuição vertical nos troncos mostrou preferência por estratos próximos ao solo. Ambos os resultados estão relacionados ao sombreamento e proteção contra a dessecação. As fêmeas foram mais abundantes que os machos, em uma proporção sexual aproximada F: M de 1,4: 1. Recrutas foram observados ao longo do período, mostrando reprodução contínua da espécie, com um pico de recrutamento na primavera (setembro a novembro). O estudo revelou a importância de manter os manguezais intactos para permitir a manutenção dos estoques naturais da espécie.

Abstract Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) is an estuarine gastropod of tropical occurrence, which lives mainly on trunks of mangrove tree species. This study aimed to evaluate the population attributes of this species, such as abundance, space-time distribution, sex ratio and recruitment in mangroves in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. The specimens were collected monthly throughout 2018, on trunks of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. at two heights and on two horizontal levels. Specimens that were on the marine grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel were also collected. After counting, biometrics and sexing, the specimens were returned alive to the environment. The average size and weight of L. angulifera was higher (p<0.05) in places with taller and less sparse trees and the vertical distribution on the trunks showed a preference for strata close to the soil. Both results are related to shading and protection against desiccation. Females were more abundant than males, at an approximate sex ratio F: M of 1.4: 1. Recruits were observed throughout the period, showing continuous reproduction of the species with a recruitment peak in spring (September to November). The study revealed the importance of keep the mangroves intact to allow the maintenance of the natural stocks of the species.

Resumo Arbusto de mangue Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh foi usado para testar as atividades antifúngicas e antibacterianas de frações aéreas in vitro. As bactérias Aspergillus sp, Candida sp e Gram-positivas mostraram-se sensíveis aos extratos de mangue, enquanto as bactérias Gram-negativas mostraram-se resistentes a eles. Difusão em disco de ágar e difusão bem cortada foram empregadas para realizar atividades antifúngicas e antibacterianas. Para cada ensaio foram estabelecidas as CIMs (concentrações inibitórias mínimas). Vários extratos de mangue reduziram o crescimento do fungo (os diâmetros variaram entre 11 e 41 mm). A fração acetato de etila mostrou inibição particularmente forte de C. tropicalis, C. albicanis e A. fumigatus. Eles tinham zonas de inibição de 41, 40 e 25 mm de diâmetro, respectivamente. Nesoral, um medicamento antifúngico sintético, não apresentou alterações significativas em suas CIMs em comparação com diferentes extratos Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis foram inibidos por extratos de éter de petróleo em MICs de 0,78 e 0,35 mg/mL, respectivamente. É possível que os extratos de A. marina possam ser explorados como uma alternativa natural viável que pode ser empregada no manejo de várias infecções, notadamente infecções bacterianas nosocomiais, como agentes anti-candidíase e anti-aspergilose.

Abstract Mangrove shrub Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh was used to test the antifungal and antibacterial activities of aerial fractions in vitro. Aspergillus sp, Candida sp and Gram positive bacteria have all been found to be sensitive to mangrove extracts, whereas Gram negative bacteria have been found to be resistant to them. Agar disc diffusion and well-cut diffusion were employed to conduct antifungal and antibacterial activities. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for each assay have been established. Several extracts from Mangrove reduced fungus growth (diameters fluctuated between 11 and 41 mm). The Ethyl acetate fraction showed particularly strong inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. albicanis, and A. fumigatus. They had 41, 40, and 25 mm-diameter inhibition zones, respectively. Nesoral, a synthetic antifungal medication, showed no significant changes in its MICs compared to different extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by Petroleum Ether extracts at MICs of 0.78 and 0.35 mg/mL, respectively. It is possible that A. marina extracts may be exploited as a viable natural alternative that may be employed in the management of various infections, notably nosocomial bacterial infections, as anti-candidiasis and as anti-aspergillosis agents.

