Abstract This paper aims to understand and characterize the emergence of tertiary spaces in the post-industrial city, focusing on the spatial and production transformations they promote. We understand tertiary spaces as novel urban forms targeted at the spatial and production repurposing of consolidated areas that stimulate the growth of the tertiary sector, commercial vitality, and urban dynamism. The study focuses on the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. The methodological strategy is qualitative, and data were produced through a morpho-typological survey and interviews with municipal authorities and entrepreneurs in the sector. The results show the role played by those forms in the urban and production repurposing of previously industrial areas. postindustrial post city promote sector vitality dynamism Aires qualitative morphotypological morpho typological

Resumen Este artículo se propone comprender y caracterizar el surgimiento de espacios del terciario en la ciudad posindustrial, poniendo particular atención a las transformaciones productivas y espaciales que promueven. Entendemos a los espacios del terciario como figuras urbanas novedosas orientadas a la reconversión productiva y espacial de áreas consolidadas, estimulando el crecimiento del sector terciario, la vitalidad comercial y la dinamización urbana. La investigación está focalizada en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. La estrategia metodológica es cualitativa y los datos fueron producidos mediante un relevamiento morfo-tipológico y la realización de entrevistas a funcionarios municipales y empresarios del sector. Los resultados evidencian el papel que juegan estas figuras en la reconversión productiva y urbana de áreas previamente industriales. posindustrial promueven consolidadas Aires morfotipológico morfo tipológico industriales

Resumen En este artículo se analiza el proceso de recomposición libertaria que experimenta Argentina a partir del año 2023 y sus efectos sobre la educación pública. El objetivo es realizar una revisión conceptual. Se adopta una perspectiva metodológica cualitativa para comprender al libertarismo como corriente política. En primer lugar, se realiza una elucidación de libertario, para precisar su significado en términos políticos. En segundo lugar, se analizan las políticas de reconversión educativa derivadas de la moderna derecha en las décadas precedentes. A partir de ello se caracteriza a una de las propuestas del gobierno libertario argentino, el Programa de Vouchers Educativos, a la luz de sus antecedentes internacionales. Finalmente, se contrasta este programa de vouchers con el derecho a la educación y el marco normativo que posee la Argentina en la materia.

Abstract This article analyzes the libertarian process that Argentina is undergoing and its effects on public education. This began in December 2023. The objective is to carry out a conceptual review. A qualitative methodological perspective is adopted to understand libertarianism as a political current. Firstly, an explanation of libertarianism is carried out in order to clarify its meaning in political terms. Secondly, the educational reconversion policies derived from the modern right in the preceding decades are analyzed. On this basis, one of the proposals of the Argentine libertarian government, the Educational Voucher Program, is characterized according to its international antecedents. Finally, this voucher program is contrasted with the right to education and the normative framework that Argentina has in this matter.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused the stoppage of the movement of people globally, a situation that especially affected tourism as an economic activity. This article addresses the impact of the closure of the Peruvian-Chilean border during the COVID-19 pandemic on the hotel and gastronomic sector of Tacna. Through a qualitative methodology that included a bibliographic review, economic data analysis, and semi-structured interviews with hotel and restaurant owners and managers, we investigated the problems they had to face during the pandemic and the strategies to overcome them. The findings indicate that until March 2020 both items experienced strong growth within the framework of cross-border practices from Chileans to Tacna, within which enjoying Peruvian food was one of the main attractions. The pandemic forced small hotels and restaurants to deploy strategies such as layoffs and the provision of family labor to overcome the crisis and convert to delivery food. The largest and most formalized companies accessed subsidies and support from the state and in other cases, the reconversion was hand in hand with agreements with mining companies to house workers while the health emergency lasted.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 produjo la detención de los desplazamientos de personas a nivel global, situación que afectó especialmente al turismo como actividad económica. Este artículo aborda el impacto que produjo el cierre de la frontera peruano-chilena durante la pandemia de COVID-19, en el rubro hotelero y gastronómico de Tacna. A través de una metodología cualitativa que incluyó revisión bibliográfica, análisis de datos económicos y entrevistas semiestructuradas a dueños y administradores de hoteles y restaurantes, indagamos los problemas que debieron afrontar durante la pandemia y las estrategias para superarlos. Los hallazgos indican que hasta marzo del 2020, ambos rubros experimentaron un fuerte crecimiento en el marco de prácticas transfronterizas de chilenos a Tacna, dentro de los cuales, disfrutar de la comida peruana era uno de los principales atractivos. La pandemia obligó a los hoteles y restaurantes pequeños a desplegar estrategias como el despido y la provisión de mano de obra familiar para superar la crisis y reconvertirse a la comida por entregas o delivery. Las empresas más grandes y con mayor formalización accedieron a subsidios y apoyos del Estado y en otros casos, la reconversión fue de la mano de convenios con empresas mineras para alojar a trabajadores mientras duró la emergencia sanitaria.