RESUMEN Las raíces de Rhizophora mangle proveen un hábitat de guardería para muchas especies debido a la estructura tridimensional que forman, lo cual delimita un área de difícil acceso para depredadores grandes. Adicionalmente, proveen un sustrato duro para muchas especies bentónicas, que se atan a las raíces y contribuyen a la estructura tridimensional del ecosistema. Entre esos organismos, encontramos varias macroalgas, que contribuyen a la productividad primaria del ecosistema y proveen alimento y refugio a los herbívoros. En el presente estudio se identificaron las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de Rhizophora mangle, en playa Cholón, en las islas del Rosario, Caribe colombiano. Se reportan 36 especies of macroalgas: 21 Rhodophyta, once Chlorophyta y cuatro Phaeophyceae. De esas 36 especies, 19 son nuevos registros para las islas, y otros seis son nuevos registros para Colombia. Este es el primer estudio sobre las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de manglar en el Caribe colombiano, e ilustra tanto la alta diversidad de la flora marina en el Caribe suroccidental, como la falta de estudios sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT The roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, provide a nursery habitat for many species, due to the tridimensional structure they provide, which delimits an area difficult to access to large predators. Moreover, they provide a hard substrate for many benthonic species, which attach to the roots and contribute to the tridimensional structure of the ecosystem. Among these organisms, there are several macroalgae, which contribute to the primary productivity of the ecosystem and provide food and shelter to herbivores. In the present study we identified the macroalgae associated with the roots of Rhizophora mangle, in Cholón beach, Rosario Islands National Park, Caribbean Colombia. We report a total of 36 species of macroalgae: 21 Rhodophyta, eleven Chlorophyta, and four Phaeophyceae. Of these, 19 are new records for the islands, and six are new records for Colombia. This is the first study on the macroalgae associated with mangrove roots in the Colombian Caribbean, and it highlights both the high diversity of the marine flora of the Southwestern Caribbean, as well as the paucity of studies on the topic.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Mangroves provide ecological and economic benefits. In addition they harbor a great diversity of organisms, among which fungi, which because of their versatility proliferate both on plant rests and living vegetation in these ecosystems. However, the current knowledge about these organisms in Mexican mangroves is still scarce. Therefore, the principal goal of this paper is presenting the fungal richness associated with Rhizophora mangle, one of the dominant tree species in the mangroves of the Mexican Caribbean. Methods: During the year 2019 fungal specimens were collected developing on living and dead branches, fallen trunks, roots and litter. The collections were made in patches with populations of R. mangle in the Cozumel Island Biosphere Reserve. The taxonomic determination was carried out according to traditional techniques in mycology. The specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Universidad Veracruzana (XALU) and in the fungi collection of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB). Key results: Twenty fungi species were determined on different structures of R. mangle. Nineteen new records are presented for the Cozumel Island, while Arthonia conferta, Halorosellinia oceanica, Phyllosticta capitalensis, Pseudocamarosporium propinquum and Chaetosphaerella fusca are new records for Mexico. The class Arthoniomycetes presented the highest taxonomic richness. The substrate with the highest richness and abundance was branch bark. Conclusions: Ascomycota was the dominant fungus group. The best represented habits are lignicolous saprobes and lichenized epiphytes.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los manglares proporcionan beneficios ecológicos y económicos. Además, albergan una alta diversidad de organismos dentro de los cuales están los hongos, que por su versatilidad proliferan tanto en restos vegetales como en la vegetación viviente en estos ecosistemas. No obstante su importancia, el conocimiento micológico en los manglares mexicanos es aún escaso. El objetivo central del presente trabajo es aportar información sobre la riqueza fúngica asociada a Rhizophora mangle, una de las especies arbóreas dominantes en los manglares del Caribe Mexicano. Métodos: Durante el año 2019 se recolectaron ejemplares fúngicos desarrollándose en ramas vivas y muertas, troncos caídos, raíces y hojarasca. Las colectas se efectuaron en manchones con poblaciones de R. mangle en la Reserva de la Biosfera Isla de Cozumel. La determinación taxonómica se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con las técnicas tradicionales en micología. Los ejemplares están depositados en el herbario de la Universidad Veracruzana (XALU) y en la colección de hongos de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB). Resultados clave: Se determinaron 20 especies de hongos sobre diferentes estructuras de R. mangle. Se presentan 19 nuevos registros para la Isla de Cozumel, mientras que Arthonia conferta, Halorosellinia oceanica, Phyllosticta capitalensis, Pseudocamarosporium propinquum y Chaetosphaerella fusca son nuevos registros para México. La clase Arthoniomycetes presentó la mayor riqueza taxonómica. Los sustratos con mayor riqueza y abundancia fueron las cortezas de ramas. Conclusiones: La comunidad de hongos asociados a R. mangle está dominada por ascomicetos. Los hábitos mejor representados son saprobios lignícolas y liquenizados epífitos.