Abstract: Driven by urban recovery policies and academic debates, in recent decades, there has been a renewed interest in Latin American city centers, which has been referred to as a return to the built city. In this paper we take the areas undergoing residential substitution processes in the Metropolitan Area of Mendoza (Mendoza, Argentina) to ask what are the features that define the reconversion of its central areas. By analysing statistical information and using the technique of direct observation, we recorded the different processes that explain the high-rise development of the city's central areas. The hypothesis we suggest is that the Metropolitan Area of Mendoza exhibits a new dynamism in its centrality linked to socio-demographic transformations and housing changes that promote residential densification in valued areas of the metropoli.

Resumen: Impulsado por las políticas de recuperación urbana y los debates académicos, en las últimas décadas existe un renovado interés por los centros de las ciudades latinoamericanas que la literatura especializada ha denominado como regreso a la ciudad construida. En este artículo tomamos las zonas que atraviesan procesos de sustitución residencial en el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza (Mendoza, Argentina) para preguntamos cuáles son los rasgos que definen la reconversión de sus áreas centrales. A partir del análisis de información estadística y el empleo de la técnica de la observación directa, registramos los distintos procesos que apuntalan el desarrollo en altura de las zonas centrales de la ciudad. La hipótesis que esbozamos es que el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza exhibe un nuevo dinamismo en su centralidad vinculado con transformaciones sociodemográficas y cambios habitacionales que promueven una densificación residencial en zonas valorizadas de la metrópoli.

Resumen: ReHousing y el proyecto de título “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” ofrecen contribuciones al tema de la vivienda colectiva desde la perspectiva del diseño y la investigación académica, explorando alternativas al desarrollo inmobiliario convencional y nuevas formas de densificación y convivencia. A través de una investigación exhaustiva sobre la vivienda unifamiliar en Toronto, que abarca aspectos como zonificación, tipologías históricas, estrategias y costos de reconversión, ReHousing se propone como una plataforma para el empoderamiento ciudadano. Su objetivo es fomentar la aparición de un nuevo tipo de agente en el desarrollo de viviendas, los “desarrolladores ciudadanos”. Por otro lado, “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” es un proyecto de título y grado presentado en el programa MARQ UC. Inspirado en una reinterpretación contemporánea de las ideas de Alison y Peter Smithson sobre vivienda e interacción social, este proyecto reimagina la densificación habitacional del centro de Santiago tomando como punto de partida el sitio del histórico concurso internacional para la remodelación de Santiago centro (1972).

Abstract: ReHousing and the thesis project “Santiago, Cooperative City,” offer insightful contributions to the discourse surrounding collective housing from an academic standpoint, delving into alternatives to conventional real estate development and exploring novel forms of densification and communal living. Through meticulous research into single-family housing in Toronto, encompassing aspects such as zoning regulations, historical typologies, strategies for conversion and costs, ReHousing strives to serve as a platform for citizen empowerment. Its primary objective is to foster the emergence of a new type of housing developers, referred to as “citizen developers.” On the other hand, “Santiago, Cooperative City,” is a thesis and professional degree project presented in the MARQ UC program. Inspired by a contemporary reinterpretation of Alison and Peter Smithson’s ideas on housing and social interaction, this project reimagines the residential densification of downtown Santiago, taking as its starting point the site of the historic international architecture competition for the remodeling of downtown Santiago (1972).

Resumen: ReHousing y el proyecto de título “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” ofrecen contribuciones al tema de la vivienda colectiva desde la perspectiva del diseño y la investigación académica, explorando alternativas al desarrollo inmobiliario convencional y nuevas formas de densificación y convivencia. A través de una investigación exhaustiva sobre la vivienda unifamiliar en Toronto, que abarca aspectos como zonificación, tipologías históricas, estrategias y costos de reconversión, ReHousing se propone como una plataforma para el empoderamiento ciudadano. Su objetivo es fomentar la aparición de un nuevo tipo de agente en el desarrollo de viviendas, los “desarrolladores ciudadanos”. Por otro lado, “Santiago, Ciudad Cooperativa” es un proyecto de título y grado presentado en el programa MARQ UC. Inspirado en una reinterpretación contemporánea de las ideas de Alison y Peter Smithson sobre vivienda e interacción social, este proyecto reimagina la densificación habitacional del centro de Santiago tomando como punto de partida el sitio del histórico concurso internacional para la remodelación de Santiago centro (1972).

Abstract: ReHousing and the thesis project “Santiago, Cooperative City,” offer insightful contributions to the discourse surrounding collective housing from an academic standpoint, delving into alternatives to conventional real estate development and exploring novel forms of densification and communal living. Through meticulous research into single-family housing in Toronto, encompassing aspects such as zoning regulations, historical typologies, strategies for conversion and costs, ReHousing strives to serve as a platform for citizen empowerment. Its primary objective is to foster the emergence of a new type of housing developers, referred to as “citizen developers.” On the other hand, “Santiago, Cooperative City,” is a thesis and professional degree project presented in the MARQ UC program. Inspired by a contemporary reinterpretation of Alison and Peter Smithson’s ideas on housing and social interaction, this project reimagines the residential densification of downtown Santiago, taking as its starting point the site of the historic international architecture competition for the remodeling of downtown Santiago (1972).

Abstract For the year 2018, law 1930 comes into force, which proposes the agroecological productive reconversion of agricultural activities in the moorlands of Colombia. This law requires the inclusion of people living and maintaining agricultural activities in the moorland in the reconversion processes but does not propose mechanisms to recognize the different forms of agriculture that exist in this ecosystem. Therefore, a tool was designed with the objective of classifying farms based on 9 criteria and 16 indicators. As part of its validation, the tool was compared with a commonly used statistical classification method. With the proposed method, four farm typologies were obtained where 6% of the sample was classified as near agroecological, 35% as traditional farmer, 10% as incipient agro-industrial and 48% as transitional producer. Statistically, no significant differences were found between the traditional farmer and the incipient agro-industrial farmer because they use similar agronomic management. The proposed tool prioritizes worldview and rootedness as much as productivity, unlike the statistical method that reduced the criteria for classification by prioritizing productive indicators. The proposed tool makes it possible to define particularized routes at the farm scale and to plan transition processes in compliance with the law, but incorporating real local capacities, available knowledge, and the family’s cosmovision of the farm’s future.

Resumen Para el año 2018 entra en vigor la ley 1930 que plantea la reconversión productiva agroecológica de las actividades agrícolas en los páramos de Colombia. Esta ley exige la inclusión de las personas que viven y mantienen actividades agropecuarias en el páramo en los procesos de reconversión, pero no plantea mecanismos para reconocer las diferentes formas de agricultura que existen en este ecosistema. Por ende, se diseñó una herramienta con el objetivo de clasificar fincas a partir de 9 criterios y 16 indicadores, como parte de su validación, la herramienta fue comparada con un método de clasificación estadístico empleado comúnmente. Con el método propuesto se obtuvieron cuatro tipologías de finca donde el 6% de la muestra fue clasificada como agroecológico próximo, el 35% como campesino tradicional, el 10% como agroindustrial incipiente y el 48% como productor transicional. Estadísticamente no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el campesino tradicional y el agroindustrial incipiente porque emplean un manejo agronómico similar. La herramienta propuesta prioriza la cosmovisión y el arraigo tanto como la productividad, a diferencia del método estadístico que redujo los criterios para la clasificación priorizando indicadores productivos. La herramienta propuesta permite definir rutas particularizadas a escala finca y planificar procesos de transición cumpliendo la ley, pero incorporando capacidades locales reales, el conocimiento disponible y la cosmovisión de la familia en torno al futuro de la finca.