ABSTRACT. Hawai‘ian ecosystems evolved in relative isolation and support an abundance of native and endemic species. As such, they are particularly vulnerable to introduced species that alter habitat and interfere with species interactions. Although mangroves are valued globally for shoreline protection and other services, their invasion of the Hawai‘ian islands may have negative effects on the abundance and functions of native species. On an island in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, we explored the relationship between invasion of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, and abundance of the native burrowing shrimp Alpheus rapax, which shares its burrows with the endemic goby Psilogobius mainlandi in a mutualism that reduces predation on both. We hypothesized that the abundance of shrimp/goby burrows is reduced beneath mangroves due to increased cover associated with mangrove prop roots, which trap leaves and debris and may harbor the invasive red alga Gracilaria salicornia. At 3 mangrove-invaded sites, we conducted a survey of burrow density and benthic debris and found ~4-5× lower burrow density and 4× greater cover of debris under the mangrove edge compared to sandflats that were 1.5 and 5.0 m away. Burrow density was negatively correlated with total cover of benthic debris and with subgroups of that cover composed of G. salicornia or leaves. We tested the effect of debris removal over 2 weeks, which resulted in 3-8× more burrows. Thus, we provide evidence that invasive red mangroves, through trapping leaves and pro moting presence of invasive G. salicornia among their prop roots, have strong negative effects on shrimp/goby burrow density. Although our study was limited in spatial scope, we propose that current efforts to remove mangroves in Hawai‘i, for both cultural and ecological reasons, will mitigate negative effects on endemic goby and native shrimp habitat.

RESUMEN. Los ecosistemas hawaianos evolucionaron en aislamiento relativo y sostienen una abundancia de especies nativas y endémicas. Como tal, son particularmente vulnerables a las especies introducidas que alteran el hábitat e interfieren con las interacciones entre especies. Aunque los manglares son valorados globalmente por la protección a la costa y otros servicios, su invasión de las islas hawaianas podría tener efectos negativos sobre la abundancia y las funciones de las especies nativas. En una isla en la bahía de Kāne‘ohe, O‘ahu, exploramos la relación entre la invasión del mangle rojo, Rhizophora mangle, y la abundancia del camarón excavador nativo Alpheus rapax, que comparte sus madrigueras con el góbido endémico Psilogobius mainlandi en un mutualismo que reduce la depredación de ambos. Presumimos que la abundancia de madrigueras de camarones y góbidos disminuye debajo de los manglares debido a la mayor cobertura asociada con las raíces de los manglares, que atrapan las hojas y los escombros y pueden albergar al alga roja invasiva Gracilaria salicornia. En 3 sitios invadidos por manglares, realizamos un estudio de la densidad de madrigueras y los escombros bentónicos y encontramos ~ 4-5× menor densidad de madrigueras y 4× más cobertura de escombros debajo del borde del manglar en comparación con los fondos arenosos que estaban a 1.5 y 5.0 m de distancia. La densidad de madrigueras se correlacionó negativamente con la cobertura de escombros bentónicos total, así como con los subgrupos de esa cobertura compuestos por G. salicornia u hojas. Probamos el efecto de la remoción de escombros durante 2 semanas, lo que resultó en 3-8× más madrigueras. Por lo tanto, proporcionamos evidencia de que los manglares rojos invasores, al atrapar las hojas entre sus raíces fúlcreas y facilitar la presencia del alga invasiva G. salicornia, tienen fuertes efectos negativos en la densidad de madrigueras de cama rones y góbidos. Aunque nuestro estudio tuvo un alcance espacial limitado, proponemos que los esfuerzos actuales para eliminar los manglares en Hawai‘i, tanto por razones culturales como ecológicas, mitigarán los efectos negativos sobre el hábitat endémico del camarón y del góbido.

RESUMEN Considerando que en las costas mexicanas del golfo de México los reportes de octocorales se han hecho exclusivamente en ecosistemas marinos, la presente investigación aporta por primera vez la presencia inusual de Callipodium rubens en un sistema lagunar de Veracruz. En la laguna de Tampamachoco durante los años 2015, 2016 y 2018 se registraron nueve, dos y 13 ejemplares (respectivamente) fijados en raíces sumergidas de Rhizophora mangle. Callipodium rubens fue registrado ocupando los horizontes inferiores (cercanos al fondo) de las raíces de mangle, espacios que suelen ser ocupados por otros epibiontes sésiles como bivalvos y balanos. Dado que los registros se han realizado en diferentes localidades y años en la laguna de Tampamachoco, es necesario un estudio detallado para explicar el papel ecológico que desempeña C. rubens como parte de la comunidad epibionte en raíces del mangle rojo.

ABSTRACT Considering that in the Mexican coastal of Gulf of Mexico, the octocoral reports have been made exclusively in marine ecosystems, the present investigation provides the unusual presence of Callipodium rubens in a lagoon system of Veracruz, for the first time. In the Tampamacho lagoon, nine, two and 13 specimens (respectively) were recorder during 2015, 2016 and 2018. They were fixed on immerged roots of Rhizophora mangle. Callipodium rubens was recorded occupying the lower horizons (near the bottom) of mangrove roots, spaces that are usually occupied by other sessile epibionts such as bivalves and barnacles. Because the records have been made in different locations and years in Tampamachoo lagoon, a detailed study is necessary to explain the ecological role that C. rubens performs, as a part of epibiont community in red mangrove roots.