Resumo As mudanças antropogênicas têm causado profundas repercussões, que levaram a uma degradação progressiva dos recursos naturais. No caso da Amazônia equatoriana, a alta taxa de desmatamento, as mudanças no uso da terra e o manejo extensivo da pecuária têm levado a baixas taxas de produção, com uma ameaça iminente ao conforto térmico dos ruminantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo contrastar como o uso de sistemas silvipastoris (SPs) representa uma opção viável para a reconversão da pecuária extensiva. O presente estudo comparou o uso de sistemas silvipastoris versus um sistema pastoral convencional, como alternativa para a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Portanto, sob um delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, Brachiaria decumbens foi avaliada com três tratamentos: Controle = pastoral convencional, SPs1 = densidade 100 árvores/ha-1 e SPs2 = 150 árvores/ha-1. Todas as variáveis ambientais e indicadores bioclimáticos [temperatura e carga de calor radiante (RHL)] mostraram-se mitigados sob SPs (P < 0,001), o que se traduz em melhor conforto térmico para ruminantes (RHL; 638 vs. 1.749 ± 40; P < 0,001). Embora os tratamentos tenham afetado todas as variáveis agronômicas de Brachiaria decumbens (P < 0,001 a 0,004), o mês condicionou a maioria das determinações químicas (P < 0,001). Isso significa que o uso de SPs em médio ou longo prazo pode contribuir para a recuperação de pastagens em processos de degradação. Consequentemente, os SPs como alternativa de produção limpa ajudariam a melhorar alguns aspectos, como qualidade do solo e rendimentos agronômicos, bem como maior qualidade nutricional das pastagens. De qualquer forma, estudos de longo prazo devem ser realizados para contrastar nossas respostas. repercussões naturais equatoriana desmatamento (SPs extensiva convencional degradadas Portanto casualizados 10 árvores/ha1 árvoresha1 árvoresha árvores/ha 1 árvores ha árvores/ha- 15 árvores/ha1. 1. temperatura RHL (RHL) mostraramse mostraram 0,001, 0001 , 0 001 0,001) (RHL 63 vs 1749 749 1.74 40 0,001. . 0,00 0,004, 0004 0,004 004 0,004) Consequentemente aspectos agronômicos forma respostas ha1 000 00 6 174 74 1.7 4 0,0 17 7 0,

Abstract Athropogenic changes have caused profound repercussions, which have led to a progressive degradation of natural resources. In the case of the Ecuadorian Amazon, the high rate of deforestation, changes in land use and extensive livestock management have led to low production rates with an eminent threat to the thermal comfort of ruminants. The present study aimed to contrasts how the use of SPs represents a viable option for the reconversion of extensive livestock farming. The current study compared the use of silvopastoral systems (SPs) versus a conventional pastoral system, as an alternative for the recovery of degraded areas. Therefore, under a completely randomized block design, Brachiaria decumbens was evaluated with three of treatments, such as Control = conventional pastoral, SPs1 = density 100 trees/ha-1 and SPs2 = 150 trees/ha-1. All environmental variables and bioclimatic indicators (temperature and radiant heat load: RHL) were shown to be mitigated under SPs (P < 0.001), which translates into better thermal comfort for ruminants (RHL; 638 vs. 1749 ± 40; P < 0.001). Although, the treatments affected all the agronomic variables of Brachiaria decumbens (P < 0.001 to 0.004), the month conditioned most of the chemical determinations (P < 0.001). This means that the use of SPs in the medium or long term could contribute to the recovery of pastures in degradation processes. Consequently, SPs as a clean production alternative would help improve aspects such as soil quality, agronomic yields, as well as greater nutritional quality of pastures. In any case, long-term studies should be performed to contrast our responses. repercussions resources Amazon deforestation farming (SPs system areas Therefore design 10 trees/ha1 treesha1 treesha trees/ha 1 trees ha trees/ha- 15 trees/ha1. 1. temperature load RHL 0.001, 0001 , 0 001 0.001) (RHL 63 vs 174 40 0.001. . Although 0.00 0.004, 0004 0.004 004 0.004) processes Consequently yields longterm responses ha1 000 00 6 17 4 0.0 0.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma discussão a respeito das transformações e reestruturação da cidade de Lens, localizada no departamento de Pas-de-Calais, na região administrativa de Hauts-de-France, no norte da França. Essa discussão compete às transformações espaciais das categorias forma e função durante a evolução do capitalismo industrial e, posteriormente, à globalização. O processo de “Reconversão Territorial” implementado na área, via planejamento estatal, desde os anos de 1960 até 1990 (ano do fechamento da última mina de carvão) teve como objetivo alterar a especialização da região, em vista do grave problema de desemprego e de recessão econômica. Assim, por meio da instalação de infraestruturas e da remodelação urbana, o Estado francês, em associação com políticas próprias da União Europeia, com a participação de empresas privadas e de organizações civis da região em questão, organizou-se no sentido de transformar a região alterando o perfil econômico ligado às atividades da mineração e da produção têxtil para atividades mais dinâmicas e produtivas. Essas estratégias influenciaram as transformações do espaço urbano da cidade de Lens, remodelando-a segundo atividades culturais (ateliês de música e de cinema, sobretudo) e atividades turísticas. Entre estas últimas destaca-se a instalação de uma unidade do Museu do Louvre. Este artigo tem como propósito fazer uma reflexão acerca dessas transformações de Lens, baseando-se na análise da introdução de novas formas e funções, bem como na ressignificação de velhas formas envoltas por novas funções. Lens PasdeCalais, PasdeCalais Pas Calais, Calais Pas-de-Calais HautsdeFrance, HautsdeFrance Hauts France, France Hauts-de-France França posteriormente globalização Reconversão Territorial área estatal 196 199 ano carvão econômica Assim urbana francês Europeia questão organizouse organizou se produtivas remodelandoa remodelando ateliês cinema sobretudo turísticas destacase destaca Louvre baseandose baseando funções 19 1

Abstract This article discusses the transformations and restructuring of the city of Lens, located in the department of Pas-de-Calais, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France, northern France. This discussion pertains to the spatial transformations of the form and function during the evolution of industrial capitalism and, subsequently, globalization. The “Territorial Reconversion” process implemented in the area through state planning from the 1960s to 1990 (the year of the closure of the last coal mine) aimed to change the region’s specialization in response to the serious issues of unemployment and economic recession. Thus, through the establishment of infrastructure and urban remodeling, the French state, in association with policies of the European Union, involving private companies and civil organizations in the region, organized itself to transform the area by changing the economic profile linked to mining and textile production to more dynamic and productive activities. These strategies influenced the transformations of the urban space of Lens, reshaping it towards cultural activities (especially music and cinema workshops) and tourism. Among the latter, the installation of a branch of the Louvre Museum stands out. This article aims to reflect on these transformations in Lens, based on the analysis of the introduction of new forms and functions and the re-signification of old forms enveloped by new functions. Lens PasdeCalais, PasdeCalais Pas de Calais, Calais Pas-de-Calais HautsdeFrance, HautsdeFrance Hauts France, France Hauts-de-France subsequently globalization Territorial Reconversion s 199 mine regions recession Thus remodeling Union especially workshops tourism latter out resignification re signification 19 1

Resumen El artículo estudia cómo entre 1950 y 1970 la Oficina de Estudios Especiales –institución de la Secretaría de Agricultura de México cofinanciada por la Fundación Rockefeller– participó de la formación de una agricultura forrajera intensiva y de la reorganización de la geografía lechera mexicana. Para ello, se analiza el caso del Estado de México, que hasta 1936 abastecía de leche al Distrito Federal, capital del país y principal centro de demanda. En la década siguiente, sin embargo, la sequía, la fiebre aftosa y el aumento de la demanda crearon un cuello de botella en la oferta. Para impulsar la producción de forraje y de leche, la Oficina realizó investigaciones en alfalfa y maíz en dicho estado. No obstante, la reconversión de la economía norteña del algodón hacia la leche en la década de 1950, así como la expansión metropolitana de la ciudad de México, malogró con los proyectos agronómicos y productivos mexiquenses. En la década de 1970, la leche proveniente del norte del país abastecía la mayor parte de la demanda de esa ciudad.

Abstract The article studies how, between 1950 and 1970, the Office of Special Studies, an institution co-financed by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation, participated in the formation of an intensive forage agriculture, as well as in the reorganization of the Mexican dairy geography. To do this, we will address the case of the State of Mexico, an entity that until 1936 supplied milk to Mexico City, the capital of the country and the main center of demand. In the following decade, however, drought, foot-and-mouth disease and increased demand created a bottleneck supply. To boost forage and milk production, the Office conducted research on alfalfa and corn in that state. However, the reconversion of the northern economy from cotton to milk in the 1950s, as well as the metropolitan expansion of Mexico City, gave way to the deal with Mexiquense agronomic and productive projects. In the 1970s, milk from the north of the country supplied most of the demand in Mexico City.

Resumo O artigo estuda como entre 1950 e 1970 o Escritório de Estudos Especiais – uma instituição do Ministério da Agricultura do México, cofinanciada pela Fundação Rockefeller – participou da formação de uma agricultura forrageira intensiva e a reorganização geográfica da indústria leiteira mexicana. Para isso, analisa-se o caso do Estado do México, que até 1936 fornecia leite ao Distrito Federal, capital do país e principal centro de demanda. Na década seguinte, contudo, a seca, a febre aftosa e o aumento da demanda criaram um estrangulamento na oferta. Para aumentar a produção de forragem e leite, a Secretaria realizou pesquisas com alfafa e milho naquele estado. No entanto, a reconversão da economia do norte do algodão para o leite na década de 1950, bem como a expansão metropolitana da Cidade do México, fez que os projetos agronômicos e produtivos mexicanos fracassassem. Na década de 1970, o leite do norte do país atendia, porém, a maior parte da demanda daquela cidade.

ABSTRACT Sixty-two species of fungi from Argentina have been listed in different categories of the International Union for Conservation of Species (IUCN). Rickiella edulis (Speg.) Pfister is known as an ascoma-forming species of considerable size, easy to identify and recognize in the field. The number of records of this species in Argentina is still scarce. The two natural ecosystems in which it has been record- ed are in alarming decline due to their conversion to agricultural and livestock activities and urban growth. Those factors led the IUCN to categorize R. edulis as an Endangered species in 2020. Additionally, other sixty-two species of fungi from Argentina are currently included in different IUCN categories. This paper provides the first review of the Argentine species included in the IUCN Red List of Species reviewed in the unit “The Global Fungal Red List Initiative”, with emphasis on relevant species. This work also provides new information on the geographic distribution of R. edulis in Argentina, which has had no new contributions since 2016, incorporating the first record for the Yungas Biosphere Reserve in the province of Jujuy, NW Argentina.

RESUMEN Sesenta y dos especies de hongos de Argentina han sido incluidas en diferentes categorías de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de las Especies (UICN). Rickiella edulis (Speg.) Pfister es conocida como una especie formadora de ascomas de tamaño considerable, de fácil identificación y reconocimiento a campo y aun así el número de registros de esta especie es bajo en Argentina. Los dos ecosistemas na- turales en los que ha sido registrada se encuentran en alarmante estado de retroceso por su reconversión para actividades agrícola-ganaderas y por el crecimiento urbano; por lo cual la especie ha sido categorizada como Amenazada (Endangered) por la UICN en 2020. El presente trabajo proporciona la primera revisión de las especies Argentina incluidas en la Lista Roja de Especies de la UICN revisadas en la unidad “The Global Fungal Red List Initiative”, con énfasis en las especies relevantes; y contribuye con nueva información respecto a la distribución geográfica de R. edulis en la Argentina, que no contaba con nuevos aportes desde el año 2016, incorporando el primer registro para la Reserva de la Biosfera de las Yungas en la provincia de Jujuy, NO de Argentina.

Resumen Debido a la degradación en los ecosistemas del noreste de México, ha sido necesario desarrollar estrategias para restaurarlos. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron estimar la supervivencia y composición de una reforestación con especies nativas, tres años después de su establecimiento, así como evaluar la composición florística y parámetros ecológicos del Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco (MET) a 11 años de su reconversión para aprovechamiento cinegético. Se caracterizó la vegetación regenerada a través de sus parámetros ecológicos en dos estratos, y se realizó el cálculo de sus índices de diversidad (Shannon-Wiener, Margalef y Pretzsch). Para la reforestación se estimó la supervivencia y parámetros ecológicos de las especies establecidas. Las especies con mayor importancia dentro de la regeneración fueron características de etapas de sucesión temprana, posterior a actividades antropogénicas. La mayor abundancia de familias e individuos se concentró en las familias Fabaceae y Poaceae, la primera representada por las mismas especies establecidas con éxito en la reforestación, y la segunda por taxones herbáceos de carácter invasor. Dentro de la reforestación, Prosopis glandulosa, Diospyros texana, Cordia boissieri, Ebenopsis ebano, Vachellia rigidula y Havardia pallens presentaron porcentajes de supervivencia de 76.92, 50.0, 40.0, 38.46, 24.24 y 20.0 %, respectivamente, y el resto de las especies registraron 0 %. Los resultados obtenidos son de relevancia para la toma de decisiones en el manejo forestal del MET, así como para el monitoreo de esta comunidad en sus diferentes etapas sucesionales.

Abstract The ecosystems in northeastern Mexico have become degraded, and, therefore, it has been necessary to develop strategies to restore them. The objectives of this study were to estimate the survival and composition of a reforestation with native species three years after its establishment, as well as to assess the floristic composition and ecological parameters of the Tamaulipan Thorny Scrub (MET) 11 years after its reconversion for hunting use. Based on their ecological parameters, the regenerated vegetation was characterized into two strata, and their diversity indexes were calculated (Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Pretzsch). The survival and ecological parameters of the established species were estimated for reforestation purposes. The most important species within the regeneration were characteristic of early successional stages, following anthropogenic activities. The highest abundance of families and individuals was concentrated in the Fabaceae and Poaceae families; the former, represented by the same species successfully established in reforestation, and the latter, by invasive herbaceous taxa. Within reforestation, Prosopis glandulosa, Diospyros texana, Cordia boissieri, Ebenopsis ebano, Vachellia rigidula, and Havardia pallens had survival rates of 76.92, 50.0, 40.0, 38.46, 24.24, and 20.0 %, respectively; the rest of the species had 0 %. The results obtained are relevant for decision-making in forest management at the TTS, as well as for the monitoring of this community in its various successional stages.

This work aims to analyze the construction and selection of Casarão Solar José Rufino as an official space dedicated to the memory of Areia, a city located in the marshland of Paraíba. The city had a past closely linked to sugarcane plantations, raw material from the Santa Maria plant that operated from 1931 to 1992 in the region, when its bankruptcy was declared. From that moment of crisis in the agroindustry, Areia experiences a moment of transformations that drive non-linear reconversion projects, among which, the insertion of some social actors in activities linked to the development of tourism as an alternative for maintaining or improving their social position occupied until that moment. In this context, initiatives aimed at the symbolic valorization of rural areas emerge with proposals to rescue a certain vision of cultural heritage and promote places for the preservation of memory, as is the case of Casarão, the target of this research. As methodological resource, we used field research, during which the ethnographic method played an important role by enabling participant observation and interviews. We seek to demonstrate how this place is a space built by the local agrarian elite, highlighting the speeches and ways of showing the visiting public in the tourist context of a past of wealth and luxury, but which highlight the processes of disputes and negotiations that permeate this process of material and symbolic valorization.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a construção e seleção do Casarão Solar José Rufino como espaço oficial dedicado à memória de Areia, cidade localizada no brejo da Paraíba. O município teve um passado bastante ligado aos latifúndios de cana-de-açúcar, matéria prima da usina Santa Maria que funcionou de 1931 a 1992 na região, quando foi decretada sua falência. A partir daquele momento de crise da agroindústria, Areia vivencia um momento de transformações que impulsionam projetos de reconversão não lineares, dentre os quais, a inserção de alguns atores sociais em atividades vinculadas ao desenvolvimento do turismo como uma alternativa para manutenção ou melhoria da posição social ocupada até aquele momento. Neste contexto, surgem iniciativas voltadas à valorização simbólica do rural com propostas de resgaste de uma certa visão de patrimônio cultural e fomento à locais de preservação da memória, como é o caso do Casarão, alvo desta pesquisa. Como recurso metodológico utilizamos a pesquisa de campo, durante a qual o método etnográfico teve um papel importante por possibilitar a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas. Procuramos demonstrar como este local é um espaço construído por parte da elite agrária local, dando destaque aos discursos e modos de exibição ao público visitante no contexto turístico de um passado de riqueza e luxo, mas que colocam em evidência os processos de disputas e negociações que perpassam este processo de valorização material e simbólica.

Resumen En el mundo del presente prevalece una gran incertidumbre a causa tanto de la zoonosis como de la geoeconomía. La importancia de esta contribución deriva del hecho que aclara los escenarios donde estamos forzados a tomar decisiones inciertas pero ajustadas a la realidad. Su justificación, es que distinta será la reconstrucción en las economías resilientes (adaptativamente eficientes), de la reorganización en las vulnerables (adaptativamente ineficientes). En las primeras, sus economías y sus sociedades fueron resilientes instrumentando al postfordismo en la producción (innovación empresarial), y el Estado Benefactor en la política social (innovación social). Tal dependencia de la trayectoria en los centros del mundo occidental permite prever que su reconversión productiva llevará a la economía numérica con tanta eficiencia comparativa como la lograda antes de la pandemia. Las economías rezagadas, por el contrario, reciclarán a la vulnerabilidad particularmente porque adolecen del pecado original de procrear estructuras artefactuales cuya oferta es rígida ante las variaciones del ingreso, y por esto propulsora del déficit estructural de financiamiento externo que las obliga a endeudarse en divisas extranjeras para financiar la procedente secuencia improductiva. Este es un artículo de investigación que aplica la metodología institucional para arribar al resultado que identifica cómo la reconstrucción de las economías resilientes será diversa de la de las vulnerables. Se concluye recalcando la importancia estratégica de la acción social racional a fin de transformar la vulnerabilidad en resiliencia económica.

Abstract Great uncertainty prevails in the world today because of both zoo noses and geo economics. The importance of this contribution derives from the fact that it clarifies the scenarios where we are forced to make uncertain decisions but adjusted to reality. Its justification is that reconstruction in resilient economies (adaptively efficient) will be different from reorganization in vulnerable ones (adaptively inefficient). In the former, their economies and societies were resilient, implementing post-Fordism in production (business innovation), and the Welfare State in social policy (social innovation). Such dependence on the trajectory in the centers of the Western World allows us to foresee that their productive reconversion will lead to the numerical economy with as much comparative efficiency as that achieved before the pandemic. Lagging economies, on the contrary, will recycle to vulnerability particularly because they suffer from the original sin of procreating artifactual structures whose offer is rigid in the face of variations in income, and therefore propellant of the structural deficit of external financing that forces them to borrow in foreign currencies. to finance the proceeding unproductive sequence. This is a research article that applies the institutional methodology to arrive at the result that identifies how the reconstruction of resilient economies will be different from that of vulnerable ones. We conclude by emphasizing the strategic importance of social action to transform vulnerability into economic resilience.

Resumen Desde un enfoque espacial, se indaga sobre los efectos productivos de las políticas públicas orientadas a promover el desarrollo rural en México en el contexto de la liberalización económica, mediante la combinación de dos métodos cuantitativos: análisis de componentes principales y autocorrelación espacial. Se identificó, durante el periodo 1980-2015, un proceso de reconfiguración productiva, resultado de la reconversión hacia cultivos agrícolas de mayor rentabilidad, dicho proceso se refleja en dos expresiones espaciales: 1) la existencia de aglomeraciones espaciales orientadas en cacao y plantas ornamentales, y 2) la fragmentación espacial del conglomerado agrícola dedicado a la producción de granos básicos.

Abstract This paper investigates, from a spatial approach, the productive effects of public policies aimed at promoting rural development in Mexico, in the context of economic liberalization. By combining two quantitative methods: Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Autocorrelation, we identified a process of productive reconfiguration during the period 1980-2015, resulting from the reconversion towards more profitable agricultural crops. This was reflected in two spatial expressions: 1) the existence of spatial agglomerations oriented towards cocoa and ornamental plants; and 2) the spatial fragmentation of the agricultural conglomerate dedicated to the production of basic grains.